References 1 The Nature of Naval Expansion

BOOTH, K. (1979) 'The military implications of the changing law of the sea', in Law of the Sea: Neglected Issues, edited by J. K. Gamble, Jr (University of Hawaii, Law of the Sea Institute).

CHAMBERS, R. L. (1979) 'Third World navies: new weight in the balance of power', US Naval Institute Proceedings, August.

DOWDY, L. (1981) 'Third World navies- new responsibilities, old prob­lems', Marine Policy, vol. 5, April.

ELDREDGE, H. S. (1978) 'Nonsuperpower sea denial capability: the implications for superpower navies engaged in presence operations', in Arms Transfers to the Third World: The Military Buildup in Less Industrial Countries, edited by U. Ra'anan eta/. (Boulder, Col.: Westview Press). Australia, Israel, South Africa and the People's Republic of China are not included in the Third-World estimate contained in this reference.

FRIEDMAN, N. (1979) Modern Warship: Design and Development (London: Conway Maritime Press).

HODGSON, R. D. and SMITH, R. W. (1977) 'Boundaries of the economic zone', in Law of the Sea: Conference Outcomes and Problems of Im­plementation, edited by E. Miles and J. K. Gamble Jr (Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger).

IRWIN, P. C. (1980) 'Settlement of maritime boundary disputes: an analysis of the Jaw of the sea negotiations', Ocean Development and International Law Journal, no. 8.

MccGWIRE, M. (1980) 'The horizontal proliferation of maritime weapon systems', in Navies and Arms Control, edited by G. H. Quester (New York: Praeger).

Strategic Survey 1976 (1977) (London: The International Institute for Strategic Studies). The People's Republic of China is apparently included as part of the Third World by this source. Major surface combatants are defined as vessels exceeding 1500 tons built or refurbished after the Second World War.

WETTERN, D. (1982) 'Navies and their roles', Navy International, vo!. 87, June.

YOUNG, E. (1974) 'New laws for old navies: military implications of the law of the sea', Survival, November-December.

2 The Hierarchy of Naval Expansion

BOEHE, Rolf. (1975) 'Modern warships for combat in coastal waters', in RUSI and Brassey's Defence Yearbook 1974-75 (London: Brassey).

BRA YBROOK, R. (1980) 'Helicopters at sea', Navy International, Septem­ber.

281

282 References

ELDREDGE, H. S. (1978) 'Nonsuperpower sea denial capability: the implications for superpower navies engaged in presence operations', in Arms Transfers to the Third World: The Military Buildup in Less Industrial Countries, edited by U. Ra'anan eta/ (Boulder, Col.: Westview Press).

FARNA, J. (1978) 'Frigates rule the oceans of the eighties', Defense and Foreign Affairs, no. 8.

GABLER, U. (1979) 'Desarrollo actual de los submarinos de propulsi6n clasica', Tecnologia Militar, vol. 1, May-June.

(1980) 'The world's military helicopter fleet', Interavia, no. 7. JACOBY, L. E. (1977) 'Quantitative assessment of Third World sea denial

capabilities', unpublished thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California.

(1980) Jane's Fighting ships, 1979-80, 'Naval equipment/aircraft'. MORRIS, Michael A. (1979) International Politics and the Sea: The Case of

Brazil (Boulder, Col.: Westview Press). (1980) 'Corvette: jack of all trades', Navy International, October.

Appendix 2C Costs of Third-World Naval and Air Weaponry

BROWN, D. K. and ANDREWS, D. J. (1980) 'The design of cheap warships', in Conference Proceedings (Rotterdam: International Naval Technology Expo 1980).

DEITCHMAN, S. (1978). 'Designing the fleet and its air arm', Astronautics and Aeronautics, vol. 16, November.

ELDREDGE, H. S. (1978) 'Nonsuperpower sea denial capability: the implications for superpower navies engaged in presence operations', in Arms Transfers to the Third World: The Military Buildup in Less Industrial Countries, edited by U. Ra'anan eta/. (Boulder, Col.: Westview Press).

SIPRI, Arms Trade with the Third World (1971) (Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell).

Appendex 2D A Critique of the Literature on the Global Naval Hierarchy

BOOTH, K. (1977) Navies and Foreign Policy (London: Croom Helm). JANIS, M. W. (1976) Sea Power and the Law of.the Sea (Lexington, Mass.:

D.C. Heath). LARSON, David L. (1986) 'Naval weaponry and the law of the sea',

Ocean Development and International Law Journal, vol. 16, March. (Also to be published in the Proceedings of the Nineteenth Law of the Sea Institute.)

Appendix 2E A Critique of the Literature Relating to a Third-World Naval Hierarchy

ELDREDGE, H. S. (1978) 'Nonsuperpower sea denial capability: the implications for superpower navies engaged in presence operations', in

References 283

Arms Transfers to the Third World: The Military Buildup in Less Industrial Countries, edited by U. Ra'anan eta/. (Boulder, Col.: Westview Press).

JACOBY, L. E. (1977) 'Quantitative assessment of Third World sea denial capabilities', unpublished thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California.

3 The Sources of Naval Capability

BRZOSKA, MICHAEL and OHLSON, THOMAS (1986) 'Introduction', in Arms Production in the Third World, edited by Michael Brzoska and Thomas Ohlson (London: SIPRI, Taylor and Francis).

COHEN, S. B. (1975) 'The emergence of a new second order of powers in the international system', in Nuclear Proliferation and the Near-nuclear Countries, edited by 0. Marwah and A. Schulz (Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger).

DOWDY, L. (1981) 'Third World navies- new responsibilities, old prob­lems', Marine Policy, vol. 5, April.

ESSER, K. and WIEMANN, J. (1981) 'Key countries in the Third World: implications for relations between the Federal Republic of Germany and the south', Occasional Paper No. 65 (Berlin: German Development Insti­tute).

FLORES, M. C. (ed.) (1972) Panorama do Poder Maritima Brasileiro (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Army and Navy Libraries - Biblioteca do Exercito, Servico de Documentacao Geral da Marinha).

JACOBY, L. E. (1977) 'Quantitative assessment of Third World sea denial capabilities', unpublished MS thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, Monte­rey, California.

KASSING, D. (1978) 'Protecting the fleet', in Problems of Sea Power as We Approach the Twenty-First Century, edited by J. L. George (Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research).

KOHLI, S. N. (1978) Sea Power and the Indian Ocean: With Special Refer­ence to India (New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill).

MARTIN, L. W. (1967) The Sea in Modern Strategy (London: Chatto & Windus).

MILLER, STEVEN E. (1980) Arms and the Third World: Indigenous Weapons Production (Geneva: PSIS) Occasional Paper No.3, December.

MORRIS, M.A. (1981) 'Brazil and India as Third World middle powers', in Brazil in the International System: The Rise of a Middle Power, edited by W. Selcher (Boulder, Col.: Westview Press).

NOLDE, K. (1980) 'Arms, arms manufacturing and arms limitations in Latin America', paper prepared for the Joint LASA-MALAS Meeting at In­diana University, Bloomington, Indiana, October 17-19.

1979. 'Argentina y el Mar. Poder y Estrategia', Revista de Ia Escuela de Guerra Naval, 11 February.

SPIEGEL, S. L. (1972) Dominance and Diversity: The International Hierar­chy (Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown).

SQUIRES, MICHAEL L. and PATTERSON, ANN R. (1977) 'Soviet naval transfers to developing countries, 1956-75', in Soviet Naval Influence: Domestic and Foreign Dimensions, edited by Michael MccGwire and John McDonnell (New York: Praeger).

284 References

THOMAS, R. G. C. (1978) The Defence of India: A Budgetary Perspective of Strategy and Politics (Columbia, Missouri: South Asia Books).

4 Arms Control Implications of the Third-World Naval Hierarchy

MARTIN, L. W. (1967) The Sea in Modern Strategy (London: Chatto & Windus).

MULLER, WOLFGANG T. (1982) 'C3 for the 200 n.m. EEZ', Military Technology, no. 25.

YOUNG, E. (1974) 'New laws for old navies: military implications of the law of the sea', Survival, November-December.

YOUNG, E. (1976) 'Covenants without the sword?: control of the seas', Armed Forces and Society, no. 2, February.

YOUNG, E. (1978) 'Law of the sea- an arms control issue', The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, no. 34, November.

5 Ocean Zone Characteristics and Conflicts

ALEXANDER, L. M. (1977) 'Commentary', in Law of the Sea: Conference Outcomes and Problems of Implementation, edited by E. Miles and J. K. Gamble, Jr (Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger).

ANAND, R. P. (1981) 'ASEAN and the Law of the Sea: the problem of mid-ocean archipelagos', in Cultural Factors in International Relations, edited by R. P. Anand (New Delhi: Abhinav Publications).

BROWN, E. D. (1977) 'The exclusive economic zone: criteria and machin­ery for resolution of international conflicts between different users of the EEZ', Maritime Policy and Management, vol. 4.

DANZIG, A. L. (1975) 'A funny thing happened to the common heritage on the way to the sea', San Diego Law Review, vol. 12, April.

HANKS, ROBERT J. (1980) The Unnoticed Challenge: Soviet Maritime Strategy and the Global Choke Points (Cambridge, Mass.: Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis).

HEDBERG, H. D. (1979) 'Ocean floor boundaries', Science, no. 204, 13 April.

HOLLICK, A.L. and OSGOOD, R. E. (1974) New Era of Ocean Politics (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press).

KAPOOR, D. C. (1977) 'The delimitation of exclusive economic zones', Maritime Policy and Management, no. 4.

KENT, G. (1977) 'Fisheries and the Law of the Sea: a common heritage approach', Ocean Management, vol. IV.

KENT, K. G. (1980) 'Fisheries politics in the South Pacific', Ocean Year­book 2, edited by E. M. Borgese and N. Ginsburg (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).

KIMBALL, L. (1981) 'UNCLOS delegates mark time; no great progress reported', Soundings: Law of the Sea News and Comments, vol. VI, April-May.

KUSUMAATMADJA, M. (1973) 'The legal regimes of archipelagoes:

References 285

problems and issues', in The Law of the Sea: Needs and Interests of Developing Countries (Kingston: University of Rhode Island).

LACOUTURE, Capt. J. E. (1979) 'Seapower in the Indian Ocean: a requirement for western security', US Naval Institute Proceedings, no. 105, August 1979.

MccGWIRE, M. 1977. 'Changing naval operations and military interven­tion', in The Limits of Military Intervention, edited by E. P. Stern (Beverly Hills, Cal.: Sage Publications).

O'CONNELL, D. P. (1975) The Influence of Law of Sea Power (Manches­ter: Manchester University Press).

PRESCOTT, J. R. V. (1980) 'Existing and potential maritime claims in the southwest Pacific Ocean', Ocean Yearbook 2, edited by E. M. Borgese and N. Ginsburg (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).

STJOHN, J. (1978) The Panama Canal and Soviet Imperialism: War for the World Waterways (Washington, DC: The Heritage Foundation).

TREVES, T. (1980) 'Military installations, structures and devices on the seabed', American Journal of International Law.

WELLS, L., II (1975) 'Commentary', Perspectives on Ocean Policy, edited by R. E. Osgood et a/. (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office).

WIEGLEY, E. D. (1980) 'Law and conflict at sea', Naval War College Review, vol, XXXIII, January-February.

YOUNG, E. (1978) 'Jurisdiction at sea', The World Today, vol. 34, June. YOUNG, E. (1978) 'Law of the sea- an arms control issue', The Bulletin of

the Atomic scientists, vol. 34, November. ZEDALIS, R. (1979) 'Military uses of ocean space and the developing

international law of the sea: an analysis in the context of peacetime ASW', San Diego Law Review, no. 11, April.

6 Arms Control Implications of Ocean Zones

BROWN, E. D. (1974) 'Passage through the territorial sea, straits used for international navigation and archipelagos', unpublished study for The David Davies Memorial Institute of International Studies, London.

BUZAN, B. (1978) 'A sea of troubles?: sources of dispute in the new ocean regime', Adelphi Papers, no. 143.

CLINGAN, T. A., Jr (1980) 'The next twenty years of naval mobility', United States Naval Institute Proceedings, vol. 106, May.

HAASS, R. (1979) 'Confidence-building measures and naval arms control', Adelphi Papers, no. 149.

HARLOW, BRUCE A. (1985) 'UNCLOS III and conflict management in straits', Ocean Development and International Law Journal, vol. 15.

KUSUMAATMADJA, M. (1973) 'The legal regime of archipelagoes: prob­lems and issues, in The Law of the Sea: Needs and Interests of Developing Countries, edited by L. M. Alexander (Kingston: University of Rhode Island).

MORRIS, M.A. (1979) International Politics and the Sea: The Case of Brazil (Boulder, Col.: Westview Press).

286 References

O'CONNELL, D. P. (1975) The Influence of Law on Sea Power (Manches­ter: Manchester University Press).

OSGOOD, R. E. (1976) 'Military implications of the new ocean politics', Adelphi Papers, no. 122.

RA TINER, LEIGH S. (1982) 'The law of the sea: a crossroads for American foreign policy', Foreign Affairs, no. 60, Summer.

RICHARDSON, E. L. (1979) 'Law of the sea: a test for the United Na­tions', Current Policy, no. 60 (Washington, DC: US Dept. of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, Office of Public Communication).

(1981) 'Sea treaty has new troubles', StLouis Globe-Democrat, 10 March.

7 US-Latin American Naval Relations

KOHLI, S. N. (1978) Sea Power and the Indian Ocean: With Special Refer­ence to India (New Delhi, India: Tata McGraw-Hill).

SCHEINA, R. L. (1976) 'Indigenous Latin American sea power, 1890-1974', unpublished doctoral dissertation (Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America).

VARAS, A. (1979) 'State crisis, arms race and disarmament in Latin America', Proceedings of the Vlllth General Conference of the Interna­tional Peace Research Association (IPRA) (Konigstein, FRG).

9 South America

BAILEY, N. A. and SCHNEIDER, R. M. (1974) 'Brazil's foreign policy: a case of upward mobility', Inter-American Economic Affairs, vol. 27, Spring.

FRAGA, J.A. (1979) 'El mar en Ia geopolftica argentina', Revista de Ia Escuela de Guerra Naval, vol. 11, February.

MORRIS, M.A. (1979) International Politics and the Sea: The Case of Brazil (Boulder, Col.: Westview Press).

PERRY, W. (1978) 'The Brazilian armed forces: military power and conven­tional capabilities of an emerging power', Military Review, vol. 58, Sep­tember.

SCHEIN A, R. L. (1978) 'South American navies: who needs them?', US Naval Institute Proceedings, vol. 104, February.

10 The South Atlantic and Antarctica

FRAGA, JORGE A. (1980) 'lntroducci6n a Ia Geopolitica Ant<irtica', Defensa, vol. 3, March.

MORGAN, MICHAEL (1979) 'Antarctica, the silent continent awaits the competition', Defense and Foreign Affairs Digest, vol. 10.

MORRIS, MICHAEL A. (ed.) (1979) 'Influence and innovation in the law of the sea: Latin America and Africa', special double-length issue of Ocean Development and International Law: The Journal of Marine Affairs, vol. 7, nos 1-2.

References 287

11 The Indian Ocean

MARWAH, ONKAR (1980) 'Superpower rivalry in the Indian Ocean: Indian perspectives', in Navies and Arms Control, edited by G. H. Quester (New York: Praeger).

THOMAS, RAJU G. C. (1975) 'The politics of Indian naval rearmament, 1962-1974', Pacific Community vol. 6, April.

TOWLE, PHILIP (1981) 'The United Nations ad hoc committee on the Indian Ocean: blind alley or zone of peace?', in The Indian Ocean in Global Politics, edited by Larry W. Bowman and Ian Clark (Boulder, Col.: Westview Press).

12 Other Regions

(1981) 'Evolution des marines d'Afrique Noire de 1970 a 1980', Afrique Defense, March.

Part IV Conclusions

KLARE, MICHAEL T. (1985) 'Gunboats, "force projection" and military doctrine: superpowers take aim at the Third World', in Third World Affairs 1985 (London: Third World Foundation for Social and Economic Studies).

Index access, rights of 120--1, 147-8

see also passage Africa, Horn of 239, 247 African maritime region 219, 226,

242-7 aircraft, naval

cost of 61-2 helicopters 45--6, 61 naval combat 46 patrol and reconnaissance 46-7

aircraft carriers 14, 42 Alexander, L. M. 123--6, 145 Algeria 26, 37, 53, 69, 91, 242,

249 Almeida Barbosa, Admiral P. G.

de 207 amphibious forces 14, 48, 209 Anand, R. P. 131 Andrews, D. J. 57, 59 Angola 35, 37, 142 Antarctic Treaty 170, 172, 176-7,

201, 221-5, 227 Antarctica 210, 215-28 anti-submarine warfare (ASW)

43, 45, 144, 265 Arabian Gulf 128, 229-30, 240--1,

254, 258 archipelagos 110--15, 128-32,

154-6 see also passage

Argentina 196, 199-210, 213-15, 218, 221-8, 274-5

arms imports 69 arms production 12, 78-9, 81-2,

214 Falklands War see under

Falklands national power base 90--1, 95 naval ranking 25, 34, 38, 47-9,

91 naval weaponry 54 ocean zones 124, 139, 142, 145,

159 arms, naval see under control;

production; trade; transfers; weapon systems

Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) 78, 263-4

Australia 55, 72-3, 136, 145, 232-3, 266, 276

aviation, naval 31, 45-7, 61-2, 158 Ayacucho, Declaration of 173,

183, 205, 214

Bab el Mandeb, Straits of 120 Bahrain 35, 37, 255 Bailey, N. A. 206 Bangladesh 25, 34, 142, 238 Beagle Channel 128, 208, 210,

215, 218, 221, 227 Boehe, R. 40 Bolivia 35, 202, 210--11 Booth, K. 20, 64 boundaries 11, 135, 158, 200--4,

210--11 Braybrook, R. 45 Brazil 196, 199-210, 213-14, 218,

227-8, 274-5 arms imports 69 arms production 78-9, 81-2,

214 national power base 90--1, 95 naval ranking 25, 28, 34, 47-8,

91 ocean zones 137, 142, 158

Brown, D. K. 57, 59 Brown, E. D. 134, 151 Brunei 37, 263 Brzoska, M. 78 budgets, naval 31, 82-5, 272-3

see also costs Burma 25, 34, 142 Buzan, B. 159

CAMUS 205, 212 Caribbean Basin region 179-95 Chambers, R. 20 Chile 203, 210--14, 215-18, 221-8

288

Index 289

arms production 79 naval ranking 25, 27, 34, 91 ocean zones 44, 84, 124, 137,

142 China, People's Republic of 3, 56,

139, 237, 263-6, 276-7 arms trade 72-3

classification of navies see hierarchy

Clingan, T. A., Jr 154 coastal patrol craft ((PC)) 13-14,

33, 37 Cohen, S. B. 91 Colombia 25, 34, 84, 91, 142, 179,

188-93, 203 constabulary role of navy 17,

24-6, 33-7 Contadora Group 195 continental shelf 11, 110-15,

143-5, 159-60 control, arms 100-5, 112-15

Caribbean 194-5 Indian Ocean 239-41 Latin America 172-7 national enclosure as 102-3,

112-13, 117, 149, 177 ocean zones and 149-63 South America 212-14 South Atlantic and Antarctica

225-8 corvettes 14, 40, 42-3, 100, 104 costs 57-62, 101

aircraft 61-2 naval weaponry 57-60 see also budgets

cruisers 14, 42 Cuba 25, 34, 40, 71, 124, 142,

179, 189-92, 278

Danzig, A. L. 119 deep sea-bed 116-17, 145-7,

160-2 defence, territorial 17, 24-6,

270-1 inshore 24, 39-40 offshore 24, 40-4

Deitchman, S. 62 destroyers 14, 42-3, 58-9 deterrence 104-5

see also control, arms developed states

and arms trade 67-76 and enclosure 136-41 see also France; USSR; UK;

USA; etc disputes 112-13, 117, 239, 251

arms races, naval 11, 204, 212-14

boundary 11, 135, 158, 200-4, 210-11

local rivalries 158, 263-4 resources 135, 158, 193

see also under areas e.g. Falklands; Israel; etc.

diversification 71, 75-6, 237 Dominican Republic 25, 34, 124,

142, 179, 189 Dowdy, L. 20, 76

'East-West' differences 8, 128, 131-2, 270

Ecuador 25, 34, 142, 203, 211-12 Egypt 242, 247-50, 254, 258

arms imports 68-9, 71 arms production 78 conflicts 38, 249-50 naval ranking 25, 28, 34, 91,

242 ocean zones 142

Eilat incident 38, 248 Eldredge, H. S. 16, 43, 65-6 El Salvador 35, 188 Emgepron (Empresa Gerencial de

Projetos Navais) 207 'enclave' states 4-5, 276

see also Australia; Israel; New Zealand; South Africa

enclosure, national 10-11, 18, 132-43, 156-9, 279

as arms control 102-3, 112-13, 117, 149, 177

as extended offshore jurisdiction see exclusive economic zone

enforcement 110-11, 116, 118-19, 135

see also constabulary role of navy Esser, K. 91

290 Index

Ethiopia 25, 34, 142, 242-3, 247 Europe, arms trade 72-6, 189

see also France; Germany; Italy; UK

exclusive economic zone (EEZ) 11, 17-18, 100--3, 110--15 118-20, 132-43, 156-9

exercises, naval 134, 172, 185, 188, 210, 200

Falkland Islands 104, 208 War 45, 48-9, 203, 205, 213,

220--7, 274 Far East region 259-66 Farna, J. 43 fast attack craft (FAC) 13-14,33,

37-40, 74, 100, 197-8 cost of 57-9

fast patrol craft (PC) 13-14, 33, 37, 75

fisheries 10, 156 Flores, M. C. 95 Florida, Straits of 127 force projection 18, 24-6, 44-9

see also intervention Fraga, Rear Admiral J. A. 208,

223 France 65-6. 136

arms trade 71-3 freedom of the seas 147-8, 162-3

see also under UN Conferences on the Law of the Sea

Friedman, N. 20 frigates 14, 42-3

cost of 58-9

Gabler, U. 43 Geneva Conference (First UN

Conference on the Law of the Sea, 1958) and Conventions 8-9, 143-4, 159

geographically disadvantaged states 119

Germany, Federal Republic of 65 arms trade 72-3

Ghana 25, 34, 84, 142, 218-19, 242-3

Gibraltar, Strait of 120 Group of 77 224-5

Gulf Co-operational Council 227

Haass, R. 157 Hanks, R. J. 128 Harlow, B. A. 152-3 Hedberg, H. D. 145 helicopters 45-6, 61 hierarchy, naval 22-66

global 63-4 Third World 33-52, 86-91

high seas 12, 116-17, 147-8, 162-3 Hodgson, R. D. 11 Hollick, A. L. 132 Honduras 26, 35, 188 Hormuz, Strait of 120, 128, 240,

255

imports, naval arms 67-78 India 232-8, 240, 274-5

arms imports 69, 71 arms production 78-9, 81-2 national power base 90--1, 95 naval ranking 25, 28, 32, 34,

47-8, 91 ocean zones 124, 137, 142, 145,

159 Indian Ocean region 229-41 Indian Ocean Zone of Peace 239 Indonesia 259, 263-4

arms sources 69, 71, 79 naval ranking 25, 34, 40, 91 ocean zones 40, 124, 127-8,

130--2, 136, 142, 155 innocent passage 118, 132, 149-50 Inter-American Military System

172-3, 194, 210 International Sea-bed Authority

(ISA) 145-8, 160, 224 intervention, foreign naval 12,

239-40, 277 see also France; USSR; UK;

USA Iran 232, 253-5, 259

arms sources 68, 81, 259 naval ranking 25, 33, 34, 44, 91 ocean zones 124, 142

Iraq 26, 37, 69, 71, 91, 232, 253-5, 258

Irwin, P. C. 11

Index 291

Israel 233, 276 arms production 12, 78, 250 arms trade 72-3 conflicts 38, 249, 253 naval ranking 27, 65--6

Italy 71-3 Ivory Coast 35, 37

Jacoby, L. E. 43, 65--6, 92-3, 98-9

Janis, M. W. 63 Japan 137, 265

Kapoor, D. C. 145 Kassing, D. 84 Kent, G. 118, 143 Kenya 35, 37 Kimball, L. 118 Klare, M. T. 277 Kohli, S. N. 95, 169 Korea, Democratic People's

Republic of (North) 259, 263, 265, 278

arms production 78-9, 261 conflicts 44, 118, 265 naval ranking 25, 27-8, 34 ocean zones 142

Korea, Republic of (South) 259, 265

arms production 78-9, 261 conflicts 44, 265 naval ranking 25, 34, 91 ocean zones 124, 142

Kusumaatmadja, M. 132, 155 Kuwait 37, 91, 255

land-locked states 5, 119, 212 Larson, D. L. 64 Latin American region 167-78,

226 Law of the Sea see UN

Conferences Lebanon 35, 249 Liberia 35, 83 Libya 242, 247-51, 254

arms imports 69 conflicts 46, 118, 242, 249, 251 naval ranking 25, 34, 91 ocean zones 142

Lucchini, L. 123--6

MccGwire, M. 16, 121 maintenance and repair 57-9 Malacca, Straits of 120-2, 128,

236, 264 Malaysia 25, 34, 80-1, 91, 121,

124, 142, 263-4 Malvinas see Falkland Islands Martin, L. W. 67, 104 Marwah, 0. 238 Mayaguez incident 118 Mayo, Pacto de 205, 214 Mediterranean region 247-53 Mexico 179, 189-95

arms production 80 naval ranking 25, 34, 91 ocean zones 124, 137, 142

Middle East region 253-9 Miles, E. 174 Miller, S. E. 81 mine warfare 14, 48, 58 mining see deep sea-bed missiles, naval 38, 60 missions, naval 16-19, 24--6, 271

constabulary 17, 24--6, 33-7 force-projection 18, 24--6, 44-9 territorial defence 17, 24--6

Morgan, M. 223 Morocco 37, 91, 124, 242, 249 Muller, W. T. 101

national enclosure see enclosure; exclusive economic zone

nationalism 12-13, 273 Naval Arms Limitation Treaty

(NALT) 239 New Zealand 136, 145, 266, 276 Nicaragua 37, 187-8 Nigeria 25, 34, 40, 91, 142,

218-19, 242-4 Nolde, K. 82 North Atlantic Treaty Organisation

(NATO) 3, 213-14 'North-South' differences 9, 127,

131, 134, 147, 154, 158, 160, 270

Norway 65, 137, 145

292 Index

ocean zones 10-11, 107-48 and arms control 149-63 archipelagos 110-15, 128-32,

154-6 continental shelf 110-15, 143-5,

159-60 deep sea-bed 116-17, 145-7,

160-2 EEZ 110-15, 118-20, 132-43,

156-9 high seas 116-17, 147-8, 162-3 straits 110-15, 120-8, 151-4 territorial sea 109-15, 118-20,

149-51 O'Connell, D. P. 132, 163 Ohlson, T. 78 oil 229

offshore 83, 193, 253 Oman 34, 142, 255 Organisation of American States

177 Osgood, R. E. 132, 151, 153

Pakistan 25, 34, 91, 142, 234, 237-8

Panama 35, 183, 188, 193, 195 Paraguay 35, 203, 212 passage

innocent 118, 132, 149-50 transit 120-3, 131-2, 151-4

patrol craft 13-14, 33, 37, 75 Patterson, A. R. 71 Perry, W. 206 personnel, naval 8, 59 Peru 203, 211-12, 274

arms production 80 naval ranking 25, 34, 91 ocean zones 44, 142

Philippines 259, 252-3, 266 arms production 80, 262 naval ranking 25, 28, 34, 91 ocean zones 40, 124, 130-2,

137, 142, 155 power base, national 31-3, 85-95 Prescott, J. R. V. 143 presence, foreign naval 143-7,

220-7, 230, 238, 251, 262-5 see also France; USSR; UK;

USA

production, arms 12, 32, 78-82 proliferation, weaponry 16, 44 Pueblo incident 118, 265

Qatar 35, 37, 255

Ratiner, L. S. 162 regions, maritime

Africa 242-7 Caribbean Basin 179-95 Far East 259-66 Indian Ocean 229-41 Latin America 167-78 Mediterranean 247-53 Middle East 253-9 South America 196-213 South Atlantic and Antarctica

215-28 resources 10-11. 119-20, 133-5,

156-61 fisheries 10, 156 offshore oil 83, 193, 253 protection of 17-18, 158, 161

Richardson, E. L. 161 Rio Treaty 168, 174-6, 211, 220,

222, 225 riverine forces 26, 32, 34-5, 209,

212

Sadat, Anwar 68 St John, J. 128 Saudi Arabia 26, 37, 69, 71, 91,

232, 254-5, 258 Scheina, R. L. 169, 214 Schneider, R. M. 206 sea-bed, deep 116-17, 145-7,

160-2 Sea-Bed Treaty 177 sea power 94-5

see also power base secondhand arms 67-71 security, national 109-13 Sharma, 0. P. 123-6 Sidra, Gulf of, incident 46, 118,

251 Singapore 34, 80-1, 91, 261-4 Smith, R. W. 11 South Africa 27, 78, 138, 233,

243, 246, 276

Index 293

South America region 196--213 South Atlantic region 215-28 South Atlantic Treaty Organisation

(SATO) 173, 220, 225 Soviet Union see Union of Soviet

Socialist Republics Spiegel, S. L. 91 Squires, M. L. 71 straits 110-15, 120-8, 151-4

see also passage submarines 14, 42'-4, 74, 143-4

cost of 58-9 Suharto, Dr 132 Sukamo, President 132, 155 supply ships 14 surplus arms 67-71 Syria 25, 34, 38, 142, 249

Taiwan 27, 142, 263-6 arms production 78, 80, 261 naval ranking 25, 34, 91

technology, naval 20, 27, 92-3 territorial sea 11, 109-15, 118-20,

149-51 Thailand 25, 34, 80, 91, 142, 263 Third World 3-11

nationalism 12-13, 273 navies 269-75: arms

production 78-82; arms trade 67-78; expansion 7, 13-16, 270-1; expenditure 57-62; hierarchy 33-52, 273-4; missions 16--19, 24--6, 33-7, 44-9; national power base 85-95; relationships with great powers 12, 167-78, 182-4, 198-203, 220, 227-8, 247-9, 259, 262; roles of 16--19

Thomas, R. G. C. 83, 235 Tlatelolco, Treaty of 172-7, 201 token navies 5, 24, 26, 33-7 Tonkin, Gulf of, incident 264 Towle, P. 239 trade, naval arms 67-78 transfers of arms 67-8, 71 transit passage 120-3, 131-2,

151-4 treaties see Antarctic; Rio;

Tlatelolco; UN Conferences; etc.

Treves, T. 144, 146 Tunisia 35, 37, 242, 249

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) 137, 277-8

arms trade 68, 71-3 in the Far East 262-3 in the Indian Ocean 229-30,

237-8 in Latin America 170-2, 189-90 in the Mediterranean 250 in the Middle East 259

UNITAS exercises 185, 188, 220 United Arab Emirates 35, 37, 255 United Kingdom (UK) 48-9, 66,

138, 145, 277 arms trade 67-8, 72-3 in the South Atlantic 220-7

United Nations Conferences on the Law of the Sea

First (Geneva, 1958) &--9, 143-4, 159

Second (1960) 8 Third (UNCLOS, 1973) 8-9,

170-2, 205, 224-5, 274-9: on archipelagos 128-31, 154--6; on coastal state rights 110-11; on continental shelf 143-5, 159-60; on deep sea-bed 145-7, 160-2; on enclosure and EEZ 102-5, 133-4, 156--8, 177; on foreign state rights 110-11, 116; on the high seas 162; on innocent passage 118, 149-50; on transit passage 120-3, 151-4

United States of America (USA) 132, 136, 145, 277-9

arms trade 67-8, 71-3, 189 conflicts 46, 118, 277 in the Far East 262 in the Indian Ocean 230 and Latin America 167-78, 188 in the Middle East 259, 264-5 in South America 200-3, 208,

210, 213 in the South Atlantic 220

294 Index

Uruguay 26, 34, 142, 203, 210, 212

Varas, A. 177 Venezuela 189-95

naval ranking 25, 34, 91, 179, 191, 203

ocean zones 124, 142 Vietnam 26, 34, 69, 91, 142,

262--4, 278 Voelckel, M. 123--()

weapon systems, maritime 13-16, 272

cost of 57-62

and naval hierarchy 23-31 production of 78-82 proliferation of 16, 44 secondhand/surplus 67-71 see also corvettes; destroyers; etc.

Wells, L., II 135 Wettern, D. 19 Wiegley, E. D. 118, 135 Wiemann, J. 91

Young, E. 20, 102-3, 134

Zaire 35, 69, 91 Zedalis, R. 143--4 zones see ocean zones