Reference List Sang Nila Utama

1. Seven Hundred Years: A History of Singapore, Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng, Peter Borschberg, Tan Tai Yong, 2019, National Library Board Singapore

2. Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society: Singapore 150 years, C.C

Brown, 1973, Temasek and Singapura: an extract from the Malay Annals

3. Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea 1300-1800, John Miksic, 2013, Chapter 4: Singapore’s Ancient History, 1299-1604

4. Early Singapore 1300s-1819 Evidence in Maps, Text and Artefacts, John

Miksic, 2005, 14th-Century Singapore: A Port of Trade

Image courtesy of i. National Library Board Singapore

5. Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society: Singapore 150 years,

W.Linehan, 1973, The Kings of 14th Century Singapore

6. Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society Vol 75, no 1 (282), Derek Heng, 2002, Reconstructing Banzu: A 14th-century Port Settlement in Singapore

Images courtesy of i. Asian Civilisations Museum (ACM) Collection ii. National Heritage Board iii. http://historycontroversy.blogspt.com/2013/11/ceramic-shards-of-

singapore-stoneware.html

7. Singapore Chronicles: Pre-Colonial Singapore, Kwa Chong Guan, 2017, Chapter 3: Temasek-Singapura in the Nanhai Trade

8. Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea 1300-1800, John Miksic, 2013,

Chapter 3: From the fall of Srivijaya to the Rise of Singapore

Parameswara

1. Seven Hundred Years: A History of Singapore, Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng, Peter Borschberg, Tan Tai Yong, 2019, National Library Board Singapore

Image courtesy of i. CraveFX

2. Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society: Singapore 150 years,

W.Linehan, 1973, The Kings of 14th Century Singapore

3. Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea 1300-1800, John Miksic, 2013, Chapter 4: Singapore’s Ancient History, 1299-1604

4. Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea 1300-1800, John Miksic, 2013,

Chapter 4: Singapore’s Ancient History, 1299-1604

5. Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society: Singapore 150 years, P.V van Stein Callenfels, 1969, The Founder of Malacca

Tomé Pires

1. Indonesia and the Malay World 45:133, Peter Borschberg, 2017, Singapore and its Straits, c 1500-1800

Image courtesy of i. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_chegada_de_Vasco_da_Gama

_a_Calicute_em_1498.jpg#file

2. Modern Asian Studies 24, 1, Anthony Reid, 1990, An ‘Age of Commerce’ in Southeast Asian History

Image courtesy of i. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Admiral_Zhenghe.jpg#filelinks

3. The Suma Oriental of Tomé Pires, an account of the East, from the Red Sea

to Japan, written in Malacca and India in 1512-1515, Tome Pires, 1944, Introduction

4. The Suma Oriental of Tomé Pires, an account of the East, from the Red Sea

to Japan, written in Malacca and India in 1512-1515, Tome Pires, 1944, Portuguese Occupation

Images courtesy of i. National Heritage Board ii. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Image_from_page_88_of_%22Th

e_life_of_Ferdinand_Magellan_and_the_first_circumnavigation_of_the_globe_;_1480-1521%22_(1891)_(14743853356).jpg

5. Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 90, Part

1, no 312, Peter Borschberg, 2017, Singapore in the Cycles of the Longue Durée

6. Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea 1300-1800, John Miksic, 2013,

Chapter 4: Singapore’s Ancient History, 1299-1604

Image courtesy of i. Asian Civilisations Museum

7. Seven Hundred Years: A History of Singapore, Kwa Chong Guan, Derek

Heng, Peter Borschberg, Tan Tai Yong, 2019, National Library Board Singapore

Image courtesy of i. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Galleon,_Carracks,_Galley_and_

Galeota-_Routemap_of_the_Red_Sea-1540_by_D._Jo%C3%A3o_de_Castro.jpg

Raja Bongsu

1. The Memoirs and Memorials of Jacques de Courte: Security, Trade and Society in 16th and 17th Century Southeast Asia, Peter Borschberg, 2013, Introduction

2. Journal of Southeast Asia Studies vol XVII No 1, Virginia Matheson, 1986,

Strategies of Survival: The Malay Royal Line of Lingga-Riau

3. Early Singapore 1300s-1819: Evidence in Maps, Text and Artefacts, Kwa Chong Guan, 2004, 16th Century underglazed blue porcelain sherds from the Kallang Estuary

Image courtesy of i. John N. Miksic, Singapore and the Silk Road of he Sea, 1300 – 1800

4. The Portuguese and the Straits of Melaka, 1575-1619: Power, Trade and

Diplomacy., Paulo Jorge de Sousa Pinto, 2012, Chapter 4 Image courtesy of i. Peter Borschberg, Admiral Matelieff’s Singapore and Johor 1606 – 1616

5. The Singapore and Melaka Straits: Violence, Security and Diplomacy in the

17th Century, Peter Borschberg, 2010, Chapter 2: Security in the Straits: The European Struggle for Navel Hegemony

Image courtesy of i. Allard Pierson, The Collections of the University of Amsterdam

6. Admiral Matelieff’s Singapore and Johor 1606-1616., Peter Borschberg, 2016,

Document 1 Image courtesy of i. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hendrick_Cornelis_Vroom_Het_ui

tzeilen_van_een_aantal_Oost-Indi%C3%ABvaarders_(1600).jpg

7. The Singapore and Melaka Straits: Violence, Security and Diplomacy in the 17th Century, Peter Borschberg, 2010, Chapter 2: Security in the Straits: The European Struggle for Navel Hegemony

8. The Singapore and Melaka Straits: Violence, Security and Diplomacy in the

17th Century, Peter Borschberg, 2010, Chapter 2: Security in the Straits: The European Struggle for Navel Hegemony

9. Prince of Pirates: The Temenggongs and the Development of Johore and

Singapore 1784-1885, Carl A. Trocki, 2007, Prelude to Singapore, 1784-1819

10. Singapore Chronicles: Pre-Colonial Singapore, Kwa Chong Guan, 2017, Chapter 7: An 18th-Century Fishing Village

Jacques de Courte

1. The Memoirs and Memorials of Jacques de Courte: Security, Trade and Society in 16th and 17th Century Southeast Asia, Peter Borschberg, 2013, Introduction

Image courtesy of i. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bezoar.jpg

2. The Memoirs and Memorials of Jacques de Courte: Security, Trade and

Society in 16th and 17th Century Southeast Asia, Peter Borschberg, 2013, Chapter 3 Images courtesy of i. Peter Borschberg, The Memoirs and Memorials of Jacques de Courte:

Security, Trade and Society in 16th and 17th Century Southeast Asia ii. Peter Borschberg, The Singapore and Melaka Straits: Violence, Security

and Diplomacy in the 17th Century

3. The Suma Oriental of Tomé Pires, an account of the East, from the Red Sea to Japan, written in Malacca and India in 1512-1515, Tome Pires, 1944

Image courtesy of i. National Heritage Board

4. Seven Hundred Years: A History of Singapore, Kwa Chong Guan, Derek

Heng, Peter Borschberg, Tan Tai Yong, 2019, National Library Board Singapore Images courtesy of i. National Heritage Board ii. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nutmeg-mace.png

5. Singapore Chronicles: Pre-Colonial Singapore, Kwa Chong Guan, 2017,

Chapter 6: 17th-Century Contested Waterways

Image courtesy of i. https://www.wdl.org/en/item/972/

6. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Vol 33 no 1, Peter Borschberg, The

Seizure of the Sta. Catarina Revisited: The Portuguese Empire in Asia, VOC Politics and the Origins of the Dutch-Johor Alliance (1602-1616) Image courtesy of i. Allard Pierson, The Collections of the University of Amsterdam

7. The Singapore and Melaka Straits: Violence, Security and Diplomacy in the

17th Century, Peter Borschberg, 2010, Landscapes, Seascapes and Imagination at the Southern Tip of the Malay Peninsula and Naval Security and Forts for the Straits, c. 1584 – 1630

Image courtesy of i. National Library Board Singapore

8. The Memoirs and Memorials of Jacques de Courte: Security, Trade and

Society in 16th and 17th Century Southeast Asia, Peter Borschberg, 2013, Introduction

9. The Memoirs and Memorials of Jacques de Courte: Security, Trade and

Society in 16th and 17th Century Southeast Asia, Peter Borschberg, 2013, Memorials of Jacques de Courte to the Crown and Viceroy

10. Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 90, Part

1, no 312, Peter Borschberg, 2017, Singapore in the Cycles of the Longue Durée

Image courtesy of i. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wall_Mural_at_Fort_Canning,_Si

ngapore_(1475889305).jpg

Synopsis 3 image courtesy of: National Museum of Singapore, National Heritage Board Stamford Raffles Historical image courtesy of National Museum of Singapore, National Heritage Board

1. The Hikayat Abdullah, Munshi Abdullah and A. H. Hill, 1969, Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 28, No. 23

2. Opium Trade, Encyclopedia Britannica, 2018, Encyclopedia Britannica Inc., 3

Jan https://www.britannica.com/topic/opium-trade#ref632580 Image courtesy of i. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:East_India_House_by_Thomas_Malton_t

he_Younger.jpg

3. Journal of World History Vol 28, No. 3, Shawna Herzog, 2017, Domesticating Labour: An Illicit Slave Trade to the British Straits Settlements, 1811-1845

4. Seven Hundred Years: A History of Singapore, Kwa Chong Guan, Derek

Heng, Peter Borschberg, Tan Tai Yong, 2019, National Library Board Singapore Image courtesy of i. National Library Board Singapore

5. Raffles and Hastings: Private Exchanges behind the Founding of Singapore,

John Bastin, 2014, Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd

6. Singapore: A Biography, Mark Ravinder Frost and Yu-Mei Balasingamchow, 2013, Editions Didier Millet

7. An Anecdotal History of Old Times in Singapore 1819-1867, Charles Burton

Buckley, 1902, Singapore: Oxford University Press Image courtesy of i. Raffles Museum & Library Collection, National Archives of Singapore

8. The life of Sir Stamford Raffles, Demetrius Charles Boulanger, 1899, H.

Marshall

Image courtesy of i. Istana Collection, National Archives of Singapore

9. A History of Modern Singapore, 1819-2005, C.M. Turnbull, 2009, NUS Press

Image courtesy of

i. National Archives of Singapore

10. Early Land Transactions in Singapore: The Real Estates of William Farquhar (1774-1839), John Crawfurd (1738-1868), and their Families, Leong Foke Meng, 2004, Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 77, No, 1 (286)

Image courtesy of i. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plan_of_the_British_settlement_of

_Singapore_published_1828.jpg

11. William Farquhar and Singapore: Stepping out from Raffles’ Shadow, Nadia H. Wright, 2017, Entrepot Publishing Images courtesy of i. National Museum of Singapore, National Heritage Board ii. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Farquhar#/media/File:Portrait_of_Willi

am_Farquhar_(c._1830).jpg

12. An Anecdotal History of Old Times in Singapore 1819-1867, Charles Burton Buckley, 1902, Singapore: Oxford University Press

William Farquhar Historical image from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:JohnGraham-TheRajahofMadras-c1828.jpg

1. A History of Modern Singapore, 1819-2005, C.M. Turnbull, 2009, NUS Press

Image courtesy of i. Raffles Museum & Library Collection, National Archives of Singapore

2. William Farquhar and Singapore: Stepping out from Raffles’ Shadow, Nadia

H. Wright, 2017, Entrepot Publishing

3. Natural History Drawings: The Complete William Farquhar Collection: Malay Peninsula 1803-1818, John Bastin, Chong Guan Kwa, 2010, Editions Didier Millet Images courtesy of i. National Museum of Singapore, National Heritage Board ii. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:JohnGraham-TheRajahofMadras-

c1828.jpg

4. The Autobiography of Munshi Abdullah, Munshi Abdullah, 1918, Methodist Publishing House

5. Raffles Letters: Intrigues behind the Founding of Singapore, Kevin Tan and

Lim Chen Sian, 2012, National Library Board Singapore

Images courtesy of i. National Museum of Singapore, National Heritage Board ii. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:National_Museum_KL_2008_(119

).JPG

6. William Farquhar and Singapore: Stepping out from Raffles’ Shadow, Nadia H. Wright, 2017, Entrepot Publishing

Image courtesy of i. Hong Suen Wong and Roxana Waterson, Singapore Through 19th Century

Prints & Paintings

7. The Master Attendants at Singapore, 1819-67, C.A. Gibson-Hill, 1960, Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 33, No. 1 (189) Image courtesy of i. National Museum of Singapore, National Heritage Board

8. People of early Singapore, H.F. Pearson, 1995, London: University of London

9. Singapore: A Biography, Mark Ravinder Frost and Yu-Mei Balasingamchow,

2013, Editions Didier Millet

10. Collection – L8: Singapore: Letters to Bencoolen, William Farquhar’s letter to

Raffles, 17th April 1821 Image courtesy of i. National Museum of Singapore, National Heritage Board

11. Raffles: And the Golden Opportunity, Victoria Glendinning, 2018, Profile

Books Ltd

Munshi Abdullah

1. The Autobiography of Munshi Abdullah, Munshi Abdullah, 1918, Methodist Publishing House

2. Seven Hundred Years: A History of Singapore, Kwa Chong Guan, Derek

Heng, Peter Borschberg, Tan Tai Yong, 2019, National Library Board Singapore Image courtesy of i. National Library Board Singapore

3. People of early Singapore, H.F. Pearson, 1995, London: University of London

Image courtesy of i. Lee Kip Lin Collection, National Archives of Singapore

4. A History of Modern Singapore, 1819-2005, C.M. Turnbull, 2009, NUS Press

Image courtesy of i. National Archives of Singapore

5. The Orang Laut of the Singapore River and the Sampan Panjang, C.A.

Gibson-Hill, 1952, Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 25, No. 1 (158)

Image courtesy of i. National Museum of Singapore, National Heritage Board

6. Singapore Chronicles: Malays, Noor Aisha Abdul Rahman and Azhar Ibrahim,

2017, Institute of Policy Studies and Straits Times Press Images courtesy of i. Lim Keng Chye Collection, National Archives of Singapore ii. Gretchen Liu Collection, National Archives of Singapore iii. National Archives of Singapore iv. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Posere

nde_Minangkabause_mannen_TMnr_10005045.jpg

7. The Hikayat Abdullah, A. H. Hill, 1955, Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 28, No. 3 (171)

Image courtesy of i. The British Library Board

8. Raffles and the Rajas: The Founding of Singapore in Malayan and British

Colonial History, C. H. Wake, 1975, Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 48, No. 1 (227)

9. Benjamin Keasberry, Gracie Lee, 2016, Infopedia, National Library Board

Singapore

Image courtesy of i. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_(1823)#/media/File:HMS_Diana_(1823)

_-_bottom_left.jpg

10. Reading the Traditional City in Maritime Southeast Asia: Reconstructing the 19th Century Port Town at Gelam-Rochor-Kallang, Singapore, Imran bin Tajudeen, 2005, Journal of Southeast Asian Architecture 8 Image courtesy of i. National Museum of Singapore, National Heritage Board

11. Singapore: A Biography, Mark Ravinder Frost and Yu-Mei Balasingamchow,

2013, Editions Didier Millet Image courtesy of i. Kwa Chong Guan Collection, National Archives of Singapore

Syed Omar Aljunied

1. Singapore: A Biography, Mark Ravinder Frost and Yu-Mei Balasingamchow, 2013, Editions Didier Millet

2. Raffles Town Plan (Jackson Plan), Bonny Tan, 2016, Infopedia, National

Library Board Singapore Image courtesy of i. National Archives of Singapore

3. The Singapore Ethnic Mosaic: Many Cultures, One People, Mathew Mathews,

2017, Singapore: World Scientific

Image courtesy of i. National Archives of Singapore

4. An Anecdotal History of Old Times in Singapore 1819-1867, Charles Burton

Buckley, 1902, Singapore: Oxford University Press Image courtesy of i. National Museum of Singapore, National Heritage Board

5. The Hadrami Diaspora: Community-Building on the Indian Ocean Rim, Leif

Manger, 2010, Berghahn Books

Image courtesy of i. National Museum of Singapore, National Heritage Board

6. A History of Modern Singapore, 1819-2005, C.M. Turnbull, 2009, NUS Press

Image courtesy of i. National Archives of Singapore

7. Coleman’s Singapore, T. H. H. Hancock, 1986, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia:

Pelanduk Publications

Image courtesy of i. National Archives of Singapore

Tan Tock Seng Historical image from Tan Tock Seng Pioneer: His Life, Times, Contributions and Legacy, Dhoraisingam S. Samuel and Kamala Devi Dhoraisingam, 2003, Natural History Publications (Borneo) Sdn. Bhd.

1. One Hundred Years’ History of the Chinese in Singapore, Song Ong Siang, 1984, Singapore: Oxford University Press Image courtesy of i. National Museum of Singapore, National Heritage Board

2. Tongkang and Lighter Matters, C.A. Gibson-Hill, 1952, Journal of the Malayan

Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 25, No. 1 (158) Image courtesy of i. The Peranakan Museum

3. The Eastern Seas, George Windsor Earl, 1837, W. H. Allen

Image courtesy of i. Lee Kip Lin Collection, National Library Singapore

4. Singapore: A Pictorial History (Singapore Visual History 1819-2000),

Gretchen Liu, 2001, Taylor & Francis Ltd (London) Image courtesy of i. National Archives of Singapore

5. Tan Tock Seng Pioneer: His Life, Times, Contributions and Legacy,

Dhoraisingam S. Samuel and Kamala Devi Dhoraisingam, 2003, Natural History Publications (Borneo) Sdn. Bhd.

Image courtesy of i. National Museum of Singapore, National Heritage Board

6. Singapore: A Biography, Mark Ravinder Frost and Yu-Mei Balasingamchow,

2013, Editions Didier Millet

7. Tan Tock Seng Pioneer: His Life, Times, Contributions and Legacy, Dhoraisingam S. Samuel and Kamala Devi Dhoraisingam, 2003, Natural History Publications (Borneo) Sdn. Bhd.

Image courtesy of i. https://wellcomecollection.org/works/zava88mp?query=surgical&page=1

8. Tan Tock Seng Pioneer: His Life, Times, Contributions and Legacy,

Dhoraisingam S. Samuel and Kamala Devi Dhoraisingam, 2003, Natural History Publications (Borneo) Sdn. Bhd.

9. An Anecdotal History of Old Times in Singapore 1819-1867, Charles Burton

Buckley, 1902, Singapore: Oxford University Press

10. Opium and the Beginnings of Chinese Capitalism in Southeast Asia, Carl A. Trocki, 2002, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Vol. 33, No. 2

11. An Anecdotal History of Old Times in Singapore 1819-1867, Charles Burton

Buckley, 1902, Singapore: Oxford University Press Image courtesy of i. Margaret Tan Collection, National Archives Singapore

Seah Eu Chin Historical image courtesy of National Archives Singapore

1. Singapore: A Biography, Mark Ravinder Frost and Yu-Mei Balasingamchow, 2013, Editions Didier Millet

2. Ethnic Chinese Business in Asia: History, Culture and Business Enterprise,

Yen Ching-Hwang, 2013, Singapore: World Scientific Image courtesy of i. Gretchen Liu Collection, National Archives of Singapore

3. The European Mercantile Community in Singapore, 1819-1867, C. m.

Turnbull, 1969, Journal of Southeast Asian History, Vol. 10, No. 1

Image courtesy of i. https://www.flickr.com/photos/volvob12b/8069678494/in/photolist-di6dgQ

4. Singapore: Wealth, Power and the Culture of Control, Carl A. Trocki, 2006,

Routledge Image courtesy of i. National Museum of Singapore, National Heritage Board

5. One Hundred Years’ History of the Chinese in Singapore, Song Ong Siang,

1984, Singapore: Oxford University Press

6. Money by Mail to China: Dreams and Struggles of Early Migrants, Li Meiyu, 2012, National Library Board Singapore Image courtesy of i. Li Meiyu, Money by Mail to China: Dreams and Struggles of Early Migrants

7. An Anecdotal History of Old Times in Singapore 1819-1867, Charles Burton

Buckley, 1902, Singapore: Oxford University Press

8. An Introduction to the Culture and History of the Teochews in Singapore, Tan Gia Lim, 2018, Singapore: World Scientific Image courtesy of i. National Archives of Singapore

9. The Grand Jury in Early Singapore, Y. K. Lee, 1973, Journal of the Malaysian

Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 46, No. 2 (224)

Images courtesy of i. National Archives of Singapore ii. The Peranakan Museum

Naraina Pillai

1. People of early Singapore, H.F. Pearson, 1995, London: University of London

Image courtesy of i. National Museum of Singapore, National Heritage Board

2. Singapore Indian Heritage, Rajesh Rai and A. Mani, 2017, Dominie Press

Images courtesy of i. National Library Board Singapore ii. National Archives of Singapore iii. National Museum of Singapore, National Heritage Board iv. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Goojerattee_Brokers_(980649096

3).jpg v. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Parsees_(9806963583).jpg

3. Seven Hundred Years: A History of Singapore, Kwa Chong Guan, Derek

Heng, Peter Borschberg, Tan Tai Yong, 2019, National Library Board Singapore

Image courtesy of i. National Museum of Singapore, National Heritage Board

4. Merchants, Bankers, Governors: British Enterprise in Singapore and Malaya,

1786-1920, Peter Joseph Drake, 2017, Singapore: World Scientific

Images courtesy of i. National Archives of Singapore

5. 50 Years of Indian Community in Singapore, Gopinath Pillai and K

Kesavapany, 2016, Singapore: World Scientific

6. Tragic Orphans: Indians in Malaysia, Carl Vadivella Belle, 2015, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies

7. Beyond the Myth: Indian Business Communities in Singapore, Jayati

Bhattacharya, 2011, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies

8. Discover Singapore: The City’s History and Culture Redefined, Susan Tang, 2007, Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd

Images courtesy of i. National Archives of Singapore

Synopsis 7 images courtesy of:

i. National Museum of Singapore, National Heritage Board ii. Lim Kheng Chye Collection, National Archives of Singapore iii. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:KITLV_-

_103777__Japanese_women_in_Singapore_-_circa_1890.tif Tan Seng Poh

1. A History of Singapore, 1819-1988, C. M. Turnbull, 1989, Singapore: Oxford University Press

2. The Rise of Singapore’s Great Opium Syndicate, 1840-86, Carl A. Trocki,

1987, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Vol. 18, No. 1

Images courtesy of i. National Archives of Singapore ii. National Museum of Singapore, National Heritage Board

3. An Anecdotal History of Old Times in Singapore 1819-1867, Charles Burton

Buckley, 1902, Singapore: Oxford University Press

4. One Hundred Years History of the Chinese in Singapore, Song Ong Siang and Kevin Tan, 2016, National Library Board Singapore

Image courtesy of i. The National Archives, United Kingdom

5. A General History of the Chinese in Singapore, Chong Guan Kwa and Bak

Lim Kua, 2019, Singapore: World Scientific Images courtesy of i. National Museum of Singapore, National Heritage Board ii. Ministry of Information and the Arts Collection, National Archives of

Singapore

6. Hoo Ah Kay, Bonny Tan, 1999, Infopedia, National Library Board Singapore

Images courtesy of i. Nelson Collection, National Archives of Singapore ii. National Museum of Singapore, National Heritage Board

7. Maiden Voyage: The Senzaimaru and the Creation of Modern Sino-Japanese

Relations, Joshua A. Fogel, 2014, University of California Press

Synopsis 8 images courtesy of: National Archives of Singapore Syed Mohamed bin Ahmed Alsagoff

1. A History of Modern Singapore, 1819-2005, C.M. Turnbull, 2009, NUS Press

Image courtesy of i. http://alsagoff.edu.sg/learn-history/

2. Singapore: A Biography, Mark Ravinder Frost and Yu-Mei Balasingamchow,

2013, Editions Didier Millet

3. Merchant Communities in Asia, 1600-1980, Madeleine Zelin, 2015, Routledge

4. The Alsagoff Family in Malaysia: A.H. 1240 (A.D. 1824)-A.H. 1382 (A.D. 1962), Syed Mohsen Alsagoff, 1963, P. H.D., PS.D., F.E.A.E Image courtesy of i. National Museum of Singapore, National Heritage Board

5. Becoming Arab: Creole Histories and modern Identity in the Malay World,

Sumit K. Mandal, 2018, Cambridge University Press

Images courtesy of i. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Abdul-hamid.jpg ii. http://alsagoff.edu.sg/learn-history/

6. The Effect of the Opening of the Suez Canal on the Trade and Development

of Singapore, George Bogaars, 1955, Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 28, No. 1 (169) Images courtesy of i. National Archives of Singapore

7. Seven Hundred Years: A History of Singapore, Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng, Peter Borschberg, Tan Tai Yong, 2019, National Library Board Singapore

Image courtesy of i. National Museum of Singapore, National Heritage Board

8. Technology and Entrepôt Colonialism in Singapore 1819-1940, Chor Boon Goh, 2013, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies Images courtesy of i. National Museum of Singapore, National Heritage Board ii. Gretchen Liu, Singapore: A Pictorial History (Singapore Visual History

1819-2000

9. Merchant Communities in Asia, 1600-1980, Madeleine Zelin, 2015, Routledge

10. Transcending Borders: Arabs, Politics, Trade and Islam in Southeast Asia,

Huub Jonge and Nico Kaptein, 2002, KITLV Press

Synopsis 9 images courtesy of:

i. National Archives of Singapore ii. National Museum of Singapore, National Heritage Board

William Pickering Historical image courtesy of National Archives Singapore

1. Pioneering in Formosa: Recollections of Adventures Among Mandarins, Wreckers, & Head-Hunting Savages, William Alexander Pickering, 2002, Adegi Graphics LLC

2. Singapore: A Biography, Mark Ravinder Frost and Yu-Mei Balasingamchow,

2013, Editions Didier Millet Image courtesy of i. National Museum of Singapore, National Heritage Board

3. The British as Rulers Governing Multiracial Singapore, 1867-1914, Edwin

Lee, 1991, Singapore University Press

Image courtesy of i. Li Meiyu, Money by Mail to China: Dreams and Struggles of Early Migrants

4. “Mr. Pickering’s Paper.”, Mid-day Herald, 8 January 1896, Retrieved from

NewspaperSG Image courtesy of i. The National Archives, United Kingdom

5. Rites of Belonging: Memory, Modernity, and Identity in a Malaysian Chinese

Community, Jean Debernardi, 2004, Stanford University Press

Image courtesy of i. National Museum of Singapore, National Heritage Board

6. Ah Ku and Karayuki-San: Prostitution in Singapore, 1870-1940, James

Francis Warren, 2003, Singapore University Press Image courtesy of i. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:KITLV_-_103764_-

_Lambert_%26_Co._-_Japanese_women_in_Singapore_-_circa_1890.tif

7. Chinese Secret Societies, W. A. Pickering, 1879, Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, No. 3 Images courtesy of

i. National Archives of Singapore ii. National Museum of Singapore, National Heritage Board

8. A History of Modern Singapore, 1819-2005, C.M. Turnbull, 2009, NUS Press

Arthur Henderson Young Historical image courtesy of National Archives Singapore

1. The Chinese in Southeast Asia and Beyond: Socioeconomic and Political Dimensions, Yen Ching-Hwang, 2008, Singapore: World Scientific

2. Historical Dictionary of Singapore, K. Mulliner and Lian The-Mulliner, 1991,

Scarecrow Press

Image courtesy of i. Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research, Vol. 38, No. 155

(SEPTEMBER, 1960), pp. 126-127 (3 pages) ii. National Archives of Singapore iii. The National Archives, United Kingdom

3. Technology and Entrepôt Colonialism in Singapore 1819-1940, Chor Boon

Goh, 2013, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies Image courtesy of i. National Museum of Singapore, National Heritage Board

4. Sir Arthur Young and Political Control of the Chinese in Malaya and

Singapore, 1911-1919, C. F. Yong and R. B. McKenna, 1984, Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 57, No. 2 (247)

Image courtesy of

i. National Museum of Singapore, National Heritage Board

5. Revolutionary Organization: A Study of the Ghadar Movement, Harish K. Puri, 1980, Social Scientist, Vol. 9 No. 2/3 Image courtesy of i. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:General_Subjects_Taken_in_Chin

a_and_Japan_1910_-_1942_Q82506.jpg

6. Seven Hundred Years: A History of Singapore, Kwa Chong Guan, Derek Heng, Peter Borschberg, Tan Tai Yong, 2019, National Library Board Singapore

Image courtesy of i. The National Archives, United Kingdom

7. New Culture in a New World: The May Fourth Movement and the Chinese

Diaspora in Singapore, 1919-1932, David Kenley, New York: Routledge Image courtesy of i. National Museum of Singapore, National Heritage Board

8. One Hundred Years’ History of the Chinese in Singapore, Song Ong Siang,

1923, John Murray

Images courtesy of i. National Archives of Singapore ii. National Museum of Singapore, National Heritage Board

9. British Rule in Malaya: The Malayan Civil Service and Its Predecessors, 1867-

1942, Robert Heussler, 1981, Greenwood Press

Synopsis 10 images courtesy of:

i. National Archives of Singapore ii. National Museum of Singapore, National Heritage Board iii. Tan Kok Kheng Collection, National Archives of Singapore iv. The National Archives, United Kingdom

Gan Eng Seng Historical image courtesy of Gan Eng Seng School Collection, National Archives of Singapore

1. Singapore: The Encyclopedia, Tommy Koh, Timothy Auger and Jimmy Yap, 2006, Editions Didier Millet

Image courtesy of i. National Archives of Singapore

2. In Granite and Chunam: The National Monuments of Singapore, Gretchen

Liu, 1996, Singapore: Landmark Books Image courtesy of i. National Archives of Singapore

3. A History of Modern Singapore, 1819-2005, C.M. Turnbull, 2009, NUS Press

Image courtesy of i. National Archives of Singapore

4. The History of Gan Eng Seng School, Donald Mattheson Dabbs, 1948,

Singapore: D. M. Dabbs

Image courtesy of i. National Museum of Singapore, National Heritage Board

5. Singapore: A Biography, Mark Ravinder Frost and Yu-Mei Balasingamchow,

2013, Editions Didier Millet

Image courtesy of i. Arshak C Galstaun Collection, National Archives of Singapore

6. Urban sanitation, health and water supply in late nineteenth and early

twentieth century colonial Singapore, Brenda S.A. Yeoh, 1993, South East Asia Research, Vol. 1, No. 2 Images courtesy of i. National Archives of Singapore ii. National Museum of Singapore, National Heritage Board

7. Sports Clubs of Colonial Singapore – Insiders, Outsiders, Aspirants, Peter

Horton, 2013, International Sports Studies

Images courtesy of i. Tan Kok Kheng Collection, National Archives of Singapore ii. Arshak C Galstaun Collection, National Archives of Singapore iii. Lim Kheng Chye Collection, National Archives of Singapore iv. National Museum of Singapore, National Heritage Board

8. Singapore Chinese Society in Transition: Business, Politics, & Socio-

Economic Change, 1945-1965, Hong Liu, Wong Sin Kiong, 2004, New York: Peter Lang

Images courtesy of i. National Archives of Singapore ii. National Museum of Singapore, National Heritage Board iii. Gretchen Liu, Singapore: A Pictorial History (Singapore Visual History

1819-2000

9. “Death of Mr. Gan Eng Seng.”, The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser, 9 September 1899, p.2. Retrieved 29 July 2019 from http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/singfreepressb18990909-1.2.13 Image courtesy of i. Song Ong Siang, One Hundred Years’ History of the Chinese in Singapore

Lim Boon Keng Historical image courtesy of National Archives of Singapore

1. Lim Boon Keng: A Life to Remember, 1869-197, Seow Leng Ang, Bonny Tan, 2007, National Library Board Singapore

Images courtesy of i. National Archives of Singapore ii. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lat_Pau,_16_January_1925.jpg

2. Singapore: A Biography, Mark Ravinder Frost and Yu-Mei Balasingamchow,

2013, Editions Didier Millet

3. The Public Life of Dr. Lim Boon Keng, Eng Hee Khor, 1958, Singapore: University of Malaya

Images courtesy of i. National Archives of Singapore ii. The National Archives, United Kingdom

4. One Hundred Years’ History of the Chinese in Singapore, Song Ong Siang,

1923, John Murray Image courtesy of i. National Archives of Singapore

5. Diaspora’s homeland: Modern China in the Age of Global Migration, Shelly Chan, 2018, Duke University Press Images courtesy of i. National Archives of Singapore ii. Collection of National Library, Singapore

6. The Chinese Crisis from Within, Lim Boon Keng, 1901, London: Grant Richards Images courtesy of i. National Archives of Singapore ii. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kang_Yu-wei_cph.3a45114.jpg

7. The Singapore Chronicle (1824-37), C.A. Gibson-Hill, 1953, Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 26, No. 1 (161)

Images courtesy of i. National Archives of Singapore ii. The National Archives, United Kingdom

8. “Chinese Bank Merger.”, The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile

Advertiser, 30 Dec 1932, Retrieved from NewspaperSG.

9. Oversea Chinese Association, Joshua Chia Yeong Jia, 2006, Infopedia,

National Library Board Singapore

Image courtesy of i. Lee Brothers Studio Collection, National Archives of Singapore

Synopsis 11 images courtesy of:

i. Australian War Memorial Museum ii. National Archives of Singapore iii. The National Archives, United Kingdom iv. Lim Shao Bin Collection, National Library Board Singapore v. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blitzaftermath.jpg vi. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pacific_War_-

_Southeast_Asia_1941_-_Map.jpg Winston Churchill Historical image courtesy of Gan Eng Seng School Collection, National Archives of Singapore

1. Operation Matador: World War II: Britain’s Attempt to Foil the Japanese Invasion of Malaya and Singapore, Ong Chit Chung, 2011, Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd

Image courtesy of i. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM

_Rikshaw_voortgetrokken_door_een_chinese_man_Medan_TMnr_10013835.jpg

2. A Great Betrayal: The Fall of Singapore Revisited, Brian Farrell, Sandy

Hunter, 2009, Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd Image courtesy of i. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Naval_Base#/media/File:British_W

arship_inside_Admiralty_IX_Floating_Doc_Sept_1941.jpg

3. A History of Modern Singapore, 1819-2005, C.M. Turnbull, 2009, NUS Press

Images courtesy of i. National Archives of Singapore ii. Indian Heritage Centre

4. Singapore: A Biography, Mark Ravinder Frost and Yu-Mei Balasingamchow,

2013, Editions Didier Millet Images courtesy of i. National Archives of Singapore ii. Lim Shao Bin Collection, National Library Board Singapore

5. “Churchill and the Fall of Singapore.”, The International Churchill Society, 10

November 2015, https://winstonchurchill.org/publications/finest-hour/finest-hour-169/churchill-and-the-fall-of-singapore/.

Image courtesy of i. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Outline_of_post-

war_new_world_map._LOC_gm70005331.tif

Arthur Percival Historical image courtesy of Gan Eng Seng School Collection, National Archives of Singapore

1. Scapegoat: General Percival of Singapore, Clifford Kinvig, 1996, Brassey’s UK

Image courtesy of i. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Outline_of_post-

war_new_world_map._LOC_gm70005331.tif

2. Singapore Burning: Heroism and Surrender in World War II, Colin Smith, 2006, Penguin UK

Image courtesy of i. National Archives of Singapore

3. The Defence and fall of Singapore, Brian Farrell, 2016, Monsoon Books

Images courtesy of i. Australian War Memorial Museum ii. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Sinking_of_HMS_Prince_of_

Wales_by_Japanese_Aircraft_Off_Malaya,_December_1941_HU2675.jpg

4. Singapore: A Biography, Mark Ravinder Frost and Yu-Mei Balasingamchow, 2013, Editions Didier Millet

Image courtesy of i. National Archives of Singapore

5. Singapore: A Biography, Mark Ravinder Frost and Yu-Mei Balasingamchow,

2013, Editions Didier Millet

6. Tomoyuki Yamashita, Wong, & Heng, 17 April 1999, Retrieved from http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_751_2005-01-22.html

Image courtesy of i. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Interior_of_the_Battle_Box,_Singa

pore_-_20120722-02.jpg

7. The Syonan Years: Singapore Under Japanese Rule, Lee Geok Boi, 2005, National Archives of Singapore: Epigram

Images courtesy of i. Australian War Memorial Museum ii. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BritishSurrender.jpg

Synopsis 12 images courtesy of:

i. National Archives of Singapore ii. National Library Board Singapore iii. Daitōa shashin nenpō = Japan Photo Almanac. 2603 nenban iv. Still of Chinese volunteers in Singapore is from a 1941 British Pathé

newsreel, available on YouTube v. Imperial War Museums vi. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pacific_War_-_Malaya_1941-42_-

_Map.jpg vii. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Sinking_of_HMS_Prince_of_

Wales_by_Japanese_Aircraft_Off_Malaya,_December_1941_HU2675.jpg Adnan Saidi Historical image courtesy of National Archives of Singapore

1. “Lieutenant Adnan and the Battle at Bukit Chandu”, Roots, 7 Jun 2019, Retrieved from: https://roots.sg/learn/stories/lieutenant-adnan-and-the-battle-of-bukit-chandu/story

2. In quest of excellence, a story of Singapore Malays, Johari Rahmat, Thusitha

De Silva, Saat A. Rahman, Mendaki (Organization), 2002, Yayasan Mendaki Images courtesy of i. National Archives of Singapore ii. Imperial War Museums iii. Orson Fry, A Most Splendid Soldier: The Life of My Great-Grandfather

Major General George Bruce iv. Abdul Samad Idris, Askar Melayu 50 tahun v. Mubin Sheppard, The Malay Regiment 1933-47 vi. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RAMD.svg

3. A History of Modern Singapore, 1819-2005, C.M. Turnbull, 2009, NUS Press

Image courtesy of i. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:FDR_1944_Color_Portrait.jpg

4. Syonan: Singapore under the Japanese: 1942 – 1946, Geok Boi, Lee, 2017,

Singapore Heritage Society & Landmark Books Image courtesy of i. Japanese WW2 Propaganda Map of South East Asia, as displayed at the

old Ford Motor Factory, Singapore

The Singapore Bicentennial Office, despite all reasonable efforts, has been unable to trace/identify the copyright owners of this image. It invites the rightful owners to make contact.

5. Singapore in World War II: A Heritage Trail, National Heritage Board,

Retrieved 12 July 2019 from https://roots.sg/~/media/Roots/Files/world-war-2/world-war-2-trail-booklet.pdf?la=en

6. Battle for Singapore: Fall of the impregnable fortress, Tan, S. T. L., et al.,

2011, Singapore: National Archives of Singapore Image courtesy of i. Imperial War Museums

7. The Fall of Singapore: 90 Days: November 1941 – February 1942, Corfield,

Justin & Corfield, Robin, 2012, Singapore: Talisman

Image courtesy of i. National Archives of Singapore

Tan Kah Kee Historical image courtesy of National Archives of Singapore

1. Tan Kah Kee: The Making of an Overseas Chinese Legend, Yong, Chin Fatt, 1989, Singapore: Oxford University Press

2. A History of Modern Singapore, 1819-2005, C.M. Turnbull, 2016, NUS Press

Images courtesy of i. National Archives of Singapore ii. National Parks Board, Singapore

3. Technology and Entrepot Colonialism in Singapore, 1819-1940, Goh Chor

Boon, 2013, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies

Image courtesy of i. Mr Lim Guan Hock, Honorary Council Member of Singapore Hokkien Huay

Kuan

4. Economic Success of Chinese Merchants in Southeast Asia: Identity, Ethnic Cooperation and Conflict, Landa, Janet T., 2016, Springer Berlin Heidelberg Image courtesy of i. National Archives of Singapore

5. Singapore: A Biography, Mark Ravinder Frost and Yu-Mei Balasingamchow, 2013, Editions Didier Millet Image courtesy of ii. National Archives of Singapore

6. The memoirs of Tan Kah-kee, Jiageng, Salaff, Janet W, Chu, Raymond W. and Ward, A. H. C., 1994, Singapore University Press, National University of Singapore Images courtesy of i. National Archives of Singapore ii. Tan Kah Kee Foundation

7. Tan Kah Kee: The Making of an Overseas Chinese Legend, Yong, Chin Fatt,

1989, Singapore: Oxford University Press

8. A General History of the Chinese in Singapore, Kwa Chong Guan and Bak Lim Kua. 2019, World Scientific Image courtesy of i. Still of Chinese volunteers in Singapore is from a 1941 British Pathé

newsreel, which is available on YouTube ii. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang

9. An Anecdotal History of Old Times in Singapore 1819-1867, Charles Burton

Buckley, 1902, Singapore: Oxford University Press Image courtesy of i. National Archives of Singapore

Elizabeth Choy Historical image courtesy of National Archives of Singapore

1. A History of Modern Singapore, 1819-2005, C.M. Turnbull, 1941, NUS Press

Images courtesy of i. National Archives of Singapore ii. Mei Zhou, Elizabeth Choy: More than a war heroine: A biography

2. The Syonan years: Singapore under Japanese rule, 1942-1945, Lee Geok Boi

& Archives, S. N., 2005, Singapore: National Archives of Singapore.

3. Syonan: Singapore under the Japanese, 1942-1945, Lee Geok Boi, 2017, Singapore: Singapore Heritage Society Image courtesy of i. National Library Board Singapore

4. Singapore: A Biography, Mark Ravinder Frost and Yu-Mei Balasingamchow,

2013, Editions Didier Millet

5. Double Tenth incident, Heng Wong, 1998, National Library Board, URL: http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_111_2005-01-06.html Accessed 14 September 2018

6. When the Bough Breaks, Wong, Tammy, 2013, Ethos Books

7. Mamoru Shinozaki, Alvin Chua & Lim Tin Seng, 2016, National Library Board,

Accessed 17 September 2018, URL: http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_1686_2010-07-26.html Image courtesy of i. Singapore Police Force Collection, National Archives of Singapore

8. Mamoru Shinozaki, Alvin Chua & Lim Tin Seng, 2016, National Library Board,

Accessed 17 September 2018, URL: http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_1686_2010-07-26.html

Image courtesy of i. National Archives of Singapore

9. Elizabeth Choy: More Than A War Heroine: A biography, Zhou, M., 1995,

Singapore: Landmark Books

Image courtesy of i. National Archives of Singapore