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Dr. Francisco Pedrero Salcedo
University of Bari “Aldo Moro"
Dipartimento di Scienze Agro Ambientali e Territoriali
(DiSAAT)
Recupero e riutilizzo
delle acque reflue in agricoltura
Recupero e riuso nella regione di Murcia (Spagna)
Water reuse in Europe
Water reuse in Europe
The Region of Murcia
ETo ≈ 1500 mm.year-1 Precip. ≈ 300 mm.year-1
The Region of Murcia
- 336.000 cropped ha (122.000 horticulture crops – 214.000
fruit trees)
- 170.000 ha irrigated (85% drip irrigation)
Horticulture Fruit trees
Agriculture in Murcia
Agriculture in Murcia
• 20% National fruit and vegetables exports
• Exports 3.000 millions euros
• 6% of the regional internal product
• High economic performance 8-10€ /m3 under greenhouses
Water quality problem in Murcia
GENERAL PLAN FOR WASTEWATER RECLAMATION 2001-2010
OBJECTIVES
- MORE WATER (FOR AGRICULTURE REUSE)
- RECOVERY RIVER SEGURA (AND NATURE)
- ENSURING WASTEWATER TREATMENT EU (DIRECTIVE 91/ 271/CEE)
BASIC POLICIES
- INFRASTRUCTURE BUILDING
- WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
- INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER - DISCHARGES CONTROL SEWER AT SOURCE TREATMENT
99% URBAN POPULATION
CONNECTED TO TREATMENT
INFFLUENTS VALUES IN MURCIA´S WWTP
minimum medium value maximum
BOD₅ 115 mg/l 578 mg/l 1684 mg/l
COD 284 mg/l 1034 mg/l 2542 mg/l
SS 79 mg/l 332 mg/l 1145 mg/l
EC
1130
µS/cm 2670 µS/cm
10446
µS/cm
Total
Nitrogen 7 mg/l 52 mg/l 169 mg/l
Total
Phosporus 0,4 mg/l 9,2 mg/l 23 mg/l
Reclaimed water use in Murcia
Facilities : 88 WWTP + 46 Station Pumps
Treated Water : 109,4 Hm3
Population equivalent : 2,090,000
0.25-1.5 million irrigation
hectares per year are lost
because of salinization
Soil secondary salinization in the semi-
arid regions seriously affects
the productivity of at least 20-30 million
ha
11% of the total
irrigation surface
An estimated 100,000 irrigated
hectares are irrigated with
water from aquifers, of which
85% have a very high level of
salts
Salinity problem
Direct water reuse Indirect water reuse (stream) Indirect water reuse (infiltration) Sea
Reclaimed water use in Murcia
-Predominance of smallholdings
- Wide variety of crops grown in one single irrigation zone
- Presence of irrigation channels and drainage ditches
where the reclaimed water is mixed with other sources
Characteristic features of irrigation in the Mediterranean Region
Irrigation Community Campo de Cartagena
Location • Founded: 1952
• First Irrigation: 1979
• Irrigation Surface Area: 41,294 Ha
• Municipalities: Cartagena, Torre Pacheco, San Javier, Fuente Álamo, Los Alcázares, San Pedro del Pinatar, Pilar de la Horadada and Murcia.
• Number of Members: 9,896
• Annual Water Supply (141,9 Hm3):
• 122 Hm3 Tajo-Segura Diversion.
• 4,2 Hm3 Segura River Basin.
• 2,2 Hm3 Mojón Desalination Plant.
• 13,5 Hm3 EDARs
Irrigation Techniques
59%30%
7% 4%
DISTRIBUCION DE CULTIVOS
Hortícolas
Cítricos
Invernaderos
Frutales
Crop Distribution
Irrigation Community Campo de Cartagena
Water Sources
(29.610 ha)
• Tajo-Segura Diversion: 122 Hm3
TOTAL SUPPLY:…………………………………. 122 Hm3 (4.120 m3/ha)
(11.642 ha) • Segura River Basin: 4,2 Hm3 (CSR 7/2003) (Assigned by the Cuenca Plan)*
• Mojón Desalination Plant: 2,2 Hm3 (CSR 4/2003)
• E.D.A.R. :
• Fuente Álamo (CSR 24/2004): 0,654 Hm3
• Torre-Pacheco (CSR 16/2003): 1,825 Hm3
• San Javier (CSR 64/2004 y 30/2004): 2,394+0,5 Hm3
• Balsicas- Roldán (CSR 23/2004): 1,000 Hm3
• Los Alcázares (CSR 34/2005): 2,611 Hm3
• San Pedro del Pinatar (CSR 92/2005): 3,767 Hm3
• EDAR La Aljorra (CSR 17/2007) 0,270 Hm3.
- TOTAL SUPPLY:…………………………………...... 19,421 Hm3 (1.668 m3/ha)
Comunidad de Regantes Campo de Cartagena
Water Sources
(29.610 ha)
• Tajo-Segura Diversion: 122 Hm3
TOTAL SUPPLY:…………………………………. 122 Hm3 (4.120 m3/ha)
(11.642 ha) • Segura River Basin: 4,2 Hm3 (CSR 7/2003) (Assigned by the Cuenca Plan)*
• Mojón Desalination Plant: 2,2 Hm3 (CSR 4/2003)
• E.D.A.R. :
• Fuente Álamo (CSR 24/2004): 0,654 Hm3
• Torre-Pacheco (CSR 16/2003): 1,825 Hm3
• San Javier (CSR 64/2004 y 30/2004): 2,394+0,5 Hm3
• Balsicas- Roldán (CSR 23/2004): 1,000 Hm3
• Los Alcázares (CSR 34/2005): 2,611 Hm3
• San Pedro del Pinatar (CSR 92/2005): 3,767 Hm3
• EDAR La Aljorra (CSR 17/2007) 0,270 Hm3.
- TOTAL SUPPLY:…………………………………...... 19,421 Hm3 (1.668 m3/ha)
Recreational use
Golf Irrigation
CAMPOTEJAR JUMILLA MAZARRÓN
pH 8,25 8,07 7,85
CE (dS m-1) 3,50 1,68 8,96
SDT (mg l-¹) 1679,17 754 5340,00
OD (mg l-1) 9,05 5,1 6,20
SS (mg l-1) 8,65 2,56 5,46
Turbidez
(NTU)3,22 7 1,65
B 0,55 0,1871 1,26
Ca 165,83 69,02 202,20
K 37,56 33,3 117,10
Mg 99,25 40,63 206,70
Na 362,82 260 1492,00
P 0,68 2,776 6,86
S 204,55 37,54 281,90
cloruros 861,99 720,2 57,00
nitratos 32,13 6,32 26,00
sulfatos 1044,03 390,1 572,00
AGUA RESIDUAL DEPURADA
WWTP Campotejar (Murcia)
Challenges on treatment
and reuse
• Safety and toxicity risks
• Economic concerns (energy-water)
• Social acceptance
• Integrated water reuse optimization projects
Future studies on water reuse based on the main barriers
Treatment efficiency
New desinfection systems
New indicators and improve detection systems
clostridium
virus
giardia
COLIGUARD (glucoronidasa)
Emerging contaminants and elimination
Improve agronomic characteristics
Proyect LIFE OFREA
Reclaimed water use in agriculture
Pilot plants at PLOT LEVEL
Pilot plants at DISTRICT
LEVEL
New technologies
Dissemination and public perception
Miscellaneous problems
Irrigation Department water reuse projects
Irrigation Department experience
132 m
59 m
82 m
45 m
105 m
48 m
106 m
30 m
135 m
43 m
Aquifer depth
Optimal groundwater recharge
5Km
Wastewater treatment plant
1
3
5
4
2
-A network of experimental plots in different locations and different
types of reclaimed water and crops.
-The effect of using reclaimed water on tree physiology, performance,
quality and safety of crops
- Effects on the long and medium term effect on soil salt accumulation,
unsaturated area and groundwater pollution.
Pilot plants at plot level
Long term effects
Ctr J O J F M A M J A N S D
RDI
100 % ETc
50 % ETc
Dual-Water J O J F M A M J A N S D
Regulated Saline Irrigation “RSI”
100 % ETc
ECw > 4 ECw ≈ 1 ECw ≈ 1
ECw > 4 ECw > 4 ECw ≈ 1 NEW treatments
Best Managements Strategies
Water and Agriculture Research Platform CEBAS-CSIC
Grenhouses 860m2
a
f
e
b
c
d
Soil surface
• Research projects
- Agricultural reclaimed water use effects on horticultural crops
growing on soil and hidroponics.
- Water treatment prototypes testing
- Food safety risk and security studies.
- Emerging contaminants
- Sludge
• Enterprise collaborations
- Precision irrigation with soil and environmental sensor integration
• Visits, trainning days, international courses ,
dissemination, MsC, phD.
- Associated with irrigation districts, often organized around
irrigators associations with concessions for use reclaimed
water.
- Continuously assess the quality of irrigation water used.
- Assessing the effects of reclaimed water on plant and
soil, but also estimating how the reservoirs, water pipes
systems and all the associated infrastructures with the
distribution could affect.
Pilot plants at district level
Feasibility study of using reclaimed water from the WWTP of Jumilla in the Miraflores Irrigators Community
Miraflores Irrigators
Community
Conceptual
planning
Facility
planning
Feasibility
study
GIS
Potential use of reclaimed water with GIS-based multicriteria analysis
New Technologies
Constraints Transport < 8 Km R to streams > 100 m R to wells > 100 m R to reservoirs > 500 m
Constraints R to population agglomerates > 200 m
Constraints 0 < Slope < 12%.
Constraints 10% < Clay 1m < Depth
New Technologies
Parameters Area (ha)
Studied area 13,944
Area without population agglomerates 12,445
Economic restriction area 7,805
Area with slopes < 12% 10,852
Area occupied by antrosol soils 8 ,862
Area without water sources 5,345
Potential reuse area 1,607
New Technologies
Simplified treatments
ACRONYM TOPIC Coordination Partners
DESERT 1 ; 2
Low-Cost Water Desalination and Sensor
Technology Compact Module
non-conventional water; desalination; smart
agriculture; energy efficiency; wastewater
treatment; recycling; soil fertility conservation;
nutrient use efficiency and continuous monitoring
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR INSTITUTION COUNTRY
Salvatore Camposeo Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro Italy
Emilio Nicolás Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior Spain
Philippe Lebailly Université de Liège Belgium
Anna Maria Stellacci Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia
Agraria Italy
Lucas Galera Quiles NOVEDADES AGRICOLAS S.A. Spain
Water Energy Nutrients/Soil
Innovative aspects of the project
Renewable
energy used
for water
treatments
Reuse of non
conventional
water
new continuous
monitoring system and
soil quality preservation
a) Evaluation of DESERT technology;
b) Monitoring and evaluating the medium-term evolution of crop
nutritional status and eco-physiological response;
c) Evaluating the effect, in medium-term, of the evolution of the
soil status. d) The experiments in the field will start the second year
Spain Italy
EXPERIMENTAL FIELDS
Experimental protocol - University of Bari “Aldo Moro”
Treatments: T1 - Fresh water-control T2 - Fresh water – RDI (60%) T3 - DESERTwt- control T4 - DESERTwt- RDI (60%)
Trees Characteristics: - Olive 1,5 yers old in pots 100 L. Cv Oliana. 1.5 x 3 m planting system. For pots,
we are using the farm soil.
- Almond 2 yers old in pots 100 L. Cv Guara with rootstok Rootpak 20. 1.5 x 3 m planting system. For pots, we are using the farm soil.
Irrigation system: - For each pots we will use 3 dripper 2 L h-1. The irrigation will be scheduled by
using OPIRIS system.
Methodology – Experimental setup
• Agricultural:
– Fresh weight / Dry weight
– C/N
– Macronutrients & micronutrients
• Microbiological:
– E. coli (widespread indicator)
• Compared against Es/Ec standards
Methodology - Crops
• RIRA (Deterministic): Fixed risk value (worst-case scenario) • KH-QMRA (Stochastic): Uncertainty and randomness (ranges
of values) • 12 Scenarios (6 treatments – 2 locations/consumption
patterns) each model: Surrogates & assumptions • Representative pathogens (based on E. coli in water):
– Rotavirus – Campylobacter – Cryptosporidium
• Compared with WHO guidelines (IC/DC)
Methodology – Health risk
DESERT-water → safe, high-quality reclaimed water
● Complies with (ES) standards
● EC standards possibly too astringent
In contrast, many valuable nutrients might be removed
Crops comply with microbiological standards → safe produce
DW-irrigated crops → safest to be consumed
Irrigation techniques are crucial in reducing health risks
Stochastic QMRA (closer to reality) estimates lower risks → more tolerable irrigation schemes
Conclusions
Highest-quality reclaimed water might not be necessary → adjust removal efficiencies
Look for a pros-cons equilibrium: standards / tolerance of crops / constituents of concern / useful nutrients
Do not rely absolutely in (possible costly) treatments → choose appropriate irrigations techniques
Stochastic QMRA estimations might be useful for guiding decision-makers
Recommendations
Plant uptake models for emerging contaminants
RISK EVALUATION
Determining acceptable pollutants
concentrations for human health
-Conferences at all levels, both users and generators of such
waters, to raise awareness of the importance of it.
-Economic analysis. Within this economic assessment all
environmental benefits – including non-market benefits –
should be included. To estimate the non-market benefits that
society attaches to the use of reclaimed water for agricultural
purposes
Dissemination and public perception
Dissemination and public perception
Disemination and users participation
Thanks for your attention