Reconstruction Reconstruction

Chapter 16Chapter 16

Post war ProblemsPost war Problems

Politically – How do you put the nation Politically – How do you put the nation back together?back together?

Economically – How do you keep the Economically – How do you keep the nation from utter economic ruin?nation from utter economic ruin?

Social – How do you ease the hard feelings Social – How do you ease the hard feelings of the populous?of the populous?– What will happen to the 4 million slaves that What will happen to the 4 million slaves that

are now free?are now free?– What will the future hold for all people?What will the future hold for all people?

Changes during the WarChanges during the War

1862 – Pacific Railway Act gave huge 1862 – Pacific Railway Act gave huge grants of land to build the grants of land to build the transcontinental railroadtranscontinental railroad

Land grants and federal subsidies Land grants and federal subsidies were major source of fundingwere major source of funding

Abraham LincolnAbraham Lincoln’’s Plans Plan

Ten Percent PlanTen Percent Plan– 10% of the 1860 voters swear allegiance 10% of the 1860 voters swear allegiance – Accept 13Accept 13thth Amendment Amendment – All except high-ranking civil and military All except high-ranking civil and military

leaders could be pardonedleaders could be pardoned Bring the South back in as soon as Bring the South back in as soon as

possiblepossible Lincoln pocket vetoed the Wade-Lincoln pocket vetoed the Wade-

Davis BillDavis Bill

Wade-Davis BillWade-Davis Bill July 1864 – created by Ben Wade (OH) & July 1864 – created by Ben Wade (OH) &

Henry Davis (MD)Henry Davis (MD)

1.1.Majority of white male citizens participate in Majority of white male citizens participate in creation of new governmentcreation of new government

2.2.To vote or be a constitutional conventions To vote or be a constitutional conventions delegate men had to take an “iron-clad” delegate men had to take an “iron-clad” oathoath

3.3.All Confederate officers ranking higher than All Confederate officers ranking higher than a Lieutenant and civil officers would be a Lieutenant and civil officers would be considered non-citizensconsidered non-citizens

The Defeated South

Many former slaves worked on abandoned plantations leased to Northern investors

Sherman had given some 40 acre plots Congress created the Freedman’s Bureau

– March 1865– Provided food, medicine, schools/colleges for

freed slaves and white refugees 13th Amendment – abolished slavery (1865)

Andrew Johnson Background

V.P. only during 2nd term Compromise to get Democrats to

vote for Lincoln (Republican) Former War Democrat from

Tennessee – sympathized with fellow white Southerners and committed to white supremacy

Not the statesman that Lincoln was

Andrew Johnson and Andrew Johnson and Presidential ReconstructionPresidential Reconstruction

Restrict reconstruction to the Restrict reconstruction to the executive branchexecutive branch

Restore the Union quicklyRestore the Union quickly Restore property rights to Restore property rights to

Southerners who swear allegiance to Southerners who swear allegiance to the Unionthe Union

Johnson’s Actions Granted amnesty to most Southern states

while Congress was not in session Pardoned many of the political elite in the

South if they swore allegiance to the Union High confederate officials, former federal

officials, and West Point/Annapolis grads initially were not pardoned

Ex-Confederates with taxable property > $20,000 personal appeal to President for voter rights

Three FactionsThree Factions

Northern Democrats = supported Northern Democrats = supported Johnson didn’t want racial equalityJohnson didn’t want racial equality

Conservative Republicans = wanted Conservative Republicans = wanted limited federal role in the limited federal role in the ReconstructionReconstruction

Radical Republicans = wanted to Radical Republicans = wanted to transform the Southtransform the South

The Radical Republican The Radical Republican VisionVision Punish the SouthPunish the South

Thaddeus Stevens, Charles SumnerThaddeus Stevens, Charles Sumner Remake the South more like the North Remake the South more like the North Wanted land redistribution to former Wanted land redistribution to former

slavesslaves Wanted to exclude CSA officers and Wanted to exclude CSA officers and

soldiers from political officessoldiers from political offices Favored black suffrage and rights of Favored black suffrage and rights of

freed peoplefreed people

Congressional ReconstructionCongressional Reconstruction Angry at Johnson’s plan and Southern black Angry at Johnson’s plan and Southern black

codes, the Senate proposed stronger legislation:codes, the Senate proposed stronger legislation: Civil Rights Act of 1865Civil Rights Act of 1865

-Extended the power of Freedmen’s Bureau-Extended the power of Freedmen’s Bureau

-Vetoed by Johnson and overridden by Congress-Vetoed by Johnson and overridden by Congress 14th Amendment (1867)14th Amendment (1867)

-Defined citizenship and-Defined citizenship and

protected that right!protected that right!

-Punished former Confederates-Punished former Confederates

1515thth Amendment (1870) Amendment (1870)– right to vote regardless – right to vote regardless of race, color or former servitudeof race, color or former servitude

Congressional Congressional ReconstructionReconstruction

Military Reconstruction Act of 1867 (First Military Reconstruction Act of 1867 (First Reconstruction Act)Reconstruction Act)

-Passed over Johnson’s veto-Passed over Johnson’s veto

-Divided South into 5 military districts-Divided South into 5 military districts

-Each run by a UNION military general with -Each run by a UNION military general with dictatorial powersdictatorial powers

To be “readmitted” to the Union:To be “readmitted” to the Union:

-States drafted Constitution granting black suffrage-States drafted Constitution granting black suffrage

(in other words; they had to ratify the 14th & 15th(in other words; they had to ratify the 14th & 15th

Amendments)Amendments)

3 Steps Towards Impeachement3 Steps Towards ImpeachementFinal Straw =Tenure of Office Act Final Straw =Tenure of Office Act

Sec. of War Edwin Stanton Sec. of War Edwin StantonOne vote short of conviction One vote short of conviction

The Election of 1868The Election of 1868

Ulysses S. Grant – RepublicanUlysses S. Grant – Republican Horatio Seymour - DemocratHoratio Seymour - Democrat ““Waving the Bloody ShirtWaving the Bloody Shirt”” – –

Republican tactic of reminding Republican tactic of reminding Northern voters of Union casualtiesNorthern voters of Union casualties

Blaming the Blaming the

South & Democrats South & Democrats

for the warfor the war

Moving AboutMoving About

Black Codes – laws to restrict the Black Codes – laws to restrict the freedom of blacksfreedom of blacks

Radical Republicans very upset by Radical Republicans very upset by thesethese

After Grant’s election he wanted to After Grant’s election he wanted to legalize voting for African Americanslegalize voting for African Americans

Result:Result:1515thth Amendment Amendment

White Resistance and White Resistance and ““RedemptionRedemption””

Re-establishing white supremacy & social Re-establishing white supremacy & social orderorder

Redeemers = Conservative Democrats Redeemers = Conservative Democrats who gained control of southern stateswho gained control of southern states

Violence & Intimidation: KKKViolence & Intimidation: KKK– Ku Klux Klan Act Ku Klux Klan Act

The African-American The African-American FamilyFamily

Society based family and churchSociety based family and church Males took on more family authority Males took on more family authority

but women continued to work but women continued to work outside the homeoutside the home

Allowed to practice religion without Allowed to practice religion without interference interference

Education – FreedmanEducation – Freedman’’s Bureau s Bureau taught many taught many

First Black colleges establishedFirst Black colleges established

The Origins of African-The Origins of African-American PoliticsAmerican Politics

Primary goals: equality before the law Primary goals: equality before the law and guarantee of suffrage (right to vote)and guarantee of suffrage (right to vote)

Five states had more blacks than whites Five states had more blacks than whites Political organizations form Political organizations form New leaders emerge and get elected New leaders emerge and get elected Prevented from voting by Prevented from voting by

– Threats & intimidationThreats & intimidation– Poll taxes, grandfather clauses, literacy Poll taxes, grandfather clauses, literacy

teststests

Land and Labor after Land and Labor after SlaverySlavery

Spread of sharecropping and tenant Spread of sharecropping and tenant farmingfarming

Most wanted to be self-sufficient Most wanted to be self-sufficient farmersfarmers

Not a real change from slavery and Not a real change from slavery and in some ways worsein some ways worse

Southern ReconstructionSouthern Reconstruction

Major issue: how to get things back to Major issue: how to get things back to normalnormal

Confirmed the federal government was Confirmed the federal government was supreme over individual statessupreme over individual states

Carpetbaggers & ScalawagsCarpetbaggers & Scalawags– Whites who support republicansWhites who support republicans

Grant ScandalsGrant Scandals

Credit Mobilier – stealing Union Pacific Credit Mobilier – stealing Union Pacific Railroad – Congress investigates & is Railroad – Congress investigates & is bribed to keep quietbribed to keep quiet

Whiskey Ring – not paying tax, tax Whiskey Ring – not paying tax, tax collectors being paid off collectors being paid off

Indian trading posts – Sec. of War Indian trading posts – Sec. of War being extorted to allow man to remain being extorted to allow man to remain in chargein charge

Speculation in the gold market – James Speculation in the gold market – James Fiske & Jay GouldFiske & Jay Gould

Weakening EqualityWeakening Equality

Slaughterhouse cases: said 14Slaughterhouse cases: said 14thth Amendment only applied to national Amendment only applied to national citizenship – not state citizenshipcitizenship – not state citizenship

U.S. v. Reese & U.S. v. Cruikshank – U.S. v. Reese & U.S. v. Cruikshank – only applied to discrimination by the only applied to discrimination by the statesstates

The Age of CapitalThe Age of Capital

Rapid Industrialization – railroad Rapid Industrialization – railroad boom boom

Rise of monopolies & big businessRise of monopolies & big business Mining & Oil Mining & Oil

Reconstructing the States: A Reconstructing the States: A Mixed RecordMixed Record

Civil Rights Act of 1875 – outlawed Civil Rights Act of 1875 – outlawed racial discrimination in public placesracial discrimination in public places

Idealism fades – Democrats gain Idealism fades – Democrats gain strengthstrength

Republican vision of modern South Republican vision of modern South does not become realitydoes not become reality

Cotton prices spiral downward – South Cotton prices spiral downward – South becomes an impoverished regionbecomes an impoverished region

Liberal Republicans and the Liberal Republicans and the Election of 1872Election of 1872

Old radicals die off Old radicals die off Many appalled by corruption of the Many appalled by corruption of the

partyparty Liberal Republicans call for return to Liberal Republicans call for return to

limited government limited government Propose Civil Service reformPropose Civil Service reform

The Depression of 1873The Depression of 1873

Longest Depression in history to this Longest Depression in history to this pointpoint

Clashes between labor and Clashes between labor and managementmanagement

High unemployment, falling prices on High unemployment, falling prices on goodsgoods

The Electoral Crisis of 1876The Electoral Crisis of 1876

Samuel Tilden – DemocratSamuel Tilden – Democrat Rutherford B. Hayes – Republican & war Rutherford B. Hayes – Republican & war

herohero Disputed electoral votesDisputed electoral votes Electoral Commission Electoral Commission

Compromise of 1877

Hayes – president End of military presence in South Appoint a Democrat to his cabinet Spend federal money on internal

improvements in the South

OtherOther

Chinese Exclusion Act – prohibited Chinese Exclusion Act – prohibited Chinese immigration to the U.S. for Chinese immigration to the U.S. for 10 years10 years

Thomas Nast – political cartoonist – Thomas Nast – political cartoonist – HarperHarper’’s Weeklys Weekly