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Recent Trends in Managing Nuisance Ant Pests:
Go Green!
“A service that employs an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approach while utilizing fewer of the earth’s resources as part of a larger effort to reduce human impacts on the environment.”
“Green” Pest Management Defined by the Georgia Structural Pest
Control Commission
“Green” Pest Control Products
“Green” products are largely defined by those containing plant
essential oils (peppermint, spearmint, cedar, etc.).
Characteristics ofPlant Essential Oils
• Contact Toxicity: Low to Moderate in comparison to traditional actives.
• Topical Toxicity: Low to Moderate in comparison to traditional actives.
• Repellency/Deterrency: High in comparison to traditional actives.
So, why are products based on a set of actives that show little contact toxicity, are highly repellent, and ephemeral (volatile), so popular among homeowners (and profitable to pest control operators)?
A Placebo is a pharmacologically inactive substance (or procedure) that can have a therapeutic effect if administered to a patient who believes that he or she is receiving an effective treatment.
A PE is not something that occurs “naturally”. It must be manufactured in the sense that it occurs only in the presence of intent (or the perception of intent).
Placebo
The Placebo EffectUltrasonic Devices Do Not Repel or Kill Pests But
What does the Public Believe?
Snake Oil Science:The Truth About Complementaryand Alternative Medicine (CAM)
• R. Barker Bausell, Ph.D. Biostatistician, Univ. of Maryland; Director of NIH National Center for CAM
• A cold, scientific evaluation of CAM therapies via double-blinded methodology.
So, Why Are Companies
Going Green?
(other than the fact that it’s profitable)
Pest Management Companies are Moving to Green Services Because…
• In California, pesticides in water have led to restrictions on product use around homes.
• The “climate” of bee protection, including (a) CCD and the role that pesticides might play, and (b) the Oregon Bee Kills, has led to EPA restrictions on the use of neonicotinoids (soon these restrictions will be for all spray products, says EPA).
• Fewer basic manufacturers developing fewer active ingredients (cost prohibitive).
January 2013 EPA Mandate Impacts Homeowner and Professional Use
of Pyrethroid Insecticides Outside
Pyrethroid Insecticides Found in Water
• In California, pesticides in water have led to restrictions on product use around homes.
• The “climate” of bee protection, including (a) CCD and the role that pesticides might play, and (b) the Oregon Bee Kills, has led to EPA restrictions on the use of neonicotinoids (soon these restrictions will be for all spray products, says EPA).
• Fewer basic manufacturers developing fewer active ingredients (cost prohibitive).
Pest Management Companies are Moving to Green Services Because…
2013 - Dinotefuran
• Two incidents involving dinotefuran, the active ingredient in Valent/Safari (June 2013).
• Both incidents involved the death of a large number of bumble bees (up to 59,000) foraging on flowering linden trees.
• The two incidents involved different timing and application methods (foliar drench, and basal bark application).
Pollinator Week in the U.S.
• In California, pesticides in water have led to restrictions on product use around homes.
• The “climate” of bee protection, including (a) CCD and the role that pesticides might play, and (b) the Oregon Bee Kills, has led to EPA restrictions on the use of neonicotinoids (soon these restrictions will be for all spray products, says EPA).
• Fewer basic manufacturers developing fewer active ingredients (cost prohibitive).
Pest Management Companies are Moving to Green Services Because…
Chemical Industry ConsolidationMany Fewer Companies to Support the Pest Control Industry
Today Compared to Years Past
19951990 200019951990 2000 2006
Theoretical Cash Flow of Product LifecycleUsing Imidacloprid as an Example
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
TIME
Inco
me
/ E
xp
en
ditu
re
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Cu
mu
lative
ca
sh
flo
w
Annual expenditure Annual income Cumulative cash flow
$35m
$90m;Decision: Go Spend
150M over6-7 years?
Global Launch After11 years & $240m
Patent Expires-Generics Compete
$195m;MSDS Data
Break Even after 16 Years(Income = Expenses)
Pesticide Development is Really Expensive!
Fewer basic manufacturers are developing fewer traditional active ingredients. Why?
1. Development costs for essential oils are usually significantly lower (no registration data required because these actives are exempt from EPA registration requirements).
2. While the need for products in structural pest control markets are high, the markets are not large relative to major crop markets.
3. For insecticides, structural products are usually “add-on” markets to agricultural uses for a new active ingredient (e.g., fipronil in 2000 for termites).
Manufacturers are reformulating the same active ingredients (many are now generic) to come out with new products. Combining Active
Ingredients Transport (FMC) Temprid (Bayer) Tandem (Syngenta) Fuse (CSI)
New formulations Termidor HE and Dry (BASF)
Suspend Polyzone (Bayer) EndZone (FMC)
J. Spagnoli Consulting
• (A) The high costs associated with development of an active ingredient AND (B) the growth in “green” programs by PMPs– Both have led to an explosion of “green” pest control products
(chicken or egg)
• A market based on “green” offerings has been created among residential customers for use of products they believe are “soft” yet still as effective as traditional “poisons”.
• rosemary, spearmint, etc.• pyrethrins are now considered green!• spinosad
What Explains Growth in “Green” Products
“All-natural CURES” forresidential ant problems Including the use of tansy
leaves, cucumber peel, and a soybean tea
J. B. Holloway
Treatments consisted of: Tansy leaves
▪ Dried and fresh Cucumber peels
▪ Dried and fresh Rosemary leaves Spearmint leaves Soybean tea Two controls:
▪ 1.0% Peppermint Oil solution (positive control)▪ Water (negative control
J. B. Holloway
Number (mean ± S.E.) of live ants inside dish at hour Trial 1 Trial 2Treatment 2 hours 4 hours 2 hours 4 hours
.
Dry Cucumber
Fresh Cucumber
Dry Tansy
Fresh Tansy
Soybean Tea
Fresh Spearmint
Fresh Rosemary
Water Only
Control1% Peppermint Oil
.
19.4 ± 1.3 A
17.6 ± 1.2 A
18.9 ± 1.3 A
18.4 ± 1.2 A
19.3 ± 1.3 A
17.6 ± 1.2 A
-
18.4 ± 1.2 A0.28 ± 0.2 B
.
19.8 ± 1.3 A
18.5 ± 1.2 A
18.7 ± 1.2 A
19.6 ± 1.3 A
19.4 ± 1.3 A
19.2 ± 1.3 A
-
19.1 ± 1.3 A0.92 ± 0.3 B
.
-
13.6 ± 2.5 A,B
-
14.8 ± 2.7 A,B
16.8 ± 3.1 A
9.33 ± 1.8 B
3.42 ± 0.8 C
18.3 ± 3.3 A0.08 ± 0.09 D
.
-
18.5 ± 2.2 A
-
14.8 ± 1.9 A,B
19.2 ± 2.3 A
10.7 ± 1.4 B
5.17 ± 0.8 C
19.1 ± 2.3 A0.50 ± 0.2 D
.
F = 8.73df = 7, 88P < 0.0001
.
F = 14.56df = 7, 88P < 0.0001
.
F = 10.98df = 6, 77P < 0.0001
.
F = 20.64df = 6, 77P < 0.0001
Following mixed model, 1-way ANOVA (PROC GLIMMIX), differences between least square means, for each combination of Trial and Hour, were determined using pairwise t-tests; means within a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different.J. B. Holloway
No TrtRepelledAnts!
10XFresh Rosemaryand SpearmintRepelled Ants!4X
NOT REPELLENT Tansy leaves Cucumber peel Soybean tea
DETERRENT Fresh Spearmint
leaves
REPELLENT 1% Peppermint Oil
Solution Fresh Rosemary leaves
J. B. Holloway
Fresh rosemaryleaves…
…did repel ants
Insecticide Mode of Action
1) Download PDF ofbulletin at gabugs.uga.edu
2) caes.uga.edu/publications(bulletin #1352)
Insecticides That Target theInsect Nervous System
The Insect Nervous SystemHow Nerve Cells Function
Insecticides That Target theInsect Nervous System
Chemical Class: Pyrethrins & Pyrethroids
• Active Ingredients: Pyrethrins, Bifenthrin, Cyfluthrin, Beta-Cyfluthrin, Deltamethrin, Permethrin, Lambda-Cyhalothrin, and Cypermethrin.
• Mode of Action: Delays the rate at which sodium channels open and close (Sodium Channel Modulation)
• Target Site: Axon of Nerve
• Primary Use/Route of Entry: Contact Only
Pyrethroids delay the rate at which sodium channels open and close
Insecticides That Target theInsect Nervous System
Chemical Class: Oxadiazines
• Active Ingredient: Indoxacarb (must be activated)
• Mode of Action: Opposite of pyrethroids; the active metabolite keeps sodium channels permanently closed, thus blocking the flow of sodium ions into the nerve cell (Sodium Channel Blockage)
• Target Site: Axon of Nerve
• Primary Use/Route of Entry: Oral Only
Opposite of pyrethroids; active metabolite permanently closes sodium channels, blocking the flow of sodium ions into the nerve cell
Insecticides That Target theInsect Nervous System
Chemical Class: Organophosphates & Carbamates
• Active Ingredients: Chlorpyrifos, Dichlorvos (DDVP), Malathion, Diazinon, Acephate, Propetamphos, Carbaryl, Bendiocarb, Propoxur
• Mode of Action: Inhibits (by binding to) acetylcholinesterase, thus keeping it from removing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from its receptor on the post-synapse nerve (Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition).
• Target Site: Nerve Synapse
• Primary Use/Route of Entry: Contact Only
Inhibit (by binding to) acetylcholinesterase, thus keeping it from removing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from its receptor on the post-synapse nerve.
Insecticides That Target theInsect Nervous SystemChemical Class: Neonicotinoids
• Active Ingredients: Imidacloprid, Dinotefuran, Thiamethoxam, Clothianidin, Acetamiprid
• Mode of Action: Binds to the acetylcholine receptor, and over-stimulates the nerve (Acetylcholine Receptor Stimulation)
• Target Site: Nerve Post-Synapse
• Primary Use/Route of Entry: Contact & Oral
Binds to the acetylcholine receptor, and over-stimulates the nerve.
Insecticides That Target theInsect Nervous SystemChemical Class: Phenylpyrazoles
• Active Ingredient: Fipronil
• Mode of Action: Binds to and blocks the GABA receptor on post-synapse nerve, thus keeping the GABA neurotransmitter from binding to the receptor site, and thereby preventing the influx of chloride ions into the cell (GABA Receptor Blockage)
• Target Site: Nerve Post-Synapse
• Primary Use/Route of Entry: Contact & Oral
Binds to and blocks the GABA receptor on post-synapse nerve, thus keeping the GABA neurotransmitter from binding to the receptor site, and thereby preventing the influx of chloride ions into the cell
Insecticides That DO NOT Target the
Insect Nervous System
Insecticides That DO NOT Target theInsect Nervous System
Chemical Class: Diamides
• Active Ingredient: Chlorantraniliprole (Altriset)
• Mode of Action: Binds to and stimulates calcium channels, resulting in uncontrollable muscle contractions (Muscle Stimulation)
• Target Site: Muscular Calcium Channel
• Primary Use/Route of Entry: Oral
Binds to and stimulates calcium channels, resulting in uncontrollable muscle contractions
Insecticides That DO NOT Target theInsect Nervous System
Chemical Class: Juvenile Hormone Analogs
• Active Ingredient: Hydroprene, Methoprene, Pyriproxyfen, Fenoxycarb
• Mode of Action: Mimic Juvenile Hormone Action
• Target Site: JH Degradative Enzymes / Receptors
• Primary Use/Route of Entry: Contact & Oral
Insecticides That DO NOT Target theInsect Nervous System
Chemical Class: Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors
• Active Ingredient: Noviflumuron, Hexaflumuron, Diflubenzuron, Lufenuron
• Mode of Action: Block Chitin Formation
• Target Site: Exoskeleton of Insect
• Primary Use/Route of Entry: Oral
Subterranean Termite Baits
Sentricon0.50% noviflumuron Hex-Pro
0.50% hexaflumuron
Insecticides That DO NOT Target theInsect Nervous System
Chemical Class: Pyrroles
• Active Ingredient: Chlorfenapyr (must be activated)
• Mode of Action: Active metabolite is a mitochondrial disruptor, and prevents ATP (energy) production in cells (Inhibit Energy Production)
• Target Site: Mitochondria Within Cells
• Primary Use/Route of Entry: Contact
Insecticides That DO NOT Target theInsect Nervous System
Chemical Class: Borates
• Active Ingredient: Borax, Boric Acid, Disodium Octaborate Tetrahydrate
• Mode of Action: Non-Specific Metabolic Disruption; general cellular toxin.
• Target Site: Cells
• Primary Use/Route of Entry: Oral toxicants ONLY
Insecticides That DO NOT Target theInsect Nervous System
Chemical Class: Dehydrating Dusts
• Active Ingredient: Silica gels, Diatomaceous Earth
• Mode of Action: Dries the insect out by sucking up the protective wax layer (Adsorption of Cuticular Wax Layer)
• Target Site: Exoskeleton
• Primary Use/Route of Entry: Contact
