21
Rethinking curriculum for the 21st century skills: Results and role of content analysis in evaluating curriculum effectiveness Author: Ms. Rosaline Muraya, Twaweza East Africa Coauthor: Mr. Kees de Graaf, Twaweza East Africa 1

Re - Innovations for Poverty Action

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    4

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Re - Innovations for Poverty Action

Re‐thinking curriculum for the 21st century skills: Results and role of content analysis in evaluating 

curriculum effectiveness 

Author: Ms. Rosaline Muraya, Twaweza East Africa Co‐author: Mr. Kees de Graaf, Twaweza East Africa 

1

Page 2: Re - Innovations for Poverty Action

Presentation Layout

• Justification for the study• Study objectives• Methodology• The findings and discussions• Policy implications

2

Page 3: Re - Innovations for Poverty Action

Study justification• In 2015, government initiated curriculum reform in Kenya. Reform 

envisions learners equipped with world class knowledge and skills in order to thrive in the 21st century (KICD, 2016)

• The reform identifies, among others, A visionary and sustainable curriculum providing every learner with 

seamless, competency based high quality learning  A curriculum that leads to improved learning outcomes and 

subsequent attainment of the 21st century skills for all children in Kenya (KICD, 2016)

• Studies reveal low competency gains (Uwezo, 2010‐2016; KNEC, 2016)• Inadequate evidence on the effectiveness of the curriculum – right 

content, with sufficient quality and depth, in its formulation and instruction, to effectively yield high achievement levels

• Content is crucial; Curriculum content should meet the current and long term competency needs of its learners and the state goals on education (NRC, 2004).

3

Page 4: Re - Innovations for Poverty Action

Study objectives

1. To describe the English and Mathematics academic content in three dimensions; • What learners should know ( topics and subtopics)• What learners should be able to do (performance/ 

cognitive expectations)• Relative emphasis of topics and performance 

expectations 

2. To diagnose areas of improvement and alignment with the national goals on curriculum development/ reform

4

Page 5: Re - Innovations for Poverty Action

Study methodology

5

• Curriculum Content Analysis approach: identifies the most important concepts to be learned; to understand the transmission of the skills implied in curriculum; to guide instruction

• Adopts the Survey of Enacted Curriculum (SEC) model (Andrew C. Porter and John Smithson, University of Wisconsin, USA)• The most predictive model of student achievement; the only model that 

provides alignment indices at the level of the enacted, taught and assessed curriculum level (Case & Jorgensen, 2004)

• Analysis focused on English and Mathematics syllabus (KIE, 2002 version), at primary level

• Conducted by a broadly representative team of subject experts; three for each subject; sufficiently trained on the methodology

Page 6: Re - Innovations for Poverty Action

Methodology

1. Adopts the five SEC categories of performance expectations (drawn from Blooms taxonomy)

LowB – Memorize or RecallC – Perform or explain proceduresD – Communicate ideas / demonstrate understandingE – Analyze/ Investigate or proofF – Evaluate/Synthesis / novel thinking

High

6

Page 7: Re - Innovations for Poverty Action

CODE TOPIC

100 Listening/Viewing/Phonemic awareness

200 Speaking/Presenting

300 Reading

400 Writing 

PRIMARY ENGLISH LANGUAGE TAXONOMY

CODE TOPICS CODE TOPICS100 NUMBERS 600 GEOMETRY200 FRACTIONS 700 ALGEBRA300 DECIMALS &PERCENTAGE 800 TABLES AND GRAPHS400 OPERATIONS ON NUMBERS 900 SCALE DRAWING500 MEASUREMENT 1000 RATIO AND PROPORTION 200 FRACTIONS 700 ALGEBRA300 DECIMALS &PERCENTAGE 800 TABLES AND GRAPHS400 OPERATIONS ON NUMBERS 900 SCALE DRAWING500 MEASUREMENT 1000 RATIO AND PROPORTION 

PRIMARY MATHEMATICS TAXONOMY

2. Developed coded taxonomies 

Page 8: Re - Innovations for Poverty Action

Up to the subtopic level of detail …..TOPIC CODES TOPICS

100 NUMBERS101 Pre‐number activities

102 Counting

103 Reading and writing numbers in symbols

104 Reading and writing numbers in words

105 Place value and total value

106 Multiples and factors of numbers, LCM  /HCF and Greatest Common Divisor of numbers

107 Divisibility tests108 Odd, Even  and Prime numbers109 Rounding of numbers110 Squares and square roots200 FRACTIONS201 Fraction as part of a whole and part of a group, reading and writing fractions

202 Comparing and simplifying fractions203 Types of fractions (proper, improper and mixed fractions) and conversion of fractions

204 Operation of fractions (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division)

Page 9: Re - Innovations for Poverty Action

3. Qualitative, independent description of the syllabus objectives:

Each analyst assigned a sub‐topic code and performance expectation code that appropriately describes each learning objective 

Where a learning objective addressed more than one topic and cognitive expectation ‐the analysts recorded all the topics and cognitive categories 

For example: Learning objective: Be able to count numbers from 1 up to 99. Codes 102B, 102C; 

Methodology

Page 10: Re - Innovations for Poverty Action

4. Team discussions around the rationale used to justify their descriptions of content

Consensus was not required. The goal was to ensure that the analysts had similar understanding of the analysis procedures, which improves the validity of results.

Allowed for modification of description

5. Quantitative analysis: the descriptions were averaged using Excel software to produce descriptive and interactive results

Methodology

Page 11: Re - Innovations for Poverty Action

www.twaweza.org

The Findings…

Objective 1: Description of academic content: Relative emphasis on topics (what students should know) Relative emphasis on performance expectations (be able to do)

Objective 2: What areas should we improve or align with the goals on curriculum reform?

•11

Page 12: Re - Innovations for Poverty Action

Math content: early grade (Class 1‐3)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

FRACTIONS

GEOMETRY

MEASUREMENT

OPERATIONS ONNUMBERS

NUMBERS

Relative emphasis: All topics

Math‐Std1 Math‐Std2 Math‐Std3

• Topic ‘numbers’ most emphasized in Class 1, drops in 2 & 3

• Increasingly complex tasks: recognize, count, read, write in symbols and words up too 2 digit numbers (99), in 

Std1.  Add and subtract  o 3 digit numbers (999) in 

Std 2; +, ‐, ×, ÷, without carrying

o 4 digits (9999) in Std3. +, ‐, ×, ÷ with and without carrying

• ‘measurements’ in class 3 (length, mass, capacity, money, time)

Page 13: Re - Innovations for Poverty Action

Math content: mid primary (Class 4‐6)

• Nine topics at mid primary

• ‘Measurements’ mostly  emphasized (length, mass, capacity, money, time, perimeter, area, volume)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

SCALE DRAWING

TABLES & GRAPHS

ALGEBRA

DECIMALS & PERCENTAGES

FRACTIONS

GEOMETRY

MEASUREMENT

OPERATIONS ON NUMBERS

NUMBERS

Relative emphasis: All topics

Math‐Std4

Math‐Std5

Math‐Std6

Page 14: Re - Innovations for Poverty Action

Math content:  upper primary (Class 7‐8)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

RATIO ANDPROPORTION

SCALE DRAWING

TABLES & GRAPHS

ALGEBRA

DECIMALS &PERCENTAGES

FRACTIONS

GEOMETRY

MEASUREMENT

OPERATIONS ONNUMBERS

NUMBERS

Relative emphasis: All topics

Math‐Std7 Math‐Std8

• Ten topic areas in upper primary

• Consistent with LTMF report 2013: Towards Universal Learning; What every child should learn (UNESCO&CUE,2013)

• However, recommends  consideration of  country specific contexts

• Which key mathematical concepts should we focus on in early grade? Mid and upper levels?

Page 15: Re - Innovations for Poverty Action

What do we expect pupils to be able to do with Math ?

“A mile wide and an inch deep….”

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Std1 Std2 Std3 Std4 Std5 Std6 Std7 Std8

Relative emphasis: performance expectations

Synthesize/ Non‐routine problems

Analyze/ Generateproof

Demonstrateunderstanding

Perform procedures/computations

Memorize/ Recall

Page 16: Re - Innovations for Poverty Action

English content: early grade (Class 1‐3)

• More emphasis on expressive skills ‘writing’ and ‘speaking/presenting’ in early and mid grade

• Less emphasis on receptive skills ‘listening, viewing & phonemic awareness’ and ‘reading’ 

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

Writing

Reading/Comprehension

Speaking/Presenting

Listening/Viewing/PhonemicAwareness

Relative emphasis: All topics

Eng ‐ Std1 Eng ‐ Std2 Eng ‐ Std3

Page 17: Re - Innovations for Poverty Action

English content: mid primary (Grade 4‐6)

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%

Writing

Reading/ Comprehension

Speaking/ Presenting

Listening/ Viewing/ PhonemicAwareness

Relative emphasis: All topics

Eng ‐ Std4

Eng ‐ Std5

Eng ‐ Std6

Page 18: Re - Innovations for Poverty Action

English content: upper primary (class 7‐8)

• Even when writing, more emphasis is on ‘answering written questions’ in all grade levels

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

Writing

Reading/ Comprehension

Speaking/ Presenting

Listening/ Viewing/ PhonemicAwareness

Relative emphasis: All topics

Eng ‐ Std7

Eng ‐ Std8

Page 19: Re - Innovations for Poverty Action

What do we expect pupils to be able to do with English Language?

Endeavors  to demonstrate masterly of language skills

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Std1 Std2 Std3 Std4  Std5 Std6  Std7  Std8

Evaluate/ Integrate

Analyze/Investigate

 Demonstrateunderstanding

Perform procedures/Explain

Memorize/ Recall

Page 20: Re - Innovations for Poverty Action

Policy implications

1. Math: sustain emphasis on the topic ‘Numbers’ and ‘Operations’ in  early grades in order to ensure sound masterly of  concepts to sufficient depth to support future learning 

2. English: emphasize on ‘Listening’, ‘phonemic awareness’ and ‘speaking’ in early grade in order to facilitate acquisition of the more complex reading and writing skills.

3. Appropriate emphasis on cognitive skills across all grades – in readiness for 21st century skills (critical  and analytical thinkers, problem solver, innovators ‐ all are manifestations of higher order thinking)

4. Develop benchmarks on acceptable level of relative emphasis of topics and cognitive expectations ‐ to guide curriculum design, teacher professional development and instructional delivery

Page 21: Re - Innovations for Poverty Action

References

1. KICD 2015: Basic Education Curriculum Framework. Nairobi. 2. Misulis, Katherine. Content Analysis: A Useful Tool for Instructional 

Planning. Contemporary Education. Terre Haute, Ind.69.1.3. National Research Council (2004). On Evaluating Curricular Effectiveness: 

Judging the Quality of K‐12 Mathematics Evaluations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

4. Smithson, J.L.  (2015). North Carolina 2015 Alignment Study Report. Madison, Wisconsin. 

5. UNESCO & CUE 2013. Towards Universal Learning; What every child should learn.  

6. Uwezo 2016: Are our children learning? Uwezo Kenya Sixth Learning Assessment Report. Nairobi: Twaweza East Africa.