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RASIMS – Thematic Safety Area 2
Occupational Radiation Protection
H. Burçin OkyarOccupational Radiation Protection UnitRadiation Safety & Monitoring Section, NSRW
TSA 2: Radiological Protection in Occupational Exposure
Elements of TSA 2
1. Regulatory infrastructure for occupational radiation protection
2. Individual monitoring for external radiation sources
3. Individual monitoring for intake radionuclides
4. Workplace monitoring
5. Service providers
6. Implementation of the requirements by end users
7. Occupational exposure to natural sources
• An integrated and consistent set of Safety Requirements that establishes therequirements that must be met to ensure the protection of people and theenvironment, both now and in the future.
• GSR Part 3 (BSS) follows ICRP 103 recommendations• Protection and Safety requirements of the BSS apply to all facilities and
activities• Planned, existing and emergency exposure situations• Occupational, public and medical exposure categories• 52 overarching requirements – for governments, regulatory bodies,
industry, health and safety professionals, workers, public andservice providers such as technical support organizations
• 12 requirements for ORP; Control, monitoring and recording• Regulator, TSOs (authorization or approval of service providers for
individual monitoring and calibration services) & Operators
International Basic Safety Standards, GSR Part 3
GSR Part 3 coverage for ORP
Plannedexposure situation
Emergencyexposure situation
Existingexposure situation
Occupational exposureReq 19: Responsibilities of the regulatory body (Regulatory Infrastructure for Occupational Radiation Protection)Req 20: Requirements for monitoring and recording of occupational exposureReq 21: Responsibilities of employers, registrants and licenseesReq 22: Compliance by workers (Responsibilities of workers)Req 23: Cooperation between employers, registrants and licenseesReq 24: Radiation protection programme ( & Req 13 on Safety Assessment) Req 25: Assessment of occupational exposure and workers’ health surveillanceReq 26: Information, instruction and trainingReq 27: Conditions of serviceReq 28: Protection and safety for female workers and for persons under 18 years of age
Exposure of Emergency WorkersReq 45: Protection of emergency workers (arrangements for controlling the exposure)
Occupational exposureReq 52: Protection of workers in existing exposure situations (remedial actions, Rn in workplaces, exposure of air crew)
GSR Part 1 coverage for ORP
• Req 7: Safety of workers (coordination between relevant authorities)• Req 9: Necessary arrangement for worker protection• Req 13: Provisions of Technical Services (services for personal
dosimetry, environmental monitoring and the calibration ofequipment & authorization)
• Req 25: Graded approach for review and assessment of facilities andactivities (arrangements for worker protection)
• Req 35: Safety related records (records of doses from occupationalexposure)
CULTURE FOR SAFETY• Requirement 12: Fostering a culture for safety• Individuals in the organization, from senior managers
downwards, shall• foster a strong safety culture.
LEADERSHIP FOR SAFETY• Requirement 2: Demonstration of leadership for safety by
managers• Managers shall demonstrate leadership for safety and
commitment to safety.
GSR Part 2
7
GSR Part 4
Safety Guide on ORP, GSG-7
• Implementation of the Requirements on ORP incompliance with GSRPart 3
• Jointly developed by the IAEA and the ILO
• Updates of previous safety guides in the field of ORPo Occupational Radiation Protection, RS-G-1.1o Assessment of Occupational Exposure Due to Intakes of Radionuclides, RS-G-1.2o Assessment of Occupational Exposure Due to External Sources of Radiation, RS-G-1.3 o Occupational Radiation Protection in the Mining and Processing of Raw Materials, RS-
G-1.6 o Management System for Technical Services in Radiation Safety, GS-G-3.2
• It is applicable to all areas concerning occupational exposure, includingmedicine, nuclear fuel cycle, industries involving NORM, radiationapplication industries and scientific as well as educational facilities.
RASIMS - TSA 2 Elements • Planned Exposure Situations
– ELEMENT 1: Responsibilities of the regulatory body– ELEMENT 2: Requirements for monitoring and
recording of occupational exposure– ELEMENT 3: Responsibilities of employers, registrants
and licensees– ELEMENT 4: Compliance by workers (Responsibilities
of workers)– ELEMENT 5: Cooperation between employers,
registrants and licensees– ELEMENT 6: Radiation protection programme– ELEMENT 7: Assessment of occupational exposure
and workers’ health surveillance– ELEMENT 8: Information, instruction and training– ELEMENT 9: Conditions of service– ELEMENT 10: Protection and safety for female
workers and for persons under 18 years of age
• Emergency Exposure Situations– ELEMENT 11: Protection of emergency workers
• Existing Exposure Situations – ELEMENT 12: Protection of workers in existing
exposure situations
• Planned Exposure Situations– Req 19: Responsibilities of the regulatory body– Req 20: Requirements for monitoring and
recording of occupational exposure– Req 21: Responsibilities of employers, registrants
and licensees– Req 22: Compliance by workers– Req 23: Cooperation between employers,
registrants and licensees– Req 24: Radiation protection programme– Req 25: Assessment of occupational exposure and
workers’ health surveillance– Req 26: Information, instruction and training– Req 27: Conditions of service– Req 28: Protection and safety for female workers
and for persons under 18 years of age
• Emergency Exposure Situations– Req 45: Protection of emergency workers
• Existing Exposure Situations– Req 52: Protection of workers in existing exposure
situations
Regulatory Infrastructure for ORP • (P) legal and regulatory framework specific for the control of occupational exposure
– (S) Statutory basis for establishing requirements for occupational exposure– (S) RB with clearly specified functions and responsibilities– (S) Responsibilities of employers, registrants and licensees– (S) Establish requirements to ensure that protection and safety is optimized– (S) Empower the RB to enforce requirements to ensure optimization– (S) Dose limits for occupationally exposed workers– (S) Regulatory body to enforce compliance with the dose limits for OE– (S) Before authorizing a new or a modified practice, and in all operational states and in
accident conditions, review of supporting documents from the responsible parties• Design criteria and design features relating to the exposure and potential exposure
of workers?• Design criteria and design features of the appropriate systems and programmes for
monitoring of workers for occupational exposure?
Evidence needs to be added
Requirements for monitoring and recording of Occupational Exposure• (P) Establishment and enforcement of requirements for the monitoring and recording
of OE in PES– (S) Monitoring of occupational exposures– (S) Recording of occupational exposures– (S) Control of occupational exposures– (S) RB reviews the monitoring programs of authorized parties to ensure the
fulfilment of requirements with regard to occupational exposure?– (S) Authorize or approve the providers of
• Individual monitoring• Calibration services
– (I) Information on the status of approval by the RB
Provisions
Authorization / Approval
Type of service # of providers# of authorized or approved providers
% of authorized or approved providers
External dosimetry Internal dosimetryWorkplace monitoringCalibration of WM & measurement equipment
Calibration of radiation sources
Requirements for monitoring and recording of OE(I) As part of approval process, implementation of a QMS (IM & Calibration)
• Description of the QMS• Documents for measurement, assessment and improvement of performance• Working documents and job descriptions• Results of intercomparison exercises ,• Additional technical documents and data, including:
o Operating manuals for equipment and software,o Reagent safety data sheets,o Requirements of national authorities (laws and regulations),o Managerial standardso Technical standards,o External documents not within the scope of influence of the service provider,o Procedure for control of documents to include periodic review of valid documents?
TSPs• Categories include:Calibration and testing/assay services
– Monitoring (individual, workplace and environmental)– Calibration and verification of monitors and radiation sources
Consultancy and maintenance– Radiation safety consultancy– Shielding calculations– Modelling for dose assessment, containment and ventilation– Maintenance services (in-house & contracted out)– Decontamination
• Organization or organizational unit designated, or otherwise recognized by a regulatorybody and/or a government, to provide expertise and services to support nuclear andradiation safety and all related scientific and technical issues.
• A TSO can also support nuclear security and safeguards.
Requirements for monitoring and recording of OE– (S) implement of monitoring programs by the employers and authorized parties
• Requirements to implement individual monitoring services of external exposure• Requirements to implement individual monitoring services of internal exposure• Requirements to implement workplace monitoring
– (I) Availability and Criteria to initiate (in tables)• Gamma, beta and neutron monitoring
– (I) Operational quantities used for individual monitoring of external exposure• Personal dose equivalent for exposure to strongly penetrating radiation – Hp(10)• Personal dose equivalent for exposure to weakly penetrating radiation – Hp(0.07)• Personal dose equivalent for the lens of the eye – Hp(3)
SectorApprox. total number of workers in the country per
sector/monitoring frequency (in months)coverage of workers in
%Photon beta neutron
IndustryMedicalResearch
AgricultureOther
Requirements for monitoring and recording of OE
– (I) operational laboratories providing services of individual monitoring ofexternal exposure
LaboratoriesNumber of qualified
personnelEquipment
Arrangements for calibration, testing and technical performance
– (I) Dosimeters approved by the regulatory body (i.e. the ‘designated or dosimeter of record’) for record keepingpurposes?
TLD, OSL, RPL (glass dosimeter), DIS (direct ion storage), Film, other…
Requirements for monitoring and recording of OE
– Provisions for workplace monitoring include
● Establishment of investigation levels
● Defined actions to be taken if investigation levels are exceeded
● Periodical analyses of trends in workplace monitoring results
– Criteria for initiating monitoring of internal exposure
Requirements for monitoring and recording of OE
• Internal dosimetry; coverage of workers covered under individual monitoring of internalexposure– Quantities– Frequency– Operational laboratories
• Workplace monitoring– Quantities– Frequency
• Review periodic reports on occupational exposure (including results of monitoringprograms and dose assessments) submitted by employers, registrants and licensees
Responsibilities of employers, registrants and licensees
(P) Regulatory framework to establish responsibilities of employers, registrants andlicensees for the protection of workers• Control of occupational exposure (Dose limits are not exceed)• Optimized protection and safety• Record keeping (decisions made) and availability of decisions to relevant parties,
through their representatives, where appropriate• Policies, procedures and organizational arrangements for protection and safety
– Priority is given to design and technical measures for controlling occupational exposure– Necessary workers’ health surveillance and health services for workers– Appropriate monitoring equipment and personal protective equipment is provided
• Arrangements are made for the proper use, calibration, testing and maintenance ofmonitoring and personal protective equipment
• Necessary conditions for promoting safety culture• Dose constraints are established and used
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Responsibilities of workers
(P) Regulatory framework to establish the responsibilities of workers for fulfilling theirobligations and carry out their duties for protection and safety• Workers
– Applicable local rules and procedures– Proper use of the monitoring equipment and PPE– Cooperation with the employer, registrant or licensee with regard to protection and safety, and
programmes for workers’ health surveillance and programs for dose assessment– Information on their past and present work that is relevant for ensuring effective and
comprehensive protection and safety– Abstain from any wilful action– Acceptance of information, instruction and training
Cooperation between employers, registrants and licensees
(P) Regulations to require employers and registrants and licensees to cooperate to theextent necessary for compliance by all responsible parties with the requirements forprotection and safety
– Compliance by both parties with the requirements of national regulations
(P) Regulations to require employers and registrants and licensees– Development and use of specific restrictions on exposure Specific assessments of the doses– Clear allocation and documentation of the responsibilities
(P) Regulations to require employers and registrants and licensees– Obtain from the employers, including self-employed persons, the previous occupational
exposure history of workers and any other necessary information– Provide appropriate information to the employer, including any available information
relevant for compliance with the requirements of national regulations– Provide both the worker and the employer with the relevant exposure records
Evidence needs to be added
Radiation Protection Programme & Safety Assessment• General objective• Scope defined for the RPP, roles and responsibilities• Specifications on the need of designated qualified experts in relevant fields (e.g.
Radiation Protection, Internal and External Dosimetry, Workplace Monitoring,Ventilation, Occupational Health and Radioactive Waste Management)?
• The system for accountability for radiation generators and radioactive sources?• Work Planning and Work Permits?• Monitoring and Assessment of Exposures (individual and workplace monitoring)?• Arrangements for information exchange, instruction and training?• Qualification and Certification System for workers?• Audits and Reviews?• Records?• Specific requirements on Safety Culture?• Specific measures for controlling exposures or preventing the spread of contamination
in normal operation and anticipated operational occurrences and accident conditions?• Emergency preparedness and response
Assessment of occupational exposure and workers’ health surveillance
• Assessment and recording of the occupational exposure of workers
• on the basis of individual monitoring where appropriate
• Arrangements are made with authorized or approved dosimetry service providers thatoperate under a quality management system
Information, instruction and training
• Information on health risks due to their occupational exposure in normal operation,anticipated operational occurrences and accident conditions
• Adequate instruction and training and periodic retraining in protection and safetyadequate information on the significance of their actions for protection and safety
Conditions of service
• Benefits as substitutes for measures for protection and safety
• Special compensatory arrangements, or preferential consideration with respect to salary,special insurance coverage, working hours, length of vacation, additional holidays orretirement benefits, shall neither be granted nor be used as substitutes for measures forprotection and safety
Protection and safety for female workers and for persons under 18 years of age
• Special arrangements for training
• Protection of the embryo or fetus and breastfed infants, in particular to provideinformation on:
– the risk to the embryo or fetus due to exposure of a pregnant woman?
– the importance for a female worker of notifying her employer as soon as possible ifshe suspects that she is pregnant or if she is breast-feeding?
– the risk of health effects for a breastfed infant due to ingestion of radioactive
Protection of workers in emergency exposure situations
• A program for managing, controlling and recording the doses received byemergency workers in an emergency
• Specify the response organization(s) and employers responsible for ensuringcompliance with the national requirements relevant for occupational exposures
• Establish that the relevant requirements for occupational exposure in plannedexposure situations are applied for emergency workers, in accordance with agraded approach
• Guidance (no emergency worker is subject to an exposure in an emergency inexcess of 50 mSv )– For the purposes of saving life or preventing serious injury– When undertaking actions to prevent severe deterministic effects and actions
to prevent the development of catastrophic conditions that couldsignificantly affect people and the environment; or
– When undertaking actions to avert a largecollective dose
Protection of workers in existing exposure situations
• Control above specific activity concentrations• National regulations, are NORM scenarios (industries involving NORM )
considered as existing exposure situations, so the requirements specificfor these exposure situations are applicable– List of operational NORM industries– Criterion for the scope of regulatory control in NORM industries– Criterion for exemption applicable to NORM scenarios– Graded approach for control of occupational exposures associated with NORM
industries– Characteristics of initial assessment (radiological characterization) of NORM
scenarios for worker protection?
• Exposure of workers undertaking remedial actions are controlled• Strategy for protection against exposure due to 222Rn in workplaces,
including the establishment of a reference level for 222Rn
Protection of workers in existing exposure situations
• Regulatory framework for the protection of aircrew and space crew against exposure due to cosmic radiation, including:– Assessment of exposure of aircrew– Reference level of dose and a methodology for the assessment and recording
of doses received by aircrew from occupational exposure to cosmic radiation– Provisions for requiring employers to assess and record doses when the doses
are likely to exceed the reference level– Provisions for requiring employers to make these records of doses available to
aircrew– Provisions for requiring employers to inform female aircrew of the risk to the
embryo or fetus due to exposure to cosmic radiation and of the need for early notification of pregnancy
Thank you!
H. Burçin OkyarOccupational Radiation Protection UnitRadiation Safety & Monitoring Section, [email protected]
