Rajagopal_World Meteorological Day_23 March 2013

7/29/2019 Rajagopal_World Meteorological Day_23 March 2013

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WORLD METOEROLOGICAL DAY23 MARCH 2013

B.C.RajagopalTeacher-geography

HARISHREE VIDYALAYAMRAJA ANNAMALAIPURAMChennai - India
http://www.wmo.int/pages/index_en.html


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Dr.A. P. J. Abdul KalamA recipient of Bharat Ratna, Former President, Aerospace Engineer, very significantContributor to DRDO and ISRO. Great Inspirer to millions of Students and Teachers.Rocket Scientist, Missile Man, Writer of Wings of Fire, Ignited Minds,,, list endless,,

Born on 15th October 1931


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LANGUAGE METEOROLOGY LANGUAGE METEOROLOGY

ENGLISH METEOROLOGY LATIN Meteorologia

GREEK METEOROLOGIA RUSSIAN

ARABIAN CHINESE

DUTCH METEOROLOGIE FRENCH MTOROLOGIE

GERMAN Meteorologie HEBREW

HINDI HANGARIAN METEOROLGIAI

INDONESIAN METEOROLOGI IRISH MeitareolaochtITALIAN METEOROLOGIA JAPANESE

KOREAN MALAY METEOROLOGI

MALTESE METEOROLOIJA NORWEGIAN Meteorologi

PERSIAN POLISH Meteorologia

PORTUGUESE METEOROLOGIA ROMANIAN METEOROLOGIE

SERBIAN SLOVAK METEOROLGIA

SLOVENIAN martinska SPANISH METEOROLOGA

SWEDISH METEOROLOGI THAI

TURKISH METEOROLOJ URDU


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What is Meteorology?

Meteorology is the

interdisciplinary scientificstudy of the atmosphere thatfocuses on weather processes

and short term forecasting


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INDIA METEOROLOGY DEPARTMENTNational Weather Service Provider

>IMD was established in 1875.>Mr.H.F. Blanford was appointed meteorological reporter.>Sir John Eliot was the first Director General of Observatories at Calcutta in May 1889.>The first head quarter was at Shimla, then Puna and finally to New Delhi.>Memories of the IMD was published by Mr.Blanford

>Blanford initiated system of Long Range Forecasting.>Sir Gilbert walker linked the monsoon with Global Meteorological situations which laterwas called as Southern Oscillation Phenomenon>Blanford inducted first time two indians into IMD, they are Lala Ruchi Ram Sahani andLala Hemraj in 1884 and 1886 respectively.>Sir C.W.B. Normand was Director-General during 1928 to 1944.

>Dr.S.K.Banerjee was the first Indian Director General of Observatory in 1944.>IMD the first in India to have message switching computer for supporting its globaldata exchange.>India, the first developing country to have its own geostationary satellite, INSAT forweather monitoring and cyclone warning.


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INDIA METEOROLOGY DEPARTMENTMinistry of Earth Sciences

Specialized Divisions

Agricultural MeteorologyCivil AviationClimatologyHydrometeorology

InstrumentationMeteorologicalTelecommunicationRegional SpecializedMeteorological CentrePositional AstronomySatellite MeteorologySeismologyTraining


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History of MeteorologyIn 600 BC Thales the first Greek Meteorologist described water cycle made a

seasonal crop forecast.

In 400 BC Democritus predicted change in weather.

In 350 BC Aristotle who wrote Meteorology is considered the founder of

Meteorology.In 250 BC Archimedes study the positive buoyancy that is necessary for the

formation of clouds.

In 25 AD Pomponius Mela a Geographer for the Roman Empire, formalizedthe climatic zone system.In 80 AD, Wang Chang dispels the chinese myth that rains come from heaven.

The Greek scientist THEOPHRASTUS compiled a book on weatherforecasting, called the book ofsigns


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Visual Atmospheric Phenomena

In 1021 Mr.Ibn al Haytham Atmospheric refraction of light

Roger Bacon was the first to calculate the angular size of the rainbow

Theodoric of Freiberg & Kamal al-Din al farisi 1st to give the explanation for

the primary rainbow phenomenon.

Instruments and Classification Scales

In 1441, King sejongs son Prince Munjong invented Rain Gauge.

In 1607, Galileo galili constructed the Thermoscope.In 1643, Evangelista Toricelli invents the Mercury Barometer.In 1662, Sir Christopher Wren invented, mechanical, self emptying Rain Gauge.In 1960 the first Weather Satellite TIROS-1 was launched.

Atmospheric Composition Research

>In 1648, Blaise Pascal rediscovers - atmospheric pressure decreases with

weight

>In 1777, Antoine Lavoisier discovers Oxygen and develops an explanation

for combustion

>In 1824, Sadi Carnot analyzes the efficiency of Steam Engine using caloric

theory

Research into Cyclone and airflow

*In 1494 Christopher Columbus writes about Hurricane.

*In 1686, Edmund Halley studied Trade Winds & Monsoons and identifies

solar heating as the cause of Atmospheric motions.

*In 1735 George Hadley explained Global Circulation with the study of Trade

Winds

*In 1743 Benjamin Franklin described that cyclones move in a contrary

manner to the winds at their periphery

Observation Network and Weatherforecasting

#In 1654 the first weather observing network - by Ferdinando II de medici.#In 1832 Electro Magnetic Telegraph created by Baron Schilling.

#In 1854 United Kingdoms Meteorological office was established and in

1860 its first weather forecast were published in Times Newspaper.

# In 1875 India Meteorological Department was established.

# In 1881 Finnish Meteorological office was established in Helsinki University

Numerical Weather Predictions*In 1922 Lewis Fry Richardson - Weather Prediction by Numerical Process

*In 1950s weather forecast with Barotropic models predict Rossby Waves

*In 1960s Chaos Theory was mathematically described by Edward Lorenz.


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TYPES OF

METEOROLOGY DEALS WITH

SYNOPTIC METEOROLOGY Day to day analysis and forecasting of weather

DYNAMIC METEOROLOGYDescribe the atmospheric process throughmathematical equations

PHYSICAL METEOROLOGYSolar radiation, absorption and scattering in theearth-atmospheric system, cloud physics and rainprocess

AGRICULTURALMETEOROLOGY Crop yields and reduction of crop losses

APPLIED METEOROLOGYDesign of aircraft, control of air pollution,architectural design, urban planning, exploitationof solar and wind energy, air conditioning and

development of tourism


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METEOROLOGICAL PHENOMENON

Anticyclone, Arctic cyclone, CloudsDerecho, Diamond dust,

Drought, Dust devil , Dust storm, Foehn wind, Hail,Halo, Hurricane, Ice pellets, Indian summer,

Lake effect snow, Light pillar, Lightning,Mesocyclone, Morning glory cloud,

Novaya Zemlya Effect, Rain,Rain and snow mixed, Rainbow,

Sleet, Snow,

Subtropical cyclone, Sun dog, Sun shower,Supercell, Temperature inversion, Thunder,Thundersnow, Tornado, Tropical storm,


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WEATHER

Weather is a day to day conditionof a particular place

CLIMATEThe climate is the common

weather conditions at a particularplace over a longer period of time.


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Air Pressure and HumidityAir pressure is the weight of theatmosphere pressing down on the

earth. It is measured by a barometer inunits called millibars. Mostbarometers use mercury in a glasscolumn, like a thermometer, to

measure the change in air pressure.

Relative HumidityRelative humidity is the amount ofmoisture the air can hold before it

rains. The most it can hold is 100percent. Humidity is measured by aPsychrometer, which indicates theamount of water in the air at any one

temperature.


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NORTHEAST MONSOONThe Period October to December is referred to as Northeast Monsoon season overpeninsular India. Earlier this period was also referred to as "Post-Monsoon Season" or"Retreating southwest Monsoon Season".

YEARRainfall in MM

CHENNAI Date of OnsetRainfall in MM

Tamil Nadu

1990 97 19th October 468

1991 79 20th October 488

1992 73 2nd November 517

1993 90 21st October 784

1994 118 18th October 534

1995 53 23rd October 260

1996 126 11th October 592

1997 157 13th October 810

1998 72 28th October 619

1999 53 21st October 517

2000 40 2nd November 346

2001 108 16th October 382

2002 99 25th October 385

2003 31 19th October 435

2004 57 18th October 435

2005 211 12th October 773

2006 89 19th October 497

GLOBAL WARMING


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GLOBAL WARMINGThe increase in the average temperature of Earths near surface air and Oceanscaused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases. The green house gasreferred to absorb and emit radiation within thermal infrared range. Infrared light

is electromagnetic radiation within a wavelength longer than that of visible light.The process is fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect. The green house effectis a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed byatmospheric green house gases.

Greenhouse effectschematic showing

energy flows betweenspace, the

atmosphere, andearth's surface.Energy exchanges areexpressed in watts per

square meter (W/m2).


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Vilhelm BjerknesNorwegian

March 1862 April 1951

WeatherForecasting

Modern Practices

http://www.wmo.int/pages/publications/bullet

in_en/59_2_lynch_en.html

i h i
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bjerknes.jpg


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Jean Baptise Joseph Fourier

French Mathematician and Physicist from March 1768 to May 1830, is generally creditedwith the discovery of Greenhouse effect.


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GABRIEL FAHRENHEITPoland

May 1686 to Sep 1736

Fahrenheit Temperature Scale


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WILLIAM MORRIS DAVIS

USA

Feb 1850 to Feb 1934

Cycle of Erosion


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JOHN DALTON England

Sep 1766 to July 1844

Law of Partial Pressure


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Christophorus Henricus Diedericus Buys Ballot

Netherlands

Oct 1817 to Feb 1890

First chairman of the International

Meteorological Organization
http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier:Christophorus_Henricus_Diedericus_Buys-Ballot.jpg


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William Ferrel - USA

1817 to 1891

Theories on Mid-latitude Atmospheric Circulation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WilliamFerrel.jpg


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ALFRED WEGENERGermany

Nov 1880 To Nov 1930
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.uni-graz.at/en/print/igamwww_hp_a-wegener.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.uni-graz.at/en/print/igamwww/igamwww_praesentation.htm?=&usg=__F8kUcDrXRp9jQM9Ys0Fz1-aglLE=&h=251&w=177&sz=6&hl=en&start=2&zoom=1&tbnid=nE9I-UNrSUnflM:&tbnh=111&tbnw=78&ei=DsRQTYP9E8rHrQe9wO2dCA&prev=/images?q=Alfred+Wegener&hl=en&sa=G&gbv=2&tbs=isch:1&itbs=1


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Wladimir Koppen - RussiaSep 1846 To June 1940

Koppen Climate Classification System
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wladimir_Peter_K%C3%B6ppen.jpg


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Anders Celsius - SwedenNov 1701 To Apr 1744

Proposed the Celsius Temperature scale
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AndersCelsiusyoung.jpg


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Aristotle

Attempted to forecast weather with astrological events

G lil G lil l
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg


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Galileo Galilee - ItalyFeb 1564 to Jan 1642

In about 1593, Galileo constructed a thermometer

E li t T i lli
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Justus_Sustermans_-_Portrait_of_Galileo_Galilei,_1636.jpg


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Evangelista TorricelliItaly

Oct 1608 to Oct 1647

Invented Barometer
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Libr0367.jpg


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Dmitr Lachino


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Dmitry LachinovRussia

1842 to 1902

Wrote the first book on Meteorology

P l M l h
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DALachinov.gif


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Pavel MolchanovRussia

Feb 1893 to Oct 1941

Invented and launched

Radiosonde

l d ikh il i h b kh


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Alexander Mikhailevich Obukhov

Russian May 1918 to Dec 1989

Founder of Modern Boundary Layer of Meteorology
http://in.wrs.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0WTf2ieQ1JNxAEAFzq9HAx.;_ylu=X3oDMTBpY2Y5NXNiBHBvcwM2BHNlYwNzcgR2dGlkAw--/SIG=1gsjg9ob8/EXP=1297265694/**http:/in.images.search.yahoo.com/images/view?back=http://in.images.search.yahoo.com/search/images?_adv_prop=image&va=alexander+obukhov&fr=yfp-t-704&w=136&h=203&imgurl=snri.iusm.iu.edu/images/people/obukhov.gif&rurl=http://snri.iusm.iu.edu/body.cfm?id=93&size=12k&name=obukhov+gif&p=alexander+obukhov&oid=fe0ca6ef6e936e2a&fr2=&no=6&tt=7&sigr=116a8o20d&sigi=11ad09afr&sigb=131pug9p5&.crumb=X.t0rPRy4xh


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Shen KuoChina 1031 to 1095

Hypothesized the

Concept of ClimateChange
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shen_Kua.JPG


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Francis_Galton_1850s.jpg


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Francis GaltonEngland

Feb 1822 to Jan 1911Devised first Weather

Map & Proposed a

Theory ofAnticyclone
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Francis_Galton_1850s.jpg


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HENRI BUISSONCHARLES FABRY


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Both of them discovered the OZONE LAYER in 1913

HENRI BUISSONCHARLES FABRY

Richard Assmann (German Meteorologist) &
http://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~mnwabbio/engravings/560.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~mnwabbio/b.shtml&usg=__5-fzBj0A1AmB2WfQGpv-ucLtaNY=&h=406&w=350&sz=58&hl=en&start=2&zoom=1&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=18VPS426GlAOZM:&tbnh=124&tbnw=107&prev=/images?q=Images+of+Henri+Buisson&um=1&hl=en&sa=X&tbs=isch:1&ei=X6dUTbbOB4vRrQeQg-XlBghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Charles_Fabry.jpg


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Richard Assmann (German Meteorologist) &Lon Teisserenc de Bort(French Meteorologist)

Discoverers of STRATOSPHERE
http://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://www.meteo.fr/meteo_france/implantation/setim/historique/images/portrait1nb.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.meteo.fr/meteo_france/implantation/setim/historique/historique.html&usg=__vQ15pT7TsQSUGaz-njWOeEiaBWA=&h=248&w=178&sz=8&hl=en&start=1&zoom=1&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=m2-xS52OSmv8wM:&tbnh=111&tbnw=80&prev=/images?q=Images+of+L%C3%A9on+Teisserenc+de+Bort&um=1&hl=en&sa=X&tbs=isch:1&ei=i8RUTfDvEsnKrAe3xbXmBghttp://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://www.topfamousbiography.com/images/bio/small/richard_assmann.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.topfamousbiography.com/biography/878/15/famous_meteorologist_biography.html&usg=__Mtc7VS4gmBFhoHNd9CVP2ziiAG4=&h=80&w=58&sz=3&hl=en&start=5&zoom=0&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=8UwKlwExPt3FNM:&tbnh=74&tbnw=54&prev=/images?q=Images+of+Richard+Assmann&um=1&hl=en&sa=X&tbs=isch:1&ei=SMRUTcrYJMysrAfmwrH0Bg


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Royal Meteorological Society

PROFESSOR TIM PALMER


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ALEXANDER BERRITSKIY


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ALEXANDER BERRITSKIY

WMO


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Mitsuhiko Hatori, JapanMeteorological Agency


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HYGROMETER

is a deviceused for

measuring theHUMIDITY of

the air


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HELIOMETER


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HELIOMETERDesigned for measuring the variation of the

suns diameter at different seasons.

HYPSOMETER
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heliometer_Kuffner-Sternwarte.jpg


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Instrument used to measure height or altitude

MANOMETER PRESSURE MEASURING DEVICE
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hypsometer_(by_Koehne).png


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MANOMETER PRESSURE MEASURING DEVICE

PYROMETER
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manometer_inside.jpg


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PYROMETER

A PYROMETER is anon-contacting

device thatintercepts and

measures thermal

radiation, a processknown as pyrometry

THE HAIL
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gluehfadenpyrometer.jpg


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The hail on Egypt. Hail is a solid form of Precipitation

THE HAIL
http://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://blog.thefoundationstone.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/Hail-Storm-Photo-2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://blog.thefoundationstone.org/2010/12/29/lessons-from-the-hail-by-prof-gerald-august/&usg=___8jpngx1IepOpZ4y6DN_QFq8-cc=&h=347&w=548&sz=18&hl=en&start=9&zoom=1&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=L8f0DzDCSSOjKM:&tbnh=84&tbnw=133&prev=/images?q=hail&um=1&hl=en&sa=X&tbs=isch:1&ei=k3JTTcjfI9CGrAfkmJSOCA


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GOES-8, a United States weather


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GOES 8, a United States weathersatellite launched on October 16, 1975,

at Florida USA

TIROS - 1 First Successful Weather Satellite
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GOES_8_Spac0255.jpg


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Date of Launch : 01/04/1960 at Florida, USA
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://chandrakantha.com/articles/indian_music/filmi_sangeet/media/1960_tiros-1__9.jpg&imgrefurl=http://chandrakantha.com/articles/indian_music/filmi_sangeet/film_song_1960_world.html&usg=__aKryjApHj_KLu5754UkG9A5z__o=&h=300&w=362&sz=21&hl=en&start=1&zoom=1&tbnid=W0Tebo8G663ggM:&tbnh=100&tbnw=121&ei=8QdRTY7HIJGsrAfJ5aCYCA&prev=/images?q=tiros+1&hl=en&gbv=2&tbs=isch:1&itbs=1


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RISAT 2 A

Radar imageSatellite

With allWeather

Capacity totake imagesof the earth.


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FULMINOLOGY

The study or science

of lightning is calledFulminology


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BRONTOLOGY

The study or science of

THUNDER is calledBrontology


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ACID RAIN

Acid rain is a rain or any otherform of precipitation that is

unusually acidic, i.e. elevatedlevels of hydrogen ions (low pH).

Acid Rain was noted in the 17th

century by John Evelyn.


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Highest Rainfall @ Cherrapunji Meghalaya 1484m MSL


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g @ p j g y 4 425.3 degree N & 91.7 degree East

Holds two Guinness world records for1).22,987 millimeters (905.0 in) of rainfall between August 1860 andJuly 18612).9,300 millimeters(370 in) in July 1861

Why? - Cherrapunji receives rains from the Bay of Bengal arm of the Indian

summer Monsoon. The monsoon clouds fly unhindered over the plains ofBangladesh for about 400 km. Thereafter, they hit the Khasi Hills which abruptlyrise out of the plains to reach a height of about 1370 m above mean sea levelwithin of 2 to 5 km. The geography of the hills with many deep valleys channelsthe low-flying (150300 m) moisture-laden clouds from a wide area to converge

over Cherrapunji. The winds push the rain clouds through these gorges and up thesteep slopes. The rapid ascent of the clouds into the upper atmosphere hastensthe cooling and helps vapours to condense. Most of Cherrapunji's rain is the resultof air being lifted as a large body of water vapour. The extremely large amount ofrainfall at Cherrapunji is perhaps the best-known feature of orographic rain innortheast India.


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Dont run, otherwise the rain may stop


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RAIN GAUGE orUDOMETERor

PLUVIOMETER orOMBROMETER to measure

RAINFALL

Ancient Greek periodabout 500 BC the firsttime the rainfall was

recorded.

DISDROMETER
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:250mm_Rain_Gauge.jpg


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DISDROMETER

A disdrometer is aninstrument used tomeasure the dropsize distribution andvelocity of fallinghydrometeors.Some disdrometers

can distinguishbetween rain,graupel, and hail.

DERECHO
http://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/FlBay/NPS_site4.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/FlBay/florida_bay_99.html&usg=__3r6N6pZ96Ap3jALB1qhAaVJYPJk=&h=319&w=477&sz=33&hl=en&start=1&zoom=1&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=JfMend0j63sMNM:&tbnh=86&tbnw=129&prev=/images?q=Images+of+disdrometer&um=1&hl=en&sa=X&tbs=isch:1&ei=j4lTTa7vJIzNrQeW97iZCA


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DERECHO

Violent Windstorm associated with Thunderstorm in Minnesota

DIAMOND DUST
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DangerousShelfCloud.jpg


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DIAMOND DUSTGround level Clouds composed of Ice Crystals referred as Cleary Sky Precipitation

Most common in Antarctica and Arctic

DUST DEVIL


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Dust devil, a strong long-lived whirlwind in Arizona

DUST DEVIL

Whirlwind /
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dust_devil.jpg


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Whirlwind /(Atmospheric Phenomenon)

A whirlwind is a weatherphenomenon in which a

vortex of wind (a verticallyoriented rotating column of

air) forms due toinstabilities and turbulencecreated by heating and flow

(current) gradients.Whirlwinds occur all over

the world and in anyseason.

FOEHN WIND


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FORMATION OF FOEHN WIND FOEHN CLOUDS IN GENEVA

FOEHN is a dry down-slope , rain shadow

wind at the lee of the mountain side

NOVAYA ZEMLYA EFFECT
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foehn_Wind_edit.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foehn1.png


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A polar mirage caused by high refraction of sunlight give theimpression that the sun is rising earlier than it actually should

TORNADOTornado is a violent dangerous column of
http://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/dc/Complex_mock_mirage_sunset.jpg&imgrefurl=http://reference.findtarget.com/search/Mirage%20of%20astronomical%20objects/&usg=__AEmYH1-JNkNIq5MwVAx7fMtSUcU=&h=606&w=774&sz=27&hl=en&start=5&zoom=0&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=6UxWnSt28GdlwM:&tbnh=111&tbnw=142&prev=/images?q=Images+of+Novaya+Zemlya+effect&um=1&hl=en&sa=X&tbs=isch:1&ei=x4tTTYCICcTVrQecqZWkCA


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Tornado is a violent, dangerous column ofair mostly in the form of condensation funnel

SUN DOG

A d l ll d k h t


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A sun dog also called a mock sun or a phantomsun) is an atmospheric phenomenon that creates

bright spots of light in the sky, often on a luminousring or halo on either side of the sun.

Halo (optical phenomenon)
http://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://pbmo.files.wordpress.com/2010/09/sun-dog-lg.jpg&imgrefurl=http://pbmo.wordpress.com/2010/06/29/sun-dogs/&usg=__dhrQH1gAwLQ6-yoZZDJ-VoD_HMY=&h=1024&w=1280&sz=340&hl=en&start=12&zoom=1&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=xpktUyZStkl60M:&tbnh=120&tbnw=150&prev=/images?q=Images+of+Sun+Dog&um=1&hl=en&sa=X&tbs=isch:1&ei=m5lTTY_jM9DHrQfj9e2jCA


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A man with a halo around him

A halo is an optical phenomenon produced by ice crystalscreating colored or white arcs and spots in the sky

SUNLIGHT
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sun_halo_optical_phenomenon_edit.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sun_halo_optical_phenomenon_edit.jpghttp://in.wrs.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0WTf2lMnFNNi28AnOS9HAx.;_ylu=X3oDMTBpdDZuNzZrBHBvcwM5BHNlYwNzcgR2dGlkAw--/SIG=1i64lqj87/EXP=1297353932/**http:/in.images.search.yahoo.com/images/view?back=http://in.images.search.yahoo.com/search/images?_adv_prop=image&va=sunshine&fr=yfp-t-704-s&w=375&h=500&imgurl=www.photographyblogger.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/sun4.jpg&rurl=http://www.photographyblogger.net/25-excellent-sun-flare-photography-examples&size=147k&name=Sun+Flare&p=sunshine&oid=af35e0f817db6dba&fr2=&no=9&tt=6447023&sigr=12dfqod8c&sigi=11u23u0t6&sigb=12q966u61&.crumb=X.t0rPRy4xh


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SUNLIGHTThe total

frequencyspectrum of

electromagneticradiation givenoff by the Sun

An ANTICYCLONE is a large-scale circulation of windsd t l i f hi h t h i
http://in.wrs.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0WTf2lMnFNNi28AnOS9HAx.;_ylu=X3oDMTBpdDZuNzZrBHBvcwM5BHNlYwNzcgR2dGlkAw--/SIG=1i64lqj87/EXP=1297353932/**http:/in.images.search.yahoo.com/images/view?back=http://in.images.search.yahoo.com/search/images?_adv_prop=image&va=sunshine&fr=yfp-t-704-s&w=375&h=500&imgurl=www.photographyblogger.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/sun4.jpg&rurl=http://www.photographyblogger.net/25-excellent-sun-flare-photography-examples&size=147k&name=Sun+Flare&p=sunshine&oid=af35e0f817db6dba&fr2=&no=9&tt=6447023&sigr=12dfqod8c&sigi=11u23u0t6&sigb=12q966u61&.crumb=X.t0rPRy4xh


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around a central region of high atmospheric pressure,clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere, counterclockwise

in the Southern Hemisphere

POLAR CYCLONES
http://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/46700/46705/46705_anticyclone_lg.gif&imgrefurl=http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/46700/46705/46705_anticyclone.htm&usg=__o08f2CNeORltAKf36uQDWHZG37g=&h=700&w=699&sz=21&hl=en&start=7&zoom=1&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=VLQ7wcEFeNXXpM:&tbnh=140&tbnw=140&prev=/images?q=images+of+Anticyclone&um=1&hl=en&sa=G&tbs=isch:1&ei=QZ5TTaTiD8PxrQezqNiaCA


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POLAR CYCLONES

A polar cyclone is a low pressureweather system usuallyspanning 1,0002,000

kilometers (6201,240 miles) inwhich the air is circulating in a

counter-clockwise fashion (inthe northern hemisphere).

SLEETrefers to two distinct forms of precipitation:R i d i d h i ll l i f ll


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Rain and snow mixed, snow that partially melts as it falls.Ice pellets, one of three forms of precipitation in a US-styleWintry Mix", the other two being snow and freezing rain.

A LIGHT PILLAR
http://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://img.chinaa2z.com/uploadpic/news/2009/20090114/20090114095225949876/1231898000.jpg&imgrefurl=http://news.chinaa2z.com/news/html/2009/20090114/20090114095225949876/20090114095337183210.html&usg=__xHgpGlnF8txS71dfAKCBNTgOndY=&h=332&w=500&sz=63&hl=en&start=17&zoom=1&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=3SS54Oa8nCofUM:&tbnh=86&tbnw=130&prev=/images?q=Images+of+sleet&um=1&hl=en&tbs=isch:1&ei=uKJTTc_5CMLprQfc5tWQCAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sunset_in_Saguaro_National_Park.JPG


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A LIGHT PILLARis a visual phenomenon

created by the reflection

of light from ice crystalswith near horizontal

parallel planar surfaces.The light can come from

the sun (usually at or lowto the horizon) in whichcase the phenomenon is

called a sun pillar or solar

pillar. It can also comefrom the moon or from

terrestrial sources such asstreetlights.

A MESOCYCLONE is a vortex of air
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sunset_in_Saguaro_National_Park.JPG


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A MESOCYCLONEis a vortex of air,approximately 2 to 10 miles in

diameter (the mesoscale ofmeteorology), within a

convective storm. That is, it is airthat rises and rotates around a

vertical axis, usually in the samedirection as low pressure systemsin a given hemisphere.

MESOCYCLONE


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Dr. Robert Palmer, ARRC Director
http://www.nebraskastorms.com/photostore.htm


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Innovations in Meteorology

Terminologies in Meteorology
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ARRC.png


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Acid Rain Rain that is especially acidic as the result of water vapor condensingonto particles of sulfate or nitrogen oxide

Advection The horizontal transport of air, moisture, vorticity or otheratmospheric properties; commonly used in describing the transportof moisture and temperature.

Air The mixture of gases that make-up the earth's atmosphere

Air Mass Large body of air that has similar temperature and moisturecharacteristics

Anticyclone A body of air in which the atmospheric pressure is higher than thepressure in the surrounding air; a high or high pressure area

Atmosphere The mass of air surrounding the earth and bound to it more or lesspermanently by the earth's gravitational attraction

Avalanche A large mass of rapidly moving snow down a steep mountain slopeAWIPS The Advanced Weather Information Processing System; this new

computer system integrates computer graphics, satellite and radarimagery. (This system is scheduled to be put in all National WeatherService offices by the end of the 1990s)

Documents

Rajagopal_World Meteorological Day_23 March 2013