VDF

Frequency VHF -118 to 137 MHz

Emission Characteristics A3E

ADF

Frequency

LF/MF - 190 10 1750 kHz. In Europe, the frequencies are normally between 225 and 455 kHz.

EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS

Long Range Beacons NON A1A

Short Range Beacons NON A2A

Locator Beacon

Radiating between 15 and 40 watts and used for intermediate approach guidance toward

establishing the final approach path of an ILS, these beacons are short range and are

normally NON A2A. Their maximum range is 15 - 25 nm.

Homing

These beacons primarily serve as an approach and holding aid near an aerodrome. They

are medium range beacons, normally NON A2A. Their maximum range is 50 nm.

Airways/Route Beacons

Radiating at up to 200 watts and used for track guidance and general navigation, these

beacons are normally NON A2A.

Long-Range Beacons

Radiating at up to 4 kilowatts, and generally located on islands or oceanic coastlines,

these beacons serve to provide guidance and navigation resources to transoceanic

flights. These beacons are normally NON A1A.

VOR

FREQUENCY

VHF - 108 to 117.95 MHz

TVOR- up to 112 MHz 108.00 MHz, 108.05 MHz, 108.20 MHz, 108.25 MHz

ILS up to 112 MHz (e.g. 108.10 MHz, 108.15 MHz, 108.30 MHz, 108.35 MHz

Airways VOR 112 MHz to 117.95 MHz

POLARISATION - Horizontal

EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS - A9W

CVOR – REF FM VAR AM

DVOR – REF AM VAR FM

Site Error is due to the nature of the terrain or obstacles in the vicinity of the transmitter.

The limitation for course displacement errors is ± 1°, This site error is monitored as stated

earlier.

Propagation Error occurs due to signal travel over terrain or obstructions. These errors

are in the region of ± 1

Airborne Equipment Error occurs due to the tolerances of the equipment in the aircraft.

These errors are normally no more than ± 3°.

The normal accuracy of the VOR is ± 5°,

Distance between 2 VOR on the same airway

DME

Frequency

UHF - 960 to 1215 MHz

Emission Characteristics – PON

Accuracy - ± (0.25 nm + 1.25% of the slant range) on 95% of occasions.

ILS

Frequency

The localiser and glidepath operate on separate frequencies:

Localiser

VHF - 108 to 112 MHz (108.10 MHz, 108.15 MHz. 108.30 MHz. 108.35 MHz. etc.)

Glidepath

UHF - 329.15 MHz to 335 MHz at 150 kHz spacing: 329.15 MHz, 329.3 MHz, 329.45 MHz, etc.

Marker Beacons - VHF -75 MHz

Emission Characteristics – ABW

Localiser

The lobe on the left-hand side of the approach has a 90 Hz tone. The lobe on the right hand side

has a 150 Hz lone.

Full deflection 2.5 derece

Localisers paired with steep-angle glideslopes provide coverage from the centre of the locatiser to distances of:

0 ± 10° of the centreline to 18 nm range

0 ± 35° of the centreline to 10 nm range

The vertical coverage extends from 0.75 degrees above the surface up to 7 degrees

Glidepath

Full deflection 0.7 derece

90hz yayını üst tarafta

150hz yayını alt tarafta

If range from the threshold is provided, add 50 ft to the answer as the aircraft is assumed to be passing 50 ft as it passes over the threshold.