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Radio astronomical probes of Cosmic Reionization and the 1 st luminous objects Chris Carilli March 19, 2007 University of Colorado. Brief introduction to cosmic reionization - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Radio astronomical probes of Cosmic Reionization and the 1st luminous objects
Chris Carilli March 19, 2007 University of Colorado
Brief introduction to cosmic reionization
Objects within reionization – recent observations of molecular gas, dust, and star formation, in the host galaxies of the most distant QSOs, and more…
Neutral Intergalactic Medium (IGM) – HI 21cm telescopes, signals, and challenges
USA – Carilli, Wang, Fan, Strauss, Gnedin
Euro – Walter, Bertoldi, Cox, Menten, Omont
Ionized
Neutral
Reionized
Chris Carilli (NRAO)
Berlin June 29, 2005
WMAP – structure from the big bang
Hubble Space Telescope Realm of the Galaxies
Dark Ages
Twilight Zone
Epoch of Reionization
• Last phase of cosmic evolution to be tested • Bench-mark in cosmic structure formation indicating the first luminous structures
Constraint I: Gunn-Peterson Effect
Fan et al 2006
End of reionization?
f(HI) <1e-4 at z= 5.7
f(HI) >1e-3 at z= 6.3
TT
TE
EE
Constraint II: CMB large scale polarization -- Thompson scattering during reionization
Scattered CMB quad. => polarized
Horizon scale => 10’s deg
e = 0.09+/-0.03
z_reion= 11+/3
Page + 06; Spergel 06
Current observations => zreion = 6 to 11 (+/-3)?
Not ‘event’ but complex process, large variance time/space (eg. Shull & Venkatesan 2006)
QuickTime™ and aYUV420 codec decompressor
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Fan, Carilli, Keating ARAA 06
8Mpc Gnedin03
Limitations of measurements
CMB polarization
e = integral measure through universe => allows many reionization scenarios
• Still a 3 result (now in EE vs. TE before)
Gunn-Peterson effect
• Lya to f(HI) conversion requires ‘clumping factor’ (cf. Becker etal 06)
• Lya >>1 for f(HI)>0.001 => low f diagnostic
GP => Reionization occurs in ‘twilight zone’, opaque for obs <0.9 m
IRAM 30m + MAMBO: sub-mJy sens at 250 GHz + wide fields dust
IRAM PdBI: sub-mJy sens at 90 and 230 GHz +arcsec resol. mol. Gas, C+
VLA: uJy sens at 1.4 GHz star formation
VLA: < 0.1 mJy sens at 20-50 GHz + 0.2” resol. mol. gas (low order)
Radio observations of z ~ 6 QSO host galaxies
Magic of (sub)mm: distance independent method of studying objects in universe from z=0.8 to 10
L_FIR ~ 4e12 x S250(mJy) L_sun
SFR ~ 1e3 x S250 M_sun/yr
FIR = 1.6e12 L_sun
Why QSOs?
Spectroscopic redshifts
Extreme (massive) systems
MB < -26 =>
Lbol > 1e14 Lo
MBH > 1e9 Mo
Rapidly increasing samples:
z>4: > 1000 known
z>5: 80
z>6: 15
Fan 05
QSO host galaxies – MBH -- Mbulge relation
Most (all?) low z spheroidal galaxies have SMBH: MBH=0.002 Mbulge
‘Causal connection between SMBH and spheroidal galaxy formation’
Luminous high z QSOs have massive host galaxies (1e12 Mo)
Magorrian, Tremaine, Gebhardt, Merritt…
• 1/3 of luminous QSOs have S250 > 2 mJy, independent of redshift from z=1.5 to 6.4
• LFIR =1e13 Lo = 0.1 x Lbol: Dust heating by starburst or AGN?
MAMBO surveys of z>2 QSOs
1e13 Lo
2.4mJy
LFIR vs L’(CO)
M(H_2) = X * L’(CO), X=4 (Milkyway), X=0.8 (ULIRGs)
Telescope time: t(dust) = 1hr, t(CO) = 10hr
Index=1.7
Index=1
1e11 Mo
z>2
J1148+525
z=6.42
1000Mo/yr
• Highest redshift quasar known (tuniv = 0.87Gyr)• Lbol = 1e14 Lo
• Black hole: ~3 x 109 Mo (Willot etal.)• Gunn Peterson trough (Fan etal.)
Pushing into reionization: QSO 1148+52 at z=6.4
1148+52 z=6.42: Dust detection
Dust formation?
• AGB Winds ≥ 1.4e9yr
• tuniv = 0.87e9yr
=> dust formation associated with high mass star formation: Silicate gains (vs. eg. Graphite) formed in core collapse SNe (Maiolino et al 2007)?
S250 = 5.0 +/- 0.6 mJy
LFIR = 1.2e13 Lo
Mdust =7e8 Mo
3’
MAMBO 250 GHz
1148+52 z=6.42: Gas detection
Off channelsRms=60uJy
46.6149 GHzCO 3-2
• FWHM = 305 km/s• z = 6.419 +/- 0.001• M(H2) ~ 2e10 Mo
• Mgas/Mdust ~ 30 (~ starburst galaxies)
• C, O production (3e7 Mo) => Star formation started early (z > 10)?
VLA
IRAM
VLA
• Tk ~ 100K • nH2 ~ 105 cm-3
=> Typical of starburst galaxy nucleus (eg. NGC 253)
1148+52
CO Excitation
1148+5251
Radio-IR SED TD = 50 K
FIR excess = 50K dust
Radio-FIR SED follows star forming galaxy
SFR ~ 3000 Mo/yr => form large spheroid in dynamical timescale ~ 1e8 yr
Radio-FIR correlation
[CII] 158um PDR cooling line detected at z=6.4
30m 256GHz
Maiolino etal
PdBI Walter et al.
L[CII] = 4x109 Lo
L[CII]/LFIR = 3x10-4 ~ ULIRG
1”
Size ~ 0.5” (~ 2.5kpc)
SFR ~ 6.5e-6 L[CII] ~ 3000 Mo/yr
Enriched ISM on kpc scales
0.3”
J1148+52: VLA imaging of CO3-2
Separation = 0.3” = 1.7 kpc
TB = 35K => Typical of starburst nuclei
Merging galaxies?
rms=50uJy at 47GHz
CO extended to NW by 1” (=5.5 kpc) tidal(?) feature
1”
0.4”res
0.15” res
Breakdown MBH - Mbulge relation at high z: SMBH forms first?
CO FWHM + size:
Mdyn ~ 5e10 Mo
(Mgas ~ 2e10 Mo)
Expected
MBH ~ 2e9 Mo
=>Mbulge ~ 1.5e12 Mo
x1148+5251
J1148 z=6.4: gas, dust, star formation• FIR excess ~ 1e13Lo, Md~7e8Mo
• Giant molecular gas cloud ~ 2e10Mo, size ~ 5.5kpc• Star formation rate ~ 3000 Mo/yr 1. Radio-FIR SED 2. Gas reservoir + Dust/Gas 3. CO excitation, TB
4. [CII]/FIR ~ ULIRG• Merging galaxy: Mdyn (r<2.5kpc) ~ 5e10 Mo
• Early enrichment of heavy elements and dust => star formation started tuniv < 0.5 Gyr• Dust formation in massive stars?• Break-down of M- at high z?
• ‘Smoking gun’ for coeval formation of massive galaxy + SMBH within 870 Myr of big bang? • Consistent with ‘downsizing’ in massive galaxy and SMBH formation (Heckman etal. 2004; Cowie et al. 1996)
High z submm detected QSOs: Similar to low z IR-selected QSOs = star formation?
Low z IR QSOs: major mergers AGN+starburst?
Low z Optical QSOs: late-type hosts
Z~6 FIR QSOs
Z~6
ALMA reveals the cool universe: dust and gas -- the fundamental fuel for star formation
cm: star formation, AGN
(sub)mm dust, molecular gas
Near-IR: stars, ionized gas, AGN
The ALMA revolution -- observing normal galaxies into cosmic reionization: Panchromatic view of galaxy formation
LFIR = 1e11 Lo
Cosmic Stromgren Sphere
• Accurate redshift from CO: z=6.419+/0.001Ly a, high ioniz Lines: inaccurate redshifts (z > 0.03)
• Proximity effect: photons leaking from 6.32<z<6.419
z=6.32
•‘time bounded’ Stromgren sphere: R = 4.7 Mpc
tqso = 1e5 R^3 f(HI)~ 1e7yrsor
f(HI) ~ 1 (tqso/1e7 yr)
White et al. 2003
Loeb & Rybicki 2000
CSS: Constraints on neutral fraction at z~6? 9 z~6 QSOs with CO or MgII redshifts: <R> = 4.4 Mpc (Wyithe et al. 05; Kurk et al. 07)
GP => f(HI) > 0.001
If f(HI) ~ 0.001, then <tqso> ~ 1e4 yrs – implausibly short given QSO fiducial lifetimes (~1e7 years)?
Probability arguments suggest: f(HI) > 0.1
Wyithe et al. 2005
=tqso/4e7 yrs
90% probability x(HI) > curve
P(>x_HI)
CSS (+ Stromgren surfaces) suggest rapid rise in f(HI) around z ~ 6 to 7?
But cf. Maselli 07: f(HI) R^-3
Cosmic ‘phase transition’?
Studying the pristine neutral IGM using redshifted HI 21cm observations (100 – 200 MHz)
Large scale structure
cosmic density,
neutral fraction, f(HI)
Temp: TK, TCMB, Tspin
)1()10
1)((008.0 2/1 δ +
+= HI
S
CMB fz
TT
Multiple experiments under-way: ‘pathfinders’ ~1e4 m^2
MWA (MIT/CfA/ANU) LOFAR (NL)
21CMA (China) SKA 1e6 m^2
Signal I: Global (‘all sky’) reionization signature in low frequency HI spectra
Ly coupling: Tspin=TK < TCMB
IGM heating: Tspin= TK > TCMB
Gnedin & Shaver 03
All sky => Single dipole experiment with (very) carefully controlled systematics (signal <1e-4 sky), eg. EDGES (Rogers & Bowman 07)
140MHz
Signal II: HI 21cm Tomography of IGM Zaldarriaga + 2003
z=12 9 7.6
TB(2’) = 10’s mK
SKA rms(100hr) = 4mK
LOFAR rms (1000hr) = 80mK
Signal III: 3D Power spectrum analysis
SKA
LOFAR
McQuinn + 06
only
+ f(HI)
N(HI) = 1e13 – 1e15 cm^-2, f(HI/HII) = 1e-5 -- 1e-6
=> Before reionization N(HI) =1e18 – 1e21 cm^-2
Signal IV: Cosmic Web after reionization
Ly alpha forest at z=3.6 ( < 10)
Womble 96
z=12 z=819mJy
130MHz
• radio G-P (=1%)
• 21 Forest (10%)
• mini-halos (10%)
• primordial disks (100%)
Signal IV: Cosmic web before reionization: HI 21Forest
• Perhaps easiest to detect (use long baselines)
• Requires radio sources: expect 0.05 to 0.5 deg^-2 at z> 6 with S151 > 6 mJy?
159MHz
Signal V: Cosmic Stromgren spheres around z > 6 QSOs
0.5 mJy
LOFAR ‘observation’:
20xf(HI)mK, 15’,1000km/s
=> 0.5 x f(HI) mJy
Pathfinders: Set first hard limits on f(HI) at end of cosmic reionization
Easily rule-out cold IGM (T_s < T_cmb): signal = 360 mK
Wyithe et al. 2006
5Mpc
Challenge I: Low frequency foreground – hot, confused sky
Eberg 408 MHz Image (Haslam + 1982)
Coldest regions: T ~ 100z)^-2.6 K
Highly ‘confused’: 1 source/deg^2 with S140 > 1 Jy
Solution: spectral decomposition (eg. Morales, Gnedin…)
10’ FoV; SKA 1000hrs
Xcorrelation/Power spectral analysis in 3D – different symmetries in freq space
Freq
Signal
Foreground
Signal/Sky ~ 2e-5
TIDs – ‘fuzz-out’ sources
‘Isoplanatic patch’ = few deg = few km
Phase variation proportional to ^2
Solution:
Wide field ‘rubber screen’ phase self-calibration
Challenge II: Ionospheric phase errors – varying e- content
Virgo A VLA 74 MHz Lane + 02
QuickTime™ and aCinepak decompressor
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15’
Challenge III: Interference
100 MHz z=13
200 MHz z=6
Solutions -- RFI Mitigation (Ellingson06)
Digital filtering
Beam nulling
Real-time ‘reference beam’
LOCATION!
VLA-VHF: 180 – 200 MHz Prime focus X-dipole Greenhill, Blundell (SAO Rx lab); Carilli, Perley (NRAO)
Leverage: existing telescopes, IF, correlator, operations
$110K D+D/construction (CfA)
First light: Feb 16, 05
Four element interferometry: May 05
First limits: Winter 06/07
Project abandoned: Digital TV
KNMD Ch 9
150W at 100km
RFI mitigation: location, location location…
100 people km^-2
1 km^-2
0.01 km^-2
(Briggs 2005)
Destination: Moon!
RAE2 1973
• Focus: Reionization (power spec,CSS,abs)
• Very wide field: 2x2 tile(?)
• Correlator: FPGA-based from Berkeley wireless lab
• Staged engineering approach: GB05 8 stations Boolardy07 16 stations
PAPER: First images/spectra
Cygnus A
1e4Jy
Cas A 1e4Jy
3C392
200Jy
3C348 400Jy
140MHz180MHz
CygA 1e4Jy
GMRT 230 MHz – HI 21cm abs toward highest z radio galaxy and QSO (z~5.2)
rms(20km/s) = 5 mJy
229Mhz 0.5 Jy
RFI = 20 kiloJy !
232MHz 30mJy
rms(40km/s) = 3mJy
N(HI) ~ 2e20TS cm^-2 ?
Radio astronomy probing cosmic reionization
•‘Twilight zone’: obs of 1st luminous sources limited to near-IR to radio wavelengths
•Currently limited to pathological systems (‘HLIRGs’)
•EVLA, ALMA 10-100x sensitivity is critical to study normal galaxies
•Low freq pathfinders: HI 21cm signatures of neutral IGM
•SKA: imaging of IGM
END
ALMA first fringes (Emerson +)
ATF, Socorro NM
Saturn 90 GHz March 2, 2007
Using all ALMA electronics
ALMA Status•Antennas, receivers, correlator all fully prototyped and evaluated: best mm receivers and antennas ever!•Site construction well under way: Observation Support Facility and Array Operations Site•North American ALMA Science Center (C’Ville): gearing up for science commissioning and operations (successful international operations review Feb 2007)•Timeline: Q1 2007: First fringes at ATF (Socorro) Q1 2009: Three antenna array at AOS Q3 2010: Start early science (16 antennas) Q4 2012: Full operations
Signal VI: pre-reionization HI signal
eg. Baryon Oscillations (Barkana & Loeb)
Very difficult to detect !
z=50 => = 30 MHz
Signal: 30 arcmin, 50 mk => S_30MHz = 0.1 mJy
SKA sens in 1000hrs:
T_fg = 20000K =>
rms = 0.2 mJy
z=50
z=150
HCN emission: Dense gas directly associated with star formation
n(H2) > 1e5 cm^-3 (vs. CO: n(H2) > 1e3 cm^-3)
z=2.58
Solomon et al
index=170 uJy
J1148+52
z>2
Line sensitivity
Low order
High order, fine structure lines
The ALMA revolution Spectral simulation of J1148+5251
Detect dust emission in 1sec at 250GHz
Detect multiple lines, molecules per band => detailed astrochemistry
Image dust and gas at sub-kpc resolution – gas dynamics++
Studying 1st galaxies
Detect ‘normal’ (eg. Ly), star forming galaxies at z>6 in few hours
Determine redshifts directly from mm spectroscopy for dusty systems
z=6.55
SFR~10Mo/yr
HCN
HCO+
CO
CCH
Stratta, Maiolino et al. 2006: extinction toward z=6.2 QSO and 6.3 GRB =>
Silicate + amorphous Carbon dust grains (vs. eg. Graphite) formed in core collapse SNe?
Sources responsible for reionization
Luminous AGN: No
Star forming galaxies: maybe -- dwarf galaxies (Bowens05; Yan04)?
mini-QSOs -- unlikely (soft Xray BG; Dijkstra04)
Decaying sterile neutrinos -- unlikely (various BGs; Mapelli05)
Pop III stars z>10? midIR BG (Kashlinsky05), but trecomb < tuniv at z~10
GP => Reionization occurs in ‘twilight zone’, opaque for obs <0.9 m
Needed for reion.
[CII] -- the good and the bad
[CII]/FIR decreases rapidly with LFIR (lower heating efficiency due to charged dust grains?) => luminous starbursts are still difficult to detect in C+
Normal star forming galaxies (eg. LAEs) are not much harder to detect!
z>6 QSOs with CO and/or MgII redshifts (Wyithe et al. 05)
<z> ~ 0.08 => <R> = 4.4 Mpc