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TENNIS PROJECT
Submitted by
Name of the Student-RIDHIMA SHARMA
Enrolment Number-A3006813034
A Project
Submitted to the
Amity School of Physical Education and Sports Sciences
Amity University Uttar Pradesh
Month, Year
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APPROVED BY: __________________________
Supervisor Name
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapters Page No.
Chapter 1. History of the game
Chapter 2. Facilities and equipments of the game
Chapter 3. Descriptions of the skills
Chapter 4. General warm-up for the skills
Chapter 5. Specific warm-up for the skills
Chapter 6. General and specific exercises for the skills
Chapter 7. Cooling down
Chapter 8. Basic rules of the game
Chapter 9. Diagrams of the play area
Chapter 10. Officials signals
References:
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CHAPTER 1
HISTORY OF TENNIS
The History of tennis game was developed from a 12th century French handball
game called "Paume" (palm). In this game the ball was struck with the hand. After
some time "Paume" game produced handball "Jeu de Paume" (game of the palm)
and there were usedracquets.The game was first created by European monks for
entertainment roles during ceremonial occasions. At first, the ball was hit with
hands. Later, the leather glove came into existence. This leather glove was replaced
with an adaptive handle for effective hitting and serving of the ball. That was a
birth of tennis racquet.Development of tennis racquet ,tennis ballsalso underwent
frequent modifications. First tennis ball was from wood. Later inthehistory of tennisball was filled with cellulose material to gave way to a bouncier. Monks from all
areas of Europe favored "Jeu de Paume" game during 14th century much to the
chagrin of the mother Church. The game spread and evolved in Europe.The game
became very popular, especially inFrance,where was adopted by the royal family.
In the year of 1316 French king Louis X dies after hard "Jeu de Paume" game
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(other terms of this stage of game areRoyal Tennisin Great Britain, Royal Tennis
inAustralia,Court Tennis in theUnited States), but this death does null to damp
the popularity of the recreation.
REAL TENNIS
The Medieval form of tennis is termed asreal tenni s.Real tennis evolved over three
centuries from an earlier ball game played around the 12th century in France. This
had some similarities to palla, fives, pelota, and handball, involving hitting a ball
with a bare hand and later with a glove. One theory is that this game was played by
monks in monastery cloisters, based on the construction and appearance of early
courts, some of which were grass fields. By the 16th century, the glove had become a
racquet, the game had moved to an enclosed playing area, and the rules had
stabilized. Real tennis spread in popularity throughout royalty in Europe, reaching
its peak in the 16th century
King Henry V was the first to introduce real tennis to the country, but it was King
Henry VIII who took it and ran. An avid player of real tennis, he had the first court
built at Hampton Court, which still exists today. During his reign, a large number of
courts were built. With the popularity of the game came improvements. Because of
the pain it caused the hand, a thick leather glove or a paddle with netting at the end
of it started being used.The game was at its height up until the end of 17th century,
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when it all but died.Aside from these two words, evidence for any form of tennis
preceding the year 1000
is lacking, and most historians credit the first origins of the game to 11th or 12th
Century French monks, who began playing a crude handball against their
monastery
Walls or over a rope strung across a courtyard. The game took on the name jeu de
Pauma, which means "game of the hand." Many who dispute more ancient origins
Argue that tennis derived from the French tenez, which meant something to the
Effect of "take this," said as one player would serve to the other.
As the game became more popular, courtyard playing areas began to be modified
Into indoor courts, where the ball was still played off the walls. After bare hands
were
Found too uncomfortable, players began using a glove, then either a glove with
Webbing between the fingers or a solid paddle, followed by webbing attached to a
Handle--essentially a racquet. Rubber balls were still centuries away, so the ball was
a wad of hair, wool, or cork wrapped in string and cloth or leather, then in later
Years, hand-stitched in felt to look something like a modern baseball.
The nobility learned the game from the monks, and some accounts report as many
as 1800 courts in France by the 13th century. The game became such a popular
Diversion, both the Pope and Louis IV tried unsuccessfully to ban it. It soon spread
to
England, where both Henry VII and Henry VIII were avid players who promoted
the
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Building of more courts.
By the year 1500, a wooden frame racquet strung with sheep gut was in common
Use, as was a cork-cored ball weighing around three ounces. The early tennis courts
Were quite different from the modern "lawn tennis" court most of us are used to.
The
Early game matured into what is now called "real tennis," and England's Hampton
Court, built in 1625, is still used today. Only a handful of such courts remain. It's a
Narrow, indoor court where the ball is played off walls that include a number of
Openings and oddly angled surfaces toward which the players aim for various
Strategic purposes. The net is five feet high on the ends, but three feet in the middle,
Creating a pronounced droop.
The game's popularity dwindled almost to zero during the 1700s, but in 1850,
Charles Goodyear invented a vulcanization process for rubber, and during the
1850s,
Players began to experiment with using the bouncier rubber balls outdoors on grass.
An outdoor game was, of course, completely different from an indoor game played
Off walls, so several new sets of rules were formulated.
In 1874, Major Walter C. Winfield patented in London the equipment and rules for
a
Game fairly similar to modern tennis. In the same year, the first courts appeared in
the United States. By the following year, equipment sets had been sold for use in
Russia, India, Canada, and China.
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Croquet was highly popular at this time, and the smooth croquet courts proved
Readily adaptable for tennis. Winfields original court had the shape of an
hourglass,
Narrowest at the net, and it was shorter than the modern court. His rules were
Subjected to considerable criticism, and he revised them in 1875, but he soon left
The further development of the game to others.
In 1877, the All England Club held the first Wimbledon tournament, and its
Tournament committee came up with a rectangular court and a set of rules that are
Essentially the game we know today. The net was still five feet high at the sides, a
Carryover from the game's indoor ancestor, and the service boxes were 26 feet deep,
but by 1882, the specifications had evolved to their current form.
TheDavis Cup,an annual competition between men's national teams, dates to
1900. The analogous competition for women's national teams, theFed Cup,was
founded as the Federation Cup in 1963 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of thefounding of the ITF.
In 1926, promoterC. C. Pyleestablished the first professional tennis tour with a
group of American and French tennis players playing exhibition matches to paying
audiences. The most notable of these early professionals were the American Vinnie
Richardsand the FrenchwomanSuzanne Lenglen.Once a player turned prohe or
she could not compete in the major (amateur) tournaments. This resulted in a
schism between the amateur and pro tennis ranks that would last until the advent of
the Open Era
In 1968, commercial pressures and rumors of some amateurs taking money under
the table led to the abandonment of this distinction, inaugurating theopen era,in
which all players could compete in all tournaments, and top players were able to
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make their living from tennis. With the beginning of the open era, the establishment
of an international professional tennis circuit, and revenues from the sale of
television rights, tennis's popularity has spread worldwide, and the sport has shed
its upper/middle-class English-speaking image (although it is acknowledged that this
stereotype still exists).
In 1954, Van Alen founded theInternational Tennis Hall of Fame,a non-profit
museum in Newport, Rhode Island.The building contains a large collection of tennis
memorabilia as well as a hall of fame honoring prominent members and tennis
players from all over the world. Each year, agrass-courttournament and an
induction ceremony honoring new Hall of Fame members are hosted on its grounds.
* Court Tennis
The sport grew in popularity until the start of the 17th century. Hundreds of courts
could be found in France, mostly in Paris. With its rise in popularity, gambling
began and the nobility restricted public play. Indoor courts were built for the
nobility, and the game because known as "court tennis."
*Royal Tennis
Toward the end of the 16th century, the game spread to the England. The game, Le
Jeu du Paume, was eliminated in France after the French Revolution, however,
court tennis was still played in England. British royalty Edward III built a court in
Windsor Castle. The British referred to the game as "royal tennis." The English
played other rackets sports as well, including badminton and "rackets," which is
similar to squash. These games were played outdoors on well-manicured law\
Lawn Tennis
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British cavalry officer, Major Walter Clopton Wingfield, patented the "lawn tennis" game in
1874 and created the first written rules of the game. At the time he called it "Sphairistike,"
which in Greek means "play." His version of the game was played outdoors on the well-
manicured cricket and crochet lawns. With the rise in interest in the sport, including both men
and women, new clubs were established such as the All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis
Club. Revenue from lawn tennis exceeded that of crochet, and over time the club dropped
crochet and became known as the All England Club, holding its first tennis tournament in
1877. This was the beginning of Wimbledon.
START OF TOURNAMENT
The Wimbledon Championships
One of the most important developments in tennis history was the birth of the
Wimbledon Championship. The tournament caught the public's imagination and
before long the first champions began emerging, the first of them being William
Renshaw. He won the title eight times from 1881 to 1889, being the runner-up in
1887, which is a record that has remained unbeaten to date.
In the following years, the sport became tremendously popular, not only in England
bu all across the world. May Sutton of the US became the first international player
of the tournament in 1905, which was the year that Wimbledon drew in 71 players.
The tournament continued to grow with the game becoming highly fashionable in
the 1930s, led by British players like Don Budge and Fred Perry and international
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stars like Henri Lacoste. The photographs of the tournaments held in those days
reveal tennis fashions that seem quaint to us these days, with men wearing long
pants and women playing with long dresses worn over stockings.
The Championship not only became a center of the sport of tennis but also of tennis
fashion, with Bunny Austin of the US shocking the spectators in 1933 by stepping
out on to center court with shorts on. The 1930s were boom time for Wimbledon,
with the championship being broadcast for the first time on radio in 1937. This
marked an important event in the history of tennis, with the game being truly
introduced to a worldwide audience.
However, there was a sudden end to all this with the outbreak of World War II in
1939, which saw the closing of the championships until 1946. The sport went on to
be transformed by the post war generation, with technical improvements added to
it, turning it into a sophisticated recreation for the increasingly prosperous middle
classes. Australian players like Roy Emerson and Rod Laver dominated the sport in
the 1960s. And with the increasing spread of television, the game was introduced to
an even wider audience, making tennis a money-spinning international sport.
Wimbledon was first televised in color in 1967.
Throughout the 70s and 80s the sport came to be dominated by a new legion of
players of international fame, and the crowds were captivated by tennis greats like
the graceful Bjorn Borg, the brattish antics of Jimmy Connors, and the tempestuous
tantrums of John McEnroe. The women's tournaments produced stars like Sue
Barker, Billie Jean King, Chris Evert, and Martina Navratilova. Virginia Wade was
Britain's foremost women's player, who was the last British who won the
championships in 1977. The prize money of the tournament kept going up along
with the hemlines of the players' costumes. In 1986, yellow tennis balls were adopted
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for the first time, so that the speeding ball could be more easily visible for TV
cameras.
The US Open Tennis Championship
The US Open tennis tournament is considered the richest in the world, with the
biggest in prize money. The idea about creating the US Open tennis championship
came about when the US Lawn Tennis Association, which was established in May
1881, offered to conduct a national championship.
The introductory contest, which took place in Newport Island, Rhode Island, had 26
players, and it was known as the US National Singles Championship. In order to be
eligible to play in the competition, the player had to be a member of the US National
Lawn Tennis Association. Richard Sears was the first winner of the championship,
and he continued be the reigning winner for the following six years.
Since the championship began moving all over the country, with 9 places holding
the event, it gave rise to the men's doubles event, which was split into a West and
East competition. W.F. Taylor and Clarence Clark won the first doubles title in
1900.
The establishment of the 'open era' in 1968, which meant that the players could
participate in all the tournaments, resulted in the creation of the modern
championship that we are familiar with at present. Five different tournaments were
combined into a single US Open Championship, which was held in New York, at the
Tennis Club in Forest Hills, Queens. The prize money amount was $100,000, which
was shared by 63 women and 96 men who took part in the event. The tie-breaker
system was first introduced by the US Open, in 1970. The tournament was moved to
its present home, the USTA National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows, New
York.
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The Australian Open
This tournament was first held in the year 1905 and was played at theWarehouseman's Cricket Ground in Melbourne. It was called the Australasian
Championships then. In 1927 the tournament was called the Australian
championships and thereafter the Australian Open from the year 1969.
It is presently held in Melbourne where it was shifted from Kooyoong in the year
1988. The tournament has been held at various locations since 1905, namely Sydney,
Adelaide, Brisbane, Perth, Christchurch and Hastings.
Due to its geographical remoteness, few people attended the tournament when it was
started. A ship journey from England would take 45 days, making the travel very
cumbersome. Hence very few past champions have played the tournament. It was
only in 1946 when the first players traveled by air to participate in the Davis Cup.
The tournament presently is held at the Melbourne Park, and has a very good
attendance record, second only to the US Open. But being geographically separated,
it is the least seen grand slam on television because of the huge time difference
present.
There have been proposals to change the venue of the Australian open, but the
tournament managers at Melbourne have invested almost $350 million to renovate
and expand the Melbourne Park, thus extending their contract of hosting the
tournament till 2026.
Australian Open is a hard court tournament. It was played on grass till 1988, after
which they switched to a surface called Rebound Ace. In 2008, they switched to a
surface called Plexicushion Prestige. The surface is a bit similar to the hard court
surface of the US Open.
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Roland Garros
This tournament was first held in 1891 on a national scale. It was however open to
only members of french tennis clubs. The winner of the first tournament was a
British player named H. Briggs. The first women's singles tournament was held in
1897.
The tournament was open to only the French professionals till 1924. In 1925 they
started accepting amateurs from all across the world.
The tournament was held in the following locations:
Stade Francais - 1912-1914,1920,1921,1923,1925,1927.
Racing Club De France - 1926
Brussels - 1922
Roland Garros - 1928 onwards till present.
There was no tournament held in the year 1924. The French Open became the first
grand slam to be open, that is it became open for participation by amateurs and
professionals alike. This was in the year 1968.
The tournament is famous because it is played on clay, as it has been played for the
last 80 years, hence keeping with the traditions like the Wimbledon Championships.
The clay provides a platform for healthy competition and a welcome change for
players who have primarily defensive game.
Grand Slam
The four Grand Slam tournaments, also called Majors, are the most important
annualtennisevents. They offer the most ranking points,[1]
prize money, and public
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ROGER FEDERER
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SERENA WILLIAM
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SANIA MIRZA
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STEEFI GRAFE
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CHAPTER 2
FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENTS OF TENNIS
Racquets
The components of a tennis racquet include a handle, known as the grip, connected
to a neck which joins a roughly elliptical frame that holds a matrix of tightly pulled
strings. For the first 100 years of the modern game, racquets were of wood and of
standard size, and strings were of animal gut. Laminated wood construction yielded
more strength in racquets used through most of the 20th century until first metal
and then composites of carbon graphite, ceramics, and lighter metals such as
titanium were introduced. These stronger materials enabled the production of over-
sized racquets that yielded yet more power. Meanwhile technology led to the use of
synthetic strings that match the feel of gut yet with added durability.
Under modern rules of tennis, the racquets must adhere to the following
guidelines;[36]
The hitting area, composed of the strings, must be flat and generally
uniform.
The frame of the hitting area may not be more than 29 inches in length and
12.5 inches in width.
The entire racquet must be of a fixed shape, size, weight, and weight
distribution. There may not be any energy source built into the racquets.
The racquets must not provide any kind of communication, instruction or
advice to the player during the match.
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Balls
Tennis balls came a long way from being made out of cloth strips, which were
stitched together with thread. Tennis balls are made of hollow rubber with a felt
coating. Traditionally white, the predominant color was gradually changed to optic
Yellow in the latter part of the 20th century to allow for improved visibility. Tennis
balls must conform to certain criteria for size, weight, deformation, and bounce
criteria to be approved for regulation play. The International Tennis Federation
(ITF) defines the official diameter as 65.41-68.58 mm (2.575-2.700 inches). Balls
must weigh between 56.0 g and 59.4 g (1.975-2.095 ounces).
In competitive play, tennis balls must be white or yellow in color. They must be
between 2.5 and 2.63 inches in diameter and weigh between 1.98 and 2.08 ounces.
Tennis regulations say that a tennis ball must bounce between 53 and 58 inches
when it is dropped from a height of 100 inches. After three hours of play, tennis
balls begin to lose their bounce, so it is important to have extra balls on hand.
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TENNIS RACQUET AND BALL
Miscellaneous
Advanced players improve their performance through a number of accoutrements.Vibration dampers may be interlaced in the proximal part of the string array for
improved feel. Racquet handles may be customized with absorbent or rubber-like
materials to improve the players' grip. Players often use sweat bands on their wrists
to keep their hands dry as well. Finally, although the game can be played in a
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variety of shoes, specialized tennis shoes have wide, flat soles for stability and a
built-up front structure to avoid excess wear.
Court
Tennis is played on a rectangular, flat surface, usually grass, clay, a hardcourtof
concrete, and asphalt and occasionally carpet (indoor). The court is 78feet(23.77 m)
long, and 27 feet (8.23 m) wide for singles matches and 36 ft (10.97 m) for doubles
matches. Additional clear space around the court is required in order for players to
reach overrun balls. A net is stretched across the full width of the court, parallel
with the baselines, dividing it into two equal ends. It is held up by either a metal
cable or cord that can be no more than 0.8 cm (1/3 inch).The net is 3 feet 6 inches
(1.07 m) high at the posts and 3 feet (0.914 m) high in the center. The net posts are
3 feet (0.914 m) outside the doubles court on each side or, for a singles net, 3 feet
(0.914 m) outside the singles court on each side.
The modern tennis court owes its design to MajorWalter Clopton Wingfieldwho, in
1873, patented a court much the same as the current one for his stick tennis
(sphairistike). This template was modified in 1875 to the court design that exists
today, with markings similar to Wingfield's version, but with thehourglassshape of
his court changed to a rectangle
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DIFFERENT TYPES OF COURT
CLAY COURT
Examples are red clay, used at the French Open, and green clay (an example of
which isHar-Truand used mainly in the U.S.). Almost all redclaycourts are made
not of natural clay but of crushed brick that is packed to make the court. The
crushed brick is then covered with a topping of other crushed particles. This type of
surface does not absorb water easily and is the most common in Europe and Latin
America.[Clay courts normally have a slower paced ball and a fairly true bounce
with more spin.
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GRASS COURT
Grass courts usually have a faster-paced ball, and a more erratic bounce.
Grass is used at Wimbledonand until 1974 three of the four Grand Slams
(Australian Open, Wimbledon, US Open) were played on grass. In 2001
Wimbledon changed the type of grass to make the courts more durable and
thus better able to withstand the wear of the modern game. The new grass
causes the ball to bounce higher and slows it down compared to the previous
grass type.
HARD COURT
Examples ofhardcourtsare acrylic (e.g.Plexicushionused at theAustralian
Open,DecoTurfused at theUS Open,GreenSetused at theATP World Tour
Finals), asphalt, and concrete. Hardcourts typically have a faster-paced ball
with a very true bounce and it is the predominant surface type used on the
professional tour.
TYPES OF CLAY COURT
RED CLAY
Red clay courts are made of compressed brick particles and are covered with a layer
of loose particles. This kind of court is common in Europe and South America. The
French Open is played on a red clay court. The other kind is a green clay court,
which is not very different from a red clay except for the fact that Har-Tru(C) or
American Clay is used to make the underlying bed and then it is covered with red
clay. Green clay courts are mostly found in the Eastern and Southern parts of
United States.
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GREEN CLAY
Lines
The lines that delineate the width of the court are called the baseline (farthest back)
and the service line (middle of the court). The short mark in the center of each
baseline is referred to as either the hash mark or the center mark. The outermost
lines that make up the length are called the doubles sidelines. These are the
boundaries used when doubles is being played. The lines to the inside of the doubles
sidelines are the singles sidelines and are used as boundaries in singles play. The
area between a doubles sideline and the nearest singles sideline is called the doubles
alley, which is considered playable in doubles play. The line that runs across the
center of a player's side of the court is called the service line because the serve must
be delivered into the area between the service line and the net on the receiving side.
Despite its name, this is not where a player legally stands when making a serve.
The line dividing the service line in two is called the center line or center service
line. The boxes this center line creates are called the service boxes; depending on a
player's position, he or she will have to hit the ball into one of these when serving. A
ball is out only if none of it has hit the line or the area inside the lines upon its first
bounce. All the lines are required to be between 1 and 2 inches (51 mm) in width.
The baseline can be up to 4 inches (100 mm) wide.
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CHAPTER 3
DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SKILLS OF TENNIS
Mental Skills
Mental preparation might be the most important skill set of all when it comes to
tennis. Developing good concentration skills so you can keep your focus on the court
and avoid personal and physical distractions is priority number one. Additionally,
getting yourself motivated to do well is another key skill, as is problem-solving and
reasoning. Using problem-solving and reasoning allows you to think ahead about
your opponent's return shots and overall strategy.
Physical Skills
Maintaining your overall health is an important aspect of playing tennis. Eating
right, staying physically fit, getting plenty of rest and taking care of any injuries will
allow you to play your best tennis. Improving your strength through cardiovascular
exercises such as running and bicycling, as well as light weightlifting will allow youto play stronger on the court when serving and volleying. Developing good hand-eye
coordination is also a key physical skill to have because your body movement has to
work in unison with what you are doing with your hands, legs and feet.
Offensive Game
Developing good offensive skills will allow you to play better tennis. Mastering your
serve is the most important of the offensive skills to have. There are four basic
serves in tennis: the flat (or power) serve, slice serve, top-spin serve and kick serve.
Learning to master at least two of those through practice and instruction will take
your game to another level.
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Defensive Game
The majority of the actions that occur on a tennis court are defensive shots.
Whether it's the a return of serve, volleying, approach shots, or lobs, most points in
a tennis match are scored based on the proper placement of the ball from a
defensive shot. This is another area where practice and instruction play key roles,
especially in the return of serves.
Forehand Tennis Skills
The tennis forehand stroke is the number one part of tennis skills and techniques
for many players from beginner to professional tennis players. The forehand stroke
is considered as the most natural stroke in tennis.
If you are a right-handed player, and your opponent returns a ball directly towards
your body, your tendency is to step to your left and hit the ball from the right side of
your body. If you are a left-handed player, and your opponent returns a point
directly towards your body, you naturally step to you right side and hit the ball
from the left side of your body. Because the forehand stroke is a sort of s natural
stroke, this stroke is performed more by players in tennis matches compared to the
other tennis strokes.
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Backhand Tennis Skills
The backhand stroke is executed from the opposite side of your forehand stroke.Thus, if you are a right-handed player, you hit the ball from the left side of your
body. If you are a left-handed player, you hit the ball from the right side of your
body.
To correctly execute the backhand stroke, you must bring back you dominant hand
or racket hand around your body before you hit the ball.
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Serve Tennis Skills
The tennis serve is the beginning of a point in a tennis game. The player who serves
is called the server and the player on the other end is the receiver. There are several
types of serves such as topspin, topspin-slice, flat, slice, kick and many others.
Since the serve begins every point, its crucial to develop this among other tennis
skills and techniques.
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Tennis Overhead
A tennis overhead is a shot hit above the players head just like the serve execution.
It is also called as a smash shot as it is usually hit with power. If executed correctly,
it gives a point to the smasher. If a lob shot is normally hit down deep, an overhead
shot is normally hit near the net or in the middle of the court. In some cases, a
poorly executed lob shot (not very high and not to deep) can be returned as an
overhead shot by the opponent.
Tennis Volley
A tennis volley is a shot where the ball is hit before it bounces on the ground except
for the overhead shot and the serve. In most cases, a tennis volley is hit when you
are playing net. However, it can also be done even if you are in the middle or even
on the baseline depending on the circumstances.
A volley is considered as part of the overall tennis skills and techniques that can be
applied when you are off balance or out-of-position to hit a groundstroke.
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CHAPTER 4
General Warm Up For The Skills
The first set of your warm up exercises for tennis can be a simple trunk twisting
exercise. Hold your racket in front with one hand on the handle and the other at the
tip of the head and then simply twist your trunk from side to side, being careful not
to over exert.
Next, you can do arm circles to loosen up the shoulders. Start with doing 10 small
circles forward and 10 backward. Follow this up with medium circles and finally,big circles where you try to use almost the full range of motion of the joint.
You can continue your warm up with a light jog around the court. Follow this up
with a few quick side skipping jogs left and right along the one of the lines of the
court. This gets your muscles used to the lateral movement that is greatly required
in tennis. Your next warm up exercise for tennis should be a high knee jog in order
to stretch your hamstrings.In a tennis warm up, the goal is to loosen up the muscles
in preparation for physical exercise. Warm up exercises for tennis begin slow,
allowing a player to gradually tune in with his or her game until the player is
completely warmed up.
If you dont warm up properly before doing any physical activity, especially a
vigorous one like playing tennis, you will end up suffering from injuries or unable to
perform at your best.
Your timing and rhythm will be off and your movements sluggish and
uncoordinated. This will also affect your strokes leading to breakdowns in
technique.
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When you watch tennis on TV, you see the athletes come into the court and then do
around 20 minutes of hitting before the actual match starts. What you didnt see
was that the players had already warmed up before heading out to the court.
I n your case, if you have participated in a tournament at a local club or l eague, you
usual ly have less than 20 minutes. Sometimes, only 5 minutes are all ocated as warm up
time. Thi s makes it even more important f or you to prepare ahead of time. You should
do warm up exercises for tenn is about 30 minutes before you head to the cour t so that
once there, the 5 minute warm up rall y wil l be suf fi cient.Basic Tennis Warm up
Exercises
The first set of your warm up exercises for tennis can be a simple trunk twisting
exercise. Hold your racket in front with one hand on the handle and the other at
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Warm up Exercises for Tennis 1: Slow Jog
You start at the baseline and jog to the net kicking your knees high with every step.
Then, you do the same kind of jog backward back to the baseline. After this, do butt
kick jogs where you try to touch your buttocks with your feet as you jog in place.
This stretches the quadriceps. Additionally, you can also do high-step trunk
rotations. To do this, place your fists in front of your chest with your elbows out to
the sides. Raise your knees to the chest on the opposite side, twisting your trunk
back and forth as you do this exercise.
You can be flexible with your warm up exercises for tennis. Some of your tennisfootwork drills can be used as part of your warm up in place of a regular jog or side
skipping jog.
Warm up Exercises for Tennis 2
Carioca stepthis is a sideward moving run where you move at constant speed. To
move to the right, your left foot alternately cross in front and behind your right foot.
To move to the left, reverse the steps.
Warm up Exercises for Tennis 3
Wedel this is a diagonal hopping drill where you hop with both feet togetherforward to the left and then forward to the right, and repeating the pattern.
Warm up Exercises for Tennis 4
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Baby Bounds keep on the balls of your feet as you run forward using big steps
while keeping the legs body width apart.
Warm up Exercises for Tennis 5 Basic Stretches
Warm up exercises for tennis should also include stretches for the lower back. You
can simply sit down on the ground with your legs extended and try to touch your
toes. First, just touch your toes straight forward, then spread your legs and try to
touch the left toe with your right hand and your right toe with your left hand.
Warm up Exercises for Tennis 6 Mini Tennis
After all of these exercises, you are now ready for some light hitting. Gradually, you
can progress to hitting the ball harder. However, the first few hits should be made
from inside the service line. Hit some soft ground strokes, volleys and half volleys to
get your reflexes up and ready. After about 5 minutes, move to the service line
where you continue your rally. Move back further to no-mans land and finally to
the baseline. Once you are at the baseline, try to keep your ground strokes as deep
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as possible. It is better to hit long than into the net during this warm up. Try
different spins and trajectories but always focus on keeping proper form. After
about 10 minutes of ground strokes, move back to the net where you practice your
volleys and overheads.
Warm up Exercises for Tennis: Practice Serves
This time, your warm up partner will be at the baseline so you will now be trying to
volley balls that are struck harder than in the first part of the warm up when both
of you were inside the service line. Finally, finish off your warm up with some
practice serves, both to the deuce court and to the ad court. Do this for about 5
minutes.
Once again, do not be too rigid with your hitting warm up routine. If you feel like
you need more serving practice, take more time to do so. But keep in mind that you
have to be at your match on time, so you may need to reduce your time warming up
the other strokes.
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The Mental Tennis Warm Up Preparation
The last thing to remember about your warm up exercises for tennis is that aside
from getting you physically ready for your match, you should also be getting your
mind in shape to play. Use your warm up to get your mind thinking that it is ready
to do battle on the court. Keep thinking positively and visualize you moving and
hitting well.
For example, if you are doing your side skipping jog, visualize being able to cover
the court and getting to every ball. If you are doing shadow swings, visualize hitting
the ball well and putting your opponent in trouble with your shots. You can Use the
10-15 minutes between your last warm up exercise and your actual match to think
about strategy and tactics.
Cool Down Exercises after the Tennis Warm Up
You should be finished with your warm up exercises for tennis around 10-15 minutes
before your actual match. Try to cool down a little during this period. Change your shirt,
take a drink, eat a banana or an energy bar and assess overall how you are feeling
physically. If you feel any little aches and pains, you might need to put on some kind of
support or have the affected joint taped.
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Sometimes, you do not have time or access to an available court to hit before going to
your match. In that case, you can add some shadow swings to your warm up exercises.
For example, as you side skip laterally, you can mimic hitting a forehand or backhand.
As you sprint forward and backward, you can shadow.
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CHAPTER 5
Specific Warm Up For The Skills
Light Aerobic Exercise
A proper warm-up begins with 5 to 10 minutes of warm-up jogging at a very easy
pace , increasing to 60%, followed by a 5-minute recovery period. This portion of
the warm-up should neither be performed too early or intensely (if the aerobic
exercise is too vigorous, the player will end up tired).
Dynamic stretching
The second part of a warm-up regimen, to be performed immediately after the
aerobic warm-up and as soon as possible before a practice or match, involves
dynamic stretching (stretching muscles while moving).
The kind of stretching routine most of us have been doing since we were in grade
school (holding a stretch for 20 or 30 seconds, supposedly to prepare muscles for
exercise, or static stretching) not only fails to do what it is supposed to do but may
actually weaken muscles and be harmful.
Tennis-Specific Dynamic Stretching Exercises
Tennis involves rapid movement in different directions, tennis players need to
perform stretching exercises that involve many different parts of the body. TheUnited States Tennis Association's player development program recommends the
following dynamic stretches:
Straight-LegMarch
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kick one leg straight out in front, with the toes flexed and pointed straight
up.
reach the opposite arm to the upturned toes.
drop the leg and repeat with the opposite leg and arm.
repeat sequence at least 6 or 7 times.
Scorpion (lower back, hip flexors and gluteus muscles)
Lie on stomach with arms outstretched and feet flexed so only toes are
touching ground.
Kick right foot toward left arm, then kick left foot toward right arm.
Begin slowly and repeat up to 12 times.
Handwalks (shoulders, core muscles, hamstrings)
Bend over until both hands are flat on ground
inch feet towards hands
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Dynamic Warm-Up for Tennis
1. Perform 20 to 25 jumping jacks. This will start your heart pumping and will
begin warming your large muscles in your upper and lower body.
2. Do 20 plie squats. In this move, begin with your feet just beyond shoulder width
apart. Squat down into a plie, keeping your knees in line with your feet. As you
squat, reach your right arm up overhead, and lean to your left, keeping your hips
centered and getting a great stretch down your right side. Bring your arm down as
you come up from your squat. Perform your next plie squat, but reach up with your
left arm this time and lean to your right. Perform 20 plie squats so that you end up
stretching each side ten times.
3. Perform 20 twisting toe touches. Keep your feet in the same position, just beyond
your shoulders. Your arms should go straight out to the sides and stay straight
throughout this stretch. Now reach with your left hand to your right toe, slightly
bending your right knee, keeping your left knee straight and with your right arm
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going up in the air. Your arms are remain straight so its a windmill like movement.
You should feel a stretch in your left groin and inner thigh as well as throughout
your core. If you can, look back over your right shoulder to add a little additional
twist to your torso. be sure your bent knee remains centered over your foot and does
not bend out beyond your toes. Come back up to center and perform the same move
in the opposite direction, with the left knee bending, the right hand to your toe and
the left arm in the air. Perform 20 of these twisting toe touches so you work each
side 10 times.
4. Power skip 20 times. This one is simple. You just skip in place with a hop,
bringing your knee to your chest and reaching overhead with your opposite arm.
Youll feel your heart pumping and youll loosen up your knees and shoulders with
this stretch.
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5. Finally, perform 25 jumping jacks.
Although this entire warm-up will take you only two to three minutes to perform, by
the time you finish, your heart rate will be up, your large muscle groups will be
warm and engaged, and your big joints in your knees, hips and shoulders will be
loose.
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Chapter.6
GENERAL AND SPECIFIC EXERCISE FOR SKILLS
Tennisis an explosive sport that requires power, endurance, quick changes of direction,
balance, agility, flexibility and strength. Getting into better shape for tennis, no matter
what your level, age or condition, is an achievable goal that every player should share.
But where do you begin?
The quality of the information currently available on the subject of athletic performance
enhancement is excellent. However, deciphering and implementing that information canbe a formidable task. At the National Strength & Conditioning Association's National
Conference in June, many of the presenters specifically addressed tennis training issues
and emphasized the importance of sport specific training as well as functional training.
The issue at hand is how to effectively convey that information to players.
What are the experts currently recommending in order to improve in these areas? For
power, speed & agility, and flexibility, it's functional training. The sport science
definition states that functional training is integrated, multi-directional, multi-planar
movement involving acceleration, deceleration and stabilization in response to gravity,
ground reaction forces and momentum. Put simply: train movements, not muscles.
What do the quadriceps do in tennis? Like all muscles when performing any activity, the
quad is a "team player." It is working in concert with other muscles to help produce force
as you push off (accelerate using concentric contraction), reduce force as you slow down
(decelerate using eccentric contraction), and keep the knee bent as you hit your stroke
(stabilize using isometric contraction.) The information is deciphered by the nervous
system through specific receptors in the muscles, tendons and joints that are sending
information to the brain (called proprioception) to determine what type of movement is
necessary.
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The quadriceps are working in conjunction with all the other muscles of the ankle, knee,
hip joints and lower back in a specific pattern, speed, and sequence of acceleration,
deceleration or stabilization that is determined by the neuromuscular system.
Now you can see why it's a lot simpler to say "Train movements, not muscles!" But the
fact is, when you start to understand what is involved, it actually is simpler to use
common sense to determine how you should train. Train the way you play. And, the good
news is that your neuromuscular system, which controls your ability to go faster, change
direction quickly, decelerate, and move efficiently, is highly trainable.
1.CORE STRENGTH:-
The following are some tennis-specific core strengthening exercises that can be
performed daily. Remember to exhale on the exertion and stay relaxed in the shoulders
and neck.
Core exercises should start with the small, hard to find transverse abdominus and internal
obliques, as these 2 muscles connect to the lumbar spine and are therefore integral to
lumbar spine integrity.
On the floor, on your back: 1 Leg Lower: Arms overhead, both legs up bent at 90 degree
angle, exhale and draw the navel in as you lower the bent leg to the floor. Do not let the
lower back move at all. 8x each leg.
For core rotation: Straight leg side-to-side: Arms out to the sides with palms face down,
one leg up, other leg straight down on floor. Slowly lower leg to floor across the body,
then bring it back as fast as possible to center. Repeat 10x each side. Seated Medicine
Ball or Dumbbell Twist: Sit with amedicine ballordumbbelldirectly behind you. Reach
around with both hands and grab the ball or weight, then twist all the way around and put
it back behind you. Remember to breathe and try to keep the shoulders relaxed.
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For core flexion and rotation: Single Leg Exchanges: Elbow to opposite knee as legs
bicycle. Shoulder blades off the floor at all times. Exhale as you draw navel in. 1 X 100.
For back hyperextension: Superperson: On stomach, raise head and opposite arm and leg
as you exhale and draw the navel in. Return to relaxed position with forehead down
between each rep. 12-20x.
For back hyperextension: Superperson: On stomach, raise head and opposite arm and leg
as you exhale and draw the navel in. Return to relaxed position with forehead down
between each rep. 12-20x.
2. UPPER BODY FUNCTIONAL STRENGTH TRAINING:-
Push-upsare a great total body exercise. While the chest, shoulders and triceps are doing
most of the work (producing force concentrically) the core is working like crazy to
stabilize the body in a straight position. Start out on your knees, then move to a bench,
then to the floor as you master each step. When you are able to perform the pushupswhile maintaining a straight body, move on to an unstable surface, such as a low stability
ball or any of the balance devices on the market to increase the challenge.
1-Arm Dumbbell Bench Press is a functional alternative to the traditional bench press.
Lie on a regular bench with the left arm holding the top of the bench overhead. Start with
adumbbellin the right hand extended over you directly above your sternum. As you
lower the arm, let the right shoulder extend below the bench. Exhale as you forcefully
push (press) the dumbbell back up. Support the lower back by using the drawing-in
maneuver.
Standing Rows usingresistance tubesare excellent for strengthening the back muscles.
This is necessary for both strength and balance, as the back muscles are primarily
stretched during most strokes. Start standing with the muscles on stretch (with the cord or
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cable taut), and pull in to the waist, as in a rowing motion. As you progress, vary the
exercise by pulling with one arm at a time, alternating arms, pulling both arm to the same
side, or standing on one leg.
Standing Alternating Front Raises are primarily a shoulder strengthening exercise. Use
either aresistance tubeor adumbbelland start standing, with the knees slightly bent and
the navel drawn in. Raise both arms straight forward, keeping the elbows straight, then
lower. Next, raise to the right with straight arms and lower, then to the left. Be sure the
back is not arching and that you support through the core. As you progress, you can use
one arm alone and/or balance on one foot as you perform the exercise.
3. LOWER BODY FUNCTIONAL STRENGTH TRAINING:-
Bench steps are excellent for functional strength development. Find a sturdy bench or
step from 12 to 18 inches high. Step up with the right foot, then the left foot, then put the
right foot down and leave the left foot on so that you can step up starting on the left.
These are alternating bench steps. You can also do single leg steps where you simply
repeat the reps on one leg, then repeat on the other. Be sure to use the leg that is stepping
up to do all the work and try not to push off from the leg on the floor. Start using yourbody weight, then add dumbbells or powerballs and/or extend the arms up or out as you
step up. As you progress, you can also try alternating or single leg bench jumps.
Multi-directional Lunges are a fundamental movement in tennis. Players lunge in every
direction, at every speed, at every joint angle of the hips, knee and ankle, and with the
upper body in various degrees of forward flexion. Therefore, traditional fitness lunges
which are limited and usually call for an upright upper body, are not always enough. Try
you lunges this way: If you are standing in the center of a large clock face, start by
lunging forward with the right leg to 12 o'clock, then back to the center. Then repeat at 2
o'clock, then 3 o'clock, backwards with a turn to 5 o'clock, and then across the body with
the right leg to 10 o'clock. Start out with no weight, then add dumbbells or powerballs.
As you progress, pick up a weight or medicine ball at each lunge, then put it back down.
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4. ENDURANCE:-
Tennis is not an aerobic sport. It is primarily an anaerobic sport, with an aerobic
component. This means that although matches may last more than one or two hours, the
energy required is for repeated bursts of (anaerobic) energy. In Power Tennis Training,
Don Chu states, "As a tennis player, you need to include some aerobic exercise, but this
should not be your dominant conditioning exercise."
Many people ask if running is good training for tennis. This question does not have one
simple answer. It depends on the circumstances. For example, if someone is
deconditioned and needs to improve their aerobic base and reduce their percentage of
body fat, then as a starter, some form of sustained, moderate aerobic activity (such as
jogging, stationary bike riding, rowing machine, swimming, etc) may be beneficial.
If someone is a relatively well conditioned player who wants to improve their on-court
endurance, i.e. still be able to come to the net explosively in the third set, then sustained
running would not produce the desired results.
5. SPEED, AGILITY & FOOTWORK
In order to be fast, you have to be strong. If you don't feel confident in your ability to
forcefully push off from one leg in order to burst forward or sideways, your movement
will reflect this with a weak, inefficient first step resulting in slow movement to the ball
with insufficient set up time. Therefore, the first component of speed is strength.
The next component is that speed, agility and footwork are not genetic traits. In order to
own these abilities, you have to work at them. "A player can only do successfully in a
match, what has been successfully repeated over and over again in training." (Don Chu)
Of course, some people are naturally faster or more agile, but every individual, whether
junior, senior or in between, can seriously improve his or her own speed and agility
through specific and consistent training.
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can be maintained to same high level. On average a tennis player will move just 3 meters
per shot and 8-12 meters during a point.
(4). It becomes obvious that good speed and quickness around the court is essential in
order to reach the majority of these shots. During a match 48% of a players movement is
sideways.
(5) So agility, or the ability to change direction rapidly and under control becomes
equally as important.
Finally, a balanced tennis training program should help to prevent injury and over
training. For example, a preventative program of wrist extensor strengthening and
stretching exercises can help to prevent tennis elbow.
(7). Specific exercises can also be prescribed to reduce the risk of rotator cuff damage.
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Chapter 7
Cooling Down Exercise
After your practice, take a light jog around the court, slowing to a walk. Raise your
arms above your head several times during your circuit. Perform trunk rotations
without raising your knees. Perform a variety of movements that allow your heart
rate to gradually come down to your resting heart rate. This allows blood, lactic acid
and other anabolic wastes which have pooled in your muscles to dissipate. This will
help prevent stiffness and soreness later.
The main aim of the cool down is to promote recovery and return the body to a pre
exercise, or pre work out level. During a strenuous work out your body goes
through a number of stressful processes. Muscle fibres, tendons and ligaments get
damaged, and waste products build up within your body.
The cool down, performed properly, will assist your body in its repair process.
Secondly, when exercising, your heart is pumping large amount of blood to the
working muscles. This blood is carrying both oxygen and nutrients that the working
muscles need. When the blood reaches the muscles the oxygen and nutrients are
used up. Then the force of the contracting (exercising) muscles pushes the blood
back to the heart where it is re-oxygenated.
The Key Parts of an Effective Cool Down
There are three key elements, or parts, which should be included to ensure an
effective and complete cool down. They are;
1. Gentle exercise and movement;
2. Low-intensity, long-hold static stretching; and
3. Re-fuel.
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For the Professional
10 to 15 minutes of easy exercise. Be sure that the easy exercise resembles the
type of exercise that was done during your work out. For example, if your
workout involved a lot of running, cool down with easy jogging or walking.
Include some deep breathing as part of your easy exercise to help oxygenate
your system.
Follow with about 20 to 30 minutes of low-intensity, long-hold (30 to 60
seconds) static stretching. Many people make the mistake of stretching too
hard or too vigorously during this part of the cool down. The aim here is not
necessarily to improve your flexibility; its to gently lengthen out those
muscles that have been constantly contracting during your game. Re-fuel. This part of the cool down can be done as you perform the other two
parts. Both fluid and food are important. Drink plenty of water, plus a good
quality sports drink. The best type of food to eat straight after a work out is
that which is easily digestible. Fruit is a good example
For the Amateur
3 to 5 minutes of easy exercise. Be sure that the easy exercise resembles thetype of exercise that was done during your work out. For example, if your
workout involved a lot of running, cool down with easy jogging or walking.
Include some deep breathing as part of your easy exercise to help oxygenate
your system.
Follow with about 5 to 10 minutes of low-intensity, long-hold (30 to 60
seconds) static stretching. Many people make the mistake of stretching too
hard or too vigorously during this part of the cool down. The aim here is not
necessarily to improve your flexibility; its to gently lengthen out those
muscles that have been constantly contracting during your game.
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COOL DOWN FOR TENNIS PLAYERS
*Jogging
Run for 10 to 20 minutes at a gentle jogging pace. Your pace should be slow enough
so you are not short of breath.
*Stretching
After jogging, do a series of stretching exercises. Do the exercises in an energetic
fashion, without forcing movement and without bouncing up and down too much. In
contrast to the warm-up, during cool down make sure to lock your stretching
positions. This way more muscle groups benefit from being lengthened.
There are several benefits to doing cool down exercises. Firstly, when you exercise,
the level of adrenaline in the blood shoots up. Hence, you need to do some activity to
reduce the amount of adrenaline in the blood. Secondly, when we exercise, the body
experiences a heightened activity rate, especially in the heart. The heart pumps
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more blood in and out of the muscles. But when the activity stops, there is no longer
any pump to take the blood back to the heart.
Cooling down after exercise is just as important in reducing the risk of injury as the
warming up process before exercise. Cooling down means gradually slowing down
the level of activity.
If the warm up and cool down period, are missing out on some exercise benefits.
There are some essential benefits of stretching and cooling down after your
workout.
After a long hard workout, many people just stop and end their routine there.
This does not give their body the proper time to recover or time to restretch those
muscles.
Cool downs, or the recovery period, allows your body to recover from the hard
workout.
Cool Down Activities After Exercise
1: Cool down Jog - After intense physical exertion, you should aim to do a light jog
for around 10 minutes. This helps your body with the transition from performing at
high levels of intensity to low levels. It helps remove waste products like lactic acid
and also prevents the pooling of blood. Jogging should be an important part of the
cool down.
2: Stretch - After exercise your muscles are warm and more elastic. As such,
stretching them when they are in this state will have great long term benefits for
your flexibility. As well as this, cool down stretching can significantly reduce muscle
soreness the next day. Each main muscle group used during your physical exertion
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should be stretched with an appropriate static stretch. Static stretches are far more
useful during the cool down phase than the warm up.
3: Hydrate - Replenishing the water supplies in your body after strenuous exercise is
crucial. During heavy exercise, you lose a lot of water through sweat. Effectively
replacing this fluid as part of your cool down is crucial in your recovery. It helps
reduce muscle soreness the next day and replaces important nutrients.
4: Replenish nutrient stores - If possible, after your workout or intensive exercise,
consume a protein shake. This will replenish nutrients that have been lost during
exercise and will provide your muscles with protein and carbohydrate that are
crucial for recovery and muscle growth.
In order for the maximum benefits to be felt from your training, an effective cool
down should be performed after exercise. It is as important a part of your workout
as the actual training is.
Preparing your body and mind
Warm-up simply means preparing you
r body for training or a match by
warming up your muscles. Moreover, a warm-up also prepares your mind by
focussing on technique and coordination.
Some tennis players pay an almost obsessive amount of attention to their warm-up,
while others just do a few chest twists and shoulder-loosening movements before
starting to play. But both professional and recreational players benefit from doing a
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structured series of warm-up drills, including both striding and dynamic stretching
exercises.
The following series of exercises are recommended to prepare for tennis training
and matches in the best way possible.
Shoulder band exercises
Instead of hip twists, or in addition, you can also do exercises with a shoulder band.
Loop the band around the net post and facing the net hold the ends of the band.
Keep your arms flexed outwards at shoulder height and stretch them back while
holding the band.
Carry out 10 to 15 stretches. Repeat for 3 to 5 sets.
Quadriceps stretch
1.
Stand with your feet hip width apart and knees slightly bent
2. Bend knee, grab the front of the ankle and pull the foot towards the bottom until
a stretch is felt in the front of the thigh.
3. Hold for 15 seconds, release and change legs.
Hamstring stretch
1. Stand with your feet hip width apart and knees slightly bent
2. Place hands on hips and take a small step forward keeping the front leg straight
and slightly bending the rear knee.
3. Lean forwards from the waist, keeping the back straight.
4.
Hold for 15 seconds, release and change legs.
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*Calf stretch
1. Stand with your feet hip width apart and knees bent slightly
2. Take a step backwardsthe front knee should be directly in line with the ankle.
3. With hands on your hips lean your body forward slightly, keeping back foot on
floor.
4. Hold for 15 seconds, release and change legs.
*Chest stretch
1. Stand with your feet hip width apart and knees slightly bent
2. Place your hands on your hips just above the bottom with palms facing the body
and move the elbows backwards until a mild stretch is felt.
3. Hold for 15 seconds and then release.
*Upper back stretch
1. Stand with your feet hip width apart and knees slightly bent
2.
Clasp your hands together in front of you with palms facing the body
3. Straighten the arms and gently raise to shoulder height
4. Make a round back and push your hands away from you, lowering the chin
slightly.
5. Hold for 15 seconds and then release.
*Shoulder Stretch
1. Hold your left arm across your body and grab the back of your left elbow with
your right hand
2.
Pull the left elbow in as far as you can so that your left fingertips can reach
around your right shoulder.
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3. Hold for 15 seconds, release and change arms.
*Calf stretch
5. Stand with your feet hip width apart and knees bent slightly
6. Take a step backwardsthe front knee should be directly in line with the ankle.
7. With hands on your hips lean your body forward slightly, keeping back foot on
floor.
8. Hold for 15 seconds, release and change legs.
*Chest stretch
4. Stand with your feet hip width apart and knees slightly bent
5. Place your hands on your hips just above the bottom with palms facing the body
and move the elbows backwards until a mild stretch is felt.
6.
Hold for 15 seconds and then release.
*Upper back stretch
6. Stand with your feet hip width apart and knees slightly bent
7. Clasp your hands together in front of you with palms facing the body
8. Straighten the arms and gently raise to shoulder height
9.
Make a round back and push your hands away from you, lowering the chin
slightly.
10.
Hold for 15 seconds and then release.
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*Shoulder Stretch
4. Hold your left arm across your body and grab the back of your left elbow with
your right hand
5. Pull the left elbow in as far as you can so that your left fingertips can reach
around your right shoulder.
6. Hold for 15 seconds, release and change arms.
The warm-up and stretching should take no more than 5/10 minutes and could
make the difference between playing again next week or being injured
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CHAPTER 8
Basic Rules of Tennis
*Court Dimensions
Both singles and doubles matches are played on tennis courts. Singles matches,
where one player competes against another, is played on a court 27 feet wide and 39
feet long. The entire court length is 78 feet long divided by a net which is 3 feet high
in the center. Doubles, where two teams of two players compete against each other,
is played on a singles court that has "doubles alleys" added to the sidesmaking the
court wider for two players. Each doubles alley extends from the sideline 4.5 feet.
The grass is maintained 1/5 to 1/2 inch high.
*Scoring
A lawn tennis match is scored like other tennis matches. A game is won by the first
player to win four points by at least two points. The first player to win six games by
two games wins the set. Women play the best two out of three sets where men play
either the best two out of three or three out of five set matches depending on the
tournament.
Points in a game are named: 0, 15, 30 and 40. Each game starts with the score zero-zero. The first point is "15," the second is "30" and the third is "40." If players
reach 40-40, this is called deuce. The player to win the next point is said to have the
advantage or "ad." If the player with "ad" wins the next point, the game is won. If
the opponent wins the point, the score returns to deuce.
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point), matches (match point), and even championships (championship point). For
example, if the player who is serving has a score of 40-love, the player has a triple
game point (triple set point, etc.) as the player has three consecutive chances to win
the game. Game points, set points, and match points are not part of official scoring
and are not announced by the chair umpire in tournament play.
Break point
A break pointoccurs if the receiver, not the server,has a chance to win the game
with the next point. Break points are of particular importance because serving is
generally considered advantageous, with the server being expected to win games in
which they are serving. A receiver who has one (score of 3040), two (score of 15
40) or three (score of love-40) consecutive chances to win the game has break point,
double break pointor tr iple break point, respectively. If the receiver does, in fact, win
their break point, the game is awarded to the receiver, and the receiver is said to
have converted their break point. If the receiver fails to win their break point it is
called a fai lu re to convert.Winning break points, and thus the game, is also referred
to as breaking serve, as the receiver has disrupted, or brokenthe natural advantage
of the server. If in the following game the previous server also wins a break point it
is referred to as breaking back. At least one break of serve is required to win a set.
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CHAPTER 9
DIAGRAMS OF THE PLAY AREA
DIAGRAM OF THE COURT
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CLAY COURT
Carpet
Any form of removable court covering, including carpeting andartificial turf.The
bounce can be higher or lower than a hard court. Carpet surface has not been used
on the ATP and WTA tour since 2009
.
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Wood
Popular from the 1880s through the first half of the 20th century, wooden
surface provides a very low bounce and plays very fast. There are no longer
any professional tournaments held on a wooden surface although some
tournaments (e.g.Rotterdam OpenandOpen Sud de France), are played on
a wood-based court with an acrylic layer on top.
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HARD COURT
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Baseline: Doubles 36 feet / Singles 27 feet
Any shot (other than the serve) that lands beyond this line is considered out.
Center Mark: 4 inches long
The center mark divides the baseline in half and runs perpendicular to the net. Its
defines the point you cannot cross when hitting a serve in both the deuce and ad
court.
Service Line: 27 feet wide
Any serve that lands beyond this line in the court is considered out.
Center Service Line: 42 feet long (21 feet long on each side of the court)
The center service line runs perpendicular to the net and meets the service line to
create two equal sized service boxes.
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CHAPTER 10
OFFICIAL
Chair Umpire
The chair umpire is the final authority on all questions of fact during the match.
Questions of fact include whether a ball was in, the calling of a service let or the
calling of a foot-fault. In matches where line umpires are also assigned, the chair
umpire has the right to overrule if they are sure that a clear mistake has been made.
The chair umpire is often situated in a tall chair at the center of the court, behind a
net post. The players' benches are to either side of the chair. From this position, the
chair umpire calls the score of the match to the players and spectators between
points. At the conclusion of a point, game, or set, the chair umpire times the players
to ensure they follow ITF regulations on pace of play. The chair umpire is
responsible for completing a scorecard, the official historical record of the match.
Line Umpire
The line umpire "calls all shots relating to the assigned lines. Line umpires work on
court as part of a team of between one and nine line umpires. Each line umpire is
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assigned to one line or, in the case of a short-handed crew, a position in a system.
For example, a line umpire on the receiver's side may have to cover the center
service line then, following the serve, move to one of the sidelines. Line umpires are
a requirement for professional tennis games.
The line umpire signals a ball out by making a verbal "out" call ("fault" for a serve)
followed by the extension of the arm shoulder high in the direction the ball was out.
A ball is signaled "safe" or "good" by holding both hands together knee high in
front of the body.A line umpire who is unsighted and thus unable to call a shot
(usually because a player obstructs his/her view) signals this by holding his/her
hands beside his/her head, the upper side pointing in the same directing as the eyes;
that call is then the chair umpire's responsibility. Line umpires are also responsiblefor calling footfaults. When baseline umpires are being used they watch to see if the
server touches any part of the baseline before the ball is struck. Center service line
umpires are responsible for calling footfaults when the server steps over the
imaginary extension of the centerline. Footfault calls are made with a verbal
"Footfault" call followed by a vertical extension of the arm with the palm open.
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Off-Court Officials
Referee
The Referee "is the official who is responsible for assuring that the competition is
fair and played under the ITF Rules of Tennis." The referee supervises all aspects of
play at a tournament including the conduct of players, coaches, spectators, and
administrative crew.The referee must be present whenever matches are being
played.
The referee is also responsible for making thetournament drawin accordance with
competition regulations. The making of the draw includes determining seeds and
placing players andbyes.The referee must then work with tournament organizersto schedule matches. This process has been made much easier in recent years with
the introduction of computer programs that complete draw sheets and schedules
based on online player entries and court availability.
During play of a tournament the referee is the sole authority on the suspension of
play due to weather and other concerns.The referee is present to explain procedures
and regulations to the player and trainer, and to time the timeout to ensure no extra
time is given, as this would be construed as an unfair advantage.
