Racial Minorities in U.S. History

Richelle Bergley, Deirdra Brummer, Kendra Pittman, Daisy Deely

Racial Minorities in U.S. History Racial Minorities in the U.S.Race consciousness, and its articulation in theories of race, is largely a modern phenomenon. When Europeans explorers in the New World discovered people who looked different than themselves, these natives challenged then existing conceptions of the origins of the human species, and raised disturbing questions as to whether all could be considered in the same family of man (p. 51, Matrix Reader).

Native American & Alaska Natives

Common Stereotypes and Images:Wise elderBrave warriorIndian princessLoyal sidekick Tracker and hunterNature lovers or devoted environmentalistsGenerous givers- positive and negative connotationsObeseImpoverishedAlcoholicsCasinosNoble SavageRed skinsTepees, Feathers and PipesReservations

Recognizing that variety existsThere are 565 recognized tribal nations in the United States today, and several that are no longer recognized officially. Each tribe has its own language, oral history and culture that makes it unique. Historically, some tribes like fought back against the oppression while the white settlers were trying to force them to assimilate, while others were considered success stories.Ex: 5 civilized tribes Each individual feels a different level of acculturation to their Native American heritage vs. Western Culture.Some of these stereotypes are embraced by individuals and are seen as honorable, while others are completely offensive.

European American ColonizationEpidemic DiseasesMajor cause of death among Native Americans Biological WarfareUnintentional at first, God used as a justification. Small Pox infected blankets used to wipe out entire villageNative people did not have immunity built up for the diseases introduced by Europeans settlers. Mass spread of venereal disease.GenocideColumbusSince the Indians were better woodsman than the English and virtually impossible to track down, the method was to feign peaceful intentions, let them settle down and plant their corn wherever they chose, and then, fall upon them, killing as many as possible and burning the corn Edmund Morgan in Peoples HistoryBody mutilation- skinningEstimated 4.4 -12.5 million indigenous people in North America before colonization. ~250,000 left at the turn of the 20th Century. Internal WarfareEnslavementSmall scale in comparison to African AmericansWhite slave traders quickly realized that Indians could escape from enslavement because they knew the land. IntermarriageRape of womenwhen Indian women are safely under the control of white men, they are neat, and tidy, and industrious and soon learn to discharge domestic duties properly and creditably(The Matrix, pp.285).

Indian Removal Act of 1830The decades of forced removal from homelands to the new reservation areas was called the Trail of Tears.

Camp of Auk Indians, Alaska 1896

Kill the Indian, save the man. Indian Boarding School Movement

After the Civil War, people became convinced that with the proper education, Indians could assimilate into Western culture and become civilized.

Mission oriented Christian education

Some schools remained open through the the 1920s and 30s.

Took young children from their families as young as 6 years old.

Parents who resisted suffered withheld annuities, rations or jail time.

Poor diet, overcrowding, insufficient medical services, spread of diseases (TB, influenza, measles).

Loss of culture and language

Termination EraTermination and Relocation Act of 1954- eliminated the federal recognition of several tribal nations across the country. Effectively meant that reservation land was no longer recognized and that tribal members were viewed as citizens of the United States only. Identities were stripped from them. Government gets to decide & control who is considered Native and who is not. AdvocacyAIM (American Indian Movement)- an activist organization that started in the 1968. Formed to address Native American issues such as poverty, housing, police harassment, etc. in urban communities in Minneapolis.BIA urban relocation programs in the 50s and 60s. ConsequencesMovement inspired cultural renewal Cultural activism has led to an expansion of efforts to teach and preserve indigenous languages for younger generations.Controversy over team mascots.Since each tribe is its own sovereign nation, advocacy can look different very different depending on the community.

Hispanic/Latino population: Social terms Hispanic: Spanish speaking Latino: From Latin AmericaWhich term is politically correct? Chicano/a: Someone born and raised in the US but is of Mexican desendence Steroetypes about Latinos Every Latino is MexicanSombreros, mustaches, panchos Homogeneous cultureAll latinos have dark skinImmigrantBeing illegalUneducated Cant speak EnglishFarmer/Gardener Stealing American jobsAbusing the system They dont pay taxesGender roles/Machismo Spanish speakingDrug/Alcohol abuseGangs/violence

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7shrRIkzYu4&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jrowk04bqZM&feature=relatedLatinos living in the USLatinos make up 16% of the total U.S. population and 23% of the population under age 18 (2010 Census). The Latino population has grown immensely over the past decade http://www.nclr.org/webstats2011/StatPlanet.html Variety within PopulationAccents and type of Spanish spoken: 22 Spanish speaking countries in Latin America Each country in Latin America has its own culture and traditions: food, music, dance, fiestas, ect. Indigenous populations exist in each country in Latin America All colors of people exist in Latinos: white, black, brown, ect. Varying levels of education, jobs, backgrounds and experiences.

History of Opression in the USMexican-American war 1848: US buys land from Mexico. California, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Arizona and New Mexico (they had already previously aquired Texas in 1845)Without documentation, cant access governmental social services

Arizona: Racial profiling law and ethinic studies program/book banning

Advocacy for LatinosThe Chicano/a civil rights movement, 1960sDoe vs PlyerThe DREAM act National Council of La Raza: Working to improve opportunities for Hispanic Americans. The Largest national Latino civil rights and advocacy organization in the United States.

Asians labeled asYellow Terror or The Oriental Menace

Yellow Terror or The Oriental MenaceLate 1880s : Machines were changing everything.Competitive tensions between Whites and Chinese began during the California Gold Rush in the late 1840s-50sEuropean and Chinese immigrants came over to be part of the factory and labor forceThe first transcontinental railroad constructed by ~3,000 Irish and ~10,000 Chinese over a period of 4 years (p. 254, Peoples History)The establishment of capitalism More people dependent upon wage-paying jobs for survival needs Competition for jobs became a major political issue on the West Coast Chinese Exclusion Act 1882: Tension on the West Coast

WWII Japanese seen as the enemy

Political cartoonWaiting for the Signal from Home by Dr. Seuss.

This was released to the Public just before internment camps scooped up Japanese

Bainbridge Island was the first to have military trucks drive door to door, collecting a total of 275 people

Japanese InternmentAttack on Pearl Harbor racial prejudice intensified, rumors of sabotage of the War effort caused tension~110,000 Japanese Americans collected into internment campsApplied to part Japanese- needed to have at least one-sixteenth Japanese ancestry (Kennedy, 2006)Allowed local military commanders to designate "military areas" as "exclusion zones," from which "any or all persons may be excluded"This massive uprooting meant that many were forced to sell business, property at a severe loss financially and emotionally Still allowed Japanese Americans to fight in the war effort. ~22,000 joined the armed forces

Pvt. Danny Chen, 1992-2011How hate effects us all

A critical first step in thinking about ways in which we can effect long-term social change is to acknowledge the manner in which we are all implicated either directly or indirectly in structures on inequality (Herrara, p. 517)Middle Eastern Americans Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NutFkykjmbMFeb 13th 2011 in Yorba Linda California An event through ICNA Relief (American Muslim Relief Organization)to raise money for women shelters and homelessness.

Stereotypes of Middle Eastern AmericansPeople from the Middle East are TerroristsStupid Terrorists! Go home, go home go home! I know a few marines who would be happy to help these terrorists to an early meeting in paradise Councilwoman Debroah PaulyBecame popular in 1970-1980sOklahoma City Bombing Indeed, the most deadly terrorists in American history have arguably been American-born radical Christians, such as the perpetrators of the bombing of the Murrah building in Oklahoma City or the Ku Klux Klan and similar Christian white supremacist organizations that remained active throughout the twentieth century. But these American-born, Christian terrorists have never constituted a radicalized threat for American politicians and their supporters among the commentariat (Love, 2009, p. 412).

Stereotypes of Middle Eastern AmericansMiddle Eastern Culture is oppressive towards womenYou beat your women and you rape your children Rights of women are dependent upon the country Some countries believe a womans role is in the home and is the caretaker.Other countries believe women should have equal rights and independence to make their own decisions without restrictions from the law or family. In most Middle Eastern countries: Women can voteWork outside the homeRun for office

Stereotypes of Middle Eastern AmericansReligious Practices and Place of Origin Muhammad was a terrorist, Muhammad was a pervert Muhammad was a fraud One Nation Under God, Not Allah We dont want you here, Go home USA, USA, USA, Go back home, Go back home Middle Eastern Individuals are MuslimsThe majority of Muslims live outside the Middle East Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, India, and Pakistan.Muslim Religion cannot be easily categorizedMiddle East is composed of several countries in Europe, Africa and AsiaMuslim and Arabs are the same Muslim: one who practices IslamArab: One who speaks Arabic and identifies themselves as an Arab. Middle Eastern Americans are diverse in religions and countries

History of Middle Eastern AmericansMost significant migration of Middle Eastern Americans began during the late 19th century. Immigration Act of 1917In 1965, racist limits on immigration were removed. 1970s: The first radicalized images of Middle Eastern Americans occurred. These are the same type of images used today to describe Middle Eastern Americans 1996 Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty ActSeptember 11th 2001 and the Patriot Act

http://www.google.com/imgres?q=oil+sheik+cartoon&hl=en&client=firefox-a&hs=0vO&sa=X&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&biw=1041&bih=812&tbm=isch&prmd=imvnsb&tbnid=j01jOw5wP6vcrM:&imgrefurl=http://www.istockphoto.com/stock-illustration-5797811-sheik-cartoon-man-oil-warning-sign.php&docid=bthYa8_sdj6OYM&itg=1&imgurl=http://i.istockimg.com/file_thumbview_approve/5797811/2/stock-illustration-5797811-sheik-cartoon-man-oil-warning-sign.jpg&w=333&h=380&ei=7apLT_7NAavRiAKstN2UBQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=331&vpy=134&dur=1059&hovh=240&hovw=210&tx=93&ty=105&sig=109439669262557777421&page=1&tbnh=150&tbnw=146&start=0&ndsp=20&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0Islamaphobia An irrational fear, prejudice or hatred towards Islam or Muslims. Affects a wide array of groups Religions: Christianity, Judaism, and IslamCountries: North Africa & Western and Southern Asia Advocacy GroupsCAMERA: Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in the USA Teach Middle EastAmerican Arab Anti-Discrimination CommitteeCouncil for American Islamic Relations Some of these organizations have received scrutiny for their affiliation with Islam faith and the Middle East.

ConclusionBecoming an allyBecause we are all implicated in this larger system of oppression, privilege, and inequality, we all possess the potential to become activists both in our daily lives and within our broader community and work-places, regardless of our social locations (p. 520, Herrera). Choose not to participate but to respect others and the variety within all groupsReferences: Native AmericansAIM Movement Grand Governing Council. (1973). Retrieved from http://www.aimovement.org/ggc/index.htmlMarr, C.J. Assimilation Through Education: Indian Boarding Schools in the Pacific Northwest. Retrieved from http://content.lib.washington.edu/aipnw/marr.html#authorMcFarland, B.H., Gabriel, R.M., Bigelow, D.A., & Walker, R. (2006). Organization and Financing of Alcohol and Substance Abuse Programs for American Indians and Alaska Natives. American Journal Of Public Health, 96 (8), 1469-1477. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2004.050575Szlemko, W.J., Wood, J.W., & Thurman, P. (2006). Native Americans and Alcohol: Past, Present, and Future. Journal Of General Psychology, 133(4), 435-451. doi:10.3200/GENP.133.4.435-451Washburn, W.E., Trigger, B.G. (1996) The Cambridge history of the Native Peoples of the Americas. Chapter 2: Native Peoples in Euro-American historiography.Wilkins, D.E. (2008). The Cambridge History of Law in America (Vol.2). Federal Policy, Western Movement, and consequences for indigenous people, 1790-1920.Photographs:http://www.google.com/imgres?q=racist+cartoons+against+native+americans&hl=en&sa=X&biw=1257&bih=599&tbm=isch&prmd=imvns&tbnid=2WLWreeoflWXMM:&imgrefurl=http://newspaperrock.bluecorncomics.com/2007/04/good-article-on-racist-cartoons.html&docid=w9lv1pm8ptySbM&imgurl=http://www.bluecorncomics.com/pics/peterpan.jpg&w=475&h=424&ei=d7RKT9ukKOGniQKXxPnkCA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=265&vpy=145&dur=449&hovh=128&hovw=143&tx=110&ty=114&sig=111872178986844832132&page=1&tbnh=128&tbnw=143&start=0&ndsp=21&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0http://content.lib.washington.edu/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/loc&CISOPTR=123&CISOBOX=1&REC=15http://content.lib.washington.edu/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/loc&CISOPTR=2123

References: Latino/Hispanic Rowe, C. (2011, January). Equal Voice Magazine. Issue 1. http://www.albany.edu/jmmh/vol3/chicano/chicano.htmlhttp://www.google.com/imgres?q=political+cartoons+mexican+immigrants&hl=en&sa=X&biw=865&bih=598&tbm=isch&prmd=imvns&tbnid=19wA-HpSQPrsjM:&imgrefurl=http://www.cartoonstock.com/newscartoons/directory/u/us-mexico_border.asp&docid=hGiobGz5jNzNIM&imgurl=http://www.cartoonstock.com/newscartoons/cartoonists/gfo/lowres/gfon254l.jpg&w=400&h=300&ei=A7dKT8SNLuqniALQiLyWBg&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=401&sig=107634321169818737680&page=1&tbnh=120&tbnw=160&start=0&ndsp=12&ved=1t:429,r:7,s:0&tx=60&ty=13http://www.google.com/imgres?q=racist+political+cartoons+mexican+immigrants&hl=en&biw=1280&bih=632&tbm=isch&tbnid=UEy1vpaMrWLfHM:&imgrefurl=http://languageasculturespring11.blogspot.com/2011/04/i-can-haz-english.html&docid=2avMvuj-C5_3dM&imgurl=http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-p-dgKTplXp8/TbY-VXGSkTI/AAAAAAAAADI/k0g3_XYpPJ4/s1600/Taxes%252BCartoon.jpg&w=400&h=318&ei=PbdKT4T5O4bKiALz8b3bDQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=967&vpy=298&dur=280&hovh=134&hovw=180&tx=79&ty=82&sig=107634321169818737680&page=1&tbnh=134&tbnw=180&start=0&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:11,s:0http://www.google.com/imgres?q=latinos+living+united+states&hl=en&sa=X&biw=1280&bih=632&tbm=isch&prmd=imvns&tbnid=N4LyduusgD6vZM:&imgrefurl=http://sitemaker.umich.edu/356.haas/who_are_the__latinos_&docid=ySzO5-fv8HARVM&imgurl=http://www.sitemaker.umich.edu/356.haas/files/graph.jpg&w=369&h=333&ei=HblKT9zJEaOLiALOxfHaDQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=113&vpy=136&dur=33&hovh=213&hovw=236&tx=88&ty=80&sig=107634321169818737680&page=1&tbnh=127&tbnw=141&start=0&ndsp=19&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0http://www.google.com/imgres?q=latinos+living+united+states&hl=en&sa=X&biw=1280&bih=632&tbm=isch&prmd=imvns&tbnid=Nf5w6WzVEcc5BM:&imgrefurl=http://sitemaker.umich.edu/356.haas/who_are_the__latinos_&docid=ySzO5-fv8HARVM&imgurl=http://www.sitemaker.umich.edu/356.haas/files/us_map.jpg&w=822&h=634&ei=HblKT9zJEaOLiALOxfHaDQ&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=900&sig=107634321169818737680&page=1&tbnh=127&tbnw=165&start=0&ndsp=19&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0&tx=73&ty=46http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7shrRIkzYu4&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jrowk04bqZM&feature=related

References: Asian AmericansPictureshttp://www.google.com/imgres?q=danny+chen&um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-a&sa=N&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&biw=1280&bih=600&tbm=isch&tbnid=5D5V5ChUcM3oQM:&imgrefurl=http://ceciliawyu.wordpress.com/2012/01/09/danny-chen-2011/&docid=SqL_1Ahj2yRnMM&imgurl=http://ceciliawyu.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/danny-chen.jpeg&w=485&h=372&ei=Y7VKT4HTNeehiQL41KDaDQ&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=415&sig=107634321169818737680&page=1&tbnh=113&tbnw=140&start=0&ndsp=21&ved=1t:429,r:11,s:0&tx=62&ty=65http://www.who-sucks.com/people/dr-seuss-sucks-7-racist-cartoons-from-the-doctor http://historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=8274InformationGonnerman, J. (2012, January 6). Pvt. Danny Chen 1992-2011. New York Magazine. Retrieved from http://nymag.com/news/features/danny-chen-2012-1/index2.htmlJapanese-American relocation. (n.d.). From History Channel online. Retrieved from http://www.history.com/topics/japanese-american-relocationKennedy, Ellen Clare (2006). "The Japanese-American Renunciants: Due Process and the Danger of Making Laws During Times of Fear". Japan Policy Research Institute. Retrieved February 10, 2011.Niiya, Brian. Japanese American History. 1993, p. 54Ogawa, Dennis M. and Fox, Jr., Evarts C. (1991). Japanese Americans, from Relocation to Redress. Ott, J. (2007, September 12).Bainbridge islands Japanese American residents become the first to be interned under executive order 9066 on March 30, 1942. History Link Online Encyclopdia. Retrieved from http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=8277

References: Islam/Muslim(2002). Common western perceptions about islam and the middle east. Retrieved from: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/globalconnections/mideast/questions/types/index.ht ml. (2012). Stereotypes and realities. Retrieved from: http://teachmideast.org/stereotypes. (2012). American arab anti discrimination committee. Retrieved from: http://www.adc.org/about- us/.(2012). Council for american islamic relations. Retrieved from: http://www.cair.com/. Love, E. (2009). Confronting islamophobia in the united states: Framing civil rights activism among middle eastern americans. Patterns of Prejudice (43)2,401-425. Cairsocal (2011, March 2). Hate comes to orange county. Retrieved February, 25, 2012, from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NutFkykjmbM. Schumm, W., Nazarinia, R., R. (2011). Backlash 9/11: Middle eastern and muslim americans respond. Journal of American Ethnic History 31(1), 119-121. Zinn, H. (2003). A peoples history of the united states. New York, NY: Harper Collins Publishing.