R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 “To believe that exponential growth may last eternally in a limited world, you must be crazy, or, an economist.” - Kenneth Boulding

R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010

“To believe that exponential growth may last eternally in a

limited world, you must be crazy, or, an economist.”

- Kenneth Boulding

CP551 Sustainable Development


Module 7:

Industrial and Service Sectors and their impact on

Sustainable Development.



Industry

UnlimitedRaw material

UnlimitedEnergyCapital Labour

UnlimitedWaste material

Products

UnlimitedEnvironmental

degradation

Unlimited Unlimited

Unlimited

Unlimited


Industry


UnlimitedEnergy

Labour


Products


degradation

Unlimited Unlimited

Unlimited

Unlimited

Capital

Industrial Automation


Industry


UnlimitedEnergy

Labour


Products


degradation

Unlimited Unlimited

Unlimited

Unlimited

Capital


?


Industry


UnlimitedEnergy


Products


degradation

Unlimited Unlimited

Unlimited

Unlimited

Capital Labour



Automation reduces labour and labour cost.

It increases capital investment which is required for automation.

Automated industry requires more energy, so automation increases energy consumption.

It increases labour productivity, because of the reduced labour and increased speed of production.

Increased labour productivity encourages to increase raw material consumption and production,

which tend to increase waste production and environmental degradation.

R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Source: www.wesjones.com/death.htm

An example from the present (and future):

Strip mining for coal(1)

Blast hole drilled,

explosives planted

(1) (2) (3)

(4) (5)

Cross-section of typical mountain and valley in Kentucky

Coal deposits




Blast hole fractures

overburden

(1) (2) (3)

(4) (5)

Overburden: Foliage, top soil, rocks

Bench cuts made by blasting





OverburdenRemoved

by dragline excavator

(1) (2) (3)

(4) (5)




R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Source: http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/razingappalachia/mtop.html

Dragline excavator




OverburdenDumped

into valley

(1) (2) (3)

(4) (5)






Strip mining for coal(5) Coal

removed

(1) (2) (3)

(4) (5)






Strip mining for coal

Valley filled with spoil

Cross-section after mountaintop has been removed Nine men – that is all it

takes to bring this mountain low

Let us discuss the sustainability issues in

strip mining for coal


In 2000, 60 out of the 170 million tons of coal mined in

West Virginia were from strip mines.

75% of West Virginia's streams and rivers are polluted by mining and other industries.

300,000 acres of hardwood forest in West Virginia have been destroyed by mountaintop removal practiced in strip mining.

Source: http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/razingappalachia/mtop.html

Over 1000 miles of streams have been buried by strip mine waste in

Appalachian Mountains that run through 13 states.

R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Source: www.organicfamilymagazine.com/Phosphate.html

Open-pit phosphate mined in Idaho

Citizen trying to protect the Horse Creek in Florida from phosphate mining


Mining for phosphate

Is there a sustainability issue here?



Forest industry waste

‘most "wood" companies only handle one type of wood and burn the rest.’

These burn piles are 15 to 20 ft high.

What could be done to make it a

sustainable industry?

R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Source: http://rekkerd.org/citarum-river-a-shocking-display-of-abuse/

More than 500 factories (mostly textiles) line the banks of the 200-mile Citarum river, near the Indonesian capital of Jakarta.


Factory waste

Is there a sustainability issue here?

R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Source: news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/england/1875563.stm

Anglian Water, one of the UK's biggest water companies, has been fined £200,000 for polluting River Crouch with raw sewage after Roy Hart, an Essex fisherman, took out a private prosecution.

Court also ordered Anglian Water to pay Roy Hart £9,500 to cover his legal costs.

An example from the past:

Factory waste


- Degradation of ecosystems (forest, fresh water, marine, etc.)

- Upsetting the carbon cycle, resulting in global warming and climate change and the consequences

- Depletion of the ozone layer

- Pesticide, heavy metals and other persistent toxic chemicals like DDT and PCBs poisoning the web of life

- Loss of clean air

- Genetically modified (GM) food

Ecocides of Manmade origin:

R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Source: http://www.cartoonstock.com/directory/p/pollute.asp

A cartoonist’s

view of life on earth

with such ecosystem destroying industries


Industry



UnlimitedWaste

Products


degradation

Unlimited Unlimited

Unlimited

Unlimited


Industry



UnlimitedWaste

Products


degradation

Unlimited Unlimited

Unlimited

Unlimited

End-of pipe treatment


Nuclear industry waste

Corroding nuclear waste drums on seabed in UK territorial waters dumped between 1950 and 1963.Source: news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1766365.stm

Los Alamos National Laboratory has disposed of

about 13.5 million ft3 of radioactive and chemical solid wastes in ‘Material

Disposal Area G’ since 1943.Source: www.lasg.org/waste/area-g.htm


Source: http://www.greenpeace.org/international/photosvideos/photos/close-up-of-a-huge-pile-of-com

Computer industry waste

R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Source: http://www.cartoonstock.com/directory/d/dumping_ground.asp

A cartoonist’s view of civilized life on earth




UnlimitedWaste

Products


degradation

Unlimited Unlimited

Unlimited

Unlimited

Industry




UnlimitedWaste

Products


degradation

Unlimited Unlimited

Unlimited

Unlimited

Industry


Let’s take a look at how Nature produces and what Nature does with its waste.

“Biomimicry”


Example: Forest ecosystem

Source: http://www.nrri.umn.edu/worms/forest/ecosystems.html

The components of ecosystemare those physical things that contain energy and nutrients.

R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Source: http://www.nrri.umn.edu/worms/forest/ecosystems.html


Closed cycleand

nothing is wasted



Source: http://www.nrri.umn.edu/worms/forest/ecosystems.html

People open the, otherwise,

closed cycle

R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 Source: www.scienceclarified.com/Di-El/Ecosystem.html

Another example: Fresh water ecosystem

People open the, otherwise,

closed cycle




UnlimitedWaste

Products


degradation

Unlimited Unlimited

Unlimited

Unlimited

Industry


Industry



NoWaste

Products

NoEnvironmental

degradation

Unlimited Unlimited

Unlimited

Unlimited


Industry



NoWaste

Products

NoEnvironmental

degradation

Unlimited Unlimited

Recycle

Zero effluent solution


Industry


NoWaste

Products

NoEnvironmental

degradation

Unlimited Unlimited

R

Raw material(only to start)

R stands for recycle


Industry


NoWaste

Products

NoEnvironmental

degradation

Unlimited Unlimited

R

IndustrialEcology

Raw material(only to start)

R stands for recycle


- No waste

- Energy efficiently utilized

- No materials beyond those required to start the system

- Complete recycling within the system

Industrial Ecology:

Source: S. Manahan, Industrial Ecology, 1999


"One of the most important concepts of industrial ecology is

that, like the biological system,

it rejects the concept of waste."

Industrial Ecology:

Source: T. Graedel and B. Allenby, Industrial Ecology, 1995


Let us take a look at a functional industrial ecosystem

Industrial Ecology:


Sugarrefinery

Sugar

Sugarcane

Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, 1028.

The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China


Sugarrefinery

Sugar

Molasses

Bagasse

Filter sludgeSugarcane




Sugarrefinery

Alcoholplant

Sugar Alcohol

MolassesAlcoholresidue

Bagasse





Sugarrefinery

Fertilizerplant

Alcoholplant

Sugar Alcohol Compound Fertilizer

Sugar canefarm


Bagasse





Sugarrefinery

Pulp plant

Papermill

Fertilizerplant

Alcoholplant

Sugar Alcohol

PaperPulp

Sugar canefarm


Bagasse

Wastewater

Black liquor


Compound Fertilizer




Sugarrefinery

Pulp plant

Papermill

Fertilizerplant

Alcoholplant

Sugar Alcohol

NaOH

Pulp

Sugar canefarm


Bagasse

Wastewater

NaOHrecovery

Black liquor


Compound Fertilizer

Paper




Sugarrefinery

Pulp plant

Papermill

Fertilizerplant

Alcoholplant

Sugar Alcohol

NaOH

Pulp

Sugar canefarm


Bagasse

Wastewater

NaOHrecovery

Black liquor

White sludge


Compound Fertilizer

Paper




Sugarrefinery

Pulp plant

Papermill

Cementmill

Fertilizerplant

Alcoholplant

Sugar Alcohol

Cement

NaOH

Pulp

Sugar canefarm


Bagasse

Wastewater

NaOHrecovery

Black liquor

White sludge


Compound Fertilizer

Paper




Sugarrefinery

Pulp plant

Papermill

Cementmill

Fertilizerplant

Alcoholplant

Sugar Alcohol

Cement

NaOH

Pulp

Sugar canefarm


Bagasse

Wastewater

NaOHrecovery

Black liquor

White sludge


Compound Fertilizer

Paper




- The industrial symbiosis took 40 years to develop.

- It has been spontaneously developed first through internal investments, and then through cooperation with partners in the regions.

- Developing by-product exchanges is beneficial in many ways (reduced emissions, reduced disposal costs and revenue from by-product utilization).

- Improving environmental standards (ISO9001 certification in 1998)

- However, it is counter to traditional business trends such as focusing on their core competence and avoiding development of “distracting” profit centers.


Source: Q. Zhu, E.A. Lowe, Y. Wei, and D. Barnes, 2007. Industrial Symbiosis in China: A Case Study of the Guitang Group.

J. of Industrial Ecology 11(1): 31-42


…… I really appreciate the thoroughness of your sustainable development curriculum. I will share that with some academic friends here.

I am sending a couple of poems that I wrote while in Sri Lanka. I've not been able to find out if Serasenghe and his family (Across flowing water) survived the tsunami. They lived right near the Bentota River.

with love and laughter, Ernie

Ernest Lowe, Indigo Development, 2815 Spring Creek Dr.Santa Rosa, CA 95405


Symbiotic interactions between organisms:

Commensalism: one population benefits and the other is not affected

Mutualism: both populations benefit and neither can survive without the other

Protocooperation: both populations benefit but the relationship is not obligatory

Amensalism - one is inhibited and the other is not affected

Competition – one’s fitness is lowered by the presence of the other

Parasitism – one is inhibited and for the other its obligatory

http://www.answers.com/main/Record2?a=NR&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FImage%3ABN-forest.jpg


For yet another functional industrial ecosystem, go to the presentation

on The Industrial Symbiosisat Kalundborg, Denmark

byJørgen Christensen

Consultant to the Symbiosis Institute

Industrial Ecology:

http://continuing-education.epfl.ch/webdav/site/continuing-education/shared/Industrial%20Ecology/Presentations/11%20Christensen.pdf


Eco-Industrial Development Strategies• Resource Recovery, Pollution Prevention, and Cleaner

Production• Integration into Natural Ecosystems• Industrial Clustering• Green Design• Life Cycle Assessment• Deconstruction and De-manufacturing• Environmental Management Systems• Technological Innovation & Continuous Environmental

Improvement• Job Training• Public Participation and Collaboration

Source: Mary Schlarb, Eco-Industrial Development: A Strategy for Building Sustainable Communities, 2001


Source: http://www.environment.gov.au/settlements/industry/finance/publications/producer.html

Design for Environment (DfE) Strategies raw material extracting

& processingmanufacturing

packaging &distribution

product use

end-of-life

recycling

repair & reuse

cradle-to-grave design

paradigm


raw material extracting & processing

manufacturing

packaging &distribution

product use

end-of-life

recycle

repair & reuse

Source: http://www.environment.gov.au/settlements/industry/finance/publications/producer.html

Design for Environment (DfE) Strategies

cradle-to-grave design

paradigm

cradle-to-reincarnation

design paradigm






Life-cycle analysis (LCA) LCA is a tool to assess the potential environmental impacts of product systems or services at all stages in their life cycle – from extraction of resources, through the production and use of the product to reuse, recycling or final disposal.


Life-cycle analysis (LCA)

LCA is a technique to assess the potential environmental impacts associated with a product or service throughout its life cycle, by:

- Defining suitable goal and scope for the LCA study - Inventory analysis

- Impact assessment

- Interpreting the results


Life-cycle analysis (LCA) Inventory analysis provides information regarding consumption of material and energy resources (at the beginning of the cycle) and releases to the environment (during and at the end of the cycle).

Impact analysis provides information about the kind and degree of environmental impacts resulting from a complete life cycle of a product or activity.

Improvement analysis provides measures that can be taken to reduce impacts on the environment or resources.



Life-cycle analysis must consider

- selection of materials, if there is a choice, that would minimise waste

- recyclable components

- alternate pathways for the manufacturing process or for various parts of it

- reusable and recyclable materials



Life-cycle analysis example The 1.7 kg microchip:

Environmental implications of the IT revolution

Source: http://www.enviroliteracy.org/subcategory.php/334.html

by Eric D. Williams, Robert U. Ayres, and Miriam Heller, The 1.7 Kilogram Microchip: Energy and Material Use in the Production of Semiconductor Devices. Environmental Science & Technology (a peer-reviewed journal of the American Chemical Society), 2002, 36 (24), pp 5504–5510

One 32 MB DRAM chip (weight = 2 gram)

1600 g of fossil fuels

71 g of chemicals

32,000 of water

700 g of elemental gases (mainly nitrogen)


Eco-Industrial Development Strategies• Resource Recovery, Pollution Prevention, and

Cleaner Production• Integration into Natural Ecosystems• Industrial Clustering• Green Design• Life Cycle Assessment• Deconstruction and De-manufacturing• Environmental Management Systems• Technological Innovation & Continuous Environmental

Improvement• Job Training• Public Participation and Collaboration

Source: Mary Schlarb, Eco-Industrial Development: A Strategy for Building Sustainable Communities, 2001


“We cannot solve our problems with the same ways of thinking that produced them.”

Albert Einstein

http://www.tinyhouses.net/Eureka%20Springs/eurekaspringsind.html

Documents

R. Shanthini 26 Feb 2010 “To believe that exponential growth may last eternally in a limited world, you must be crazy, or, an economist.” - Kenneth Boulding