R computing training kit

8/12/2019 R computing training kit

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1


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Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

Change (IPCC) :

Governments concluded that there was a need

for an impartial and independent body to

address this issue, leading to the creation of the

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

(IPCC) in 1988.

2


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The Intergovernmental Panel on ClimateChange (IPCC)

Leading body for the

assessment of climate

change

Established in 1988 by

UNEP and WMO

Assesses relevant

scientific, technical and

socio-economicinformation

Does not conduct any

research itself

Thousands of scientists

from all over the worldcontribute to its work

3Section 5: Sources of Scientific Data
http://www.ipcc.ch/http://www.ipcc.ch/


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The IPCCs Fifth Assessment Report

(AR5)

4

The IPCCs Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) contains

contributions from three Working Groups.

Working Group I assesses the physical science basis of climate change.

Working Group II assesses impacts, adaptation and vulnerability.

Working Group III assesses options for the mitigation of climate

change (Summary for Policymakers, a Technical Summary, 16 chapters, andthree Annexes;options for mitigating climate change and their underlying

technological, economic and institutional requirements)

The Synthesis Report draws on the assessments made by all

three Working Groups.


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5


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6


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United Nations Framework Convention on

Climate Change

(UNFCCC) International environmental treaty negotiated at

the United Nations Conference on Environmentand Development (UNCED)

to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in theatmosphere at a level that would preventdangerous anthropogenic interference with theclimate system

Signed in 1992 in Rio and entered into force in1994

Currently has 195 Parties, including 194 statesand 1regional organization

7


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8

The Physical Science Basis


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Observed Changes in the Climate System

Warming of the climate system is unequivocal,

and since the 1950s, many of the observed

changes are unprecedented over decades to

millennia.

The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the

amounts of snow and ice have diminished, sea

level has risen, and the concentrations ofgreenhouse gases have increased.


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Drivers of Climate Change

Total radiative forcing is positive, and has led

to an uptake of energy by the climate system.

The largest contribution to total radiative

forcing is caused by the increase in the

atmospheric concentration of CO2 since 1750.


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Understanding the Climate System and its

Recent Changes

Human influence on the climate system is

clear. This is evident from the increasing

greenhouse gas concentrations in the

atmosphere, positive radiative forcing,

observed warming, and understanding of the

climate system.


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Future Global and Regional Climate Change

Continued emissions of greenhouse gases will

cause further warming and changes in all

components of the climate system. Limiting

climate change will require substantial and

sustained reductions of greenhouse gas

emissions.


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Overview

OVERVIEWSection 1

Introduction toClimate Change

Science

Section 2

AnthropogenicDrivers of Climate

Change

Section 3

Observed Trendsand Impacts ofClimate Change

Section 4

Projected Trendsand Impacts ofClimate Change

Section 5

Sources ofScientific Data

13Module 1: Introduction to Climate Change Science


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Introduction to Climate Change

Science

Section 1



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What Is Climate?

Weather

What is happening

in the atmosphereat any given time

Climate

Average weather

over longer timeframes

15Section 1: Introduction to Climate Change Science

Source: World Meteorological Organization
http://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/understanding_climate.phphttp://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/understanding_climate.php


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Complexity of the GlobalClimate System


Source: IPCC 2007, p96. Further information: WMO Website
http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/faq-1-2-figure-1.htmlhttp://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/understanding_climate.phphttp://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/understanding_climate.phphttp://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/understanding_climate.phphttp://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/faq-1-2-figure-1.html


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What Is the Greenhouse Effect?


Source: IPCC 2007. Further info: WMO Website
http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/faq-1-3.htmlhttp://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/understanding_climate.phphttp://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/understanding_climate.phphttp://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/understanding_climate.phphttp://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/faq-1-3.html


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NASA Video on theGreenhouse Effect

URL: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZzCA60WnoMk

Section 1: Introduction to Climate Change Science18

Video: Understand how water vapor, carbon

dioxide, and other gases cause the Earths

greenhouse effect
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZzCA60WnoMkhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZzCA60WnoMk


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Factors Shaping the ClimateClimate Forcings


Source: NOAAA National Climatic Data Center
http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/globalwarming/gw-forcing.htmlhttp://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/globalwarming/gw-forcing.html


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Natural Climate FluctuationsExample of El Nio and La Nia


Source: NOAA. Further information: WMO Website
http://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/can-we-blame-el-ni%C3%B1ohttp://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/significant_natural_climate_fluctuations.phphttp://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/significant_natural_climate_fluctuations.phphttp://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/significant_natural_climate_fluctuations.phphttp://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/can-we-blame-el-ni%C3%B1o


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Climate Change and Global Warming

Global Warming

Refers to the overallwarming of the planet,

based on averagetemperature over the entire

surface of the Earth

Climate Change

Refers to changes in climatecharacteristics, including

temperature, humidity,rainfall, wind, and severeweather events over long

term periods


Further information: WMO Website
http://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/causes_of_climate_change.phphttp://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/causes_of_climate_change.phphttp://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/causes_of_climate_change.php


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Observed Change in SurfaceTemperature (19012012)

22

Source:

Source: IPCC 2013, p4

Section 1: Introduction to Climate Change Science


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Tools to Predict and Project Changes in theClimate

A climate prediction or climate forecast is an attempt to produce an estimate of theactual evolution of the climate in the future.

Climate Prediction

Emissions scenarios describe future releases to the atmosphere of greenhouse gases,aerosols, and other pollutants and, along with information on land use and land cover,provide inputs to climate models.

Emissions Scenario

A numerical representation of the climate system based on the physical, chemical andbiological properties of its components, their interactions and feedback processes, andaccounting for some of its known properties.

Climate Model

A climate projection is the simulated response of the climate system to a scenario of futureemission or concentration of greenhouse gases and aerosols, generally derived usingclimate models.

Climate Projection


Source: IPCC 2013and IPCC Website. Further info: WMO Website
http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/uploads/WGIAR5_WGI-12Doc2b_FinalDraft_AnnexIII.pdfhttp://sedac.ipcc-data.org/ddc/ar5_scenario_process/scenario_background.htmlhttp://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/climate_models.phphttp://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/climate_models.phphttp://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/climate_models.phphttp://sedac.ipcc-data.org/ddc/ar5_scenario_process/scenario_background.htmlhttp://www.climatechange2013.org/images/uploads/WGIAR5_WGI-12Doc2b_FinalDraft_AnnexIII.pdf


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Projected Change in Average SurfaceTemperature

24


Scenario RCP 8.5Scenario RCP 2.6

Section 1: Introduction to Climate Change Science

Time Period: 1986-2005 to 2081-2100


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Climate Change Has an Impact on:

Biodiversity, carbon storage, habitats, Ecosystems

Agriculture, fresh water, health, Human systems

Transport, buildings, lifestyle, Urban systems

Energy, manufacturing, natural capitalindustries, Economic systems

Equity, migration, peace and conflict, Social systems



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Climate Change Science Allows Us to:

Understand how andwhy the climate ischanging

Assess how humans

are influencing theclimate

Project how theclimate may change in

the future Support

policy/decision-makingand changes inbehaviors


Source: National Science Foundation

Photo Credit: Niwot Ridge lter site/John W. Marr
http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_images.jsp?cntn_id=118574&org=NSFhttp://www.nsf.gov/news/news_images.jsp?cntn_id=118574&org=NSFhttp://www.nsf.gov/news/news_images.jsp?cntn_id=118574&org=NSFhttp://www.nsf.gov/news/news_images.jsp?cntn_id=118574&org=NSFhttp://www.nsf.gov/news/news_images.jsp?cntn_id=118574&org=NSF


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Why is Climate Change Science Important?

Sound weather data and forecasts

important for:

Short-term planning

Emergency response Climate models help to forecast long

term climate scenarios

Important input for vulnerability assessments and adaptation

planning

Fosters climate resilient development and avoids mal-adaption



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History of Climate Change Science

Argument raised that the temperature of the Earth can beaugmented by the interposition of the atmosphere

1824

Indication that CO2and H2O can cause changes in the climate1861

First proposal of the idea of a man-made greenhouse effect1895

Proof that doubling of atmospheric CO2concentration resulted

in an increase in the mean global temperature of 2C1938

Start of interdisciplinary field of carbon cycle science1950s

The high-accuracy measurements of atmospheric CO2concentration

1958

Other greenhouse gases widely recognised1970s

The first World Climate Conference in Geneva1979

Establishment of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)

1988

The first IPCC report1990


Further information: BBC Website
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/mobile/science-environment-15874560http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/mobile/science-environment-15874560http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/mobile/science-environment-15874560


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Anthropogenic Drivers of

Climate Change

Section 2


d h


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IPCC Video on the HumanInfluence on the Climate System

URL: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6yiTZm0y1YA&feature=youtu.be

Video: The video summarizes the main findings of the

2013 IPCC Report on the physical science basis of

climate change.

30

Section 2: Anthropogenic Drivers of Climate Change
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6yiTZm0y1YA&feature=youtu.behttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6yiTZm0y1YA&feature=youtu.behttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6yiTZm0y1YA&feature=youtu.behttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6yiTZm0y1YA&feature=youtu.behttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6yiTZm0y1YA&feature=youtu.be


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Overview of Greenhouse Gases Regulatedunder the Kyoto Protocol

31

Greenhouse Gas Global Warming Potential

(GWP) (over 100 years)

% of Total Anthropogenic

GHG Emissions (2010)

Carbon dioxide (CO2) 1 76%

Methane (CH4) 25 16%Nitrous oxide (N2O) 298 6%

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) 124-14,800 < 2%

Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) 7,390-12,200 < 2%

Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) 22,800 < 2%

Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) 17,200 < 2%

Source: Reproduced from IPCC 2007 and UNEP 2012


I G h G


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Important Greenhouse Gases:Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Most important greenhouse gas

(contributes ~64% to total radiative forcing

by long-lived GHGs)

Half of CO2emitted by human activities is

being absorbed in the biosphere and in the

oceans

Rest remains in the atmosphere forhundreds to thousands of years

32

Source: WMO 2013



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CO2Concentration in the Atmosphereand Annual Growth Rates

33

Source: WMO 2013


Since 1750CO2 concentration in the

atmosphere hasincreased by 40%.

I t t G h G


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Important Greenhouse Gases:Methane (CH4)

Second most significant greenhouse gas

(contributes ~18% to total radiative

forcing by long-lived GHGs)

Approximately 40% of methane isemitted into the atmosphere by natural

sources

About 60% comes from human

activities

Stays in the atmosphere for

approximately 12 years

34Section 2: Anthropogenic Drivers of Climate Change

Source: IPCC 2007 and WMO 2013


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CH4Concentration in the Atmosphereand Annual Growth Rates


Source: WMO 2013

Since 1750CH4 concentration in the



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In Focus: The Carbon Cycle

36

Source: UNEP


I t t G h G
http://www.grida.no/graphicslib/detail/carbon-cycle_9d44http://www.grida.no/graphicslib/detail/carbon-cycle_9d44


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Important Greenhouse Gases:Nitrous Oxide (N2O)

The third most significant greenhouse

gas (contributes ~6% to total radiative

forcing by long-lived GHGs)

Stays in the atmosphere for

approximately 114 years

Nitrous oxide is emitted into the

atmosphere from both natural (about

60%) and anthropogenic sources

(approximately 40%)


Source: IPCC 2007 and WMO 2013

h h d


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N2O Concentration in the Atmosphere andAnnual Growth Rates


Source: WMO 2013

Since 1750N2Oconcentration in the


I t t G h G


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Important Greenhouse Gases:Fluorinated Gases

Global warming effect up to 23,000

times greater than carbon dioxide

Stay in the atmosphere up to 50,000

years

Three main groups: hydrofluorocarbons

(HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and

sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)

Mainly developed as substitutes for

ozone-depleting substances


Source: IPCC 2007. Further info EPA, EC

G h G C t ll d b th
http://epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/gases/fgases.htmlhttp://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/f-gashttp://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/f-gashttp://epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/gases/fgases.html


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Greenhouse Gases Controlled by theMontreal Protocol

Montreal Protocol aimed to phase

out substances that deplete the

ozone layer

Substances regulated under theMontreal Protocol are also

powerful greenhouse gases

For example, chlorofluorocarbons

(CFCs) contribute ~12% to radiativeforcing by long-lived GHGs


Source: IPCC 2007 and WMO 2013. Further info: NOAA Website

Source: EPA
http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/hats/publictn/elkins/cfcs.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/ozone/intpol/http://www.epa.gov/ozone/intpol/http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/hats/publictn/elkins/cfcs.html


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Concentration of SF6 and Halocarbonsin the Atmosphere


Source: WMO 2013


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It is extremely likelythat more than 50%of the warming since

1951 is due to theincrease in

greenhouse gases andother anthropogenic

forcings together.

Human Influence on the ClimateSystem

42

Source: IPCC 2013. Further info: WMO website

http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/unfccc/cop19/cop19_pres_plattner.pdfhttp://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/causes_of_climate_change.phphttp://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/causes_of_climate_change.phphttp://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/causes_of_climate_change.phphttp://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/unfccc/cop19/cop19_pres_plattner.pdf


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Observed Trends and Impacts of

Climate Change

Section 3


Observed Surface Temperature


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Observed Surface TemperatureAnomaly (1850-2012)

44


Section 3: Observed Trends and Impacts of Climate Change

Globally averaged land and oceansurface temperature

Each of the last threedecades has been

successively warmerat the Earths surfacethan any precedingdecade since 1850.

Observed Change in Annual Precipitation


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Observed Change in Annual PrecipitationOver Land

45


Section 3: Observed Trends and Impacts of Climate

Change

Observed Ocean Warming


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Observed Ocean Warming(1950-2010)

46Section 3: Observed Trends and Impacts of ClimateChange


More than 60% ofthe net energyincrease in the

climate system isstored in the upper

ocean (period1971-2010).


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Observed Ocean Acidification



Observed Sea Level Rise


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Observed Sea Level Rise(1900 to 2010)



Over the period

1901 to 2010,global mean sealevel rose by

0.19m.

Observed Decrease in Arctic Sea Ice Extent


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Observed Decrease in Arctic Sea Ice Extent(1900-2010)




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Observed Changes in Physical and Biological Systems


Source: UNEP 2009, p13

In Focus: Is Climate Change to Blame for Extreme


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In Focus: Is Climate Change to Blame for Extreme

Weather Events?

51

Source: UNEP

2009, p12.

Further info:

WMO Website

Section 3: Observed Trends and Impacts of ClimateChange

Year

NumberofEvents
http://www.wmo.int/pages/publications/bulletin_en/archive/61_2_en/61_2_global_en.htmlhttp://www.wmo.int/pages/publications/bulletin_en/archive/61_2_en/61_2_global_en.html


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Projected Trends and Impacts of

Climate Change

Section 4


In Focus: Representative Concentration


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In Focus: Representative ConcentrationPathways (RCPs)

Set of four new scenarios defined by the scientific

community for the Fifth IPCC Assessment Report.

Four RCPs include:

one mitigation scenario leading to a very low forcing level

(RCP2.6),

two stabilization scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP6), and

one scenario with very high greenhouse gas emissions

(RCP8.5).

RCPs represent a range of 21st century climate policies.

53Section 4: Projected Trends and Impacts of ClimateChange

Projected Change in Average Surface


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Projected Change in Average SurfaceTemperature

54

Global surface temperature change for the end of the21st century is likely to reach 4C if no action is taken.

Source:IPCC

2013,p19

Section 4: Projected Trends and Impacts of ClimateChange


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Projected Change in Average Precipitation

55




Time Period: 1986-2005 to 2081-2100

Temperature and Precipitation


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Temperature and PrecipitationProjections for the 21stCentury

URL: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bFqO3_2dYxA

Video: This NASA video shows how temperatureand precipitation patterns could changethroughout the 21st century.

Section 4: Projected Trends and Impacts of Climate Change56

d h f
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bFqO3_2dYxAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bFqO3_2dYxA


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Projected Change in Ocean Surface pH

57




Time Period: 1986-2005 to 2081-2100


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Projected Sea Level Rise

58



Global mean

sea level willcontinue to riseduring the 21st

century.

Projected Northern Hemisphere


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Projected Northern HemisphereSeptember Sea Ice Extent

59




Average 2081-2100

Projected Impacts of Climate Change


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Projected Impacts of Climate Changein Africa

60


Section 4: Projected Trends and Impacts of Climate Change

Projected Impacts of Climate Change


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Projected Impacts of Climate Changein Asia


Source: UNEP

2009, p34

Projected Impacts of Climate Change in


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Projected Impacts of Climate Change inLatin America

62Section 4: Projected Trends and Impacts of Climate Change

Source: UNEP

2009, p37

Projected Impacts of Climate Change on


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j p gSmall Islands

Sea level rise exacerbating

inundation, storm surge,

erosion and other coastal

hazards

63Section 4: Projected Trends and Impacts of Climate Change


Reduced freshwater

resources Invasion by non-native

species

Effects on food and income

security

C b C d


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Carbon Crossroads

64

Source: Cambridge

University 2013, p 14


Global Warming by 2100 and Beyond: A


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Global Warming by 2100 and Beyond: AFunction of Cumulative CO2Emissions


Limiting

climate changewill requiresubstantial and

sustainedreductions of

greenhouse gas

emissions.



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Sources of Scientific Data

Section 5


The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate


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gChange (IPCC)

Leading body for the

assessment of climate

change

Established in 1988 by

UNEP and WMO

Assesses relevant

scientific, technical and

socio-economic

information

Does not conduct any

research itself

Thousands of scientists

from all over the world

contribute to its work

http://www.ipcc.ch/http://www.ipcc.ch/


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Important Reports Published by the IPCC

AssessmentReports First

assessmentreport (FAR)

Secondassessmentreport (SAR)

Thirdassessmentreport (TAR)

Fourthassessmentreport (AR4)

Fifthassessmentreport (AR5)

SpecialReportson:

Renewableenergysources

Extremeevents anddisasters

Emissionscenarios

Aviation

Carboncapture andstorage

MethodologyReports Guidance for

nationalgreenhouse

gasinventories

Guidance forassessingimpacts ofclimatechange

Land use,land-usechange andforestry

TechnicalPapers Climate

change andwater

Implicationsof proposedCO2emissionslimitations

Technologies, policies

andmeasuresformitigatingclimatechange


World Meteorological Organization
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g g(WMO)Global Climate Programmes

World Climate Programme (WCP)

World Climate Research Programme

Global Climate Observing System

World Climate Services Programme

Programme of Research on Climate Change

Vulnerability, Impacts and Adaptation

Atmospheric Research and Environment Programme (AREP)

Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS)

Advisory Body: Commission for Climatology (CCI)


In Focus: Global Framework for
http://www.wmo.int/pages/index_en.htmlhttp://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/wcp/http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/overview.htmlhttp://www.gfcs-climate.org/http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/wcp/ccl/index_en.phphttp://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/wcp/ccl/index_en.phphttp://www.gfcs-climate.org/http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/overview.htmlhttp://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/wcp/http://www.wmo.int/pages/index_en.html


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In Focus: Global Framework forClimate Services (GFCS)

70

URL: http://www.gfcs-climate.org/content/about-gfcs

Section 5: Sources of Scientific Data

WMO Global Atmosphere Watch:
http://www.gfcs-climate.org/content/about-gfcshttp://www.gfcs-climate.org/content/about-gfcshttp://www.gfcs-climate.org/content/about-gfcshttp://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/gaw/gaw_home_en.htmlhttp://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/gaw/gaw_home_en.html


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pMeasurement Stations Worldwide


WMO Regional Climate Centers and
http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/gaw/gaw_home_en.htmlhttp://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/gaw/gaw_home_en.html


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gOutlook Forums

WMO Regional

Climate Centres

(RCCs)

WMO Regional

Climate Outlook

Forums (RCOFs)

http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/wcp/wcasp/RCCs.htmlhttp://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/wcp/wcasp/clips/outlooks/climate_forecasts.htmlhttp://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/wcp/wcasp/clips/outlooks/climate_forecasts.htmlhttp://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/wcp/wcasp/RCCs.html


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National Climate Data

National Meteorological

and Hydrological

Services (NMHS)

Collect and manage

national climate data to

help with forecasting

and predictions

73

Norfolk Island Meterological Office,

Source: Australian Government: Bureau of

Meteorology

Section 5: Sources of Scientific Data
http://www.wmo.int/pages/members/members_en.htmlhttp://www.bom.gov.au/climate/cdo/about/sites.shtmlhttp://www.bom.gov.au/climate/cdo/about/sites.shtmlhttp://www.bom.gov.au/climate/cdo/about/sites.shtmlhttp://www.bom.gov.au/climate/cdo/about/sites.shtmlhttp://www.wmo.int/pages/members/members_en.html


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Additional Resources

Annex


Summary


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Summary

Weather and climate are the results of complex interactions between

anthropogenic and natural factors.

Evidence of global climate change include higher average temperatures,

changes in precipitation, ocean warming, ocean acidification, sea level

rise, decreasing sea ice, and changes in physical and biological systems.

Observed climate change can be linked with the increase of greenhouse

gase concentrations in the atmosphere since the industrial revolution.

Global surface temperature change for the end of the 21st century is

likely to reach 4C if no drastic mitigation actions are taken.

Various sources of climate data exist that can support planning for

climate change.

75Additional Resources


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Useful Links

IPCC Website WMO Climate Pages

Global Framework

For Climate Services

(GFCs)

World ClimateProgramme (WCP)

World Bank Climate

Change Knowledge

Portal

NASA Global ClimateChange

ESA Climate Change

Initiative

NCAR Community

Data Portal

Max Planck: TheAtmosphere in the

Earth System

The GuardianClimate Change

Pages

The NationalGeographic - Global

WarmingUN CC:Learn
http://www.ipcc.ch/http://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/index_en.phphttp://www.gfcs-climate.org/http://www.gfcs-climate.org/http://www.gfcs-climate.org/http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/wcp/http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/wcp/http://sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportal/index.cfmhttp://sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportal/index.cfmhttp://sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportal/index.cfmhttp://climate.nasa.gov/http://climate.nasa.gov/http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Space_for_our_climate/ESA_s_Climate_Change_Initiative_CCIhttp://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Space_for_our_climate/ESA_s_Climate_Change_Initiative_CCIhttp://cdp.ucar.edu/http://cdp.ucar.edu/http://www.mpimet.mpg.de/en/science/the-atmosphere-in-the-earth-system.htmlhttp://www.mpimet.mpg.de/en/science/the-atmosphere-in-the-earth-system.htmlhttp://www.mpimet.mpg.de/en/science/the-atmosphere-in-the-earth-system.htmlhttp://www.theguardian.com/science/scienceofclimatechangehttp://www.theguardian.com/science/scienceofclimatechangehttp://www.theguardian.com/science/scienceofclimatechangehttp://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/http://www.uncclearn.org/http://www.uncclearn.org/http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/http://www.theguardian.com/science/scienceofclimatechangehttp://www.theguardian.com/science/scienceofclimatechangehttp://www.theguardian.com/science/scienceofclimatechangehttp://www.mpimet.mpg.de/en/science/the-atmosphere-in-the-earth-system.htmlhttp://www.mpimet.mpg.de/en/science/the-atmosphere-in-the-earth-system.htmlhttp://www.mpimet.mpg.de/en/science/the-atmosphere-in-the-earth-system.htmlhttp://cdp.ucar.edu/http://cdp.ucar.edu/http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Space_for_our_climate/ESA_s_Climate_Change_Initiative_CCIhttp://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Space_for_our_climate/ESA_s_Climate_Change_Initiative_CCIhttp://climate.nasa.gov/http://climate.nasa.gov/http://sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportal/index.cfmhttp://sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportal/index.cfmhttp://sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportal/index.cfmhttp://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/wcp/http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/wcp/http://www.gfcs-climate.org/http://www.gfcs-climate.org/http://www.gfcs-climate.org/http://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/index_en.phphttp://www.ipcc.ch/

Documents

R computing training kit