QUESTIONSON

ISAAC PITMAN’S

MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY

NEW EDITION.

LONDON

:

ISAAC PITMAN & SONS, 1 AMEN CORNER, PATERNOSTER ROW.

BATH :

PHONETIC INSTITUTE.

1888.

BATH: PRINTED BY ISAAC PITMAN AND SONS.

PREFACE.

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The following4

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Questions on the Manual of Phonography 5

3

have been prepared primarily with a viewr to impress upon the minds

of the young at school, and of adults who are educating themselves,

the principles of the Art of Phonetic Shorthand;and secondarily to

assist them in acquiring the Art of Composition. An easy and

accurate style of expressing one’s thoughts in writing, is an attain-

ment of the first importance in the education of youth. It is both

the sign and the instrument of advancement in learning. This art,

like all others, is to he acquired only by practice. Persons often fail

to express themselves properly, because they have nothing to express.

44 The secret of good writing,” says Goethe,* a master in the art,

44 seems to be in this simple maxim :—Be sure you have an idea before

you attempt to express it. If you clearly comprehend m your own

mind what you wish to communicate, nature and reason, together

with a little practice,will most certainly teach you how to say it in

the most proper manner.” The Art of Phonetic Writing, by means

of a shorthand alphabet, gives the student many new ideas: to ex-

press these ideas in the facile and truth-telling characters of Phono-

graphy, will prove one of the most pleasant and profitable exercises

for training the mind to think, reason, speak, and write, correctly.

The Questions are to he written out by the pupil, and furnished

with answers by reading the respective paragraphs in the44 Manual.”

The writing should he done in Shorthand as far as the pupil is able

to do so by a previous study of the44Phonographic Teacher

;

”

and instead of copying, for the answer, the words of the44 Manual,”

the same idea should be expressed in other words, whefe it is possible.

* Pronounced Gcete. The letter a? is here used to represent the German 6,

which is an open vowel resembling a lengthened sound of that in but.

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M

QUESTIONS

The largefigures refer to the Paragraphs of the “Manual.”

OBSEEVATIONS ON BEGINNING THE STUDY OF

“THE MANUAL OE PHONOGEAPHY.”

16. What practice is recommended to students in Phonography

on commencing the art ?

17. What particular caution is necessary ?

18. How should the pen or pencil be held when writing ?

EXPLANATION OF TEEMS.

19. 1. What is to he understood by Phonetics ?

2. Define Phonography.

S. Define Phonotypy.

4. What is a Phonogram ?

5. What is a Phonotype ?

6. What is a Logogram P

7. What is a Grammalogue ?

8. What is a Phraseogram ?

9. What is a Phraseograph ?

THE ALPHABET OF NATUEE.

20. What is the basis of the alphabet of Phonography ?

22. State the principle of the arrangement adopted in the pho-

netic alphabet.

23. What is to be observed respecting the letters p, b ; t,d ; etc. ?

1. What arep, t, ch, 7c, f, th{iri), s, sh, called?

2. What are b, d, j, g,v, th(en), z, zh, called ?

S. What is the difference between the letters of each pair of

consonants ?

4. What are ch, j

;

and of what are they composed ?

5. Mention some words in which you find these sounds, initial,

medial, and final.

6. What determines the place of these letters in the phonetic

shorthand alphabet?

6

24. l. How are the vowels arranged ?

2.

Which sound commences each series ?

8. How are the short vowels represented ? and the long ?

4 . Copy distinctly the Table of Consonants, page 12 ;—the let-

ers, phonographs, names, and phonotypes, and supply otherwords as examples of their powers.

CONSONANTS.

25. In how many directions are the consonants written?

26. l. What size for the consonants is recommended to a -learner ?

2. How should the curved thick letters be written ?

27. 1. How are perpendicular and sloping letters written ?

2. How are horizontal letters written ?

3. How are all heavy strokes written ?

28. 1. How are l and sh written when standing alone ?

2. How in conjunction with other consonants ?

29. Describe the mode of writing the consonants of which a word

consists.

1. How are two consonants of the same kind, following each

other, written ?

30. l. How are single and non-descending consonants written ?

2. How are two descending consonants written when joined ?

UPWARD B.

31. 1. What is the additional character for r ?

2. Why are two strokes given to this letter ?

3. What is the inclination of the upward r, when standing alone ?

4 . What is the inclination of ch standing alone ?

5. How are r and ch distinguished when joined to other letters ?

6. Join the upward r to all the consonants, in order.

7. Join the downward r to all the consonants in order. (For

the manner of joining the upward and downward r to h,

see paragraph 107.

DOUBLE CONSONANTS.

32. l. What are the names of the double consonants, and how are

they represented ?

2. How is Ir written?

LONG VOWELS.

33. How many simplelong vowels are there in the English language ?

7

34. l. How are they represented in Phonography ?

2. Name several words containing the long vowel ah ; several

containing eh,' and so on with the other four vowels.

3. How are the vowels to be pronounced?

METHOD OF PLACING THE VOWELS.

85. 1 . How is a vowel read when placed on the left of a perpendicular

or sloping consonant ?

2. How is it read when placed on the right ?

3. How is a vowel read when placed above a horizontal stroke ?

4. How is it read when placed below ?

5. How are the vowel-places reckoned ?

37. Name all the first, second, and third-place vowels.

38. What caution is necessary in writing vowel points and strokes ?

SHORT VOWELS.39. l. How many short vowels are there in the English language ?

2. How are they represented in Phonography ?

3. Name words in which these sounds occur.

40. By what names should the short vowels, as letters, be called ?

diphthongs.

4J. i. How are the diphthongs i, ow, u,ai

,oi, and the triphthong

wi represented ?

2. Where, with respect to a consonant, are the signs i,ow, and

wi written ? and where ai, oi, and u ?

42. In what positions are i, wi, ow, and u written when representing

the words I, why, how, and you ?

43. l. Write the signs for wah, well, wee, waw,woh, woo ; yah, yeh,

yee,yaw, yoh, yoo.

2. In what positions are these signs written ?

44. Write weal, wool, wile by means of the upward wl.

1. What may wh and w be called ?

2. How is wh represented ?

ON WRITING PHONETICALLY.45. l. What must be ascertained before any word can be written

phonetically ?

2. In what cases is n often pronounced ng ?

VOCALIZATION OF WORDS.47. How are first-place vowels written in a word containing two

consonants ? Write pack, talk .

8

48. 1. When are second-place vowels written after the first conso-

nant? Write tale, fail, jpail, boat, laid, code.

2.

When are second-place vowels written before the second

consonant? Write tell, fell, 'pill, but, cud, led.

49. How are third-place vowels written ? Writefeel, fill, Tceel, kill.

50. l. In words of more than one syllable, where should the vowel

be placed ?

2. What kind of position is generally to be avoided in writing

the sign of a vowel that comes between two consonants ?

51. What is the most convenient manner of writing a first-place

vowel at the beginning of a word ? Write abate, ability.

2. Write out the table of vowels and diphthongs, and the

double-letters of the w and y series on page 21 of the

“Manual;” marking the positions of the vowels by pre-

fixing them to the letter t;

also give examples of words

(not those in the printed table) in which the sounds occur.

CIRCLE 8 AND Z.

52. 1. What is the additional character for s and z ?

2. Why is s furnished with two shorthand letters, namely a

stroke and a circle ?

3. How is the circle s joined to straight letters, and on which

side is it written ? 4. How is it joined to curves?

53. How is it written between two consonants ?

54. 1. Is a vowel ever placed to the circle $ ?

2. How is the circle s read when at the commencement ofa word P

3. How is it read at the end ?

4. How may ss, (sez, zez,) be represented ?

5. Write in Phonography piece, pieces; case, cases ; tease,teases ;

noise, noises; fence, fences ; cheese, cheeses; sense, senses.

\/55. 1. When must the stroke s be used?

2. Write ass, Esau, say, sue.

3. Write, with the stroke s, sciatica, Sion, saucer, schism;fancy, Nancy, Percy ; arduous, sinuous.

56. What vowel may Ss be supposed to contain?

57. 1. When is the stroke z used ?

2. Write zero, zinc,zany, zeal, zenith, zealot

,zealous.

ST AND STB LOOPS, AND SW CIRCLE.68. 1. How is st represented ?

2. In what positions is the loop st generally written ?

9

t

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59. When may the loop st be written in the middle of a word ?

60. How is str represented ? What is said of the str loop initially ?

61. How may a final 5 be added to these loops ?

62. How are the two forms of std used ?

63. l. How is initial sw represented P

2.

How is svj written when not joined to another consonant ?

INITIAL L AND B HOOKS.

04. l. Give examples of words in which simple articulations united

with the liquids l and r form a kind of consonant diph-

thong, and are pronounced by a single effort of the organs

of speech.

2. How are these combinations expressed ?

65. What plans will assist the pupil in remembering these hooks ?

66. 1. Why was the left-hand hook selected for r, and the right-hand

hook for l ?

2. What curves are most frequent in English Phonography ?

67. What does a small hook prefixed to a curved letter represent ?

68. l. What double consonants have extra signs ?

2. Write the two forms offr, vr, thr.

69. 1. In the hooked letter pr, must the hook be considered as r and

the stem as p, or must the whole form be considered as in-

divisible and representing the consonant diphthongpr ?

2. How are these double consonants vocalized?

71. 1. When should thefr, vr, dr, dr alphabetic curves be used, and

when the opposite curves ?

2. Which should be preferred, when both will join with equal ease ?

72. What does a large hook prefixed to a curve represent ?

73. In what cases should the pr, pi series be generally used ?

74. 1. How are the double consonants pi, pr, etc. to be pronounced ?

2. What distinction would you understand by hearing^?, I, pro-

nounced as two letters, and pi pronounced as one ?

CIRCLES AND LOOPS PRECEDING A HOOK.

76. 1. How is the series of treble consonants spr, str, sJcr,formed ?

2. Write the shorthand letters for kw and skw.

3 . How are spr, str, etc., distinguished from sp, st, etc.?

4 . Write sp, spr, st, str, sk, skr.

77. 1. When are these treble consonants used ?

2. Write the shorthand examples in this paragraph.

10

78. What occurs in a few words such as explore, superscribe, sub-

scribe, in which one of the l or r hooked letters follows the

circle . s ?

79. i. How is the circle 5 turned, after t or d, to produce skr, sgr ?

2. How is the combination dsk written ?

80. l. May the st and sir loops be added to the pr series of

consonants ?

2. Write stopper, stoker.

81. How is the sw circle prefixed to thq pr series P

N HOOK.

82. l. How may the letter n be expressed at the termination of aword P

2. Write cone, gone, Tyne, done, chin, Jane, pin, bin, fun, thin,

thine, with the n hook.

83. l. How is s or z added to the n hook when it occurs at the end

of a straight line ?

2. When does this circle on the left mean ns ?

S. How is the final s or z circle written after a straight letter ?

84. 1. What does the ns circle represent when made double size ?

2. Write tenses,chances, dances, expenses.

5. How is n written after curved letters ?

86. l. How is s or z added to the n hook following a curve ?

2. How is ss written after n following a curve P

3. Write balance, balances ; offence, offences.

87. May the n hook be used medially ? give examples.

88. l. How are the st and str loops combined with the n hook P

2. How is the circle s written after the loops nst and nstr ?

8. Write against, punster,spinsters.

89. i. How is a vowel after a letter with the w-hook read ?

2. How is a vowel after n to be expressed ?

90. l. State what shl, shn, written upward, and In, written down-

ward, and not joined to any other letter, would be mis-

taken for.

2. When may they be written safely either up or down ?

F OR V HOOK.91. l. How is f or v expressed, when it follows a straight letter ?

2. How must/*or v be written when it follows a curved letter?

92. l. How is s joined to the/or v hook?

2. Which form off or v is used when a vowel follows ?

93. May the f or v hook be used medially ? Give examples.

11

-TION HOOK.

95. How is the frequent termination -tion expressed ?

96. l. How is the -tion hook written when following a curve ?

2. How after a straight letter beginning with a hook or circle,

or preceded by a curve ?‘

3 . How is the hook written in other cases ?

97. How is the -tion hook written after t, d, orj ?

98. Give examples of the -tion hook used medially.

99. How may sion (zhon) as heard in the word vision be expressed?

100. 1. How is -tion written when two vowel signs occur before it ?

2. Write accentuation.

101. 1. How may the termination -tion or sion after s or ns be

represented ?

2. How far may this hook be vocalized ?

102. Write the words positions, decisions, physicians, positional.

THE ASPIKATE.

103. l. In what position does the aspirate always occur in English ?

2. How is it represented in Phonography?

104. l . What form of h is employed when another consonant follows ?

2. Write hope, hive, heath, hush, hang, with the upward h.

105. Write, with the tick h, home, hill, hear, her, horse, hum, hark.

106. 1. Write, with the dot h, the words half, happy, hath, him.

2. When must the dot aspirate not be used ?

107. 1. Show how the downward h may be joined to ch,s, sh, k, m, l,

and the upward or downward r.

2. Show how the upward h may be joined to p, t, ch,f, th, n

,

ng, w, y, the upward r, and upward li.

108. Name the consonants before which the downward h may be

reduced to a tick.

109. What principle should guide the writer in expressing or not

expressing the stroke h ?

INITIAL AND FINAL L AND B.

110. When should an initial r be written upward, and when down-

ward ? Mention cases of exception.

111. 1. When r is circled or hooked initially, how is it written ?

2, Write sere, Sahara ; sour, Surrey.

112. When is final r written upward; and when downward ?

113. Would you write the upward or the downward r in a word

that already descends two strokes below the line ?

12

114. Should the upward or downward rn be used, when final P

115. When is initial l written upward;and when downward ?

116. 1. After what letters is final l written either upward or down-

ward, according as it is or is not followed by a vowel ?

2. After what letters is l al »vays written downward ?

117. When is l, u, used in preference to Ir ?

118. How is l following a straight letter written if two vowels come

between ?

HALVING PRINCIPLE.

119. How is t or d added to any of the single, double, or treble

consonants? Write talked, rubbed,

wiped, fetched.

120. 1. How are these half-length consonants to be named ?

2. Write the names of all the half-length consonants derived from

the simple letters.

121. How is the addition of t and d to m, n, l, r, represented P

122* 1. How is It written when standing alone ?

2. Is Id written upward or downward ?

3 . Write, with half length letters* part, tippled, treasured.

123. l. What is the manner of expressing the addition of d to a half

length letter ending with an n hook ?

2. Write mound, uplifted, beautiful, habit*

126. 1. Name the consonants that are not halved for the expression

of t or d. When may they be halved P

2. To show why they should not be halved, state what would

rcli represent if halved;

also ng, mp, and Ir.

127. 1. How is the past tense of a verb ending in t or d written?

2. How are verbs ending with the sound of z written in the

past tense ? 3 . How should verbs in rch be written ?

128. 129. How is a vowel before a half-sized consonant read

how after ?

130. 1. When the circle s is placed after a half-sized consonant, where

must it be read ?

2. Can a final vowel be placed after the t or d that is added by

halving ?

131. How should such words as heat, hunt, be written?

132. How can st be written after the *tion hook ?

133. 1. Under what circumstances may a full-sized and half-sized

consonant not be joined ?

2. Illustrate the rule by writing cooked, midnight (m d n t),

fact, liked.

13

iDOUBLE-LENGTH PRINCIPLE.

137. 1. What does a curved consonant written double length express ?

2. Write, mother, latter, murder, another, fender, softer, searcher .

3. When may a straight stroke be written double-length for the

* addition *of tr, etc.

4 . An initial straight stroke cannot be lengthened for tr, dr, or

thr, except in a certain case. Name this case.

138. Write the words latter, ladder, letter, leather.

140. How is a double-length consonant vocalized?

VOCALIZATION OF THE PL, PR, SERIES OF

CONSONANTS.

141. 1. How may the long vowels 1, 2, 3, between the two letters of

one of the pr or pi series of consonants be written ?

2. How are the short vowels expressed in the same case ?

142. When the position of the consonants renders it inconvenient

to observe this rule, how may the vowel then be written ?

143. How are the stroke vowels written, when occurring between the

letters of the pr or ]pl series of consonants ?

144. 1. When an initial hook or circle interferes with a first-place

vowel, or a final hook or circle with a third-place vowel, howmay these vowels be written ?

2. Write, by means ofthe hooked double consonants, and vocalize,

the following words :

—

dormant, rapture, toleration.

145. 1. Is it necessary to mark an unaccented vowel in a double con-

sonant of the pi and pr series ?

2. When should the vowel be inserted in such case ?

3 . Copy out the table of single and double consonants, page 47.

PREFIXES.

147. 1. How are prefixes written ?

2. What is the sign for the prefix con or com, and how may it be

understood when preceded by a consonant ?

} 148 to 150. What are the prefixes for inter, intro, magna, magni, selff

151. How may the preposition in, before the treble consonants spr,

str, skr, and the upward or ddwnward li, be expressed ?

162. Where cannot this principle be used with safety ?

14

153. 1. Where are the affixes written ?

2. What are the signs for the affixes ing,ings ?

3. When is it most convenient to use the stroke ing, and when

the dot?j

154. Write the following examples containing the ality or arity

affix :

—

vitality,fidelity, jocularity, conviviality..

155 to 158. 1. What are the affixes for ly, mental, mentality, self

\

selves, ship ?

2. What is to be observed respecting the affixes ly and ship ?

159. May a logogram be used as a prefix or affix ?

METHOD OF PEACTICE.

160. Describe the method of practice recommended to make a learner

competent to read any easy Phonographic reading book.

161. What is the rule for forming outlines. ?

GEAMMALOGUES.

162. l. Mention the two ways in which Phonography may be written.

2. How are words of frequent occurrence represented ?

3. What are these words called ?

4. What are the letters that represent them called ?

5. Write a dozen grammalogues, first by their logograms, and

afterwards in full.

163. l. In how many directions are the three stroke-vowels, long and

short written, to represent grammalogues ?

2. Write the vowel-grammalogues, placing before each its short-

hand sign. (Write the signs for and, should, upward.)

3. Make a distinct copy of the first and second Arrangements of

Grammalogues, as on pages 54-7 of the “ Manual.”

167. Do logograms ever represent two words ? Give examples.

168. Give some examples in which s may be added to a logogram

to express the plural, or the third person of a verb, or the

possessive case.

169. 1. How are the positions of grammalogues generally determined ? *

2. What vowels occupy the first, second and third positions.

170. Why have vowel logograms and horizontal consonants only two

positions ?

4

171. 1. Copy the Irregular Grammalogues of the 1st Class, and state

why they are not written in position according to their vowels.

2.

Copy the Irregular Grammalogues of the 2nd Class, and state

why they are irregular.

GENERAL RULES FOR WRITING.

172. 1. When reporting, how is the principal vowel indicated in a

consonant outline?

2. Specify the classes of words which should be written in position

in Reporting.

3 . What words need not be written in position, that is, otherwise

than on the line ?

4. Give instances of outlines that may be left unvocalised.

174. 1. What determines the position of a word composed of a hori-

zontal and a down or up stroke ?

2. Describe the manner of writing a word in the first position

when its initial letter is horizontal, and is followed by a per-

pendicular stroke.

3 . Describe the manner ofwriting a word in the first position when

its initial letter is horizontal, and Ts followed by an upstroke.

4 . How should derivative words be written ?

175. 1. How many positions has a perpendicular or a downstroke

double-length letter ?

2. How many positions has a sloping double-length curve or an

upstroke ?

177. Name the series of dissyllabic diphthongs ?

178. l. Write real,seeing

,being

,theorem, museum, with the dissyllabic

signs.

2. Write alien, folio, theology, theocracy, geometry, with the

small vowel-like signs of the yah series.

179. 1. When two vowels occur either before or after a single conso-

nant, how must they be written ?

2. How must they be written when occuring between two con-

sonants ?

3 . Write diary, oasis, Owen, Ionia, mower.

180. Write all the combinations of first and third -place vowels and

consonants that admit of the vowel being joined.

181. Write jpew, sinew, joining the vowel as in dew, continue.

182. When may the vowel sign w be joined to a consonant ?

183. What letters indicate a final vowel ?

16

184. 1. Explain the nominal consonant, and state how the vowels are

placed to it.

2.

Write the long and short vowels to the nominal consonant.

185. 1. How is the German ch written P

2. How is the Welsh ll represented?

186. When may p, t, Tc, g,be omitted in Phonography ? V

187. How is the connective phrase of the intimated in Phonetic

Shorthand ?

189. 1. Write in the,for the, of the, on the, with the, to the, at the,

and the, from the, or the, but the.

2. Copy distinctly the list of contractions on pages 66, 67, and

mention what letters are employed in each.

CONSONANT OUTLINES.

191. 1. Whence does it occur that many words may be written in

more than one way ?

2. What is the test of a good outline ?

3. What practice is recommended for the acquisition of a know**

ledge of the best forms ?

4. Make a list of the words on p. 69-72 ; then, close the book,

and write the shorthand outline opposite each. Afterwards

compare your written list with that in the book.

192. 1. What is Phraseography ?

2. Copy the brief list of phraseograms given on page 73, in

shorthand, then shut the book and write the longhand.

193. 1. How is I, in some cases, attached to a phraseogram?

2. Vocalise the phraseograms you have just copied.

3. When logograms are united, which determines the position

of the outline ?

194. May a logogram be written close to another word to represent

con or com ?

195. In what way can there or their be added to a logogram ?

PUNCTUATION.

196 to 199. How are the following stops, etc., written :—comma,

semicolon, colon, period, hyphen, dash, interrogation, ex- *

clamation, laughter, accent, emphasis, capital letters ?

200. Write the ten digits in Shorthand words, with the figures un-

derneath.

s i

'

0

\

LEAVES FROM THE NOTE-BOOKTHOMAS ALLEN REED.

In the Reporting Style of Phonography, with a Key at the foot* of each page. In two vols., fcp. 8vo. Vol. I. contains a

portrait of Mr T. N Riid, and each vol. is complete in itself.

Price, each vol., p*er, 2s.;cloth, 2s. 6d.

PRESS OPINIONS.Written in a smart and racy style.

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Literary World.Full of matter of intense interest to phonographers.

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School

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We have nothkjg but unqualified admiration for this book.

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Knowledge.

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The lectures and papers of which these volumes are composedare all exceedingly interesting.

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Will be turned over with interest and curiosity . . . andeven those who could not distinguish between the shorthandof Timothy Bright and the Phonography of Isaac Pitman mayfind both amusement and instruction in the reminiscences of

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Contains a fund of information and some capital ^stories.—

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