Modern course in Pitman's shorthand : a complete handbook

Modern Course Without Exercises

Pitman Shorthand

MODERN COURSE IN

PITMAN SHORTHAND

MODERN COURSE IN PITMAN SHORTHAND

A COMPLETE HANDBOOK, USING THE MORE FREQUENTLY

USED AND IMPORTANT WORDS OF THE ENGLISH

LANGUAGE AS THE MATERIAL FOR LEARNING THE

RULES OF PITMAN SHORTHAND

NEW ERA EDITION

OEE ESOS

ze) PITMAN PUBLISHING

COPYRIGHT

This edition of\Sir Isaac Pitman’s system of Shorthand is the exclusive copyright of Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd., and it will be an infringement of such copyright if matter from it be reproduced in any publication without

written permission.

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

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THE COPP CLARK PUBLISHING COMPANY 517 Wellington Street West, Toronto, 2B, Canada

ISBN: O 273 42150 6

MADE IN GREAT BRITAIN AT THE PITMAN PRESS, BATH Gi—(S.527)

CHAPTER 1.

&

o>

10.

A:

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

CONTENTS

Consonant Signs Pee, Bee, Tee, Dee, CHay, Jay: Vowel Signs AY and U 3

Consonant Signs Kay, ie eM, eN, iNG: Vowei Signs Eand OE . i z

Circle eSS §

Consonant Signs eF, Ver, iTH, PELE, SS, Ce iSH, ZHee, down motion sign aR: Use of Circle eSS and Full Sign eSS. Table of Short Forms and Contractions Given in Chapters 1, 2 and 3 ;

First-place Vowel Signs A, AH, O, AU Third-place Vowel Signs I, EE, OO, OO Consonant Signs eL, Up and Down: Diphthong

Sign IE. Table of Short Forms and Con- tractions Given in Chapters 4, 5 and 6 7

Consonant Signs Way and Yay: eee Sign OI

Consonant Sign Bay Bay and aR: How: ee Diphthong Sign OW

Consonant Signs Hay, Up and ena. Mieke ce Diphthong Sign UE

Table of Simple Consonant, Vowel and Diph thong Signs

SWay and SeZ circles

Loops STee and STeR: CON- a ead CON oy nearness): Final -OUS after diphthong: Table Giving Outlines Using Circles eSS, SeZ, SWay, Loops STee and STeR, and eSS and Zee : 3

Signs half as long ‘gs the neat of wee : Signs half as long for the addition of Dee . Signs twice as long for the addition of TeR, DeR, THeR, TuRe : : f '

Vv

PAGE

14

18

22

26

30

34

38

40

44

48

50

53

57

60

62

vi

CHAPTER 17.

a 19:

5 20.

‘i 21.

# 22,

> 23.

rs 24.

3 25.

pals

5 28.

nf 32.

18.

CONTENTS

Hooked Signs for the addition of aR to Straight Consonant Signs. Vowel Signs for these hooked

PAGE

forms. Dot Sign for Hay (as in PERHAPS) 64

Hooked Signs for the addition of eL to Straight Consonant Signs . : 67

Straight Consonant Signs hooked at? the and i the addition of eN 69

Straight Consonant Signs acted at the end for the addition of eF or Vee 72

Curves hooked for the addition of aR ey a Left and Right Forms: iSH, SHeR, SHeL 74

Curves hooked at the end for addition of eN 78 Hook for SyllableSHUN: eSS-"SHUN: -UATION 80

Circle eSS added to hooks where both circle and hook are made 83

Hooks for aR and for eN Seeeel by Giecias and Loops to Straight Consonant Signs. Table Giving Outlines Using Hooks aR, eL, eN, eF/Vee and SHUN 85

. Signs KWay, GWay, iMP, iMB, LeR, ReR. WHay, WeL, WHeL : 88

Half-circle for Consonant isin 91 Two vowels coming one after another, ‘eaten Diphones 92

. Common Syllables at the start a Sod of wens. called Prefixes and Suffixes . : 94

. Writing one sign through another to wake “Intersections” 99

. Vowel Signs: Table of Short ee andl Gate tractions. Table of additional ee of making shorter outlines AO}

Development of Shorthand Weithie by malene use of rules: Spelling: English ‘ . 122

. Shorthand Reading. ~ 131

MODERN COURSE IN PITMAN

SHORTHAND

CHAPTER ONE

1. Writing shorthand is like writing longhand, but it is a very much quicker way of writing. The two forms of writing are like one another because they make use of signs to put on record words which are said or which come to the mind of the writer. Again, in shorthand, as in longhand, we have later to be able in turn to put the signs back into words, and this reading back has to be possible even after a long time. ;

2. In shorthand, as in longhand, there are four different sorts of signs :

(i). SIGNS USED AS PART OF A SYSTEM. In longhand words are made up of different parts: the sign ParD, for example, is made up of four parts—p-A-I-D—but we quickly get used to reading and writing the complete sign. In the same way, in shorthand the signs for words are made tp of different parts: the shorthand form for the word pap, for example, is made up of three parts \uwtowl., and we quickly get used to reading and writing the complete outline ln (Outline is the name for a shorthand form.)

(ii) SIGNS USED NOT AS PART OF A SYSTEM, BUT AS REPRESENTATIVES OF COMPLETE WORDS. In longhand the special sign “‘ &”’ is sometimes used for the quick writing of the word AND. In the same way, in shorthand we have the special sign ..... for this word. In shorthand there are a number of words

of this kind, and Short Forms is the name given to them. (iii) SIGNS WHICH ARE A SHORT FORM OF THE COM-

PLETE SIGN. In longhand, FEB. is used as a quick way of writing the word FEBRUARY. In the same way, in shorthand the short outline ..\... (which is shorthand for F-B) is used for this word. Shorthand outlines of this sort are given the name Contractions.

7

8 MODERN COURSE

(iv) SIGNS JOINED TOGETHER FOR THE WRITING AT ONE TIME OF TWO OR MORE WORDS. In longhand, ‘TISN’T is a short way of writing IT 1s NoT. In the same way, in shorthand two or more outlines may be joined together to make one sign for two or more words. For example, er IS NOT) is used for ...c(tt), 26 {ts) ~. (not). In shorthand these joined outlines

are given the name Phrases.

The purpose of this book is to give the learner a knowledge of all these ways of writing from the start, and, by going over the different words again and again, to make him or her so used to them that the reading and writing of the outlines comes quickly and

readily.

3. CONSONANTS AND VOWELS (i) SYSTEM. To be certain of writing in shorthand any word

in the English language it is necessary to have signs for the sounds of 24 Consonants. Six of these signs are given in this first Chapter, and they are used in these words—

Pee PAY “se Sun Bee BE Noun

PaID ==

PAGE ) ide

Tee Toucu Se a Dee’ Davie J

DATE | DaTE

paID =r

CHay tTouCH onefe Jay nGe? ey...

PAGE) sau S ats

IN PITMAN SHORTHAND 9 e

In addition, it is necessary to have signs for 12 Vowel signs and 4 Diphthong signs. Two of the vowel signs are used in these words—

AY. PAY

PAID

PAGE

DAY

DATE

AGE

U 10UcH ap

JUDGE fn

Up RA

(i) SHORT FORMS. Words that are used frequently are given special signs and are given the name Short Forms. Ten such short forms are used so frequently that they make up 25 per cent of all the outlines which a shorthand writer has to “‘take down’”’ when writing normal English. (On pages 123 and 124 these words have been marked so that you can see that they come very frequently— making one-quarter of normal English.) The ten Short Forms are—

A ° AN sevsensenecanapes:

THE ....... (when by itself)

THE ....«.. (a small tick when joined to an outline)

ORD Bitton

POO sia ice

AND oun (made with an up motion)

Is 8) ia

The outlines for BE and IT are the signs for Bee and Tee used on page 8.

(ii) CONTRACTIONS. Ina number of common words it is not necessary to make use of the full outline, and only some of the

10 MODERN COURSE

consonants are given. The two strokes P-B, for instance, are used

for the words— piles PUBLIC PUBLISH ie PUBLISHED

(iv) PHRASES. Most of the short forms and outlines given

in this Chapter may readily be joined together to make phrases—

TO THE ee IT IS THE L Wye DEAT ES PE ircaaccncen

> + OF THE artless Is IT << IN THAT eee

THAT THE... , sak IS THAT epi: OF IT ee

4 Q IN THE eee IS THAT THE so Ge OF THAT a is

6 IS THE Sepa THAT IS eee TO-DAY mee?

TEAS (TTS)? Rr: oa

4. WRITING SHORTHAND. The way to become an expert shorthand writer is by reading, copying, and taking down from dictation shorthand that is not only rightly formed by the rules of the system, but also a good example of shorthand writing in itself. Take your copy of the Exercise and Drill Notebook, which is specially designed for use with this book (see page ii), and give special attention to the suggestions for using it given at the front of the book, Then take Exercise 1 and, from the outlines given in this Chapter, first go over the shorthand, reading it a number of times, till the

reading of the outlines comes readily and quickly to you.

Then do Exercises 2 and 3 of the Exercise and Drill Notebook,

keeping in mind these points—

(a) The six straight signs for the consonants which are given

in this Chapter all go down: Ny. 4.

(b) The Short Form IN or ANY usw» is formed by moving the pen from left to right (that is, in the direction of normal longhand writing), and the Short Form AND wZimmm ZOCS up. The small circle for the Short Form Is (HIs) is made by writing in this direction:

sit peu

IN’ PITMAN SHORTHAND 11

(c) The outlines are to be made about the same size as the printed shorthand, and the writing done without putting weight on the pen, very little more force being needed for the thicker lines. If for any reason your outlines are smaller or greater than those in the notebook it is important to keep the right relation between parts of outlines. All Pee’s, Bee’s, Tee’s, etc., are to be the same size.

(Z) You ought to have a pen with a thin, but at the same time

easy and smooth moving point. A pen with a thick point is not at any time to be used, and a pencil used only if you have not a good pen. A pencil, if used, ought to have an H.B. lead, and you ought to keep it sharp.

(e) The pen is to be held easily in the fingers, as near to the point as possible. The chief weight of the hand ought to be taken by the muscles of the arm, the rest of the weight being taken on the little finger so that the hand is free to go from side to side of the page.

(f) Put the consonant and vowel signs in the same place in relation to the line and to one another as in the printed shorthand.

(g) If an outline is made up of two or more parts (as in

PAID + PAGE \...) its parts are to be made WITHOUT

LIFTING THE POINT OF THE PEN FROM THE PAPER. An outline is only one sign, and no time Is to be wasted over the joining of the parts of the outline. The writing of the consonant signs COMES FIRST, and the vowel signs are put in afterwards. In the outline for PAGE, for example, the consonants are first put

down: So ae and the vowel sign is then put in: =

(h) It will be a great help to you later if in these early stages you get into the way of writing your shorthand outlines with care. But you are to make your shorthand outlines sharply, writing quickly and smoothly. -

(t) Make use of Phrases where you are able to do so, because

they take much less time in writing. In the longhand exercises of the Exercise and Drill Notebook the parts where phrases may be

12 MODERN COURSE

used are marked in the first half of every exercise, but in the second

half you ought to be able.to make use of the right phrases without help.

(j) You ought to make a point of reading back—or getting another learner to do so—every outline of your shorthand.

Summary

1. The six shorthand signs used for the six English consonant

sounds Pee, Bee, Tee, Dee, CHay, Jay are SSL Z/..

They are at all times formed by moving the pen down.

2. A thick point or “dot” in the middle place is used for the

vowel-sound in PAY ..N.., PAID. ..., DAY.{., PAGE .., DATE

ace .Z.. A short thin line or “dash” in the middle place is used

for the vowel-sound in uP ..\.., TOUCH fos JUDGE ... f

3. When the vowel comes before the consonant, the vowel-sign

is placed to the left, as in AcE ..:/,. and uP ..2s..; when the vowel

comes after the consonant, the vowel-sign is placed to the right,

as in PAY .\. and TOUCH fe

IN PITMAN SHORTHAND 13 ar

4. In making shorthand signs for all words (other than some short forms) the shorthand signs to be used are those of the sounds of the word in speech, not of the longhand signs in writing. The shorthand writer goes by sound, and not by the letters that may be used in longhand.*

5. Outlines for common words are joined to make phrases.

6. The “tick” for THE is used only when there is another sign before it to which it can be joined. At other times the dot is used. The tick is made at a sharp angle, and may go up or down to make

the angle: PAID THE yee THAT THE Guion;

7. The Short Form smn (AND) goes up.

8. In phrases the first outline of the phrase takes its right place in relation to the line, and the rest of the outlines are placed where

¢ they come naturally: IT Is nie GSAT pc THAT 1S www y TS THAT su Qunn

From the rules given in the Summary do Exercise 4.

* This is true not only of consonants but of vowels. In the longhand form of the two words paGe and juDGe, the one consonant sound of j is given in three ways: G, J, DG, but in shorthand there is only one sign for the sound of J uA... Again, in the longhand form of the three words, pay, pald, and page, the vowel sound of AY is given in three‘ways—AY, AI, and A: but in shorthand there is only one sign for the sound of Ay—the thick dot. Pitman Shorthand makes a point of using signs for sounds without ever using the same sign for different sounds, that is, it is a “Phonetic system,” based on the sounds of the words and not on the letters of the longhand. In other words, the shorthand writer goes by the sounds of words, and not by the longhand letters that make its “‘spelling.”

14 MODERN COURSE

CHAPTER TWO

5. CONSONANTS AND VOWELS

(i) SYSTEM. These words give you five more consonants—

Kay TAKE iu doen GayGEP se.

MALICE © _eatangooeen

BECAME

CHEQUE Guo

CM MAY cnn EN No | _..... ING JuDGING a oe KNow ;

MAE pi aoe BEING .. aides NAME ie) cies

MoNnpDAY MAKING MONDAY comm = cat om

NAMING 7 CHANGE weapon

CHANGIN G onnom€ erage

TAKING Ge ak.

NAME

Two more vowels are used in these words—

B, Gbr tg ele OE nO eine KNOW ;

cHEQuE 2/0

Go by Sound, not by Longhand

IN PITMAN SHORTHAND 15 ee ae aga

(ii) SHORT FORMS

I v *NOT

You oa THING <3,

(iii) CONTRACTIONS

.n~—SY

ANYTHING... NOTHING ..».0—..

(iv) PHRASES

CHANGING THE .... G- dona IS HE

MAKING THE =L RNOW SHATCHE © coe ek

TO GET THE I KNOW THAT HE IS (HAS) cesses

TO TAKE THE ASLO

on MonpDay AS (HAS) THE

MAY BE venfecowee AND THAT

1 TAKE =o AND THE fe ern

1 PAID ya ON THAT

YOU MAY age 1S NOT eS eee

I MAY HAS NOT

THAT HE IS (HAS) vecominumm IT 1S (HAS) NOT datietes

AS HE: 1S. AWAS) ficial es THAT HE IS (HAS) NOT

* As will be seen from Chapter 14, this outline is not in fact a short form, but is given as early as this because it comes so frequently in English.

Page = Pay] = ...... So Judge = JiJ = wal

16 MODERN COURSE

6. From the outlines given in this Chapter do Exercises 5,.6, and 7 in the Exercise and Drill Notebook. Go over the outlines in Exer- cises 5 and 6 again and again till your eye takes them in nearly as quickly as it takes in longhand. In Exercise 6 the vowel-signs have not been put in the outlines which came into Chapter I. The reading of these outlines, even without the signs for vowels, will come

quite readily to you. This is because in English the consonants are much more important than the vowels.* If all the consonants are given in an outline, the reading of nearly every word, without the help of the signs for the vowels, is quite simple. In all the shorthand exercises after Exercise 5 signs for vowels will not be put in outlines which have been given before, when it is safe not to put them in.

Do as is done in the Notebook, either not putting iri the vowels at all or putting them in as in the Examples. In Chapter 31 are given the general rules when the vowels should or should not be put in shorthand outlines.

Summary 1. The five shorthand signs...._.orne, aNd ..nez.are used for

the five English consonant sounds Kay, Gay, eM, eN, and iNG. They are at all times made by moving the pen FROM LEFT TO RIGHT, that is, in the direction of normal longhand writing—

KNOW w\ptm NAME ecm CHANGE... & S

JUDGING fin BEING ..\en

* When a payment has been made the sign Pd. is used in longhand. In the same way, in shorthand the consonant signs ~~ are enough.

English Shorthand is Based on English Sounds

IN PITMAN SHORTHAND 17

2. A thin “‘dot”’ at the middle of a stroke is used for the vowel-

sound in GET ......, CHEQUE ..Z_.

3. A thick “‘dash”’ at the middle of a stroke is used for the vowel-

sound in KNOW, NO ee

4. If the vowel comes before the consonant, the vowel-sign is

placed over a left-to-right sign: AIM .<my4 ACHE .+., OAK ..;

if the vowel comes after the consonant in the longharid, the vowel-

sign is placed under the sign: MAY am, GAY .——., COE .—_..

5. Vowel-signs do not have to be used in all outlines:

6. The Short Form HE ..... is used only when it is possible for

it to be joined to an outline coming before it: THAT HE wan,

AS HE ute

7. Only the first part of the Short Form I........ is used when it

comes before CEM: I MAY. immune

8. In outlines like Monpay ..”.,.1: and cEr......]., where the first part of the outline is made from left to right and the later part goes down, the first part is put over the line in such a way that the down

line may take its right place: Monpay .2ct., GET ....W..

9. Two short lines are placed under an outline when the word

is a name or important word: MAY ..«., MonDAyY ok


Know = Noe = osm Came = KayM = — <>.

18 MODERN COURSE

7. CIRELE

CHAPTER THREE eSS

(i) SYSTEM. The consonant eSS (or Zee) is one of the most important of all the consonants because it comes into English words so frequently. Take the following words and outlines—

AGES

PAGES

TOUCHES .....

JUDGES

CHANGES ....

DATES

GETS

CHEQUES ....

TAKES.

TAKINGS ...

MAKES Pratt eee oT

NAMES

PAYS

DAYS

MONDAYS. ence Ban

BASE

DOES

CASE

CUSTOM

CUSTOMS

KNOWS

(ii) SHORT FORMS ALL

TWO

TOO

BUT

SPECIAL

SPECIALLY ae

SAME eee

5 ee SOME bars

aes SENSE

SUNDAY

SUNDAYS

te SET

SETS Baas

f SAID

SUCH

THINGS

PUBLISHES oe

SPEAK Xoo

Zsa nates

ARE om (UP motion)

OUR SOUR (up motion)

Let your Ear tell you the Shorthand Outline, not your Eye


(iii) CONTRACTIONS

EXCHANGE + EXPECT EXCHANGED EXPECTED

EXCHANGES .....d.... EXPECTS

SOMETHING .u.a>—..

(iv) PHRASES > 4 ze

ALL THE ETRE SS THAT HE MAY .,........

DOES THE wees OF SUCH. eo. 10%

TO EXCHANGE THE .... af ee TOUSET SS Wet) 2 pei Y ue

PAYS THE Mo TWO HOURS Ve

e ON SUNDAY neh I EXCHANGE +f ‘ I EXCHANGED J) fom

YOU ARE a7 I EXPECT

ARE NOT I EXPECTED

YOU ARE NOT

8. UNIMPORTANT VOWELS. See page 16, Par. 6. In all the shorthand from now on the vowel-signs will not be given in outlines in which they are not important if the outlines have frequently been given before.

From the outlines given in this Chapter do Exercises 9, 10, and 11.

2 \ Cheque = CHéK = ...4_... Monday = MuNDay = 1.

20 MODERN COURSE

Summary

1. For the consonant eSS (or Zee), which comes into English so frequently, a small circle is used in shorthand. It is put—

(a) INSIDE CURVES: kNows..._2.. , NAMES.s-—<2, SAME.o>.,

SOME .oty., SENSE ..22.

(b) ON THE RIGHT SIDE OF STRAIGHT SIGNS WHICH

GO DOWN: pays. \o., PAGES 2 , TOUCHES Fi . Gaver

Gets ...4., set L., sar I.

(c) ON THE TOP SIDE OF STRAIGHT LEFT-TO-RIGHT SIGNS AND ON THE LEFT OF STRAIGHT SIGNS WHICH

(4) OUTSIDE THE ANGLE FORMED BY TWO STRAIGHT

SIGNS: cusToM....J&,., CUSTOMS ....l&..., EXCHANGE-D Ce

EXPECT-ED

2. The writing of circle eSS at the end of a short form or con-

traction is the same as with other shorthand outlines: THINGS sm,

SPEAKS .2u., EXCHANGES... EXPECTS

3. Only the first part of the Short Form 1...... is used before Kay and Gay: I EXPECT-ED wmnty I EXCHANGE-D: eonlhun

4. It is possibly wise to go over again what was said about writing shorthand on pages 10 and 11.

In the same way that there are bad writers of longhand there are bad writers of shorthand, and it is important that every student

makes an attempt to get a good writing behaviour, and a tendency automatically to make good shorthand outlines. If this tendency is formed early in the learning of shorthand it will be kept, but if bad writing behaviour and tendencies are, formed it is very hard to overcome them later. Go carefully through the suggestions made on pages 10 and 11 of the Modern Course and on pages i, 11 and iii of the Exercise and Drill Notebook.

Shorthand gives Signs for Sounds, not for Letters of Longhand

IN PITMAN SHORTHAND 21 2

TABLE OF SHORT FORMS AND CONTRACTIONS GIVEN IN CHAPTERS 1, 2, AND 3

AULAN Oe.

WF onesie

\

TO mr hsane

x

TWO : oomeee

' ON Sheed:

Be re ee

BIN Dn 2 ates ster

¢ THAT Baan

I v

EY eye ae

GHD rach Goan

AS °

TLASas)i sce

1s tise

HIS

(when by itself)

.. (when in a phrase)

SPECIAL x SPECIALLY J ov}

SPEAK Te a5

EXPECT exec) me EXCHANGE f EXCHANGED.) 72

PUBLISH PUBLISHED} oun. Neo PUBLIC

BE oa

Tow ee epee ae

IN u-

ANY SNe ecplinnncantudnasnsradiiang

THING hii reeeet Ao

ANYTHING .......

NOTHING i Neesreeee

SOMETHING = .amee...

BRR ii eos Merc OP)

OUR assnesnineetg@ ress sine Soe EME


Change = CHayNJ = -y- Custom = KuSTuM = .....\E....

22 MODERN COURSE

CHAPTER FOUR

9. CONSONANTS

(i) SYSTEM. Nine of the other consonants are used in these

outlines—

eF Face cotaees Vee sAVE ww a

FACING SAVES "i hat

SAFE SAVING ... AK

SAFES

EFFECT

ENOUGH (enuF)

iTH (light sound) THee (heavy sound)

BOTH THES SS

MONTH

MONTHs 1h...

eSS Say ...... Zee waS (woz) ..)...

SAYS vcd

SO" can tee

a ari

iSH SHow _...A.. ZHee vuSuat_ } (uzhuat)..,_/... etayetieads vane

SHoweEp nthe

Pay attention to the Sounds of the English Language, not to the Letters of Longhand

IN PITMAN SHORTHAND 23 és

AR AIR Down *DooR wi CUSTOMER *.)

SRT DooRs ak CUSTOMERS ..“E-......

SIRS yo. FORCE rot

(u) SHORT FORMS

at FOR 2... USUAL 2 THOSE win ¢ oot

USUALLY\:- HAVE... HIS Gs

WAS +... T FROM oon Nim

(iii) CONTRACTIONS

FEBRUARY wt MANUFACTURER

MANUFACTURE MANUFACTURERS MANUFACTURED J

(iv) PHRASES

THAT IT WAS). cchiccs OF SOME TO SAVE mee

THAT HE WAS eae OF THOSE esse TO FACE THE....... xe J

THAT THEY nw é ida FOR THEM cou gomun PearAvE vol t.8 he,

OF THEM | osm ( a: FOR THIS el I WAS re

MZ OF THIS 26/1 31.4) ¢ sie FOR YOU FROM THE

* This selection from the possible vowel-sounds for this word may seem wrong to some, but it will seem quite mght to others. There are two points to be had in mind: (1) The Southern English sound “ Daw” is not pleasing to Americans and to a great many Englishmen; (2) the sign “..J<..”’ is not only the best for those who are able to

make the sound of the ‘‘R,” but gives a better sign for shorthand reading purposes. It is possibly interesting that it is chiefly in cases where an ‘‘R”’ is present that

there are different opinions-about the sound on which the shorthand sign is to be based.

{ The reason for this form is made clear on page 74.

Some = SUM = ..a>.. Age = ay] = mals

24 MODERN COURSE

From the outlines given in this Chapter do Exercises 13, 14,

and 15. N43

Summary 1. The English consonant sounds eF, Vee, iTH, THee, eSS, Zee,

iSH, ZHee, and aR, have curved shorthand signs, as under—

SAFE Ss. ENOUCHaaHS:

SAVES Kon

BOTH ee

so ee

SHOWED a

-usuatny 22.

. DOOR ot. FORCE Ps

2. There are two shorthand signs for the sounds of eSS and Zee—

(i) The small circle ..o....

(ii) The curves eSS wd, and Zee .2..

The circle eSS is generally used, but the curve is used—

(a2) At the start of an outline when a vowel comes before the €55 (or Zee, “US 2.

(b) At the end of an outline when a vowel comes after the eSS or Zee: SAY Jt, SO 22.

(c) If the curve is used in the root word, it is kept in other like words that come from that root: SAY../., SAYS woh


Shorthand is Based on Sound, not on the Appearance of Longhand


SOME IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

(To be answered in Shorthand)

(1) Are you training your ear and your fingers together by writing shorthand from word of mouth, and (2) do you do this for a great part of your learning time?

(3) Are you forming your shorthand well enough for your teacher to put a page of your notebook on view on the board? (4) Is the place of the outline in relation to the line, and (5) the size of the signs in relation to one another as good as it ought to be? (6) Are you forming your outlines as one sign formed with a quick or unbroken motion?

(7) Are you in any new Chapter going straight to the reading and writing of the shorthand exercises, and (8) putting off learning the rules till you have done all the exercises? (9) Are you learning the rules only when you are able to do all the exercises (both shorthand and longhand) from word of mouth and in a separate notebook at a rate of reading of at least 50 words a minute?

(10) Are you then learning the rules so that you are able to put down the right shorthand sign for any word-sound covered by those rules? (11) Are you able to say that it is by sound that you make all your outlines, and not ever by the letters in the printed word?

(12) Are you doing some shorthand every day? (13) Are you making good progress, and (14) are you getting pleasure from your learning shorthand?

If you are able to give the answer “‘yes”’ to these questions put in your notebook the words “I am”’ (see the phrase on page 27) or “It is” in shorthand against the number of the question; if not, put “No” in shorthand. Take one point for each question to which you put the shorthand outline for “T am,” or “It-is.’’ Ten is)a good mark, and anything over twelve is very good.

Enough = éNuF = A. Effect = €F€KT = ai

26 MODERN COURSE

CHAPTER FIVE 10. VOWELS

(i) SYSTEM. These words give you four other vowels. Make a note of the place of the vowel in relation to the sign and of the place of the outline in relation to the line.

A AT — * ASKING nH *PASS oa AH Arm

ADD me BACK Se Pee Ars’ 023

ADDS le BACKS } cAR

ADDING... L . BANK CARS

SAT thie BANKS FAR

AM aE AcT FARM

*ASK a FACTS FARMS

O *OFF a Pe PAL L es CATE ere Tet

GOT aul sage TALKS. =. L a cAUSING ..

“OR. ere 2 a TALKING mn CAUSED “t

BOUGHT .... \ iss SW isc cetinn

* Readers who say these words (ASK, OFF, etc.) with the long vowels, as in the words ARMS, TALK, etc., should keep in mind two things—

1..That those in the North of England, in Scotland, in Canada, and in the U.S.A., say ASK, not AHSK, OFF not AUFF. (Continued on page 27)

The Method of Writing the English Language ought clearly to be Based on the Sounds of that Language and not on the Forms

of another Kind of Sign


(ii) SHORT FORMS

SHOULD un. (UP Motion) HAD} ooh piel iter.. .

PUT ee DO

LO BEd chee DIFFERENT | DIFFERENCE ae

BEEN i. a2)

(iii) CONTRACTIONS

INSURANCE ..a2... JANUARY tae

(iv) PHRASES

TAPE ee ON THE oo

I BOUGHT ersnfun : BUT THESE... devas

I HAD I SAW THE! 2iiiaaion:

I AM ‘SHOULD HAVE magn

PAGS THE: cccmunss YOU SHOULD © mmevénsue

AT THE 2 tbo DO YOU re


and 19

2. That, because Isaac Pitman used an ordered system in listing his signs for vowels, no trouble is caused by the fact that some say the words differently from

..1m writing shorthand, those who say others. Those who say ASK may use...

AHSK MAY USE swoon Whichever is said, there will be no error in reading the

SIZD en In the same way, those who say a long au in OFF and those who say a short 0 in

OFF will readily be able to put what they say into writing, without there being any doubt about what they are writing. The same is true of Form and or, though here it is the R that makes one person say the words differently from another.

Tax=T&KS= [. Talks = TauKS = |»

28 MODERN COURSE

Summary

1. An outline is placed over the line if the first vowel-sign in

the outline is a first-place vowel. In the outlines ADD ...... ;

ARM , OFF oe TALKING .....~., the first vowel-sign is placed

at the start of the outline—that is, in the FIRST place, and the

outlines are put in the FIRST place, that is, OVER the line. For

example, the outlineS TALK ein, SAW oennn , oat

over the line and are first-place outlines. The outlines TAKE... ea

SAY...°.. EFFECT A. are on the line and are second-place outlines.

2. A first-place outline ought to be so formed that the end of the first down sign of the outline is over and clear of the line. For

example, es ie ce COT ane k TAK io 3 COR

but GET ..._]. TAKES a. AIR ou

3. If in a first-place outline there are left-to-right signs only, the

outline is put well over the line: AMONG oe, ACO ces

4. Whatever the vowels that come after, if the first vowel-sound

in a word is a first-place vowel the outline for that word is put in the first place—that is, OVER the line. In the outlines

AMONG ....and AGO... for example, the first vowel is put in the

first place and the outline is placed over the line.

5. The outlines which came into Chapters 1 to 4 are all ON the

line—that is, in the second place—because the first vowel-sign in the

outlines comes at the middle of the stroke—that is, in the second

place: PAID o , TOUCH +, ENOUGH ere

6. By writing outlines in their proper places in relation to the

line it is possible for the place of the first vowel in an outline to be

made clear without any vowel being put in. For example, if you


see the two outlines .5).. and ....;; and someone says to you that

one is the outline for FAcT and the other for EFFECT, then, because

the first outline is over the line and the second outline is on the

line, the reader is able to say that the vowel in the first outline is

« 1S EFFECT.

7. A short form is sometimes put a little higher or a little lower so that an outline coming after it may take its right place: IN THOSE

aS IN THIS eG IN THESE own (See Chapter 6).

8. The outlines for the phrases ON THE mam NA BUT THE whe. are made a little sloping.


30 MODERN COURSE

CHAPTER SIX 11. VOWELS

(i) SYSTEM. These words give you four other vowels. Make a note of the place of the outline in relation to the line and of the place of the vowel sign in relation to the outline.

Ilr AEE EACH 4/7 OO BOOK MS OO FOOD

BUSINESS A... PASE Gaya: BOOKS fa.) 2 MONE ool

sIT ae ASY, om BOOKING Xoops. MOVES ae 2.

sITs wn Pon aan oe BESS oie MOVING clk

cITY TOOK =f SOR

MINUTE <1. INTO a ee ROOM use

BIG ROOMS. eee

SHIP

SHIPs

SIXTY

THESE ..... ie

12. Here are some more examples. Because there are clear reasons against writing an outline completely under the line, these outlines are put on the line—

I sINcE ..02.. SIX a. EE sEEm _o~.. OO sOOn Foe a


13. It is the first-sounded vowel in a word that gives the place of the outline in relation to the line of writing; the later vowels are

not taken into account for the placing of the outline—

BODY ae ARMY _ YO. MONEY nqretim ae ;

copy oa eer BABY PENNY on Scctin PN

*

COPIES ....J2cs SAFETY A APPEAR ossnorQJoo AS . .

OFFICE 22.8 MANY ceencai APPEARS swmnmonp yon

(ii) SHORT FORMS

CAM Aes WHICH ....Ln oe) ) THERE jo“

COME... SHALL. 020

MUCH oon Lt WISH ...J..

(iii) CONTRACTIONS INFORM BECOME... Nase KNOWLEDGE 0... Lomn INFORMED oF

INCOME. oiiimmnnnne

(iv) PHRASES SHE IS (HAS) owzeoyunmm ' IT SEEMS snd

s Ga

SHE’ SAYS _ ... ¥ ae THAT VOUICAN. => 25503.

IF YOU ston IN WHICH

IF YOU ARE I SHALL HAVE

4

I SHALL BE ee OF THEIR eed as

»

TO MOVE _ TO THEIR ‘

OF WHICH mm oe FOR THEIR

IT SHOULD BE al THAT THERE WAS ~} me >

AND HAS (iS)... THAT THERE WAS NOT oe

* The reason for this form is made clear on page 74.

32 MODERN COURSE


and 23. igh

Summary

1. An outline (other than one made of left-to-right signs only) is put through the line of writing, (that is in the third place) if the first vowel-sound in the word is a third-place vowel.

De The use of the three places is of special value in making the sense clear if there are three words having the same consonants but

different vowels—

RATE ren pos SET eee

3. A third-place outline is to be so placed that the first sign of

the outline which goes down is put THROUGH the line: BIG uroomy.

4. Outlines in which there are only left-to-right signs have no third place. Such outlines, even though the first vowel-sound is a third-place vowel, are put in the second place: KING... MISS .<mm., SINCE ..9-2,.

5. When a third-place vowel comes between two signs it is put in the third place BEFORE the sign which comes after it: BIG Mom

STDP Reid re ; oe CHEAP a , TOOK my? BOOKS i. alin LROOMa ae

IN PITMAN SHORTHAND 33 &

TABLE OF SHORT FORMS AND CONTRACTIONS

GIVEN IN CHAPTERS 4, 5, AND 6

AS SHOULD woceéinm (UP Motion) FOR Tbceanoe

PUT USEe HAVE Be iki

TO BE ee aces FEBRUARY aw ~~ i

BEEN -"" - SS THEM GS

HARA). 5S | a THOSE fea she:

DO seth THIS y eee Car.

DIFFERENT af SHALL eee DIFFERENCE

VA WISH: Abed > Scola: : MUCH eentere) o WAS) WALA “ace De WHICH sa ome

_— USUAL CAN smn eel — are

EEMe rer THERE » \ THEIR PU ne

BECOME _.,,,%_

< FROM Ki TN INCOME) -——-—

MANUFACTURE INFORM MANUFACTURED J *"“"" INFORMED §”""

MANUFACTURER onium

JANUARY Bs Ansaid KNOWLEDGE... 2. Z

INSURANCE ....a2en


2—(S.527)

34 MODERN COURSE

CHAPTER SEVEN 14. STROKE eL

(i) SYSTEM. Here are some examples of another consonant. The second list, however, gives examples of outlines in which the

eL takes the same form, but is made in the opposite direction.

eL (up) LAW

LAWS . LOOK

LOW

LOVE

LOVING . LOSS

LOVES LESS

LIVE . ALSO

LIVING COAL

LIVES www MEAL

LEAVE » MEALS

LEAVING wh CQ nuns

LEAVES co(oksun “COLOURS

LEAD ANIMAL

LEADING ANIMALS

eL (down)

FALL

FALLING hos

LUN GOS Ss z: aay FULL

FEELING

FEELS

FEEL

«| LOOKING... Kicaanem

COLOUR ..

a ULES

FOLEOW. =a . NAMELY

. FOLLOWED... o MON GHEY, oianuts ones

oi asia ant ac FOLLOWS EASILY

bat La FULLY SAFELY

SALES

SAILS

SALE

SAIL

ALONG LOVINGLY

ONLY see icy oe oat LESSEN

= - KINGLY soto

aged. SENSELESS wie cad


15. DIPHTHONG IE

(i) SYSTEM. The sign for the diphthong-sound IE is put in the first place— v ae at x TEMES concn NILES S cece

Vv

BUY FIRE ek SIDE Na v w-

BUYER “wach. FIRES

es BUYING 3 JULY

—

<

DIE Lees LIFE

DYING LIKE

MY LIKELY DESIRE. ....... Brevi

FEU MIB ect MILE

(ii) SHORT FORMS i

WHY i errreccnmin GO

—= os

WITH nee GIVE }.—. HIM neo GIVEN

(iii) CONTRACTIONS ELECTRIC .¢—. ELECTRICITY Lp

(iv) PHRASES

HWikEse bos) ae TO GO ee

THAT YOU WILL ovoscsunn TO GIVE ote

De oP Eee rnneiaceta TO ME BNNs

WITHIT. = <0 een, Wes wy po vou ..h..

WHEN HE IS om ee F


and 27.

36 MODERN COURSE

Summary

1. The sign ....... is used for the sound of eL and is formed some-

times by an up motion and sometimes by a down motion of the pen. —

It generally goes up: LEAVE —<y.., LEAD... pebONG Sicc.aay

ALAS oe ALPS. fe es Down motion is, however, used:

(a): To make the writing of eL simpler when it comes after

eN or ING: ONLY ee KINGLY 2.7

(b) To make it more clear where the vowels come in a word—

(i) When eL comes after a vowel and before a left-to-

right sign. For example— (aa

ALONG LONG Ace es a q but Sa

ALIKE . ee

The outlines a randus a .make it clear to the shorthand

writer that there is a vowel at the start of the word before

the eL, and that the words are for that reason ALONG and

ALIKE.

(ii) When eL comes at the end of a word after eF .\..,

Vee .\_.., SKay.o—.and no vowel comes after it. For

example—

RULE Ye: bs see FULLY BS ae

BALL 70 FOLDO WES, aoe:

VALE oS VALLEY wndindho

SCALE Lom SCADY ae

The outlines... —.and on make it clear to the shorthand

writer that there is a vowel at the end of the word after

the eL.


(c) To make a more readily formed sign so that the pen may

go in the right direction. When eL goes before or comes after a

circle eSS and a curve, the eL takes the direction of the circle

and curve : LESSEN..¢...... SENSELESS eater

2. The form-of eL used in the root outline is kept in out-

lines from the same root: FEEL .4.... , FEELING... ai PULL NY ‘

PUELING weak foo

v 3. The sign. ....... is used for the diphthong-sound IE, and is put

fm the first place: BY ...., TIME ....., FIRE 12>).

4, If a vowel-sound comes after a diphthong, a small tick is put

on to the diphthong: BUY a MBUNING 2...) DIE La3,

DYING .—~., SCIENCE ,“* (These signs are named Triphones.)

5. The stroke form of eSS is used at the start of an outline when

a triphone comes after the eSS: SCIENCE u.cc.., SCIATICA «fo.

6. When a word starts with eSS-vowel-eSS, the stroke form, of

eSS is generally used first in the shorthand outline: sIzE .”.. ;

SAUCER oon)

he a upstroke eL is used for the word WILL in phrases:

TWILL wmony YOU WILL wo, IT WILL BE (CN.

8. Only the first half of the Short Form I wun 48 used before eL:

ge Sie

9, Make a note of the special outline ALSo eR and of the

phrase TO GO x= The vowel is put in this phrase to keep it clear

from TO GIVE Y9rm.


38 MODERN COURSE

CHAPTER EIGHT 16. CONSONANTS Way AND Yay

(i) SYSTEM. Two more consonants—straight signs formed with an up motion—are used in these outlines.

Way (up)

' WAY WINDOW WEIGH

WEDNESDAY word nnn

X WAYS

WEIGHS ALWAYS crmcentstnsitnmeen

AWAY WIDE 2st 25 5 fiancee

WATCH WISE oO casncnseetier

AJA) S \,

WATCHES: ..:0tttens WISELY 5 secqavitanenntinne

Yay (up) ‘

USE eee eo USEFULLY ...... whe ee

USING on gRomn USELESS

17. DIPHTHONG OI

(i) SYSTEM. The sign for the diphthong sound OI is put in the first place:

BOY st BOYISH .. i VOICE on

ve a BOYS: ces : OIL

7

(ii) SHORT FORMS

WHAT wn YOUR on ddon WE Lon

WOULD ..... Dicuss YEAR a


(iii) CONTRACTIONS NEVER ou Sseon NOVEMBER YESTERDAY bess

(iv) PHRASES

WE CAN WHAT WAS oon: ) Me

WE ARE IT WOULD BE ke

WE ARE NOT nGGornunnin TOO MUCH oye

WE FEEL wtp SOM MUCH sa Xp ce


and 31.

Summary

1. The two up signs ..c%... and ..<% are used for the English

consonant sounds Way and Yay—

Name

WAY ..c%.... WEDNESDAY 4.01. a

USE sae YESTERDAY ee

2. The sign ..... is used for the diphthong-sound OI and is put

in the first place: BOY ENS. VOICE & The triphone sign a, AS

used, as in the word BOYISH ec

3 The diphthong-sign bis joined in the word OIL vai

4. The full outline for MUCH is sometimes used to make the

reading of a phrase clearer’ SO MUCH Fy TOO MUCH sa


40 MODERN COURSE

-CHAPTER NINE

18. CONSONANT Ray

(1) SYSTEM. Another form for consonant R is used in these

outlines—

RIGHT

WRITE

ALL RIGHT

WROTE

RATE

RATES

READ

READING

RED

READ

READY

ALREADY

ROAD

ROADS

WRONG

REACH

REASON

REASONS

RECEIVE

RECEIVING

RULE

RULING

RAILWAY

RAILWAYS

CARRY

CARRIED

MARRY

MEMORY

ANSWER

ANSWERS

OFFICER

OFFICERS

TO-MORROW

AUTHORITY

AU DHOREDTES Graioumnan inns

CHARGE

CHARGES


Marcu mand a

MARCHES ..... x4 a I

WARK) Sica cee

A. PART YO > Reet

PURPOSE .

19. DIPHTHONG OW

SATURDAY

SERVICE

EARTH

DISAPPEAR 22), cnmns

USER

WISER

(i) SYSTEM. The sign for the diphthong-sound OW is put

in the third place.

OUTO hi) (uae ond | P itearrad A

A

CAP

ANNOUNCE voincssaersinenraiine

ee ANNOUNCING | ciimccimirominranas ;

(ii) SHORT FORMS HOW? = cores Rae

SO iho

(iii) CONTRACTIONS

REGULAR

REGULARLY

(iv) PHRASES

WHO WAS _ ., ay

WHO WOULD nnfpnnnnn

WE CAN SEE

v

POWERLESS ond eornnennn

NOW | eae Se NAoue

FE MORE Wee

*MR. Gate

SATISFACTORY ... eat

SATISFACTORILY

+ ON) SATURDAY ee...

I WROTE

"® The reason for these forms 1s made clear on page 74.

42 MODERN COURSE


and 35,

Summary

1 There are two forms for consonant R—

utou., an up sign, named Ray: RATE....41., REACH ... fms

2. The down form aR is used—

(a) When it is the first consonant in a word and a vowel

comes before it: OR he AIR ......

(b) Generally when aR comes at the end of a word: DOOR t. Vv

FIRE,“ \nnf APP AReeecaa\ a

(c) Before eM: ARM.

3. The up form Ray is used—

(a) When it is the first consonant in a word and no vowel

comes before it: WRONG oe RECEIVE ..A,, REASON 2%

i cg y OFFICER vvcnenon

(2) Generally in the middle of a word: Marcu a MARK

ug AUTHORITY,....., CHARGE AA

(e) Before... Lhe 1s and .(..as in ARRAYED al , ARCH . eth f

URGE ...“J., EARTH .%&.., to make the writing of the outline

simpler.

29


(g), After a straight up Sign, aS IN ROAR woo es

4. After the up form Ray the sign for eL goes down if there is no

vowel after it. (In this Ray is like MK. and un. (see 1. (ii) in the Summary on page 36.).

, CAREER

For example— an

RAIL. Sec, RALLY

FULL or FULLY <a. - but Wa

VALE vo VALLEN, <2 5

SCALE 2.Lou. SCAL Ys caot

5. The sign..A...is used for the diphthong-sound OW, and is put

in the third place: ouT ...|.., ANNOUNCE ....., SOUTH ...¢.. The OW diphthong is sometimes joined to a consonant, as in NOW .».«..

6. If a vowel-sound comes after OW (making a triphone), a

small tick is put on to it, as with the first-place diphthongs:

POWER Xoemy POWERLESS Xp AY”

N


MODERN COURSE

CHAPTER TEN

20. CONSONANT Hay

(i) SYSTEM. Three forms of sign are used in these outlines—

Hay (up) Hay (down)

> HAPPY: HE

yD

<

HAPPINESS voocosononm HIGH

HEAD hae eo HIGHER

REBADS 1 Rue, fe HIGHLY

HEAVY Ua HIGHWAY

ys HOPE HIGHROALD .....

HOPES

HISTORY. 5 24 Ago

HOUSE fangs

Hay (tick)

HOME alee HELPS

HOMES ee HOLD

WHOM doen HOLDING ....LL»

HER 14 pe ae HELD ec Ae

ee WHOLE

HERE HOLE

HORSE Serena HEALTH

HELP a HEALTHY ZA...


21. DIPHTHONG UE

(1) SYSTEM. The sign for the diphthong-sound UE is put in the third place—

TUESDAY nvm k a

ISSUE ma

ISSUES Se

a

(ii) SHORT FORMS THANK THANKED

(iii) CONTRACTIONS

REPRESENT

REPRESENTED

(iv) PHRASES €

WITH YOU SF osc.)

WHEN YOU ow eae 3

WHAT YOU issnscne

WOULD YOU. rvningunm

GIVE. OU. = ae

CAN VOU Ay tereg 2 a

TO HEAR

FOR HER

VinwWeles a

VIEWS. ue

MEWS... cuses.

VALUE? Sol ii.

VALUER ... >.

THINK isu Qoum

RESPECT Re aais | wm ys

TO WHOM dese ee Sey

FOR WHOM 2 ae |e

THAT YOU WERE oes

THAT WE WERE cttcnith ws

THEY WERE

HE IS (HAS) f

HE CAN sci cei

WE THINK LA

46 MODERN COURSE

From the outlines given in this Chapter do Exercises 37, 38, and 39. om

Summary 1. In order to make outlines as simple as possible, three* forms

are used for the consonant Hay—

(a) The up form Hay .<.. is generally used: HAPPY %...0°.,

HOPE HEAD CL, AHEAD ~..., HISTORY 4% -

(b) The down form Hay Le is used when Hay is the only consonant in the word, or when it comes before Kay or Gay:

HIGH. HE fms HIKEA oe » HOG. 2a. seand im-words that

come from the root HIGH: HIGHER ...>.. 3 RIGHT); cee

HIGHWAY .

(c) The small tick for Hay is used before eM, eL, and the down

sign aR: a ee: ee , HOMES .z4n., WHOLE £2,

HOLD..“.1., HORSE .,..°.., HER ... an HEAR —

The word HoMeLieR is of value as a help to the memory for the use of tick Hay, because it has in it the three consonants eM, eL, and aR before which tick Hay is used.

2. The Short Form HE ..u.... is used only when it is joined to a

stroke coming before it: THAT HE watun, THAT HE IS nein At other times the stroke form ofl 1s used: HE IS wpm pELE GAN satines

3. The diphthong-sign for UE is put in the third place: TuEsDAY

ce VIEWS mhoyony NEWS att The UE diphthong is sometimes

2V joined to a stroke coming before it: FEW wm VIEW. solocers

KNEW amt: The triphone sign .. is used as in VALUER Seo

4, The Short Form YOU ..a.. is sometimes put on its side when

joined to other outlines: GIVE YOU .mme., WITH YOU tian WHEN

YOU «G0, WHAT YOU Ae WOULD YOU ...3..., ARE YOU oe

* In certain other words a small dot is used for the sound of H, and in certain others no sign is necessary. The rules for these are given on page 66.


5. In phrasing, the down sign aR or the joined signs

are used for the word WERE: YOU WERE... “~ IF YOU WERE uhoonn


48 MODERN COURSE

CHAPTER ELEVEN 22. TABLE OF CONSONANTS—

Letter | Name Asin

e oe e pee | PAID = Ure see oes B bee BODY poe BACK ....—.

ries T tee TAKE ate... TOUCH ah

Se bo D dee DEEP aa FOLLOWED...

CH | chay | CHEAP _.... © ea TOUCH “s.J-.

gay JUDGE SAGE “ae.

kay KEEP

gay GOT

em MAKE

en CHANGE Coperoen KNOW rd gtinn

G | ing CHANG BEING ...\<. eff FOOD DOL SAEB.” Cacao vee VIEW a0 SAVE... ae

ace TH | ith BOTH 8 THINK, cae

ae TH | thee | THEY Cue eee ess so ees Sree ee

zee BAST atc > WAS ye.

ish SHOW

zhee USUAL

ar ARM

vay RATE

el LONG

el ALONG

way | WEIGH

yay YES

hay HAPPY

hay HIGH

hay HOME

r

So 2 Zee ha

Seow ONQN WwW en)

Ww s ie] = a

A N ae

_ HOLD ,/], HERE — mrmd soon


23. VOWEL SIGNS

The 12 vowel sounds to which signs are given in Pitman Shorthand all come into the two groups of words

THAT PEN IS NOT MUCH GOOD. PA MAY WE ALL GO TOO?

There are three places in which these vowels are put, and three

places in which outlines are put—

Ist-places. TAK =<. L. ae ARM as GOT ete TALK c

Qnd place: CHEQUES..Z.0. AIR smu de UP ad Sum SHOW ssnuadbum

, HEAR wasn BOOK .Xompn ROOM yxy 3rd place: BIG

It is not necessary to put in all the vowel signs in every

outline. The consonants of the outline and the sense of the story

usually make the outlines easy in reading back: CHANGE nbs

FOLLOWED mae If the form of sign used shows where vowels

come there is even less need to put in every vowel sign:

Bae

ALIKE es ionsonn FULLY wide porous CARRY may itoercond

24. DIPHTHONGS AND TRIPHONES

The four diphthongs used in Pitman Shorthand all come into

the sentence: I NOW ENJOY MUSIC. v

The diphthongs IE and OJ are put in the first place: BY iN = ;

X Gh geen

The diphthongs OW and UE are put in the third place: OUT ..|..,

BEAUTY Ud

If a vowel comes after a diphthong, a small tick is put on

to the diphthong sign: BUYER wu), BOYISH wJoms

50 MODERN COURSE

Pitman Shorthand gives a sign for every sound in the English language: longhand does not. Therefore make use of the shorthand signs in representing English: words, and take care not to let the letters of the longhand sign make you go wrong. Examples are given at the foot of pages 15 to 27 (odd numbers), and this point is put before you in different ways at the foot of pages 14 to 26 (even humbers).

From the rules given in this Chapter do Exercises 41 and 42.

CHAPTER TWELVE 25, CIRCLES SWay AND SeZ

(i) SYSTEM. Circles are used as signs for the sounds of

SWay and SeZ (and SeSS or ZeZ) in these words—

SWay sSwEET ze

SWEETLY — suu.bot.

SWEETS — nme p er

= SeSS,SeZ causes ___..... eres FACES BENGE

or ZeZ ae CXSEST, ales BOs: ORFICES(.|. SHLJATe=

z a

PASSES ao ce. MASSES

TAXES ates SUCCESS sili5!} x elcyt!

USES

PURPOSES

ANNOUNCES comin NECESSARY ew Oo

HOSES: 9) jh Qi EXIST Ses fe) ‘

LOSSES i atte EssiS =). eee sa ne

BUSINESSES ....\-gy~ BASIS LN

IN PITMAN SHORTHAND 51 2

(ii) SHORT FORMS 7 Oo

MYVSEDR ek use OURSELVES einp Pan

HIMSELF TB THEMSELVES iu Que

VERY ASoteN as

(iii) CONTRACTIONS

OBJECT /} |... > a OBJECTED

(iv) PHRASES

VERY MUCH pn AS SOON AS

VERY MANY ....oet € THIS IS

AS WE HAVE Seo IN THIS CITY be

We wriane IT IS NECESSARY bod.

AS WELL AS en


and 45.

Summary

1. A circle named the SWay circle is used when the sound of

SWay comes first in a word: SWEET .... Ee SWEETLY ....2c..

2. A circle of the same size, named the SeZ circle, is used

at the end or in the middle of an outline for the sound of

SeSS, ZeZ or SeZ: SUCCESS ..o!Q, NECESSARY OX, CAUSES ican

USES ...&., CASES .—©., FACES ..SQ.

3. A vowel, other than the short é vowel, coming between the

two consonants, is put inside the circle: EXIST elon BASIS ..NO....,

EXERCISE fiw

52 MODERN COURSE

4. The rules for writing the SWay and SeZ circles are the same

as for writing the circle éSS. The circles are put inside curves:

FACES..NO., LOSSES oe NECESSARY .@%.; on the right side of

straight down signs: swEeET ..P., Basts.No.; and on the top side of

straight left-to-right signs and of up signs: SWAG cae CASES 0.5

SUCCESS -0!0., HOUSES ,%&. It is also put outside the angle formed

by two straight signs: EXIST Zs , EXISTS Lee

5. The SWay and SeZ circles are used in phrases: AS WE

HAVE Ss » AS WE THINK Cs AS WE ARE ia AS WELL AS =... ,

THIS 1s 6., THIS CITY ., AS SOON AS <2.., 1S AS -0., AS Is .2..

6. The different sizes of the circle eSS and the SWay and SeZ

circles have always to be clearly kept: sit ~f , SWEET ... ae Xo

FASS => Fisses > LOSS, 228, LOSSES 2, -CUSTOMEr

EXIST __


IN PITMAN SHORTHAND 53 eo ene

CHAPTER THIRTEEN 26. LOOPS STee AND STeR

(i) SYSTEM. Loops, like circles, are used in Pitman Short- hand as a very quick way of writing two or more consonants—

STee

Stor. eteees

STEP

STEPS om

STATE om

STATES nus

BY xt STORES erat,

STORY

STORES «..2)=

STILL

STEEL

STONE

STeR 4D

MASTER Sn a

MASTERS «coc:

SUGGESTING ...F...

ee. Wns

AUGUST SUGGEST

BEST

COST REST

COSTS WEST

WASTE

WASTES ict

Test ee PASSED PAST

USED

TAXED LIST p

ANNOUNCED LEAST

WASTERS aes.

MASTERPIECE WASTER

MASTERPIECES =, 2:t5)..2

27. CON- OR COM- DOT

(i) SYSTEM. A small and light point or dot is used for the syllable CON-, COM- when it comes first in a word—

CONTINUE

CONTINUES

CONTINUAL

CONTINUALLY Ses al.

. COMMITTEE eee

CONTINUOUS odin COMMON

COMMIT COMPANY

COMPANIES Me

COMMITTEES .....

54 MODERN COURSE

(ii) SHORT FORMS

= re

FIRST veneonnn MOST. alegre ae BECAUSE. cnc ;

NEXT h2onm SEVERAL .....&....

(iti) CONTRACTION

ENGLISH onus2Zom 1 2

(iv) PHRASES Ae, YOU MUST ago YOUR COMPANY wm oe etn

i mUsTos 2253 FOR THIS COMPANY mmo fomnnnnn

JUST NOW IN COMMON

LAST YEAR win. S = ARE CONTINUING

From the outlines given in this Chapter do Exercises 47 and 48.

Summary

1. A small loop at the start, at the end, or in the middle of a word

is used for the sounds of STee or ZDee, and is named the STee fee

loop: STEP... STATE =I... STONE-Slz., LAST —_) USED Coe,

LEAST... (2. WASTE,.cZ., SUGGEST el SUGGESTING ,,,. f=.

ey rT Make a note of the outlineS: COST wrens ; CAUSED = , which are

formed in different ways so that the one may not be taken for

the other.

2. A wide loop is used at the end or in the middle of an outline

for the syllable STeR and is called the STeR loop: MASTER i

MASTERPIECE ......@.

The STeR loop unlike the STee loop is not used at the start of

an outline.


é

3. The circle eSS is put on to these loops and to the SeZ

circle at the end of a stroke in this way: LIST..<., LISTS .%2..;

s ‘ wD ”

SUGGEST vay SUGGESTS ....Z1.....5 IMA S i Rees es MAS ECR Sirens .

SUCCESS .2!Q., SUCCESSES ..a!p..

4. At the start or at the end of an outline the rules for using

the STee and the STeR loops are the same as for writing the circles.

When they come in the middle of a word, the loops are used in

NY

this way : SUGGESTING... MASTERPIECE .

5. The different sizes of the STee and STeR loops have to be clearly <—_! “wD

kept : MASSED rw » MASTER ww} WASTE... ch., WASTER ue

6. When the syllable CON- or COM- comes first in a word, a

small dot is used, put at the start of the outline: CONTINUE |

COMMITTEE a , COMMON...» COMPANY vronnn ‘

7. When CON-, COM-, CUM- or COG- come in the middle either

of a word or of a phrase, the sign that comes after the CON-, COM-,

CUM- or COG- is put near to the sign that comes before the

CON-, COM-, CUM- or COG-: DISCONTINUE fefmes UNCOMMON “Ls,

YOUR COMPANY Py: THIS COMMITTEE 4, RECOGNIZE Gn

8. Where -OUS comes at the end of a word and a diphthong

comes before it, the full form of eSS is used. For example—

CONTINUES... bes but CONTINUOUS


To get more clear the rules for writing the different syllable forms

in which eSS and Zee are joined with other consonants, go through

the table (given on the next page) with care, and do Exercise 50.

"SX" snoraz

ce

IVAZ :PIOM

& UT }SIY

SeUIOD 997

JO PUNOS ay}

UsYM pasn

SI 99Z [IMJ

UL

(g)

“CK” sasod 3nq

be ssassoa

‘"""™" SIXV

oe

SSHOOV :SpUMos

Surpua May}

se 7ZaS

JOU pue

SZ JO

SSeS aAeY

Sp10M 9S9q}

[TY “Sp10M

10y}0 Wor}

Jeg] W9y} d

aa 0} SSe

JO USTs [Ny Y} Pue

apOI19 oY}

YIM VpeUl

oe GSe-[aMOA-SS2

aqqertAs ay}

yjIM Surpua

sprom may

Y (2)

‘\’ HONAdE-MVS

997 pue

SSe SUBIS

[NJ

auIT]NO Jo pus

1@ YaLS pue

vas sdooT

QUIT}NO JO pus

7 ZS aoIID

aUIT}]NO Jo pus

7e (397)

SSe ePID

9UITINO Jo }1e}S

}e VaLS dooT

aUTT}NO jo IeYs

ye ACAAS PIIITD

DUITINO Jo jIeYS

J SSa

apoIID

997 GNV

SS? SHANND GNV YALS

ANV LS SdOOT

‘AEMS ‘Z9S

‘SS°9 SHTOUIN DNISN SANITLNO

ONIAID ATAVL

ACT

CUT

CONNECT

CONNECTS

WAIT

WEIGHT

YET

MIGHT

MEAT

MEET

NOT

NOTE

THOUGHT

FOOT

FEET

ART

HEART

HEARTS

LIGHT

IN PITMAN SHORTHAND 57 ———

CHAPTER FOURTEEN

28. SIGNS HALF AS LONG AS THE NORMAL

(i) SYSTEM. Syllables ending in the sound of -T come very

frequently in the English language. Here are some examples—

LIGHTLY

LES

LATELY

EAST ice) eats

NIGHT

NIGHTS

BUILT

LEFT

ASKED

TOUCHED: 1...

REACHED

HOPED

ABOUT

DOUBT

CAPITAL

EXCEPT

LIMIT

LITTLE

MARKET

MARKED

OPERATE

“Nw OPERATING. crvnninunsnnen

RECENT Acc

RECENTLY

RELATE

RELATES

RESULT

RESULTS

SOMETIMES dV

SYSTEMS

WRITTEN

WRITING

CERTAIN

58 MODERN COURSE

CERTAINLY 07%. SUPPORT Din EXPERTS

CERTAINTY 034.» REPORT HEAT ee aie XN 7 : ys

SORTA Yo es REPORTS how 2 5 HEATS on Wena

PART ‘ibang ot EXPER Dee HEATING

a START

(ii) SHORT FORMS e

OUTER creer. SEEN ee arcercnrterrtnen

COULD rninemennn WITHOUT rnin Grune

(iii) CONTRACTIONS ——

TOGETHER ..»—.. ALTOGETHER nmin :

(iv) PHRASES

IF IT IS reece THAT THIS WOULD....... ( se 2

IF IT WERE NOT wQ Loon

ie

WHAT IS

I WOULD

From the outlines. given in this Chapter do Exercises 51, 52,

and 53.

Summary 1. In words of one syllable ending in the sound of -T a thin sign

; v @ 4 is made half as long: NOT eewmny LIGHT mmm » HEART ovine » THOUGHT ... "

BUILT Nets LEFT = » WAIT ..fmy YET Ginny LEAPED .ms..

2. Thin or thick signs may be made half as long for forming signs for syllables ending in the sound of -T—

°

(a) In words of more than one syllable: CAPITAL o-aN

RABBIT unum RESULT one


(b) When the sign has a joined diphthong at the end: “"w “Ww

DOUBLE on ABOUT cry NIGHT rer » CUTE ~aeuey MUTE eq

3. The up form..<.is generally used for RT at the end of a

word: PART ge START ..~., SUPPORT X¢.., EXPERTS on 2.

4, The half form Ray is not used by itself: RATE _f\_, RIGHT AN

5. When Hay is halved and comes by itself, the up form is used :

HEAT ...<:.., HEATS ..02.

6. A sign is not halved if the halving would not be clear:

EFFECT: —- FACT...

7. A halved sign is not put through the line, eich third-place

outlines being put ON the line: FEET .s+..., LITTLE .uc4

Sny LOOKED...rmmdug MINUTE

8. Circle eSS is Pe on to halved outlines in the same way as to o— Cr EN

longer outlines: LIGHT , LIGHTS .._, SLIGHT __., OPERATE

OPERATES —~—-—

9. In phrases halving is used—

(a) For the word IT: IF ITs... IFITIS So, IF IT IS NOT .Sex.

(b) To give the writer another form for WOULD: WE WOULD

| L WOULD BEN.


60 MODERN COURSE

BAD

BADLY = an

BED

BEDS

DID

GOOD

GOODS@ en

INDEED Fes

ANSWERED ,,,

RECEIVED _e,,

CHAPTER FIFTEEN

29. HALVING (continued)

(i) SYSTEM. Syllables ending in -D also come very frequently in the English language. Here are some examples—

SUGGESTED .,,.,

ISSUED

METHOD

(i) SHORT FORMS

HAND

UNDER...

Fe os

eM vseane

bo Sais METHODS

DATED cack ns

STATED alg

END ne

SEND ex.

SENDING —smQitrendn

SOUND ee eae

SOUNDS eater

THOUSAND om &: fe

THOUSANDS vn

NEED Bree

NEEDS

MADE we

SEEMED nM

OLD ree

FIELD wmf

APPEARED...

HARD

HARDLY

HEARD > (yo Sin

BOARD

NAMED

DETAILED a

SIGNED

DESIRED ee

YARDS conaninn

WORD ...

(ili) CONTRACTIONS

IMMEDIATE IMMEDIATELY ure on

IN PITMAN SHORTHAND 61 é

(iv) PHRASES

AT THE END ..... le a IT SEEMED coadstoon yw

TNBED Eee I SEEMED Ve

IN ATAND Go) hse TO.SEND ucPissesen':


and 57.

Summary

1. In words of one syllable ending in -D a thick sign is halved:

BAD oon » GOODS wins DID enn

2. Thin or thick signs may be made half as long for forming signs for syllables ending in -D —

(a) In words of more than one syllable: ANSWERED ae

SUGGESTED ba NOTED Sx...

(b) When the sign has a joined diphthong at the end:

FEUD who... VIEWED whan

3. The Curves cPrnmderZommbon aN .....are made thicker as well as

half as long for forming signs for syllables ending in -D —

(8) END wseimy SEND Ring SOUND ...22.... THOUSAND of

NEED wrgoomy NEEDS wnQuy NEEDING wpm

(FOLD A.) FIELD , FILIED A,

(d) APPEARED nD) HARD vomey HEARD ..4..., BOARDS aie

4. If a vowel is sounded-in the syllable between L-D or R-D

4] . the separate signs are used: FOLLOWED ...... VALUED (ai ns sunny

PARRIED wsscminincny MARRIED. ‘vostro

62 MODERN COURSE

5. When -ED comes at the end of a word the root outline of which has a half-length sign.the syllable -TED or -DED is made by

: = ak a half-length sign: ACT osm ij) ACTED oa. » NOTE x4., NOTED ..y4.,

WAIT ..ghny WAITED 64), NEED.nem, “NEEDED ..S<t..., SOUND ..0%, SOUNDED ..2-t..

6. A halved Tee or Dee coming after another Tee or Dee is not joined, but made separately: DATED...|k..


CHAPTER SIXTEEN 30. SYLLABLES -TeR, -DeR, -THeR, -TURE

(i) SYSTEM. These syllables are common. ‘Here are some examples—

. Sw.

NEITHER) (jcc ce ORDER AFTER

FATHER NATURE 02 ORDERS

FUTURE NATURAL .../.. LONGER :

MATTER iy oe (see 3 of Summary)

MOTHER LETTER PICTURE

MOTOR LETIERS:, ..(.... PICTURES

MOTORS LIGHTER... c ah OPERATOR

ANOTHER ..la... LATER OPERATORS seen Qo

(ii) SHORT FORMS vy

Lo

ues ie INFLUENCE cvsnnnmne INFLUENCED ommmmnmnmnn

WRITER ) wennnnonean

(iii) CONTRACTIONS JINIERES TE ciaukan

(iv) PHRASES WHO ARE INTERESTED...

IN THEIRA(THERE) uu ae



and 61.

Summary

1. Curves are made twice as long for the addition of the syllables

_-TeR, -DeR, -THeR (the sound as in MOTHER), and, in common words,

SS FATHER

NATURE S—p(, NATURAL wocmmmy FUTURE named Double-Length Signs.

2. The curve eL, if it comes alone, is made longer only for the

addition of -TeR (see 5 of Summary, Chapter 17): LATER.(..

LETTER Loon 3. The curve iNG ..~..is made twice as long only for the addition

of KeR or GeR: HANKER ae LONGER fea (There are no

examples of it forming syllables with -TeR, -DeR, or -THeR.)

_ 4. A straight sign, unlike a curve, may be made twice as long or the addition of the syllables -TeR, -DeR, -THeR, -TURE,

mly if—

(a) There is another sign or a circle eSS before it: PICTURE oN e “Ne

ee ROPERATOR Fae... » OPERATORS ure. acer ? __.. , PICTURES ....

SECTOR ...q-—:—....

(b) It has a joined diphthong-sign at the end: DOUBTER ... |.

5. Circle eSS is put on to these outlines in the same way as to

other-outlines: MOTORS ..<a4.., PICTURES

6. In phrases a sign may be made twice as long for the addition ee

of the words THEIR OF THERE: IN THERE (THEIR) pom , I HAVE

THEIR wuquon » I THINK THERE IS -t-

7. Sometimes to make a better phrase only part of an outline : eet ace is used: AS A MATTER OF FACT onesnsnsnonn


MODERN COURSE

CHAPTER SEVENTEEN 31. HOOK aR TO STRAIGHT SIGNS

(i) SYSTEM. A very common form of syllable in English is that in which aR is joined with another consonant to make one sound.

(

- ¢ AGREE Lustintemeited RIES S OCTOBER sensation 4

APRIL . DRESSES REGRET

BREAK ; PRODUCT REGRETS eae Ne

GIRL BREAKING BRAKING PROPERTY .... \. GIRLS

BROKE Nes i =S OK X= RUS ‘ ouRsE]

BRING TRUSTS pee COARSE Vv

BROUGHT pe. TRY mad COURSES

DRINK- INCREASE ww 5n0. RECORD

GROW i... pon INCREASED |... <=. RECORDS

TRUE ‘| BETTER DIRECT

A

TRULY wet ann WATER DIRECTS

aay ACROSS Jia, IbABOUR DIRECTING

BREAD wan Sinan LEADER myn yp, DIRECTOR

CONTROL... KZ, READER 4)... DIRECTORS

CRY cctorsumiice’ TERA IER Sis las An REGARD oS é

GRIESjeur cnn Nee PAPER wa REGARDING coon 1

CREDIT ORDERED .. PICTURED

PERSON. ebéuw FIGURE NEWSPAPER ge

PRESENT... Nexu FIGURES BIGGER


“~

PERHAPS PRICES | 8 CHEAPER ee

(see7 of Summary) mMoToRED ..m.. TEACHER — mmbewsnnm

N

6,

PRICE tee DEGREE |... TEACHERS mun 5 ce

(ii) SHORT FORMS

OWE ' GREAT pecan a

ee TRADE

ACCORDING eee TOWARD) —

CARE gies

(iii) CONTRACTION PROBABLE |

PROBABLY PROBABILITY

(iv) PHRASES

YOU WILL AGREE ui... IN ALL PROBABILITY qu 442

IN THE COURSE — ewmcnamm ACCORDING TO +t"

OF COURSE ee ee WITH REGARD TO eZromn


and 65. : Summary

1. The consonant sound aR is frequently joined with another

consonant sound to make a single sound or syllable, as -PR, -BR,

-TR, -DR, -KR, -GR, and so on. A small hook at the start of a

straight sign and formed on the opposite side to the circle eSS is

used to make a single sign for such two consonants. These hooked

forms are named PeR, BeR, TeR, DeR, KeR, Ge: | PRICE...»

APRIL XC, BREAK NX, TRUST wNZ., DRINK ovo, CREDIT owe toabton

Z. Hooked signs may be joined to other strokes: BETTER wo \qers

yy OCTOBER _’., PAPER eee

3. In a small group of words, in order to make the outlines as

short as possible, the hooked strokes are used even though a vowel

other than @ (as in PER) comes between the consonant and the aR.

LABOUR .2..\., FIGURE (uu

3—(S.527)

66 MODERN COURSE

It is not generally necessary in writing Shorthand to put in th¢

vowel in such outlines, but, if desired, it may be made clear that a

dot vowel is present by writing a small circle in place of the dot;

before or after the hooked sign, and that a dash vowel of diphthong is present may be marked by writing the vowel or diph: thong sign through ve hooked sign in the Ist, 2nd or 3rd place

DIRECT .. a REGARD...) COURSE ..ct®.., COURSES ..t9.., RECORD nnn

RECORDS. be » PICTURED .... nnn

It is not necessary to put in any sign for the short vowel é;

PERSON Nels... PERMIT .\>. | . : q

4. Hooked signs are not as a rule used in words of one syllable if a vowel comes between the consonant and the aR. Fo example— .

PRAY ..S.. but PAIR a

5. Stroke eL is made longer for the addition of -TeR only. Fo example—

LETTER 6 LEADER ...-}.-

OLDER << Al pes WATER, geforce

the sign...—.... but since there is already the outline for the word

REGARD formed in that way, it is wiser to make use of the sign

Looms {OF REGRET.

7. In the outline PERHAPS it is not necessary to put in the Hay,

but a small dot may be used, as ..\...... The same is true of a small

group of words, and specail thes with the endings -HOLD,

-HOOD, -HEART. In such words it is not necessary to put in the

dot: HOUSEHOLD ..A...0.

GIRLHOOD «mal...

From the niles given in the Summary do Exercise 66.

’

IN PITMAN SHORTHAND 67 pee oe ny eee eee

CHAPTER EIGHTEEN

32. HOOK eL TO STRAIGHT SIGNS

(i) SYSTEM. Consonant eL is also frequently joined with

other consonants to make one sound. Here are some examples—

ABLE augue PLEASE ogee EMPLOYER

BLACK erth nae AE EASED! Ms Ngee EMPLOYERS! 2.

EXAMPLE BLUE PLEASING

PLAY TABLE gf TROUBLE

TABLES ats um TROUBLES PLAYS

PLACE EMPLOY... \.... SIMPLE

CLEAR EMPLOVEE ck APOLITICAL: cio Sica

GLEARED) =).2o0 ae

EMPLOYEES |... So) POLITICALLY 0. 3$:2sss000

COMPLETE. inno

COMPLETES w.. SS.

(ii) SHORT FORMS

DEAR rope BUILD ae

BUILDING DURING el

at BELIEF PARTICULAR b=. .., BELIEVE ©). = es

BELIEVED OPPORTUNITY wo Svun

(iii) CONTRACTIONS eee

CHARACTER, cae ctu DANGER

DANGEROUS .. 7

MODERN COURSE

(iv) PHRASES T AM PLEASED sinvnicsin

r I BELIEVE noe mere AT ALL eee

WE BELIEVE

ABLE LO in) awe nee Sis

TO BE ABLE TO ee

From the outlines given in this. Chapter do Exercises 67, 68, |

and 69.

Summary 1. The consonant sound eL is frequently joined with another!

consonant sound.to make a single sound, as -PL, -BL, -TL, -DL

-KL, -GL, and so on. A small hook at the start of the straight sig in question and formed on the same:side as the circle eSS is used to

make.a single sign for such two consonants. These hooked form

are named PeL, BeL, TeL, DeL, KeL, GeL: PLACE.No..., APPLE. BLUE -\,,ABLE<...

n> rien ena 2. Signs hooked for eL may be joined to other signs : EMPLOY. wmndmiy

SIMPLE «dy. » TABLE eaiay POLITICAL ..2 | |

3. The hook eL is used in phrases for the word ALL: AT ALL aoe BY TALS a mnovn

4. The outline ABLE .s,.is halyed for the addition of TO: |

ABLE 10.5.


33. HOOK eN TO STRAIGHT SIGNS


és

CHAPTER NINETEEN

(i) SYSTEM. Syllables formed of consonants and eN are

very common in English. In addition, common word endings

such as -NED, -NT(S), -NING(S), -NTER(S), -NTERING(S), -NDER(S),

-NDERING(S) are very often formed from a root word or syllable

ending with the sound of eN.

HAPPEN

HAPPENING...

HAPPENED

BEGIN

BEGINNING .....

AGAIN

PLANT

PLANTER

PLANTING

ENGINE

JUNE

ONE

OPEN

OPENING

UPON

BETWEEN

a

oo

CLEAN

CLEANING wmcqzoonym

CLEANED! fmstnginin

DOWN

PLAN

PLANNING «.

PLAIN

PLANE

4 e

ATRELANE racine

TOWN >

TRAINING

CHILDREN a

RUN

RAN

basis eerste

ine r

% J

TRAIN oS

et

TRAINED nnd) nm

te

BURN

BURNT

LEARN

LEARNT

MODERN

ACCOUNT sn. Xonm

BEHIND

DEPEND

DEPENDING nn. Le -

GROUND am epee

PLAYGROUND iu SeRivm

KIND

KINDER 60) nasiveanane

KINDLY

PAINT RAs

PAINTER

70 MODERN COURSE

PAINTING ..Xuu.... UNDERSTAND Ren WINTER

x ad PAINTINGS ... Xue. WANT toca ICOUNTRY,

: At POINT beatae WENT akan EDLUND RSD iiss Rents

Ww \? PGINDIN Gs iwc ROUND SiiMhnn t LURN a WE esate

POUND Sites SECOND Be TURNED oe pus :

SPAND? i sess 6 SPEND & RETURN

STANDING

(ii) SHORT FORMS

GENTLEMEN sel oe. NUMBER

NUMBERED vot

GENERAL / batt GENERALLY GALL: 4) UP Vitae

MEMBER CALLED. GO Vues oot REMEMBER 2 REMEMBERED

(iii) CONTRACTIONS

WHATEVER WHENEVER .. cc

(iv) PHRASES J Wine

DO NOT eee I UNDERSTAND oon.

DID NOT selec. I WENT

I DO NOT THINK at. BETTER THAN Nga

I DO NOT WISH .,. o ae RATHER THAN NS

I CANNOT Sachs

From the outlines given in this Chapter do Exercises 71, 72, and 73.

IN PITMAN SHORTHAND 71 és

Summary

1. A small hook at the end of a straight sign, formed on

the opposite side to the circle eSS, is used for syllables formed with ra

the common consonant sound e€N: AGAIN peswun. » RETURNED whokin

Sony CANTERING osnmn es ACCOUNT = , CLEANING uae PAINTER oud

‘Van mean < KINDER cccummumy PONDERING

2. A sign with a hook at the end ray be joined to other signs:

Boing < CLEANING .eogo omy) OPENING As PAINTING .Nwy=.,

— REN DL Yc

3. The hook eN is used in phrases for the words BEEN and

THAN: HAD BEEN comms , BETTER THAN i , RATHER THAN

J Make a note of the phrases DO NOT OF HAD NOT wn , DID NOT math...

4. A sign which is hooked at the end may be halved for the addi-

tion of the sound of -T or -D, or made twice as long for the addition

of the syllables -TeR, -DeR, -THeR, or -TURE: account ak

RETURN whoutZon :

6. Turn to par. (5), page 62, and then make a note of the outlines—

PZ) VANS ence WANTED ee

= A

— Ta ACCOUNT. csisnAbne AGCOUNTED vadiiennnte

but

SECOND eignm SECONDED

< PRAND 2 eigenen PLANTED


72 MODERN COURSE

CHAPTER TWENTY 34. HOOK eF/Vee TO STRAIGHT SIGNS

(i) SYSTEM. eF and Vee are other consonants that are frequently used in English at the end-of a word or syllable. Here are some examples—

ABOVE mtu, PERFECT . 4 \220" SERVE eee

CHIEF owen PERFECTLY mu Wntnnee SERVED — iimOconah

GAVE ee PROFIT seeidoe PROVIDE YI

DRIVE PROFITS ing feet = PROVIDING worn

DRIVING 23a ERAT Re ee ae PROVIDED mT

a j HALVED Steeh asia i PROVIDES oo

(ii) SHORT FORMS

DIFFICULT oo TELL a ant

GOLD BR ce eae OUGHT ,

AWE PEOPLE SNe

(iii) CONTRACTIONS DIFFICULTY van DIEPICULTIES waa bomnse

(iv) PHRASES TO TELL ot ARTE WHICH HAVE eae

OUT OF wf WHICH HAVE BEEN olroom

NUMBER OF ae WHO HAVE nite

KNOWLEDGE OF maces OUGHT TO BE eee

From the outlines given in this Chapter do Exercises 75, 76, and:77,

IN PITMAN SHORTHAND 73 a ee a

Summary

1. A small hook at the end of a straight sign, formed on the same

side as the circle eSS, is used to make a single sign for syllables

ending in the consonant sounds eF or Vee: CHIEF wn» HALE Bechet

GAVE wump2iny DRIVE santn » SERVE ..0nnw

2. A sign hooked for eF or Vee may be joined to other signs:

\ we DRIVING ...<., PROVIDE ~ ha , PERFECT Ani

3. A sign hooked for eF or Vee may be halved to make a single

sign for syllables ending in the consonant sounds of eF or Vee joined

; Ce with Tee or Dee: SERVED 72.) HALVED mmm

4. The hook eF or Vee is used in phrases for the words OF and

HAVE: OUT OF cnn SET OF oka WHO HAVE ...., WHICH HAVE roe


MODERN COURSE

CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE 35. aR AND eL HOOKS TO CURVES

(i) SYSTEM. While straight signs may be hooked on me |

sides, curves may be hooked only inside the curves.

however, for the purpose of making a sign for eL as well as aR, have hooks of different sizes, as in these examples—

aR HOOK

EVER Ru aetna

EVERY

OPPER iy aie nye NORTH hen —e -

OFFERED mune ENGINEER kta

EITHER ys ENGINEERING ww. dosgons

OTHER Pet a . FREE —

COMFORT C FREELY

COMFORTING... COVER

FURTHER ee COVERED See Nos Vv

FRIDAY a soak DISCOVER

DIFFER 73 aa

36. eL HOOK cv v

FLY sae LUNG Ce v

FLIES nee DI NALLY a) patina te

Sue FLYING Se BEAU RTE UL om Aa

DEVELOP BEAUTIFULL Yon Qn

DEVELOPED . POWERFUL

. WEATHER

A curve may,

THROUGH and)

. /

BROTHERS um Sy festa

: A WEATHERING wllirduusan

BROTHER

RIVER

THURSDAY om i oe E

onl

al |

POWERFULLY ..Neosmnnnnnnen

OFFICIAL

OFFICIALS

SHILLING

SHILLINGS


(ii) SHORT FORMS 2 SHORT aaa PLEASURE ex. ZY SHORTHAND von MR. “Bisiny

MERE REMARK ~ REMARKED MERELY MORE

(iii) CONTRACTIONS

REMARKABLE ) 7 EVERYTHING .\Wu. REMARKABLY) =~}

(iv) PHRASES

THEY'ARE ) nine ; YOURS RESPECTFULLY ...% A.

IN OUR VIEW sds

From the outlines given-in this Chapter do Exercises 79, 80,

and 81.

Summary

1. A small hook at the start of a curve, formed inside it, is

used to make a single sign for the single sound which is formed when

the consonant sound of. aR is joined with another consonant sound

for which a curve is the shorthand Sign: OFFER mm EVER cece

OTHER...A..., MEASURE aoe

2. Hook aR to curves is used in phrases for the words ARE or oo

OUR: THEY ae IN OUR voessmumy IN OUR VIEW rn é

3. A wide hook at the start of a curve, formed inside it, is

on iS used for the addition Of CLs: FLY suis, PEL YING sinnppitioan , DEVELOP &

76 MODERN COURSE

4. The hooked forms San en may be turned the

other way: Nye eee The first group are named the)

“Jeft”” forms and the second group are named the “right” forms. |

The ‘‘right”’ forms DS... are used—

(a) In words of one syllable, when no vowel comes before |

the hooked consonant— e |

FREE ae OFFER. aici: |

THROUGH wns) but EVER ate |

THREE! "See EITHER ves

(b) Generally when joined to a sign going from left to right— | |

COVER DIFFER | Ce BROTHER Maw DUC = FRIDAY mn \ t |

RIVER omg AVERAGE ..... y ne

fen a ' Oa The “left” forms vo Sw Some are generally used: FLY we ;

ee FE VYING annum

The different sizes of the aR and eL hooks should be made quite C e Vv |

Clear : EVER wc Spomy FLY soommny ENGINEER wmgdstouy FINAL sonnuney a |

DEVELOP =

5. The sign iSH though generally formed with a down motion

as in SHOWED... [= PUSH a > ‘PLUSH Se OPRESHSe big

sometimes formed with an up motion to give an outline that comes

more naturally to the pen, as in FISH =Kualh, DISH [opus BRUSH... X2.. 4

IN PITMAN SHORTHAND 77 s

: The hooked form SHeR ....2.. is made with a DOWN motion

OP PICIAL iiommmnmy SHILLING sngnftranun

6. As with hooked straight signs, a small circle may be used

if a vowel comes between the consonant and the aR or eL:

.; and a dash vowel or diphthong-sign

q

ENGINEER..A,,.) SHILLING ...,.%<

is put through the stroke! NORTH vemos BEFORE p05 Taursbay..g:

7. These hooked forms are not used in words of one syllable if

a vowel comes between the consonant and the aR or eL. For

example— BREE cee BEAR Maoh

v but => EEN set = i FALL sa


78 MODERN COURSE

CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO 37. HOOK eN TO CURVES

(i) SYSTEM. These words give still more examples of the way in which eN is an important part of English syllables.

rhs "Y wn» LRON

fom

rie, AE LEORIN OO IN ia Neajeninnnmane

OFTEN

EVEN

EVENING SHOWN

THAN

THEN . SITUATION

MINE » MACHINE

MAN AMOUNT Satiinatcarien a

MEN MIND

MEAN . DEMAND

(ii) SHORT FORMS OPINION “tierce NEAR Setar

ce npn

(ui) CONTRACTIONS

ADVERTISE | Le

NOR

ADVERTISED

ADVERTISEMENT

(iv) PHRASES WE HAVE BEEN wé(Avam

: ee c>

HAVING BEEN

MORE THAN YEARS AGO

FRIEND

IN OUR OPINION

PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT ,

%

FOUND

EVENT eos

LAND

FRONT

“| |

oe |

MOMENT

PAYMENT

STATEMENT

OVER ee

HOWEVER mR enn



and 85.

Summary

1. A small hook at the end of a curve is used for making a single

sign for the very many syllables in which the consonant sound of

eN is joined as part of a single sound. The hook is formed inside

— q the curve: EVEN oko» PMAN ics , SHOWN we2riny LINE soc

2. As with straight signs hooked for eN, a curve which is hooked

for eN may be (a) joined to other signs: EVENING «kyon

(’) made half or double as long as the normal: Vv v.

a DLN aeeer ge HUN Dincrsmny

MEANING woes :

v> a MINE 0, MIND wcumy REMINDER .....\ gam

FINDER

3. There is no eF/Vee hook to curves. For example—

NONE 2 ENOUGH .. nun but

LEAN _. 2 LEAVES, 2 hens

4. A hook is not used at the end of an outline if there is a vowel

sound after the eN or eF/Vee. In other words, HooKs eN and

eF/Vee are used if there is no vowel after the eN or eF/Vee; full eN

or eF/Vee if there is a vowel after the eN or eF/Vee. For example—

OPEN _S.. PENNY uu.

MEN cm... Dut MONEY .qr—un

ee LAER eiteimunecnen HEAVY Girinictmmne

5. Hook eN to curves is used in phrases for the words BEEN

and THAN: HAVE BEEN .\..., MORE THAN ........ In addition, make 9 Vs

a note of the phrases: THEY ARE NOT woomng LAM NOT wom , YOU WILL

NOT woo


MODERN COURSE

CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE 38. SHUN HOOKS

(i) SYSTEM. The syllable -SHUN is very common in English.

ATTENTION

NATION u:zess ers

NATIONAL Se

DIVISION ree

DIVISIONAL

RELATION ae

=> ACTION Rr

CONNECTION wees tse

COMPETITION em Spoon

39. eSS-SHUN

CONDITION nn i, oe

CONDITIONED inenbnnn

STATION Be

OPERATION ae

EDUCATION ow. Ls nig

EDUCATIONAL . Ee

COMPLETION ee a

PERFECTION

DIRECTION

(i) SYSTEM. The syllable -SHUN often comes after con-

sonant eSS. For example—

POSITION...

(11) SHORT FORMS

PRINCIPAL PRINCIPALLY > (oe PRINCIPLE

THEREFORE fa

ie TAXATION Farce cnoe

INFORMATION ase

DARGE © De Woe / ae

LARGELY ae

EARGE Res a nee

IN PITMAN SHORTHAND 81 —

(iii) CONTRACTIONS ORGANIZE ORGANIZATION on. deem ORGANIZED hei

OBJECTION ye

(iv) PHRASES

TO MEET COMPETITION uaa SORT JAD IONE NON aa

NEW COMPETITION wtwi inn IN THIS CONNECTION Ke.

a : NU.

ANY CONDITION Baba IN CONNECTION WITH wns.


and 89.

Summary

1. A wide hook at the end of a sign is used for the sound

of SHUN.

2. The SHUN hook is formed inside curves: NATION.»,2.. ‘

DIVISION .. te OBSERVATION ..

3. At the end of a straight sign there is a choice of sides on which

the SHUN hook may be put. The choice is to be made as in the

four rules here given.

(a) If there is a circle or hook at the start of the sign,

the SHUN hook is put on the side opposite to the circle or hook:

STATION Sih Sevius

(b) If there is no circle or hook at the start of the sign,

the SHUN hook is put on the side opposite to the last vowel

in the outline: ACTION Pee , CONNECTION... but CAUTION socom

OCCASION oa OPERATION ise

(c) The SHUN hook is formed on the a side of simple

Tee, Dee, and Jay: oo ADDITION ones , CONDITION

acne MAGICIAN |...

82 MODERN COURSE

tic Atters. set ee eee the SHUN hook is put on the side of Kay or Gay away from the

= ; Wen ee anceneesenssansonennennee y

Comm tO Make a clearer outline,

eF/Vee or eL: FICTION

LOCATION WGnncony LEGATION Conn

4, The SHUN hook may be used in the middle of an outline:

NATIONAL wosomnan , ADDITIONAL w.Zonm

5. When SHUN comes after circle eSS, a small curved “tail” is put on after the circle. A third-place vowel between the eSS and SHUN

is placed outside this curved tail; other vowels between the eSS and

SHUN are not marked: POSITION ers TAXATION “te

6. If a word ends with -UATION, the sign iSH and hook eN are used. For example—

STATION ... Je. Dut SITUATION cn Pon v



CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR

40. ADDITION OF CIRCLE eSS TO HOOKS

(i) SYSTEM. Circle eSS may be used with hooked signs, as in these examples—

: : SUPPLY SUMMER WEYoun AMOUNTS ave

SUPPLIES SOONER m@a%un DEMANDS

POSSIBLE PERSONAL oo FINDS

POSSIBLY PERSONALLY Pi EVENTS

EXPRESS PERSONALITY.-.Yop NATIONS

EXPRESSED S... CHIEFS wm fa DIVISIONS

oy. EXPRESSES Q. DRIVES ot ee RELATIONS OS, Re

INDUSTRY i MEANS eae opseRvATIONs ~~. § ine

DISTRIBUTE _.... + e LINES ‘numun CONDITIONS ts

DISTRIBUTION..J..%... MACHINES __..... oan DIRECTIONS a ‘4 °

x5 POSITIONS © swindon

(ii) SHORT FORMS

OWING ey EQUAL LANGUAGE J overs EQUALLY).

TILL alae EQUALLED esses: Meeedaewen sto

COLD

TOLD atte

(iii) CONTRACTIONS

GOVERN

GOVERNED

84 MODERN COURSE

N\ . (iv) PHRASES

TRADE CONDITIONS oon 4 15 TO EXPRESS on dren

POOR CONDITIONS _.... i beg AND INDUSTRY wns svn


and 93.

Summary

1. Circle eSS may be used with hooked signs: SUPPLY Ns

reer y SOONER .S.~.., POSSIBLE . sie INDUSTRY of EXPRESS. rmmnnn’

DISTRIBUTION fm, PERSONAL... Q84, MEANS wm) AMOUNTS =a om ; Vv

DRIVES 2s NATIONS . mony CONDITIONS .2.Jeu > BOSITIONS

Make a note of the form of the circle and hook ae he

comes before wor OF ase 2 DISAGREE wpm DISCOURAGE “be

TASKER un

2. The ‘fuller form of eN-eSS .—~e.. is used after a curve, when the

eSS has its true value and not the value of Zee. This is because

words ending with the ess sound have further forms; for example, MINCE..<>.@., MINCES 2., MINCED..<o>-@, MINSTER 2; but words

ending in the Zee sound. for example, MEN'S have no further

forms.

Compare—

MINCE

LANCE

FENCE

ANNOUNGE iran scm NOUNS doo


IN PITMAN SHORTHAND 85 ee

CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE

41. ADDITION OF A CIRCLE OR A LOOP TO HOOKS aR AND eN TO STRAIGHT SIGNS

(i) SYSTEM. The addition of a circle or a loop to hooks

aR and eN to straight signs is made by writing the circle or

loop on the hook side of the sign. For example—

STRANGE ky STRAIGHT im aes TRAINS — soutoum

STRANGEST one STREET Ht Ede TOWNS we io A

° —o.

STRANGELY an SWEETER oa ae ACCOUNTS von Sonn

i a STRONG DOE TSTOPPER Peace DEPENDS ....... Me ce :

STRONGLY “sONCES4 vin be one GROUNDS mam

STRONGER DISTANCE au SPENDS LL

. : $ CONSIDER oo DISTANCES mn i ois PLANTS see oeeee

ae “gs : CONSIDERABLE .-Jomn. ENGINES... eee POINTS of) :

CONSIDERABLY ad ae ELEANS|» yuu pes PAINTS ose

CONSIDERATION wmf CLEANSED cemlmpeso PAINTERS one. Mone

LEARNS

(ii) SHORT FORMS

SURPRISE BALANCE

SURPRISED seein ; BALANCED sipsorcanc

ITSELF a SCHOOL erent

(iii) CONTRACTIONS

RESPONSIBLE on

RESPONSIBILITY

86 MODERN COURSE

(iv) PHRASES \ $y ~

THAT WE CONSIDER nnn 4 nH UPON CONSIDERATION out ie =

OFFICIALS CONSIDER genet YOURS TRULY

From the outlines given in this Chapter do Exercises 95 and 96.

Summary

1. When a circle or loop comes before hook aR joined to a

straight sign, it is formed on the hook side of the sign (that_is,

on the opposite side to simple circle eSS) : STRANGE sk STRONG oncom Ke _ ‘

CONSIDERED wins, SWEETER (wd DORE ER racncmee

2. When a circle or loop comes after hook eN joined to straight

consonant signs, it is formed on the hook side of the sign (that is, on

the opposite side to simple circle eSS) : DISTANCE 7 DISTANCES a

ENGINES wh 3 UCLEANS «a .» CLEANSED wimeryny GROUNDS wun Ee

iNG-KeR) in addition to the double-length form ...s+e<.. The hooked

form .s—<..is used after down signs, For example— ) nee (Sree : fe but

STRONGER) oe LINGER na...


The rules for writing aR, eL, eN, eF/Vee, and -SHUN and of |

adding eSS to them are a most important point in writing shorthand more quickly. )

Go through the examples in the table given on the next page and do Exercise 98.

: :

: De

PoeyYooFT 0}

samo,

YOOH

YIM

Sse

epostg

* YO

OH

episut

ssa

epos

t

7°H-NOHS-

N2

YOoH

: Ge"

su

og

7y8ny

pue

yo]

ESC

UT

UE

Penida

nau

No

eA

TERE

CER

rH TE

AAER

nin

Meera

ease

es

a seen

ores

ee

OAR

Ce

a

> 2

we

YOO

~~ —SaaIny

OL

990A

/,J2

YOoH

* N29

YOoH

~ “J

? 700H

* M2

YOoH

—SUBIS

}YSI

eIS

OF

NOHS-

ANV

29A/a?

‘N?

“T?

‘M®

SHOOH

DNISN

SANITLNO

DNIAID

AIAVL

88 MODERN COURSE

CHAPTER’ TWENTY-SIX 42. COMPOUND CONSONANTS

(i) SYSTEM. Here are some more words giving examples of syllables formed with two consonants joined together. A single sign for these syllables is an easy way of saving time in writing them.

KWay QUick ee eas

QUICKLY

QUICKER: |. nitration

QUICKEST Tie et es

QUARTER

QUARTERS

QUARTERLY oe

REQUIRE

REQUIRED Cre

REQUIREMENTS {Soon

LeR FruLVeR - ks

RuLeR orf ie

ReR pooReR at

CLEARER .....\..

(ii) SHORT FORMS

IMPORTANT sat

IMPORTANCE J

IMPOSSIBLE

iMP/iMB IMPorRTANT

TM PROVEMENT wc oun

SEPTEMBER

DECEMBER

WeL WELL

WILL

WILLING .....,.<=—...

WHeL WHILE

WHtLst

WHay WHERE

ee

WHEREAS 1.64 occu

WHITE

IMPROVE

IMPROVED

IMPROVEMENT

WHETHER

saan Mou Nan

| j in |


(iii) PHRASES

DECEMBER LAST WILL NOT BE wR =

HAVING REGARD TO THE. .\sz.. LET ME KNOW.

WILL YOU


and 101.

Summary

1. There are eight special signs which are known as COMPOUND

CONSONANT signs—

QUICK

GWYNNE

IMPORTANT...

FULLER eee

POORER _.

WHERE

WELL Toe WILLING Ga

WHILE WHILST

2. If stroke eM comes before Nuon.» OF... no time is

saved ‘by using the compound consonant, and the hooked forms are

, EMPLOY ...\., SIMPLE .\..... IMPRESS... used: EXAMPLE

IMPRINT u205s..5 EMBRACE occu un

90 MODERN COURSE

3. Stroke eM may be halved for Tee in such ae as ATTEMPT,

where the Pee is not clearly sounded” ATTEMPT voeny ATTEMPTS wins

N. L Ke PROMPT. onccinen . PROMPTLY £ cine og JUMPED pikerriing BUMPED) i... Sahn

4, The addition of aR to the compound consonant iMP/iMB ux.

may be shown in two ways—

(a) By hook aR .cs.: HAMPER... ROMPER ...... ;

DECEMBER (b) By making the sign twice as long ..—>-..:

, SEPTEMBER <=>. Z |

The longer form is used after a down sign: DECEMBER

the hooked form after an up sign: HAMPER canes

5. LeR...©..and ReR ...)..are used only where the down form of

eL or aR would be used in the root outline. For example— i

FULL — vat but SMALL Co lata

Soy FULLER oo SMALLER Biles, Ue ee

RULE mye CONTROL re

RULER omnyefows CONTROLLER Gy acenene

CLEAR CARRY wor

CLEARER ronan CAREER ete eis

6. In phrases the sign... for WILL is used only when it is joined

to another sign coming before it! LT WILL wewmmy YOU WILL too ’

IT* WILL “BE cos

WILL NOT BE GE » WILL YOU sw pr

At other times the full form ee is used: WILL

BS Ua



é

CHAPTER TWENTY-SEVEN 43. Way HALF-CIRCLE

(i) SYSTEM. A small half-circle is sometimes used for the consonant ey For example—

WALK. — aS WARM uucasunnit toni WORK

eee a WALKING ornnenunssinssnnr WERE) itn Sadat WORLD

v

WEEK a WIRE co ons WORTH

WEAK) oe te” vy

WIRELESS wiiicaitisinane, QUALITY

WOMAN | Siriaas FREQUENT

WOMEN Rain FREQUENTLY

(ui) SHORT FORMS

SUBJECT \ TRIED oct ! bs SUBJECTED) ~~

TRUTH ei ius : (iii) PHRASES .

1005... £100 ndbrge $100,000 inns

500,000 = £1,000 ...4¢... £375,000 ..37.5.4..

50,000,000 ...52. £10,000 ..10G.

From the outlines given in this Chapter do Exercises 103, 104, and 105

Summary

1. A small half-circle is used for Way at the start of outlines, when

it comes before the SiIQNS —enmmmmiisi salvar ANG santas WEEK? Goonies

WEEKLY » WOMEN ...amm., WERE, ein WORK avonnennnna

92 MODERN COURSE

2. In order to have a clear and short outline, the Way half-circle ic Vv

e . e ‘ ° .

is sometimes used in ‘the middle of an outline: QUALIFY.,,......> =

QUALITY ct, , FREQUENT.) omy FREQUENTLY >)...

3. The signs eN .~«, 1TH hae and eM .<».are used for

HUNDRED, THOUSAND and MILLION: one HUNDRED ..A,,..,

TWO THOUSAND .2(.., THREE MILLION ..,2..


CHAPTER TWENTY-EIGHT

44, DIPHONES

(i) SYSTEM. Sometimes in English words two vowel sounds

come one after another with no consonant between them. For

example—

EARLIER REAL wyfmmmm WEIGHING é zz

HAPPIER REALLY . SAYING

HEAVIER SERIOUS -nafJauu LOWER

CARRIER SERIOUSLY ...... 24... LOWEST mm, eo .

IDEA SUGGESTION.....0—.,, SHOWING iw ee ue

IDEAS MILLION Fen KNOWING yee

Ss hie MATERIAL Gitimiboumes . MILLIONS (Gn. FOLLOWING cst

EXPERIENCE QUESTION ae TRUER ae

7

EXPERIENCES communes QUESTIONS seeds TRUEST wll a

IN PITMAN SHORTHAND 93 é

(ii) SHORT FORMS

BEYOND eccsscr ADVANTAGE arses

OWN orarcancns DELIVER Ce

DELIVERED f

OWNER Siisscuieen DELIVERY cC-

(iii) PHRASES

SERIOUS CONSIDERATION gp Q

SERIOUSLY CONSIDERING nn ferrunfrnnon


and 109.

Summary

1. If two vowels come one after the other, the angled signs ..4.

and .a., are used. These signs are named DIPHONES.

(a) ..&. is used where the first of the two vowels is a dot

vowel, the sign being put in the position of the first of the two = &

a dash vowel: LOWER.AZeohy KNOWING dyes SHOWING... 27, Cau:

FOLLOWING aovcnnsmimy TRUER Re TRUEST ae

(c) In addition ..«...1s used for the two vowels in such words L

aS QUESTION ate, MILLION vommZ-y SUGGESTION ...0=.


94 MODERN COURSE

CHAPTER’ TWENTY-NINE

45. PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES

(i) SYSTEM. Some parts of words are very common in the English language at the start and at the end of words, and special shorthand signs are used for them. Those at the start are given the name Prefixes, those at the end Suffixes. For example—

PREFIXES , a

CONTROL ae SELF-CONTROLLED eed

CONTINUE oof SELF-IMPORTANT Ee

CONNECTION =. SELF-MADE oe

SELF-CONTROL... XZ. UNNECESSARY

SUFFIXES

PAYING © >= ai RUNNING Boom

TEACHING See WANTING ...~.....

SHIPPING : SERVING ane

HELPING MASTERING...

HELPINGS COSTING Simacae

TRYING COMING —e

COVERING COMINGS ——

COVERINGS |). GIVING iets. 8

ORDERING oy i PUTTING ron

HEARING Gi meta dict TRADING wait a Ia.

ATTEMPTING Ae ORGANIZING .... X_,..

MORNING a PUBLISHING mg

MORNINGS —e

IN PITMAN SHORTHAND

~ ¢ THOUGHTFULNESS sn Nei anes REGULARITY

THOUGHTLESSNESS ee DESIRABILITY

HOPEFULNESS se FORWARD

HOPELESSNESS FORWARDING

CAREFULNESS BACKWARD

CARELESSNESS eee FRIENDLY

FRIENDSHIP PARTICULARLY

HARDSHIP DIFFERENTLY

MEMBERSHIP su yy ats RESPECTIVELY

CA

OWNERSHIP =o ANNOUNCEMENT . omnis

POSSIBILITY mmm ANNOUNCEMENTS ornnsnnnnnn ee

FORMALITY

(ii) SHORT FORMS

INSTRUCTION ce SURE ... oa

REV YOUNG Peso su pa

THIRD oes

(iii) CONTRACTION

GOVERNMENT

(iv) PHRASES Sea

I AM SURE IN THE ACCOUNTS jun inno

From the outlines given in this Chapter do Exercises 111, 112;

and 113.

96 MODERN COURSE

Summary Special signs are used in shorthand for prefixes or suffixes

that come frequently into English speech—

CON-. A small dot is used, or two parts of an outline are

put near to one another: CONTROL

CONTINUE whiny. » DISCONTINUE... fof (See also pages 53 and 55.)

The CON- dot is not used in a few words such as COMMERCE

stonnawny COMMISSION wmemadn, Since the outlines are clearer if made

in full.

SELF-. A circle eSS is used away from the rest of the outline:

SELF-IMPORTANT wowmy SELF-MADE vn

SELF-CON- A small circle is used in the place of the CON-

dot: sELF-conTrot ... X.

IN- before ee ere A small hook is used : INSTRUCTIONS a

INSCRIBER .Qimw X os es

Gouy Uf the prefix IN- gives a word the opposite meaning, the

full eN is used to make the outlines more safe in reading back:

HOSPITABLE .%.‘\

When in a longhand word UN, IM, IL, IN, or IR having the |

sense of NOT come before the letters N, M, L, or R, the two |

letters are also formed in shorthand—

KNOWN 4. ents but UNKNOWN ! zZ |

Fee |

MATERIALS cn IMMATERIAL

LEGAL ILLEGAL

REDEEMABLE IRREDEEMABLE ow.) Joon

This again is to make the outlines more safe in reading back.


iNG-. The sign iNG .»<..is used very commonly, but some-

times a small dot is used. The dot is used—

(a) After thin straight down signs and aR sD)

te ies ek TRYING ......., HEARING ...>.., ORDERING /

COVERING “ ...v....\..

(b) After a hook, circle or loop where the full iNG would

not join well—

MORNING —esentsoce but

SERVING «2.

RINSING wnyBhinw

COSTING | ai sun

oe MASTERING...

Make a note, pane of:

DOING. ee BEING .

-INGS. Where a dot Soh be used for -iNG, a dash is used

for -INGS : MORNINGS ooo: , COVERINGS aspnannarncsensne Morne

-MENT. The halved form of eN..~.is used where the hooked

form ...». would not join well. For example— <A

f

ANNOUNCEMENT | ohvnnsssnnunnn but STATEMENT ka...

<n hg9 ;

ANNOUNCEMENTS vvnnnssnannns STATEMENTS catey

_FULNESS, -LESSNESS. The signs eF-eSS .\.. and

eL-eSS .., are put near to the first part of the outline:

CAREFULNESS aux, CARELESSNESS .<=xy2., HOPEFULNESS OQ. ;

HOPELESSNESS bn

4—(S.527)

98 MODERN COURSE

-SHIP. iSH is used. It may be joined to the sign coming

before it or separated from-it : sem t fp OWNERSHIP g

MEMBERSHIP Mn HARDSHIP . ih

-LITY, -RITY. The sign for the syllable which comes before

the ending -LITY or -RITY is put near to the first part of the

outline: POSSIBILITY HN FORMALITY rend suny DESIRABILITY

Neen REGULARITY im mfcuny LIBERALITY wf Kon

-WARD. _The halved form of Way is used: FORWARD

FORWARDS een ; BACKWARD Ju. 1 BACKWARDS 2.3.

UPWARD .\,.., UPWARDS ...\,2..

Make a note of: FORWARDED .,,.

-LY. The full sign eL and the hook eL are used—

(a) Full sign eL, joined or formed separately: FRIENDLY

PARTICULARLY ... ee EASILY ...ci.y CLEARLY sown

(b) Hook eL: CHEAPLY.....,/., DEEPLY t " , RESPECTFULLY

RESPECTIVELY , BEAUTIFULLY «00...

From the rules en in the Summary do Exercise 114.


é

CHAPTER THIRTY

46. INTERSECTIONS

(i) SYSTEM. An outline may be formed through another (or put near to another) for saving time in the writing of words

commonly coming together. These signs are given the name

“Intersection.”

PARTY GOVERNMENT feck = AS A MATTER OF FORM eae.

LABOUR PARTY we IN A MONTH'S TIME a

BANK RATE ou Venee FOR A MONTH

CITY BANK

EARLY ATTENTION a

NECESSARY ATTENTION witeSeiloun NATIONAL POSITION se

DHIS CHARGE 2) mati Bh Nout . NATIONAL SITUATION

FREE OF CHARGE ow, yh fd YOU MAY REQUIRE ethene

THIS COMPANY si at IPP WILL BE REQUIRED | Miwa

YOUR COMPANY YOUR REQUIREMENTS

GOVERNMENT OFFICIAL, . RAILWAY COMPANY

GOVERNMENT OFFICE ohn RAILWAY OFFICIALS

NECESSARY FORM

(ii) SHORT FORMS

WONDERFUL | ~~ ALTHOUGH... WONDERFULLY ( THOUGH WITHIN ran CHILD catch:


and 117.

100 MODERN COURSE

. Summary

One sign is sometimes formed through another to make a

phrase. This means of writing words which commonly come together

may also be used for writing the phrases which a shorthand writer

commonly gets in his daily work.

Sign ° Word As in

PARTY OUR PARTY

GOVERNMENT PARTY

_... BANK THIS BANK

ENGLISH BANK

ei) bss . ATTENTION SPECIAL ATTENTION

EARLY ATTENTION

CHARGE HEAVY CHARGE

FREE OF CHARGE ont)

-— COMPANY YOUR COMPANY eis

NEW COMPANY eee

w=» GOVERNMENT NATIONAL GOVERNMENT wok

PRESENT GOVERNMENT... qu | XR cumuue FORM NEW FORM

NECESSARY FORM

enum MONTH THIS MONTH

FOR A MONTH


Sign Word As in

ss «mus MORNING SATURDAY MORNING aS

THIS MORNING “x

wwdwnén NATIONAL NATIONAL SITUATION Ba a

NATIONAL BUSINESS

REQUIRE YOU MAY REQUIRE meagre.

REQUIRED WILL BE REQUIRED

adn... REQUIREMENT TO MEET REQUIREMENTS omg onmm

ae RAILWAY RAILWAY COMPANY

RAILWAY OFFICIALS araihee fn


CHAPTER THIRTY-ONE: Part One VOWELS IN PITMAN SHORTHAND

47. There are a great many reasons why Pitman Shorthand is

so very quick and reliable in its signs for the writing of the English

language, and one of these reasons is that the vowel-signs are not

a necessary part of the outline. Because the vowels are not joined

to the consonant signs, they may, without changing the form of the

outline, be put in the outline or not, as may be desired. This is a most

important poiht because the English language is a language of

consonants and not a language of vowels. If we take, for example,

those words which are given in italics in the first sentence of the test

on page 123 and put them in longhand, using only the consonants, it

is clear that the consonants by themselves are enough for reading the

whole words.* If, on the other hand, we take the words which are

given in italics in the second sentence of the test and put them

* Gentlemen, In R.v..W.NG the balance sH..T before you I would DR.w your

attention to the R.v.S.D form in which the accounts are presented.

102 MODERN COURSE

in longhand, using only the vowels, it is clear that the vowels by themselves are not enough.*

It is important for you as a shorthand writer to be able to make more time for writing other words by not putting in the vowels and, without changing the form of your outlines, to make use of this special point in the English language; but it is of value only if you make the vight use of this idea for making the writing of words shorter.

There are two important points— (1) Ifit is desired to give in any outline the signs for one or more

of the vowel-sounds of that word you have to be able to put in the vowel-signs—the right ones and in the right places.

(2) If you are putting in vowels you have to have a knowledge of which vowels are important, which are less important, and which

are not in the least important.

We will take these two points separately—

(1) KNowinc How To Put In VowEL-Sicns. Examples have been given all through this book of the way in which the different vowel and diphthong-sounds of the English language may be represented in shorthand writing. For your convenience a Table of the vowel and diphthong-signs has been given on page 106 and a Sum- mary of the rules for the use of the signs is given on pages 103, 104, and 105. Go over the examples given in the Table and the Summary carefully, and make sure of your knowledge by doing Exercise 119.

* This gives a clear and .1... eye view of the company’s .I.A..IA. position.


Summary: Part One

VOWEL REVISION

1. There are twelve vowel-signs in Pitman Shorthand and three places in which these vowel-signs may be put, the first, second, and third places.

(a) The first-place vowels are—

A O AU i ie

ADD GOT Biss A a TALK Sect ncaa

e mr cee

ADDITION worsens : NOM ieee re CAUSING) “Celina

AMONG CORI BROUGHT ows i i

If the first vowel-sound in a word is a first-place. vowel the

outline is put over the line.

(b) The second-place vowels are—

E AY U OE

GET make WEIGHT sntéhonm ~THUCH conloa LOW Me

BETTER ...\q. TRUSTS cee ALOAN. (0 ae

FRIEND ......, ONCE mien MOMENT wqre.

If the first vowel-sound is a second-place vowel the outline is put

on the line.

(c) The third-place vowels are— yv —— ——

I EE 00

IF miles (TAG, Mealiae PULL

MINUTE.<><|.... TEACH i FULLY hia,

DRINK Pm FREE at FOOT

104 MODERN COURSE

If the first vowel-sound in a word is a third-place vowel the out-

line is generally put through the line. In a few cases, however, the

outline is put on the line: (1) When it is a simple left to right outline,

(2) When the first down or up sign is

2. There are four diphthong-signs in Pitman Shorthand, two put in the first-place and two in the third-place.

(a) The first-place diphthongs are—

IE OI as in the outlines

\ — BUY dor BON ees

G Xs LIKE Clee. VOICE

\ i DRIVE essmneons JON ecu

eo HE ISLEV Aicannane OVE o kecies

(b) The third-place diphthongs are—

OW UE as in the outlines |

ouT en BEAUTY ers | A

ANNOUNCE oo. CURE me

GROUND cn BEAUTIFUL ss

The diphthong-signs for OW and UE are joined at the end of a down sign—

DOUBLE = aiiMesoin FEW kee

BOUGH Neon FEUD mds on

BOW DER ican


3. If another vowel follows a diphthong a small tick may be

put on to the diphthong-sign and these signs are given the name

TRIPHONES. For example—

IE plus vowel: BUYER ....>\. A

, BUYERS rear

OI plus vowel: BOYISH ah, EMPLOYER rin. ge

OW plus vowel: POWER -\gomy TOWEL uo N

UE plus vowel: FEWER oma, NEWER

4, When two vowels come together but are each sounded separ-

ately the small signs ..4.. and ...4.. are used. These signs are given

the name of DIPHONES.

The sign ..4.. is used where the first of the two vowels is a dot

vowel and it is put in the place of the first of the two vowels:

REAL omyflows REALLY 2 ue MATERIALS er. .cmconss EXPERIENCES ou Mrsnoite

4

LAVER:..C..

The sign ..2.. is used where the first of the two vowels is a: dash

vowel, and it is also put in the place of the first of the two vowels:

Cars FOLLOWING ent : TOWER, 1.)

PRUER Yt. , JEWEL of

, LOWEST .Zomy KNOWING «Sync

5. In Outlines using the hooked fore NEN NO etn it 8

sometimes desired to show that a vowel other than é€ (the vowel

in PER) comes between the first consonant and the aR or eL. The

vowel may be given by—

(a) Writing a small circle in the place of a dot vowel: o

: *

, GARMENT io PARCEL ax.25- DIRECT onto i

SHILLING .,..fer<., ENGINEER pees

(b) Writing a dash vowel or a diphthong-sign through the

REGARD

hooked form: NORTH eon» COURSE .ct®.., THURSDAY. 4 oe :

BEFORE Mx EECTURE | .C..de if

AYNLOAT

aunHooug

TatToad

auoiaa

AVGSUNHL

HLUON UIANIONT

LOaUIG

es

AUYIVNNOILSanNd

auvory

YaALAWOUVA ssuoylydiq

puv sjamo A

MAOf payooH]

“a

foe"

NOTLISOd ;

NVIOISAW

"S OI

NOHS-SS? pue

Noisotada ““>"NOISNIONOO

‘ :

NAHS

9} SPMOA

SG

sn

SVSNVY

fm SISIUD

ZS 2PltD

on

og

0} ssuoyzydiq ope"

LSAVHXA

pue sjamo,

‘[

my”

«= LSAAL

Buoy 9404S

sjamo A

SNDIS-DNOHLHdId GNV TAMOA

AO ATAVL


(2) KNowING WHEN Not To Put IN VowEL-Siens. In normal shorthand writing it is not only unnecessary to show every vowel —it is often a waste of time to do so, and part of your training as a shorthand writer is learning to use time only for the necessary and important vowels. There are two ways in which you may get this practical knowledge. The first way is by reading a great deal of shorthand which is well-written from this point of view. If you read the shorthand of practical shorthand writers who have this knowledge of outlines—when to give and when not to give the vowel-signs—it will seem remarkable to you how simply and quickly you come in your own writing to do as they do. The second way is by getting a knowledge of the rules which by experience the good shorthand writer has put into use.

(3) KNow1nc WHICH VOWEL-SIGNS To PuT IN AND Nort To Put In. It is important first to make it clear that there is a great differ-

ence between writing words in normal groups to make sense, that is in ‘‘context,” and writing them as separate words in a list. When

writing in shorthand a list of separate words or Proper Names special

care has to be taken with the vowel-signs, but when writing the

English language in shorthand in its normal current form the greater number of the vowel-signs are not necessary and indeed it will be a

waste of time to put many of them in. The following rules are there-

fore given for those cases when you are writing the outlines. for

ordinary current English. It is also clear that in your own work of

shorthand writing you will put in as many of the important vowel-

signs as you have time to do while taking down (if the rate is very

quick you may not be able even to put in any vowels) and that when

you are reading your shorthand through afterwards you will put in

the important vowel-signs in the outlines as you go along.

Let us have a look first at the rules for mot putting in vowels.

Outlines of this kind may be divided into three classes—

(1) Common words.

(2) Long words which are within the normal use of the shorthand

writer.

(3) Other words in which the form taken by the outline makes

clear where vowels come or in which the position of the outline

in relation to the line gives a clear enough sign of the word.

108 MODERN COURSE

We will take these three classes separately. (1) Common Worps. It is clearly unnecessary to put the vowels

into the outlines for common words like a ics Seales L SVD V ETUC TEE UC CEE

5 te 4x The words ASK MAN END STREET are as common and clear to the shorthand writer as a number of short forms. In the same way other common outlines may be turned into words without the help of the vowels, and you may generally leave out all the vowels from outlines given in this book, particularly when the sense of the sentence is very clear.

(2) Lonc WorpDs USED BY THE WRITER AS His NORMAL ENGLISH. A number of words in the English language have three, four, or even more syllables. Even some common words are so extraordinarily long (such as the word just given) that they may have as many as six or seven syllables. With the increase in the number of syllables not only is there less need to put in every one of the vowels but it becomes safe to put in no vowels whatever, particularly if the word is one which is often used by the writer. For example, in the sentence OUR CUSTOMER WILL BE IN THE LAST RAILWAY CARRIAGE OF THE TRAIN TO MANCHESTER the outlines for CUSTOMER, RAILWAY,

CARRIAGE, and MANCHESTER may be said to be the outlines for normal words which are long enough for the consonants to do the whole of the work without the help of vowels. Therefore, the rule is: There is no need to put in any vowels if the outlines are for long words which are part of your normal English. An outline of three consonant signs is generally long enough for this purpose.

(3) OTHER WoRDS IN WHICH SIGNS ABOUT THE VOWELS ARE GIVEN BECAUSE OF THE POSITION OR THE FORM TAKEN BY THE OUTLINE. There are other words which are not covered by the two rules given above but in which there are reasons why it is often safe to put in no vowels. There are a number of rules given in the Summary, Part II for being certain which words come into this group.

Go carefully through the Summary and then do Exercise 120. The outlines in that exercise have been given without any vowel- signs. Go through the exercise first of all underlining those outlines in which you would put a vowel-sign even in writing at high speed, and then put in those vowels and any other vowels which you would put in when reading through your notes.

IN PITMAN SHORTHAND 109 ——

Summary: Part Two

RULES FOR NOT PUTTING IN AND FOR PUTTING IN

VOWEL-SIGNS AND FOR MAKING THE RIGHT SELECTION OF VOWELS TO BE PUT IN

Ir 1s Nor GENERALLY NECESSARY TO Put IN A VOWEL-SIGN:

1. If the form taken by the outline makes it clear that there

is a vowel.

(a) The form of an outline makes it clear that a vowel is present

or is not present at the start of a word in these ways—

(i) The full sign eSS: ASLEEP wm SPASKING co, , but

SLEEP SACKING rnnssons Fly SACKING cites es oN - Ry

(ii) Down motion aR : ARRIVE whos ARREST su but ROUGH...

REST C me pas

(iii) Down motion eL: ALONG wn VALINE (aoe » DUE LONG asin

PIKE

(iv) Left FeR, VeR, THeR: OFFER me EVER... , EITHER mae

but FRY atk FRO ...., THROUGH ......

(v) Two forms of Way: AWARE oem | AWAKE \...., but

WORRY

(vi) Two forms of WHay: AWHILE fc a but WHILE pe ante

(vii) SHUN HOOK: AcTION Li, Dut CAUTION, 2...

(b) A vowel at the end of an outline is shown by the use of—

(i) Fullsign eSS: Lucy... LESSEE /), but Loss ress.

(ii) Full sign Tee: TESTY.-b. rusty 4, but Test.b., REst..4.

(iii) Up motion Ray: CARRY rvs STORY my DUE CAR sn ;

STORE ....

* No vowels have been given in these examples for the reason that the desire is

to make clear the differences in the consonants. And in addition the rules are here

given as if the outlines were in context of normal sentences, which is a most important

condition in the subject under discussion.

110 MODERN COURSE

(iv) Up motion eL: FOLLOW Fs FULLY (7, REALLY. %..., but

FALL e ; ee REAL a

(v) FullsigneN: PENNY \_z., MANY..>~, but OPEN.\.., MEN.cs.

(vi) Full sign eF/Vee: HEAVY.«.\.., GRAVY , but HALF a ;

GAVE ..—>..

(vii) Full sign Tee/Dee: WEIGHTY Zl. » MEADOW he but

WEIGHT ...c%..5 MADE uw

(c) A vowel in the middle of an outline is shown by the use of—

(i) Consonants eL and Dee: FOLLOWED ae VALUED oo a ,

but Ea VEILED ee

(ii) Consonants Ray and Dee: CARRIED 1, MARRIED oA : =

but CARDS sau , MARRED oe)

(iii) SHUN HOOK: OPERATION oe EDUCATION aon but

PORTION 4.2, y DICTION wupennin

2. If the position of the outline makes clear the vowel and the word ; for example—

but EFFECT wa FACT

TRACK (eee TRUCK L_.. 3. If the outline has come earlier in the matter being taken and

if (let it be said again) you are writing the sort of matter the reading back of which comes readily to you.

4, If the word has three or more syllables: DERIVATIVE A,

COMPARISON smnvnusinn

VOWEL-SIGNS SHOULD BE PUT IN

1. In outlines of only one syllable if such outlines are not very / v

common: PAT... » fe PR Se Nh feet eer aen Nal eenr mae CHAT icon pi UILD Becnnmrae

2. When there is keh at the start of the word, e.g.:

ABSENT “~ APTLY joccnen. 5 ODDLY OMENS


This rule is most important in words where the only difference

between two outlines is that one has a vowel at the start of the

outline— ARIGHT sels but RIGHT Say

<-o?

AGROSS s/s25 GRossiee ns

AAR gas Shs FAR et

3. In outlines where the only difference is in one vowel—

Nerey i “but: Nett =. ape: s G

SNOW “_s.2— SUN helm 1

4. Where words of the same sort have similar outlines, apart

from the vowels—

AMAZEMENT .*>... but. AMUSEMENT 7.2...

ADAPT He ADOPT male =

APPOSITE ae OPPOSITE

Als ALTITUDE 2 censnonnom LATITUDE

Ww ALLIANCE 7) > commana 2 ALLOWANCE on.

e

UNLUCKILY vn UNLIKELY

5. In certain words where the hooked form is used when

there is an accented vowel between the consonants: NURSE .s+<..,

PARCEL

6. In as many uncommon outlines as possible when you are

taking down matter which is not what is your normal language.

7. In names of persons and of places.

MAKING A SELECTION OF THE BEST VOWEL TO PUT IN.

Generally it may be said that if there is more than one vowel

in a word it is usually safe to put in only one vowel—the vowel

112 MODERN COURSE

which is of the most help in reading back. Here are the rules which make clear which vowel is the most important vowel—

(a) The first syllable in a word is generally the most important and vowels in further syllables will not generally be necessary.

(b) If, however, the first syllable is not accented or weighted when talking normally, the accented syllable becomes the most

important, e.g. : RECEIVE..c&,., RETAIN..4t, RETURN

Compare the vowels given in the outlines for PROCEED’, PRO’CEEDS, REFUSE’, and RE’FUSE, as used in these examples:

eas So ccalr ena oad and MONE ee ee Bret ey

(c) If the form of an outline makes clear that a vowel is present at the start of a word, the second of the several vowels may

become of most importance, e.g. : : aLumintum ELIMINATE 4. ESTUARY

OUTLINES FOR WHICH SPECIAL DIFFERENCES HAVE TO BE MADE.

There are some words in the English language for which it is necessary to make special differences in the outlines for fear that there may be confusion. These words are small in number since they necessarily have these five conditions happening all at the one time.

(1) Be words of the same or similar sort.

(2) Be words that may be put one for the other in ordinary current English while keeping the good sense of the story.

(3) Be words having the same consonants.

(4) Be words having these same consonants placed in the same way in syllables and so in the shorthand outlines.

(5) Be words for which the outlines would be put in the same place in relation to the line.

The two words VALE and VALLEY would come under (1) because they are both names of things, under (2) because they have the same


meaning and under (3) because they have the same consonants; but under the other two heads (4) and (5) they are quite distinct. On the

other hand, a small number of words may sometimes be taken for

other words and special outlines have been given to them. The list

is not long and it is wise to make a point of writing these special

outlines—

To keep distinct from—

ABANDONED ABUNDANT

of AGENT GENTLEMAN? | cimenccou

Ce ALCOHOL ALKALI rena we

AVAILABLE =. £ ete VALUABLE Pees

BEAUTIFUL we Re PITIFUL

BURIAL BIRTH a ees

CAUSED cm EOra. Cost

CONSIDERATE won CONSIDERED vvssmnncdenmue

DEAREST TRUEST wnt

DEFER DIFFER saree

DIVERSE ADVERSE ebnl ia.

EARNESTLY ERRONEOUSLY line

ELABORATE LABOURED

EVENTUALLY EVIDENTLY ann Sa ae

FAVOURITE FAVOURED emus ee nf

FORGET FORCIVE. _") Le...

FUTILE FATAT Ser of al aeawoes

114 MODERN COURSE

GRADUALLY

GUIDANCE

HARDIEST

HEARTILY

HEARTY

INEVITABLE

INGOT

Mrs.

NEEDLESS

NEWEST

NOTABLE

PARTICULARLY ......,.40

PERSECUTE

POOR

POOREST

PREFER

QUEER

SACRED

SITUATION

UNDEFINED

UNSOILED

GREATLY

GOODNESS

HARDEST

HARDLY

HARDY

UNAVOIDABLE

NUGGET

MISSES

ENDLESS

NEXT

NOBLE

BROADLY

PROSECUTE

PURE

PUREST

PROFFER

CLEAR

SECRET

STATION

INDEFINITE

UNSOLD


CHAPTER THIRTY-ONE: Part Two TABLE OF SHORT FORMS AND CONTRACTIONS

ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY The Short Forms and Contractions which have been given

Chapter by Chapter in this book are also given here in Table Form.

They are put together in this way so that you may do them again

and again both from shorthand to words and from words to short-

hand and give yourself training on these short forms until you

have a complete knowledge of all of them. Go through the list and

do Exercise 121, which is given as a test of your knowledge of these

short forms. It is a good idea for you to get this Exercise by heart

and to keep writing it, attempting each time to do it more quickly.

Getting quicker in the rate of writing the Short Forms and Con-

tractions (and indeed any of the common outlines) makes you get

quicker in the rate of taking down from word of mouth—and this

is true even when you are writing at 120 words a minute or more.

VAY

: cmmynanny ANYTHING sumdiomnon BUT

eeeennennenensens AN

suntan ARE Pee CALL es

°o cc ees ACCORDING pcieae ae

* ss .. ACKNOWLEDGE ash tat coma ean

ep, DGMENT* | Se a eee mess: S fe BALANCED mm. Sun CAPABLE*

some ADVANTAGE Ng warrar aad get can

a * ces

Ee ADVANTAGEOUS ee BECAUSE ee CARED

BOSE rea. Sica \... BEEN 0A nus CERTIFICATE * au’ ADVERTISED <<

ADVERTISEMENT ee BEALE wad nun CHATR®

ATE BELIEF ©" CHARACTER wen { BELIEVE

os ALTOGETHER BELIEVED {oisnnnnm CHARACTERISTIC*

De 85. 4's | il = ec irae te este BEYOND a AND wns CHEER*

BUILD VY RISERS P

ou ANY BULDDINGHM en CHILD

* These outlines have not been given in this book but are of value to the student.

MODERN COURSE 116

eles CIRCUMSTANCE* le DOCTOR* ' FINANCIAL*

ca meetin) ETNANCIALLY*

ee COLDW lis |. bane oe 4 eae DURING ae Qn FIRST

_——« COME EFFICIENT* 2 z

A\_Z.4 EFFICIENILY* =. FoR _<—~ { COMMERCIAL* EFFICIENCY*

wm) COMMERCIALLY* Ya FROM ZO ELECTRIC

le COULD Css EVECTRICAL® A ae

a DANGER... . Cat ee re '| GENERALLY

. DANGEROUS

24... DEAR

DEFICIENT*

|.) DEFICIENTLY* DEFICIENC Y*

DELIVER

a fc DELIVERED DELIVERY

, DEMONSTRATE*

, DEMONSTRATION*

_ DESCRIPTION*

DESTRUCTION*

DESTRUCTIVE*

ea 1~| DIFFERENCE DIFFERENT

mena DIFFICULT

Aires , DIFFICULTY

} DISCHARGE* Takes DISCHARGED*

Ke DISTINGUISH* er DISTINGUISHED*

ar |... Do

Lim ELECTRICITY

Su. IENGLAND* a

SZ... ENGLISH

ENLARGE*

ENLARGED*

ae | EQUALLY

L. ESPECIAL* ESPECIALLY*

ESTABLISH*

4 ESTABLISHED* ESTABLISHMENT*

110 mere

Kaye EVERYTHING

~~ EXCHANGE uw EXCHANGED

EXPECT aaa EXPECTED

am. EXPENDITURE*

maa, EXPENSIVE*

FAMILIAR* on FAMILIARITY*

aoe FEBRUARY F

J unum GENTLEMAN*

ae Luu GENTLEMEN

J GIVE

GIVEN

Hr ee (ELON

GOVERN

, GOVERNMENT

an lena ne

wumnwien ELEM )

mun HIMSELF

masala CLES |

| wwnyefom HOUR |


‘ ampo :

sweun\inn HOW Lies INSDRUGRION @ eccesna ME

Fe (... HOWEVER Nos INSTRUCTIVE* anv. MEMBER

Vv

aa =) A INSURANCE, lw: =o.. MERE

Mice IDENTICAL* cd INTELLIGENCE* Ee “1... MESSENGER*

Gre

oc. IMMEDIATE Y INTELLIGENT* MORE

wel INTELLIGENTLY * ~ {IMPORTANT — | MORTGAGE* cee INEORTANCE © ccsl INTEREST °22"™ MORTGAGED*

Iie . IMPOSSIBLE = =—— 1___ INVESTIGATION® sno MOST

EME RONE Ui aN _INVESTMENT* 9 =c=x~ MR mi IMPROVED 7

IMPROVEMENT _\_.... IRREGULAR* anna LUC EL

nH. —o

_ IN aS IRRESPONSIBLE* eee NVC Isl: we” | FRRESPONSIBILITY*

INCONVENIENCES 0 gg NEAR MQ INCONVENIENT®

INCONVENIENTLY* cde IT ~<_{ NEGLECT* ramen NEGLECTED*

See INCORPORATED*

Re: ee INDIVIDUALLY*

NO

cuun INFLUENCE

V2

nnums INFLUENCED

~~) [ INFLUENTIAL* INFLUENTIALLY*

INFORM

=~ | INFORMED

SS _ INFORMATION

* > [INSCRIBE INSCRIBED* t

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ps INSPECT* INSPECTED*

srofeoom ITSELF

Ly

oy

7 eee NEXT

am KNOWLEDGE. eo eNOR

vote LANGUAGE _S | NORTHERN*

. LARGE

so Aeeus NEVER wu JANUARY

e KL. NEVERTHELESS* mm JUSTIFICATION*

a7, NOTHING

. LARGER :

eaves NOTWITHSTANDING*

wa, LARGELY

\ a

| LIBERTY* 2 NUMBER

i LORD® “1 NUMBERED

MANUFACTURE . _{ OBJECT

| MANUFACTURED OBJECTED

> . MANUFACTURER OBJECTION

118 MODERN COURSE

OBJECTIVE* wae PLEASURE \s. REPRESENTATIVE*

Sn OF PRACTICE* _Z».. REPRESENTATION*

' \_.| PRACTISE * eee oH! PRACTISED* = ee ; Mow «| RESPECTED

ee OM mye PRACTICABLE* RESPONSIBLE

~ ONESELF* PRINCIPAL Z| RESPONSIBILITY if | PRINCIPALLY

Se OPINION PRINCIPLE es SATISFACTION *

a ,... OPPORTUNITY PROBABLE _E.. SATISFACTORY \e~{ PROBABLY

~keg.. ORGANIZATION PROBABILITY ..2_... SCHOOL

oy ORGANIZE PROFICIENT* 3 oon

lies ORGANIZED PROFICIENTLY* “-~“| SELFISHNESS* PROFICIENCY* 4

Looe OUGHT . SENSIBLE* PROSPECT*

nsptlovs OUR, feted = Matas NTRS) = eee SENT PUBLIC

- _&. OURSELVES Ne PUBLISH _&_.. SEVERAL C PUBLISHED

<ausam OVER aad... SHALL ' ee PUBLICATION*

en LOWE shinee OHORE

~ on Neus PUBLISHER*® sunssinmn OWING 5. “SHOULD

eur Ue eee OWN By SIGNIFY*

oe

QUITE _”___( SIGNIFIED* ~gnge~ OWNER SIGNIFICANT* < Lm RATHER

muon PARTICULAR om. SOMETHING ye “~. REGULAR mmm PARTICULARLY wR SPEAK

‘ REMARKABLE ~ PECULIAR .\ REMARKABLY SPECIAL ae “| PEC ULIARITY* oe SPECIALLY

REMARK » Suen PEOPLE REMARKED on nw SPIRTE™

Te abeeas REMEMBER q SUBJECT | PERFORMED* wo: | REMEMBERED =~ SUBJECTED

PERFORMS* REPRESENT SUBSCRIBE* ~°| PERFORMANCE* "| REPRESENTED SUBSCRIBED*

IN PITMAN SHORTHAND

X=... SUBSCRIPTION*

SUBSTANTIAL*

pei) SURE

SUFFICIENT* SUFFICIENTLY*

SURPRISE

SURPRISED

( THANK

THANKED

Co THEMSELVES

ee ELL D

umn THIS

a THOSE

ono THUS*

te OUGE

a Siem LO

ui. LOGETHER

winmun LOLD

ote OO)

vin dL OWARD

ont bnum TOWARDS

UNANIMOUS* UNANIMOUSLY* UNANIMITY*

sum*etinn UNDER

UNIFORM* UNIFORMITY* UNIFORMLY*

.. UNIVERSE*

Loy UNIVERSITY*

a USUAL von) TI SUALLY

119

om WHENEVER

mkZo., WHETHER

snd... WHICH

pace foccon WHO

vn sae WHOSE

r

WHY

WITHIN

vn Gennn WITHOUT

WONDERFUL

mun ( WONDERFULLY

ees ORD

aman Deee WOULD

WRITER

YARD

pn YEAR

ae YESTERDAY

Ere OU)

22 SYOUNGEST® wa

HoINS YOUR

120 MODERN COURSE

CHAPTER THIRTY-ONE: Part Three There are a small number of ways of making even quicker signs

for some other words of the English language. These are listed here so that this book may be said to be complete. It is probable that you will come across these words in your shorthand reading and that they will not seem hard. It is better however to give time to learning them. When you have done so do Exercise 122.

TABLE GIVING ADDITIONAL WAYS OF MAKING SHORTER OUTLINES

(a) SomE PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES: 3

ACCOM-. Use .—. Kay aS in ACCOMMODATION ran , ACCOM-

INTRO-. Use .._ =. iNTeR as in INTRODUCE

INTRODUCTION

_~MAGNA-, MAGNE-, MAGNI.-. Use .<r..eM as in MAGNIFY Vv Vv

mmonee 5» MAGNETIZE |

TRANS.-. Use ‘b.TeR-eSS as in Pe anee TRANSPORT AS

-MENTAL-LY-ITY. Use.cs.MeNT as in TEMPERAMENTAL

any INSTRUMENTAL foe ee

-LOGICAL-LY. Use./. "Jay as in PSYCHOLOGICAL-LY eet ’

MYTHOLOGICAL-LY won up (b) SomE INTERSECTIONS: EDUCATION BILL sissies I WILL ARRANGE Hiren

INSURANCE DEPARTMENT ois THEY ARRANGED —S oe

SCHOOL JOURNAL ine ofr THIS ARRANGEMENT ie

CAPTAIN BAKER THESE ARRANGEMENTS Ey

COLONEL BAKER DRAMATIC SOCIETY = «chu

INVESTMENT CORPORATION voces SPinun MEDICAL SOCIETY a a es

PROFESSOR SMITH ee PitMAN LIMITED Sake


(c) SoME OUTLINES IN WHICH ONE OF THE CONSONANTS IS NOT

PUT IN:

Pee not put in, as in: TEMPT LK... EXEMPTION .=-g=>.» PROMPT-

Kay not put in, as in: DISTINCT ai BXTINGD scales

TION on fed p

Tee not put in, as in: HONESTLY ww... INSTITUTE .Sch., MIS:

TAKE oath.

(d) SomE JOINED OUTLINES:

THEREIN ve WHEREIN

» DISTINC-

HEREIN

HEREAT mate THEREAT —f be WHEREAT

HEREOF THEREOF 4. WHEREOF

HEREON ~S,.. THEREON .. das WHEREON

HERETO _ ... Sy * THERETO es WHERETO

HEREWITH .2\o THEREWITH. .... ‘ a WHEREWITH

(ec) SOME PHRASES: = co-€

MOST IMPORTANT Cs stwnnsnn ae IN ORDER THAT cena .

w~w

THIS LETTER aa ak INLORDER “TOs 70> datececeas

ie R PARIS ay hake ore een YOURS FAITHFULLY ul Quon

TO US ha FAITHFULLY YOURS eu SD oon

AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE .... YOURS SINCERELY

AS EARLY AS POSSIBLE AT ONCE

AS FAR AS POSSIBLE AT ANY RATE rsininsnininnin

NOT LATER THAN AT ALL EVENTS

IN THE MEANTIME NO LONGER THAN

122 MODERN COURSE

CHAPTER THIRTY-TWO

‘PART ONE. THE 700 COMMON WORDS


c RR gah aN eee eee a)

The Queen’s English

It is difficult to recognize any one piece of English as a repre-

sentative sample of the English language. The difficulty has been met

in this case by taking a passage from the examination papers of the

leading examining body in England of the date nearest to the fist

publication of this book and at the speed of the obvious round number.

The passage below, therefore, has been taken from a Royal Society

of Arts Examination, at 100 words a minute.

2 Gentlemen, In reviewing the balance sheet before you I would

4 draw your attention to the revised form in which the accounts are

4 presented.* This gives | a clear and bird’s eye view of the company’s Cone

* These words (presented, felt and holders) are formed from the root words

(present, feel and hold) but they are not listed in this form in the 700 common

words because in shorthand the signs for them are made by making greater

changes from the root sign than in the case of all the other words in the list.

These words are taken as not being in the list.

124 MODERN COURSE

3 financial position. In previous balance sheets it has been the custom 3 to show the dividends paid | as a gross figure, without explaining 5 that the swm was gross, and, of course, without showing the tax

3 deducted. I think you will agree that | the way we present the 3 accounts to-day is much better, as it clearly shows what contribution 4 the company makes to income and other taxes, || and also gives 4 the actual amount of cash paid to the share-holders.* 5 Iam glad to be able to tell you that our position in America | 2 has now been entirely cleaned up. In dealing with America it has 4 been a very long and tivesome matter, and I was probably of some | 6 assistance to the company in helping to clear it up. We had to go 4 very carefully so as to comply with the laws of America, | and so 3 that this company should leave the country with a good character ; 2 and this we have done. We were not able to trade direct || with 3 customers in America during the period of litigation for obvious 2 reasons, but we have now commenced to execute orders direct to

3 customers in America, | which only shows that they still desire to 3 have our goods, and we hope that our trade in this direction will 1 — increase. 4 In a business | like this we have to maintain our standard in 2 redecorations and renovations, and this year we have spent some 2 thousands of pounds in doing this, | which has been written off. I 4 should also tell you that we have had a very big item, which is a 2 non-recurring expense, || in connection with transfer of our chocolate 3 manufacture from here to other quarters. Owing to the increased 2 demands for our confectionery articles we felt* it | wise to transfer 4 the whole to a newly equipped chocolate factory so as to release 2 valuable space in this building. This has been done during | the — current year at considerable cost. 1 Your directors are constantly improving departments so as to 3 maintain the high character of this business. I should say | that

11 it is not a store, but a shop, and wnique of its kind, and it is the 2 directors’ duty to maintain its high traditions. ||

114 (Percentage of Common Words: 84.25%)

—

—"

| bo @ a

The figures in the left-hand margin show the number of words in each line for which the 10 Short Forms were given in Chapter One of this book, and the figures in the right-hand margin show the number of other words in each line. These Short Form words of Chapter One come 114 times and the other words only 286 times. In this case it is true that these words come more often than once in every four words.


ee 150750) oe

126 MODERN COURSE

2 4 — —T7 SS ) oc eset | eer Gwe emacs sicedineenusaceadaemel Bist eke cee Wa. acai emacs ;

—_~ ae eee

Neopet shee og ee ae one | ip eeteks letter: L = es

= Aw

wo NS a “ab


128 MODERN COURSE

are ore and afte sr a

PART TWO. SPELLING

4 ee a ee


130 MODERN COURSE

IN PITMAN SHORTHAND 131 Fa

CHAPTER THIRTY-THREE

SOME READING PRACTICE

Sir Isaac Pitman and His Shorthand

N.B. The vowels in the shorthand in this Chapter are those vowels

which a shorthand writer would put in if he were sending a shorthand

letter to a friend who was a beginner.

* He was made Sir Isaac for his invention of the system, and was Sir Isaac

only towards the end of his life.

132 MODERN COURSE

Res Se Q cies eha/ ie >

Ug al a a te a niente ae eae ae

=a

qe Sia: we cia he

“—> -_— N ~

wn Rogan yy

Cas Wee eee CNTR Aira

Vv ~_ BOS

sa

TWO NEW IDEAS


6 : Pa . a oa go too?

vowels as in That J pen is } not} much) good.

4 diphthongs as in { I now enjoy music

Pa) Sd seating ail

f{&v th & TH sh & zh

m ‘| | h

n&ng) r) y

p&b) t&d ee ee

s&z

24 consonants

134 MODERN COURSE

: Mtr aana?

BRE fos carte

{DEOOHI Sf cate DIOGO I Kanna SE ate ale a a, Sei

* By contrast the big New English Dictionary makes distinctions which are far too finely drawn for practical purposes. It makes a distinction between the five vowel sounds in what, got, violet, theory, connect, and has no less than sixty-one different vowel and diphthong signs of which as many as fifty are signs for English vowels and diphthongs—the other eleven being signs for the sounds of the vowels of foreign words which are used in English.

+ A phrase for ‘‘ at any rate.”’


6 a ;

Beene se slain AP AEE IE certo

oS a a 2

aed 6 fe Oe Sn AE ark eh yO

136 MODERN COURSE

ENGLISH A LANGUAGE OF CONSONANTS AND SYLLABLES

* Further examples are APRICOT, APIARY, APRIL, and PUMP in English which are related closely to aBRIcoT in French and ABEJaR, ABRIL, and Bomsa in Spanish. Also as examples of the relation of K with G the English words CABINET, CAT, SECURE, GREEK, CACKLE, and COLUMBINE are closely related to the Spanish words GABINETE, GATO, SEGURO, GRIEGO, the German word GACKELN and the Russian word GOLOBKEER.


‘| ee Bekele pee, brs. trs,22.. z A Oecd A ee

138 MODERN COURSE

ASV FAST AS SPEECH, ~


140 MODERN COURSE

* The sign S is very useful, and sometimes very important in shorthand

writing. It means that the passage immediately before the mark has been spoken or written in a spirit of fun or in some other spirit which makes it necessary to read into the passage some meaning other than that on the face of the words themselves. It may be very important to put in this sign in certain circumstances. A public speaker sometimes exaggerates and even makes statements which he and the audience know to be the very reverse of the truth. For instance, if a speaker is supporting some man well-known for his kindness, who is being criticized, he may well start a public speech as follows: “I suppose that Mr. A. B. is the wickedest man in the world and that there is nothing that he likes better than to take the food out of the mouths of hungry children,’’ etc. You, because you hear the tone of his voice and know the circumstances, must convey to your Editor that the passage in question is to be considered as having a meaning different from that which the words would ordinarily convey. If you do not do this you may, perhaps, see posters saying “Violent personal attack at a public meeting. Mr. X. Y. accuses Mr. A. B. of cruelty.’’ If this should happen you will find yourself on the streets looking for another job and giving evidence in Court when the libel actions begin to come in.


Oo ee \} eine Ce me « a oufirmmmnen svg inensninini

eee a ia ro a Canes md ae Berean i

Cee 2 he br, pl, Lies

ceyas = ee nies Hee pela cen nat ("sprinters hed ( Ea di a ti Ey) er Ne

142 MODERN COURSE

sm s

(1) BLOCK CAPITAL LETTERS OR CURSIVE SCRIPT?

a ao

—— ob


é

a oe ee caer eGr ~ 5

144 MODERN COURSE

(2), DETACHED VOWELS -


22

23 24 25

26

27

+

With Vowels

Clues

NOTE.—Figures in parentheses denote the number of letters in the words required.

ACROSS

This drink is bound to go to the head (8). Fraudulent note (two words)

(I, 5). Curtailing vessels (8). Mexico and what he should cure (6). So let it be fit (8). Presumably bad language to the Nazis (6). Clementine’s father was (10). It had a dramatic passing back (two words) (5, 5). Spinning trousers (6). A disgraceful condition (8). Overcome by Caesar (6). Fur that constricts a Greek

letter (8). “And in the dust be equal

made With the poor crooked and spade’’ (Shirley) (6).

Mere tars (anag.) (8).

Reproduced by kind permission of ‘The Times”

13

16

17 19

20

With Consonants

"SIH WIR ‘Pp a

LIS:

DOWN

Cretan drink (6). Stamp of rank, according to Burns (6). A shining example that goes on ahead (two words) (3, 3). Anglophobes probably number Browning among these (two words) (5, 5). Do they put cut prices into operation ? (8). One thing one can have no right to be (two words) (3, 5). Ruskin associated one with lilies (8). Armour? (two words) (6, 4). Sends round a “‘good thing”’ (8). With caution, not spice (8). I had no MS. (anag.) (8). A justly celebrated crossword expert thus began (6). Mars I’d thus transform, said the pacifist (6). Naughty word 6).

146 MODERN COURSE

— <> ¢ Cae pee —


- gg Tete Se 8S .

Peat Ee ee ag ee Pov on eer

pod -45- 8, Vp <TH ezee,~-zhee, ing

Ces cobra foe NO

$n Ss Sl

148 MODERN COURSE

Se Shue a ONG Mpa Cusco

(3) LEND, Bikewousl A 4

a PA Rinne Ae

hc pec roee em ad pen SWITZERLAND, wo ce wm SW-TS,

nt a ne a eget

: oe 2 ee

Meee cee fp cae ee

(4) POSITION WRITING

it Sora a x “~—S .

> CIS NZ

“Please consider tee 5A fy. De eiee 2 open tose Lcssiscomanal ies

150 MODERN COURSE

0 ee bP Oe a

= 9 “pT ” oe be 4 7 if

»

howe eV EN. Poo 6 A ginnaniinnnananvennsannnnsy Speen


Bee Aas

ee ee Ae yt

152 MODERN COURSE

IN PITMAN SHORTHAND

ela eon See

= ee ie whet

MODERN COURSE EXERCISE AND DRILL

NOTEBOOK Part I and Part II

These books contain both shorthand and longhand material.

It is very necessary to have these two “‘Exercise and Drill Notebooks,’’ since they are in fact part of this book. They are, however, printed separately for three good reasons

1. The paper is special paper, which is very good for writing with pen and ink,

2. The material from which the learning of shorthand is to be done is printed over the space in which the learner’s writing is to be done. This not only makes it very much more simple to do the work, but it gives to the learner the chance of making his shorthand outlines under and near to printed shorthand outlines which are good examples of the right way of writing shorthand.

3. Since the material is given separately, it is possible for the learner to have two pages of his shorthand book open before him while he is working the exercises. This is very important, since the sense of the exercise in one book has to be got by looking through the list of shorthand outlines given in the other book.

There is also the other point that, if it is a good

thing for the reasons given to do shorthand writing near to good examples, it is better to put that shorthand and that writing in a separate book.

MODERN COURSE KEY

A crown octavo book of 192 pages containing keys

to all Modern Course exercises. The longhand is

counted in tens for dictation.

PITMAN, Parker Street, Kingsway, WC2B 5PB

¥ 0 fas Te

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Documents

Modern course in Pitman's shorthand : a complete handbook