Question…Question… What was the underlying issue of the Civil War?What was the underlying issue of the Civil War? ???? DK (Level 0) ???? DK (Level 0) Slavery Slavery (First Level )(First Level ) The Expansion of Slavery into the New Territories. The Expansion of Slavery into the New Territories. (Second (Second

Level)Level) The Question being would the new states be “free” or The Question being would the new states be “free” or

“slave”? “slave”? (Third Level)(Third Level) The delicate balance in the U.S. Senate. (The delicate balance in the U.S. Senate. (44thth Level Level)) The fear among southern states that a federal law would be The fear among southern states that a federal law would be

passed banning slavery (property) passed banning slavery (property) (5(5thth Level) Level)

The Election of Abraham Lincoln– perceived as a future abolitionistThe Election of Abraham Lincoln– perceived as a future abolitionist Emancipation Proclamation 1863Emancipation Proclamation 1863

1313thth Amendment 1865 Amendment 1865

ReconstructionReconstruction

Describe the basic provisions and immediate impact of the Describe the basic provisions and immediate impact of the ThirteenthThirteenth, , FourteenthFourteenth, and , and FifteenthFifteenth Amendments to the Amendments to the Constitution Constitution

Evaluate different Reconstruction plans and their social, Evaluate different Reconstruction plans and their social, economic, and political impact on the South and the rest of economic, and political impact on the South and the rest of the United States the United States

Analyze the immediate and long-term influences of Analyze the immediate and long-term influences of Reconstruction on the lives of African Americans and U.S. Reconstruction on the lives of African Americans and U.S. society as a whole society as a whole

ReconstructiReconstruction and its on and its

EffectsEffectsCentral CharactersCentral Characters: :

Andrew JohnsonAndrew JohnsonFreed BlacksFreed BlacksThe RadicalsThe Radicals

CarpetbaggersCarpetbaggersScalawagsScalawags

Ex-ConfederatesEx-ConfederatesFederal vs. State AuthorityFederal vs. State Authority

Post-War Conditions in the South Post-War Conditions in the South Physical DamagePhysical Damage

Transportation destroyedTransportation destroyed9,000 mi. RR ruined9,000 mi. RR ruined2/3 of shipping gone2/3 of shipping gone

thousands of mi. of roadsthousands of mi. of roads  

Loss of PropertyLoss of Propertyland value dropped 70%land value dropped 70%lost 1/3 of all livestocklost 1/3 of all livestock

equipment rusted/ disrepairequipment rusted/ disrepair  

B. Human TollB. Human Toll 1. North = 364,000 lives 1. North = 364,000 lives

South = 290,000 (20% of all adult white males)South = 290,000 (20% of all adult white males) 2. Widows & orphans abounded 2. Widows & orphans abounded

   C. Hardships C. Hardships

1. Black Southerners1. Black Southerners4 million ex-slaves looked for work, food, clothing, shelter, skills, etc.4 million ex-slaves looked for work, food, clothing, shelter, skills, etc.

2. Planters2. Planterslost slaves ($3 billion) & private property ($100 million) seized by federal lost slaves ($3 billion) & private property ($100 million) seized by federal

govt.govt.could not afford to hire labor even if they could hang on to their landcould not afford to hire labor even if they could hang on to their land

3. Poor-Whites3. Poor-Whitesfaced job competition from freedmen (increased racial conflict)faced job competition from freedmen (increased racial conflict)

Quiz Q #1Quiz Q #1

What two issues lay at What two issues lay at the heart of the heart of

Reconstruction?Reconstruction?1. The political and economic

power for freed slaves

2. North/South economic and political relations.

Political Cartoon: What words come to mind?Political Cartoon: What words come to mind?Example:__________,….Example:__________,….

We will…..We will…..

Describe the basic provisions and immediate impact Describe the basic provisions and immediate impact of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution Amendments to the Constitution

Analyze the immediate and long-term influences of Analyze the immediate and long-term influences of Reconstruction on the lives of African Americans and Reconstruction on the lives of African Americans and U.S. society as a whole U.S. society as a whole

Evaluate different Reconstruction plans and their Evaluate different Reconstruction plans and their social, economic, and political impact on the South social, economic, and political impact on the South and the rest of the United States and the rest of the United States

  

We will Evaluate and We will Evaluate and Create Plans for 3 Main Create Plans for 3 Main Reconstruction IssuesReconstruction Issues

1. 1. What should be done with the What should be done with the those who rebelled against the Union? those who rebelled against the Union? (former Confederates)(former Confederates)

2. H2. How should the Southern States be ow should the Southern States be re-admitted to the Union?re-admitted to the Union?

3. 3. What should be done for Freedmen What should be done for Freedmen to achieve political and economic to achieve political and economic equality?equality?

The Politics of ReconstructionThe Politics of ReconstructionWhat was What was

Reconstruction?Reconstruction?

The period during which The period during which the U.S. began to the U.S. began to rebuild after the Civil rebuild after the Civil War. War. It is the process It is the process of bringing the of bringing the Southern states back Southern states back into the nation. It into the nation. It lasted from lasted from 1865 to 1865 to 1877.1877.

-During the war, -During the war, Lincoln made a plan Lincoln made a plan for Reconstruction for Reconstruction that was lenient, or that was lenient, or easy, on the the easy, on the the South.South.

-Lincoln’s plan -Lincoln’s plan differed strongly from differed strongly from the the RadicalsRadicals, a , a group of Republicans group of Republicans who wanted to who wanted to destroy the political destroy the political power of former power of former slaveholders.slaveholders.

Quiz Q #2Quiz Q #2 A major reason the Radical A major reason the Radical

Republicans opposed Republicans opposed President President Abraham Abraham Lincoln’s Reconstruction Lincoln’s Reconstruction planplan was that his plan… was that his plan…

Offered amnesty to Offered amnesty to Confederates who would Confederates who would swear allegiance to the United swear allegiance to the United StatesStates

After Lincoln After Lincoln died, his vice-died, his vice-president, president, Andrew Andrew JohnsonJohnson, , became became president.president.

-Johnson’s plan -Johnson’s plan was was similarsimilar to to Lincoln’s.Lincoln’s.

Quiz Q #3Quiz Q #3

President Andrew Johnson’s President Andrew Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan would Reconstruction Plan would have…have…

Made it possible for former high-ranking Made it possible for former high-ranking Confederates to assume positions of power Confederates to assume positions of power in the reconstructed southern governments.in the reconstructed southern governments.

All he required them to do was to ask All he required them to do was to ask his pardonhis pardon (ie. Kiss his foot!) (ie. Kiss his foot!)

--However, However, Radical RepublicansRadical Republicans in in Congress thought both plans were too Congress thought both plans were too easy on the South.easy on the South.

-They wanted to -They wanted to destroy the political destroy the political power of former slave ownerspower of former slave owners..

-They also -They also wanted African Americans wanted African Americans to be citizens with the right to voteto be citizens with the right to vote..

- President Johnson, on the other hand, - President Johnson, on the other hand, refused to cooperate with Congress…..refused to cooperate with Congress…..

Quiz Q #4Quiz Q #4What brought the Radical What brought the Radical

and moderate and moderate Republicans together in Republicans together in an alliance against an alliance against President Johnson?President Johnson?

The President’s veto of the The President’s veto of the Freedmen’s Bureau Bill and Freedmen’s Bureau Bill and the Civil Rights Act of 1866.the Civil Rights Act of 1866.

--When the majority of Republicans in When the majority of Republicans in Congress united, they won a struggle with Congress united, they won a struggle with the president to control Reconstruction.the president to control Reconstruction.

-When Radical and moderate Republicans -When Radical and moderate Republicans united, they now had enough votes to united, they now had enough votes to override Johnson’s veto power and passed a override Johnson’s veto power and passed a law creating the law creating the Freedman's BureauFreedman's Bureau, , which gave food and clothing to former which gave food and clothing to former slaves and set up hospitals and schools.slaves and set up hospitals and schools.

-Congress also passed the -Congress also passed the Civil Rights Act Civil Rights Act of 1866, of 1866, which said that states could not which said that states could not enact laws that discriminated against enact laws that discriminated against African Americans.African Americans.

1414thth Amendment Amendment --Congress then passed the Fourteenth Amendment which Congress then passed the Fourteenth Amendment which

gave African Americans citizenshipgave African Americans citizenship..

-Johnson urged Southern states NOT to ratify it because -Johnson urged Southern states NOT to ratify it because they had no say in creating it.they had no say in creating it.

-Congress angrily responded with the -Congress angrily responded with the Reconstruction Reconstruction Act of 1867 which stated that Act of 1867 which stated that NO state could re-enter NO state could re-enter the Union until it approved the 14the Union until it approved the 14thth Amendment and Amendment and gave the vote to black mengave the vote to black men..

The The Reconstruction ActReconstruction Act of March 2, 1867: The act also divided the South of March 2, 1867: The act also divided the South into five military zonesinto five military zones, temporarily disfranchised tens of thousands of former , temporarily disfranchised tens of thousands of former

Confederates, and laid down new guidelines for the readmission of states Confederates, and laid down new guidelines for the readmission of states (Johnson had announced the Union restored, but Congress had not yet (Johnson had announced the Union restored, but Congress had not yet

formally agreed on this), not until all of their conditions were met.formally agreed on this), not until all of their conditions were met.

President Johnson Impeached!President Johnson Impeached!--The fight between Congress and Johnson led Congress The fight between Congress and Johnson led Congress

to look for a way to to look for a way to impeach the president. It wasn’t impeach the president. It wasn’t enough for him to be a powerless lame duck. The enough for him to be a powerless lame duck. The Radicals in Congress wanted him to be humiliated Radicals in Congress wanted him to be humiliated and shamed, and ultimately, kicked out of office.and shamed, and ultimately, kicked out of office.

-Johnson had removed a cabinet member, and -Johnson had removed a cabinet member, and Congress said he did it illegally, thus using this Congress said he did it illegally, thus using this excuse to try to kick him out of the presidency.excuse to try to kick him out of the presidency.

--Johnson was impeached by the House of Johnson was impeached by the House of Representatives, and went on trial in the Senate. Representatives, and went on trial in the Senate. IF found guilty, he would be removed from the IF found guilty, he would be removed from the presidency…………..presidency…………..

But………But………

……………….when the final votes came in, .when the final votes came in, President Johnson was NOT Convicted President Johnson was NOT Convicted in the Senate but by a in the Senate but by a singlesingle vote! vote!

Regardless, Johnson served the Regardless, Johnson served the remainder of his term as a powerless remainder of his term as a powerless lame duck, and Congress ran the lame duck, and Congress ran the country.country.

1515thth Amendment Amendment --In 1868, Civil War hero In 1868, Civil War hero

Ulysses S. Grant was Ulysses S. Grant was elected and became elected and became president.president.

-African American votes -African American votes in the South helped him in the South helped him win.win.

-Then in -Then in 1870, the 1870, the Fifteenth Amendment Fifteenth Amendment was ratified which was ratified which banned states from banned states from denying the vote to denying the vote to black menblack men..

Ulysses S. GrantUlysses S. Grant

Reconstructing SocietyReconstructing Society

--By 1870 all former Confederates By 1870 all former Confederates states were back in a union.states were back in a union.

-Their governments were run by -Their governments were run by Republicans. Republicans.

-The South faced terrible economic -The South faced terrible economic conditions. conditions.

-Many men had died in the war, people -Many men had died in the war, people had lost their investments, farms had lost their investments, farms were ruined................were ruined................

Sherman's March to the SeaSherman's March to the Sea

A New Beginning....?A New Beginning....?

-The new Republican -The new Republican state governments in state governments in the South began public the South began public works programs to works programs to repair the physical repair the physical damage to the cities damage to the cities and landscape.and landscape.

-They also provided -They also provided social services to social services to provide food, clothing, provide food, clothing, shelter, and education.shelter, and education.

They raised taxes to They raised taxes to pay for these programs.pay for these programs.

--ThreeThree groups of Southern Republicans groups of Southern Republicans had different goals:had different goals:

--ScalawagsScalawags were white southerners. were white southerners. They were small farmers who did not They were small farmers who did not want wealthy planters to regain powerwant wealthy planters to regain power, , so they cooperated with the Northern so they cooperated with the Northern controlled Republican Southern stated controlled Republican Southern stated governments. Other southerners saw governments. Other southerners saw them as traitors of the Old South.them as traitors of the Old South.

--CarpetbaggersCarpetbaggers were Northerners who were Northerners who had moved South to take advantage of had moved South to take advantage of rebuilding the South for profitrebuilding the South for profit..

--Black men Black men had voting rights for the first had voting rights for the first time and voted Republicantime and voted Republican, but many , but many white Southerners resisted equality for white Southerners resisted equality for African Americans.African Americans.

-During Reconstruction, -During Reconstruction, many former slaves many former slaves moved to the citiesmoved to the cities, and , and with help they organized with help they organized schools and churches.schools and churches.

-Many voted, and some -Many voted, and some were elected to the were elected to the highest offices in the highest offices in the United States United States government........government........Hiram Hiram Revels was the first Revels was the first African American African American senator.senator.

Hiram RevelsHiram Revels

Promises Unkept........Promises Unkept........ --Freed African AmericansFreed African Americans wanted to farm wanted to farm

their own land and their own land and had been promised “40 had been promised “40 acres and a mule”acres and a mule” by General Sherman, by General Sherman, though though Congress did NOT honor this Congress did NOT honor this promise.promise.

-Meanwhile, the old Southern planters -Meanwhile, the old Southern planters wanted to return to the plantation system.wanted to return to the plantation system.

-They tried to make sure that the former -They tried to make sure that the former slaves could NOT own land, and that they slaves could NOT own land, and that they would remain at the very least, 2would remain at the very least, 2ndnd class class citizens, so…..citizens, so…..

Sharecropping & Tenant FarmingSharecropping & Tenant Farming -To survive, many former -To survive, many former

slaves became slaves became sharecropperssharecroppers, which is , which is a system in which a system in which landowners give a few landowners give a few acres of land to their farm acres of land to their farm workers.workers.

-The -The “croppers” keep a “croppers” keep a small portion of their crops small portion of their crops and give the rest to their and give the rest to their landownerslandowners..

Another system that Another system that allowed whites to control allowed whites to control the labor of former slaves the labor of former slaves was was tenant farmingtenant farming. . Tenant farmers rented Tenant farmers rented land from the landowners land from the landowners for cash.for cash.

Quiz Q #5Quiz Q #5

In the years after the Civil War, In the years after the Civil War, most freedmen ended up most freedmen ended up working as…working as…

Farmers under a sharecropper system.

The Collapse of ReconstructionThe Collapse of Reconstruction What gains of Reconstruction were undone by 1877, only 12 years after the Civil War What gains of Reconstruction were undone by 1877, only 12 years after the Civil War

was over?was over?

-Racist southern whites did not like the freed slaves voting, so some formed secret -Racist southern whites did not like the freed slaves voting, so some formed secret groups such as the groups such as the Ku Klux Klan (KKK)Ku Klux Klan (KKK) that used violence to keep blacks from voting. that used violence to keep blacks from voting.

Black Codes and other Laws Black Codes and other Laws in the Post Reconstruction in the Post Reconstruction

EraEraVagrancy Laws: Vagrancy Laws: Black Codes (Jim Crow Laws) Black Codes (Jim Crow Laws)

SegregationSegregation

“ “ Separate But Equal”Separate But Equal”Grandfather ClauseGrandfather ClauseLiteracy TestsLiteracy TestsPoll Taxes Poll Taxes

-In response to groups such as the KKK, Congress passed -In response to groups such as the KKK, Congress passed the the Enforcement Acts under President Grant to Enforcement Acts under President Grant to stop the violence, and, in effect, the KKK stop the violence, and, in effect, the KKK essentially went into hiding as federal troops essentially went into hiding as federal troops began to hunt them down.began to hunt them down.

-However, Congress also gave the vote to many -However, Congress also gave the vote to many former Confederates.former Confederates.

-As a result, Southern Democrats began to regain -As a result, Southern Democrats began to regain power...........power...........

-Other less extreme whites refused to hire blacks that -Other less extreme whites refused to hire blacks that voted.voted.

Why did Reconstruction fail to Why did Reconstruction fail to solve the racism issue in the solve the racism issue in the

United States?United States? -An economic depression occurred during the Panic -An economic depression occurred during the Panic

of 1873, which severely cut funds away from of 1873, which severely cut funds away from Reconstruction programs.Reconstruction programs.

-As a result, the Northern states grew tired of -As a result, the Northern states grew tired of attempting to pay for the rebuilding of the South – attempting to pay for the rebuilding of the South – and, ultimately, the assimilation of the freed slaves and, ultimately, the assimilation of the freed slaves into normal society.into normal society.

Also, President Grant became increasingly unpopular Also, President Grant became increasingly unpopular as his administration was corrupt with several as his administration was corrupt with several scandals…..scandals…..

Quiz Q #6Quiz Q #6

Why did Ulysses S. Grant’s Why did Ulysses S. Grant’s popularity decline substantially popularity decline substantially by the end of his presidency?by the end of his presidency?

The corruption evident in his administration.

The “Compromise of 1876”The “Compromise of 1876” -In 1876, there was a disputed -In 1876, there was a disputed

presidential election that led to the presidential election that led to the end of Reconstruction.end of Reconstruction.

-Even though the Democratic -Even though the Democratic candidate had seemingly won the candidate had seemingly won the election, the Democrats agreed to election, the Democrats agreed to accept the Republican candidate, accept the Republican candidate, Rutherford B. Hayes, as President Rutherford B. Hayes, as President in return for the withdrawal of in return for the withdrawal of federal troops from the South.federal troops from the South.

Quiz Q #7Quiz Q #7

The “Compromise of 1877” did The “Compromise of 1877” did which of the following?which of the following?

Ended federal military support of Ended federal military support of Republican administrations in the Republican administrations in the South.South.

SSO.........O.........

..... without federal troops, there was no one to stop hate ..... without federal troops, there was no one to stop hate groups, such as the Klan, from returning to intimidate blacks groups, such as the Klan, from returning to intimidate blacks from voting.from voting.

Thus, the Southern Democrats regained control of the state Thus, the Southern Democrats regained control of the state legislatures, and most things went back to largely the same legislatures, and most things went back to largely the same way it was before the Civil War began.way it was before the Civil War began.

The new state Southern The new state Southern Democratic legislatures Democratic legislatures quickly began passing so-quickly began passing so-called “Jim Crow” Laws – called “Jim Crow” Laws – discriminatory laws that discriminatory laws that would ensure that whites would ensure that whites and blacks would be kept and blacks would be kept separate.separate.

- Blacks once again began - Blacks once again began to be treated like 2to be treated like 2ndnd-class -class citizens, and it would take citizens, and it would take almost another 100 years – almost another 100 years – until the 1950s - with the until the 1950s - with the beginning of the Civil Rights beginning of the Civil Rights Movement – before justice Movement – before justice would once again come to would once again come to African American African American citizens....citizens....and this time and this time for real.for real.

Quiz Q #8Quiz Q #8

After the passage of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments, the black population continued to experience political and economic oppression mainly because…

-Southern legislatures enacted Jim Crow Laws

What advancements have What advancements have African Americans made since African Americans made since

Reconstruction?Reconstruction?

Reconstruction continuedReconstruction continued

3. Reconstruction Video and 3. Reconstruction Video and Questions (Page 4 in Packet)Questions (Page 4 in Packet)

4. Reconstruction Plan: Grade and 4. Reconstruction Plan: Grade and Answer each question in 1-2 Answer each question in 1-2 Complete Sentences.Complete Sentences.

5. My Reconstruction Plan 5. My Reconstruction Plan (Handout)(Handout)