Queensland Poisons Information Centre

Queensland Poisons

Information Centre Annual Report 2019

13 11 26

www.childrens.health.qld.gov.au/poisonsinformationcentre

Poisons Information Centre

Queensland Children’s Hospital

Pharmacy Department, Level 2

501 Stanley Street

South Brisbane Qld 4101

http://www.childrens.health.qld.gov.au/poisonsinformationcentre

Table of Contents

Mission Statement ............................................................................................................................................................ 4

Services and Operation ..................................................................................................................................................... 4

Location ......................................................................................................................................................................... 4

Telephone Access .......................................................................................................................................................... 4

Hours of Operation ........................................................................................................................................................ 4

Website .......................................................................................................................................................................... 4

Personnel ....................................................................................................................................................................... 5

External Consultants ...................................................................................................................................................... 6

Strategic Planning Activities ............................................................................................................................................. 8

Clinical Governance and Quality Assurance Activities .................................................................................................... 8

Toxicovigilance Activities .................................................................................................................................................. 9

Research Activities ............................................................................................................................................................ 9

Publications ................................................................................................................................................................. 10

Conference Presentations and Attendance ................................................................................................................ 10

Published guidelines .................................................................................................................................................... 12

Poisoning Prevention/Harm Reduction Activities ......................................................................................................... 12

Poisons Education by QPIC Staff .................................................................................................................................... 12

Examples of Calls ............................................................................................................................................................. 13

Poisoning Call Analysis .................................................................................................................................................... 15

Annual trending of calls ............................................................................................................................................... 15

Monthly trending of calls ............................................................................................................................................. 15

Hourly trending of calls................................................................................................................................................ 16

Call Types: Human and animal calls ............................................................................................................................ 16

Caller category ............................................................................................................................................................. 17

Call analysis – exposures ................................................................................................................................................ 18

Patient type: Human age category and animal exposures .......................................................................................... 18

Exposure Type - Human exposures ............................................................................................................................. 19

Poisoning exposures and recommended management setting by age group. ........................................................... 20

Patient Gender – Human exposures – by age group ................................................................................................... 21

Route of exposure of poisonings ................................................................................................................................. 22

Exposure location – Human cases ............................................................................................................................... 23

Top 10 Poison classes involved in human exposures across all age groups (recalls excluded) .................................. 24

Top 10 Poison classes involved in exposures in children up to the age of 5 years ..................................................... 25

Top 10 individual agents involved in exposures in children up to the age of 5 years ................................................. 26

Call analysis – queries ..................................................................................................................................................... 27

Query types involving humans .................................................................................................................................... 27

Top 10 agents involved in human queries across all age groups ................................................................................ 28

References ....................................................................................................................................................................... 28

Appendix: Queensland Poisons Information Centre Poison Statistics ......................................................................... 29

Mission Statement

To improve patient outcomes by providing the public and health professionals with prompt, consistent, up-to-date

and individualised advice in situations of poisonings and suspected poisonings.

How do we do this?

• Members of the public may be given first aid instructions, potential symptoms to watch for, advice on the need for medical attention in poisonings, and general advice on poisoning prevention. Unnecessary visits to medical facilities may be avoided in minor accidental poisonings by the timely provision of advice and reassurance.

• Health professionals are given specific advice regarding the management of poisoned patients with the support of clinical toxicologist advice where required.

• The QPIC is committed to improve outcomes for poisoned patients through ongoing research and toxicovigilance activities.

Services and Operation

Location

The Queensland Poisons Information Centre (QPIC) has been in operation since 1973 and is based at the Queensland

Children’s Hospital (QCH) in South Brisbane.

Queensland Poisons Information Centre

Queensland Children’s Hospital

Pharmacy Department

Level 2

501 Stanley St

South Brisbane QLD 4101

Telephone Access

The Queensland Poisons Information Centre can be reached on 13 11 26. This number is available Australia-wide for

the cost of a local call (excluding mobile phones). The QPIC predominately receives calls from Queensland and

Northern New South Wales but manages calls from across the country on rostered overnight shifts.

Hours of Operation

The QPIC operates Monday to Sunday (08:30 to 21:00). Outside these hours, calls are diverted to the NSW Poisons

Information Centre. Only one centre operates overnight, taking calls from across Australia. The overnight calls are

shared between the four centres: NSW, WA, VIC and QLD.

Website

For more information, visit the Queensland Poisons Information website at

https://www.childrens.health.qld.gov.au/poisonsinformationcentre

https://www.childrens.health.qld.gov.au/poisonsinformationcentre

Personnel

The QPIC employs a team of pharmacists specialising in toxicology to handle poisoning and related calls and to

undertake activities aimed at reducing poisonings and improving outcomes from poisonings.

Director

Dr Sonya Stacey BPharm PhD Adv.Prac.Pharm

Clinical Lead

Carol Wylie B Pharm, Grad Dip Hosp Clin Pharm

Medical Director

Dr Katherine Isoardi BMedicine, FACEM, GradDipClinTox

Dr Isoardi provided an on-call weekday toxicology consultant service to the QPIC for poisoning cases of a

complex nature. In addition, she supported the ongoing continuing education program, protocol and

guideline development and was a spokesperson for the centre on poisoning related issues.

Consultant Fellows

Dr Keith Harris MBChB, FACEM,

Dr Iain McNeil MBChB FACEM GradDipClinTox. CHIA

Dr Ruth Young B.Med.Sc, MD, FACEM

These Doctors are currently undergoing specialised training in clinical toxicology and under Dr Isoardi’s

direction assisted in the support of the Queensland Poisons Information Centre.

Specialists in Poisons Information (SPIs)

Kerry Atkins Dip Pharm

Michele Cree BSci, BPharm, GradDipClinPharm, Adv Prac Pharm

Danielle Dean BPharm

Anna Goggin BPharm

Aaron Heffernan BPharm (Hons) GCertPharmPrac

Chris Henry BSc, BPharm (Hons)

Lauren Koch BPharm, GCHlthSc (Clin Ed), AACPA

Christopher Martin BPharm

Genevieve Messina BPharm GCertTox, AACPA

Katherine Rule BPharm AACPA

Jenna Southwell BPharm (Hons)

Emma Walton BPharm

Chamani Weerasekara BPharm

Chih Yuan (Jason) Wang BPharm, MClinPharm

Administrative support

Natalie Burnham

External Consultants

Numerous external consultants from a variety of Queensland organisations and government departments are

available to the Poisons Information Centre, for advice or direct referral. These consultants range from the

Queensland Museum and Queensland Herbarium staff, to the Health Protection Unit and Workplace Health and

Safety officers. These departments and organisations continue to offer a valuable service to the Poisons Information

Centre

Clinical Toxicologists

The QPIC service is supported by Clinical Toxicologists attached to the Poisons Centres around the country. These

clinicians are available on a national 24-hour roster for direct advice to a poison centre specialist, or referral to a

practitioner requiring management advice in a poisoning. These cases may involve both adults and children and are

usually complicated or severe in nature.

Jason Armstrong. MB ChB FACEM

Jonathan Brett MBBS BMedSci (Hons) FRACP FAChAM,

Nick Buckley MD FRACP

Betty Chan MB BS, FACEM, PhD

Angela Chiew BSc (Med), MB BS (Hons), FACEM

Andrew Dawson MB BS, FRACP, FRCP (Edin)

Michael Downes MB ChB FACEM

Alan Gault MB ChB(Dub), BAO(Dub), BA HSc, FACEM

Andis Graudins MBBS, PhD, FACEM, FACMT

Shaun Greene MB ChB, MSc (Med Tox), FACEM

Naren Gunja MB BS, FACEM

Kerry Hoggett MB BS G Cert Clin Tox FACEM

Geoffrey Isbister B Sc, MB BS, FACEM

Dushan Jayaweera MB BS (Hons), FACEM, Dip Tox

Zeff Koutsogiannis MB BS, FACEM

Mark Little MB BS, FACEM, MPH&TM, DTM&H (Lon)

Gopi Mann MBChB, FACEM, Dip Tox

Satish Mitter MB BS, FACEM, Dip Tox

David McCoubrie MB BS, FACEM

Richard McNulty BA, MB BS, PhD, FACEM, PGCert (Tox)

Darren Roberts PhD FRACP

Jess Soderstrom MB BS, FACEM

Ian Whyte MB BS (Hon), FRACP, FRCPE

Fellows in Training

Caitlyn Lovett BM, B.Med.Sci (hons), FACEM

Mark Salter BComm/BSci, MBBS (Hons), PGDip (Med Tox), FACEM

Kirsty Skinner MBChB, FACEM, GradDipClinTox

Gareth Wahl MBBS, FACEM

Strategic Planning Activities

The Queensland Poisons Information Centre (QPIC) continues ongoing involvement at a national level with the other

Poisons Information Centres and Health Departments from all jurisdictions. Past collaboration with the interstate

poison centres has resulted in the development of National Standards for Australian Poisons Information Centres

(available on the QPIC Website) and National Minimum Dataset for data collected by the four individual centres.

Current strategic activities undertaken in 2019 include an increased role in overnight call taking by the QPIC with

continued work towards the development of a single national database, which would enable consistent data

collection and an improved ability to share data for research and toxicovigilance activities.

Clinical Governance and Quality Assurance Activities

In 2019 the QPIC has undertaken the following activities:

• Documentation of poisons centre advice directly into a patient’s electronic medical record in addition to the standard phone advice whenever possible. This occurred for patients from hospitals utilising digital health records. This activity has shown to increase adherence to poison’s advice and a reduction in suboptimal management and recalls.

• Internal review of all QPIC calls. All calls received by the centre were peer reviewed by a second SPI. This review is conducted at the earliest possible time in order to assess the accuracy and consistency of advice provided and to ensure appropriate data entry.

• Internal review of all complex calls which were referred to a clinical toxicologist and a subsequent report received. This report is added to the original call documentation to ensure a complete record is maintained. These reports are also viewed by the SPIs as part of the educational and peer review process.

• Morbidity and mortality meetings. The committee meets quarterly to review poisoning cases across Queensland which involve death or significant morbidity.

• Continued attendance of the ward round and monthly clinical meetings conducted by the Princess Alexandra Toxicology Unit

• Continuing Education sessions were provided by Dr. Katherine Isoardi (Clinical Toxicologist). Topics included: o Paracetamol poisoning o Lithium chronic toxicity and acute poisoning o Tricyclic antidepressant poisoning o Ethanol and Toxic Alcohol poisoning o Pesticide poisoning

• Internal Continuing Education sessions were provided by SPIs. Topics included: o Toxicology and Poisons Network Australasia (TAPNA) scientific meeting and the European

Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologist (EAPCCT) International conference feedback (Anna Goggin and Carol Wylie)

o Snake bite management (Danielle Dean) o Anti-psychotic poisoning management (Emma Walton)

• Training documents were regularly updated, and advice macros were developed or updated.

• Ongoing review of QPIC and Qld Health Policies, Procedures, Guidelines and position statements related to poisoning

• Performance Coaching and Development Plans (PCD) were conducted for QPIC staff to evaluate and develop the performance of employees to ensure that organisational goals were more effectively achieved.

Toxicovigilance Activities

Toxicovigilance is the active process of identifying and evaluating toxic risks, and evaluating the measures taken to

reduce or eliminate them. It involves the analysis of PIC data to identify if there are specific circumstances or agents

giving rise to poisoning, or certain populations or locations suffering a higher incidence of poisoning or the need for

public education and restrictions on the availability of certain products. Toxicovigilance can also reveal whether

there is an emerging toxicological problem resulting from, for example, the reformulation of a product or a change to

its packaging or labelling or the availability of a new drug of abuse

QPIC has established links with other organisations to support toxicovigilance activities. These include: the other

Australian PICs, Qld Injury Surveillance Unit (QISU), Consumer Product Injury Research Advisory Group (CPIRAG), the

Office of Fair Trading, the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC), Therapeutic Goods

Administration (TGA), Health Protection Units (HPU), 13 Health and Kidsafe QLD.

In 2019 the following activities were undertaken:

• QPIC data regarding alkyl nitrite exposures was provided to Qld Health during the TGA review into the regulatory options for appropriate access and safety controls (Jan 2018). Additional data on these agents was also supplied to the NSW PIC to contribute to the TGA review (April 2019). After a broad consultation process the TGA amended the existing scheduling for a range of nitrites which will come into effect on 1 February 2020.

• National data on electronic cigarette cases from 2009 to 2018 was collated and shared with all poison centres and supplied to the SA Health Department (Feb 2019).

• QPIC data was provided to the Qld Health Protection Branch regarding calls relating to formaldehyde in aquarium-based products, following a consumer enquiry (Aug 2019).

• The QPIC database was examined for any calls or cases regarding Kava (piper methysticum) and supplied to the Qld Department of Health to assist in a review of the amount of kava that can be imported for personal use. This resulted in an increase from 2kg to 4kg. Further work is underway regarding the food standards and scheduling of this agent (Sept 2019).

• The QPIC contributed to a collaborative response to an ACCC Button Battery Issues Paper, authored by Dr Ruth Barker (Sept 2019). The Issues paper was conducted to seek information from stakeholders to investigate the safety of button batteries and products that contain them. A final recommendation is due in 2020.

• The QPIC also responded to a further request for information (with assistance from the NSW Poisons Centre) from the ACCC regarding button batteries in toys for children up to and including 36 months of age (Dec 2019).

• QPIC data was provided to the Qld representative of the TGA scheduling committee regarding calls and cases related to the combined paracetamol and ibuprofen medications. The scheduling committee were reviewing possible changes to the existing schedules (Oct 2019). The TGA made an interim decision to retain existing scheduling but invited further submissions by March 2020.

Research Activities

• Continued involvement in the Australian Toxicology Monitoring Study (ATOM). These studies are prospective observational studies which examine the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of selected drugs in overdose.

• Continued involvement in the Australian Snakebite Project (ASP) which guides the management of snake envenomation in Australia.

• A review of calls to the QPIC regarding Exposures to Multivitamin Supplements was undertaken, from Jan 2018 through to June 2019. Staff involved in this work included Danielle Dean, Carol Wylie and Hannah Compton (University of Queensland Quality Use of Mediation Research Project) (Aug 2019)

Publications

• Wylie, C., Heffernan, A., Brown J.A., Cairns, R., Lynch, A-M and Robinson, J. Exposures to e-cigarettes and their refills: calls to Australian Poisons Information Centres, 2009–2016. Med J Aust. 2019 Feb;210(3):126. doi: 10.5694/mja2.12032. Epub 2018 Nov 12.

• Cairns R, Brown J, Lachireddy K, Wylie C, Robinson J, Dawson AH, Buckley NA. Button battery exposures in Australian children: a prospective observational study highlighting the role of the poisons information centres. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2019 Jun;57(6):404-410. doi: 10.1080/15563650.2018.1537492. Epub 2019 Jan 21

• Harris K, Page C, Samantray S, Parker L, Ja Brier A, Isoardi K. One Single Large Intramuscular Dose of Naloxone Is Effective and Safe in Suspected Heroin Poisoning. Emerg Med Australas. 2020 Feb;32(1):88-92. 2019 Jul 21. doi: 10.1111/1742-6723.13344. Epub 2019 Jul 21.

• Isoardi K, Kulawickrama S, Isbister G. Severe Phenibut Poisoning: An Adolescent Case Cluster. J Paediatr Child Health. 2020 Feb;56(2):330-331. doi: 10.1111/jpc.14605. Epub 2019 Aug 29.

• Huynh A, Cairns R, Brown J, Jan S, Robinson J, Lynch AM, Wylie, C Buckley NA, Dawson AH. Health care cost savings from Australian Poisons Information Centre advice for low risk exposure calls: SNAPSHOT 2. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2019 Nov 13:1-6. doi: 10.1080/15563650.2019.1686513

• Harris K, Jiang A, Knoeckel R, Isoardi K. Rescheduling codeine-containing analgesics reduced codeine-related hospital presentations. Med J Aust. 2019 Nov 10. doi: 10.5694/mja2.50400.

• Chiew A, Reith D, Pomerleau A, Wong A, Isoardi K, Soderstom J, Buckley N. Updated Guidelines for the Management of Paracetamol Poisoning in Australia and New Zealand Med J Aust. 2020 Mar;212(4):175-183. doi: 10.5694/mja2.50428. Epub 2019 Dec 1.

Conference Presentations and Attendance

TAPNA Regional meeting in Melbourne 8th March 2019

Attendees: Anna Goggin, Danielle Dean and Katherine Isoardi

Presentation:

Isoardi K Triclopyr – A rather toxic, low-toxicity herbicide. Oral presentation.

TAPNA regional meeting in Sydney 30th August 2019

Attendees: Danielle Dean, Carol Wylie, Katherine Isoardi and Keith Harris

Presentation:

Isoardi K Methamphetamine and AKI. Oral presentation.

TAPNA National Scientific Meeting Gold Coast 1st to 3rd May 2019

Attendees: Kerry Matthews, Genevieve Messina, Carol Wylie, Danielle Dean, Katherine Isoardi, Keith Harris, Iain

McNeil and Ruth Young.

Presentations:

Dean D Novel or Nasty, Interesting calls to the Queensland Poisons Information Centre (QPIC). Oral

presentation.

Matthews K Plant ingestions and exposures: a three-year total population survey of emergency calls to

Queensland Poisons Information Centre (QPIC). Oral presentation.

Wylie C Documentation in the patient medical record improves adherence to poisons information centre

telephone advice. Oral presentation.

Isoardi K, Chiew A, Rotella J, Dawson A Trainee session – Navigating the phone consult.

Isoardi K, The start of a new era in Queensland Poisons. Oral presentation

Harris K, Rescheduling decreased codeine-related presentations to a clinical toxicology unit. Oral

presentation

McNeil I, Barium poisoning; an uncommon cause of severe hypokalaemia. Oral presentation.

Robb J, Isoardi K, Cold water extraction of codeine works….most of the time. Poster presentation.

European Association of Poisons Centre and Clinical Toxicologists 40th Congress Naples, Italy 19th to 22nd May 2019

Attendees: Carol Wylie and Katherine Isoardi

Presentation:

Wylie C Documentation in the patient medical record improves adherence to poisons information centre

telephone advice. Oral presentation.

14th Australasian Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion Conference, Brisbane Qld 25th to 27th Nov 2019.

Pre-conference Master Class on Injury Prevention – 23rd to 24th Nov 2019

Presentation:

Wylie C Exploring Poisoning Prevention, Oral presentation

Published guidelines

Carol Wylie and Katherine Isoardi were invited contributors of an expert writing group for the development of the

third edition of the eTG complete by Therapeutic Guidelines “Toxicology and Toxinology” section (ongoing)

Carol Wylie and Michele Cree provided feedback on carbamazepine poisoning for the “Tri-State” Paediatric

Emergency Department Poisoning Guidelines.

Poisoning Prevention/Harm Reduction Activities

• Printed material (phone number stickers, brochures and leaflets) was supplied to members of the public, childcare centres, kindergartens, schools, health centres, GP surgeries etc throughout the year.

• QPIC statistics on funnel web calls and cases/suspected cases for 2014 to 2018 was provided to QCH Media and Communications, in response to a media enquiry from Japan (Jan 2019)

• First aid advice on snake bite was provided to a snake handler and a consumer via Qld Health email request (Jan and July 2019)

• Media interviews (radio, podcast etc) were conducted following the release of the MJA article on Exposures to e-cigarettes and their refills: calls to Australian Poisons Information Centres 2009-2016 (Jan 2019)

• The QPIC contributed to a media release for Qld Health regarding “The household hazards hiding in plain sight”. This resulted in an article by the Courier Mail, Brisbane in print and on-line: “Poison in plain sight” (April 2018) and a publication in “The Road Ahead” by the RACQ (Aug 2019).

• QPIC statistics on paediatric exposures (children up to 5yrs) was provided to the Qld Education Department (May 2019)

• QPIC statistics on paediatric exposures was provided to the Sunshine Coast University Hospital (SCUH) Emergency Department for educational training purposes (May 2019).

• The QPIC provided background information regarding childhood exposures to cosmetics to media from the Courier Mail, Brisbane. This followed on from an article published in the U.S. (June 2019).

• The QPIC contributed to a media release for Qld Health regarding “Simple measures can prevent meds overdose”. The focus of this media release was alerting the public to the risk of inadvertent medication errors, such as double doses and giving the wrong dose due to confusion with dosing instructions (Aug 2019).

• The QPIC provided feedback on “Using essential oils safely”, for an on-line publication produced by Qld Health Strategic Communications Branch (Aug 2019).

• Emma Walton produced an on-line blog for the Samford Pharmacy “The Clinic Hub” website highlighting “Poisoning risks at home” (Nov 2019)

Poisons Education by QPIC Staff

• QPIC provided ongoing education and experiential placements in the centre to visiting pharmacists and interns from throughout the state

• Emma Walton provided a presentation to the Samford Retirement Village on poisoning prevention (Nov 2019)

• QPIC provided presentations on managing a poisoned patient and the role of the poisons centre, in addition to the specific management of toxinology (bites and stings) to a Teaching Workshop on Toxinology for Emergency Department Registrars at Queensland Children’s Hospital Danielle Dean and Carol Wylie (Dec 2019)

Examples of Calls

Poisons can be hazardous to adults and children. Even the mildest chemicals can be poisonous if the exposure is

large enough. The QPIC receives calls about many potential poisons including medications, household products,

workplace chemicals, animals and plants.

Example One

A 2yr old girl was found playing with nicotine liquid used for an e-cigarette. The concentrated

product was found all over the floor and it appeared that she may had only ingested a small

amount off her fingers. However, she quickly became extremely drowsy and the poisons centre

advised that she needed to attend hospital immediately, as these products are potentially life

threatening.

Calls relating to exposures to e-cigarette calls have been increasing over the years as they are being used as an

alternative to cigarettes. Very small amounts can be fatal in small children. Symptoms of nicotine poisoning include

sweating, dizziness, vomiting, an increased heart rate, lethargy, seizures, and difficulty breathing.

Example Two

A mother of a 6 yr old boy called QPIC as she had found a tick on her son’s leg. She was hoping to

remove the tick with tweezers. Prior to giving first aid advice over the phone, the Specialist in

Poisons Information (SPI) ensured that the child had no known allergies to insects, in particular

ticks, as this would require specialist treatment at a hospital.

To remove the tick safely, the (SPI) recommended to apply an ether based spray (eg: Wart off spray) or permethrin

cream (Lyclear cream), both products available in pharmacies, on the tick leaving it for ten minutes before brushing it

off. Following this, they were then advised to clean the area well with soap and water, apply an antiseptic and use

simple pain relief and antihistamines as needed. The mother was recommended to search the body for other ticks

especially behind the ears, on the back of the head and neck, groin, armpits and back of knees. She was also advised

to seek medical attention if there were signs of infection at the bite site or symptoms of severe allergy developed.

The advice regarding tick bite removal has changed recently whereby removing a tick with tweezers at home is no

longer routinely recommended. Ticks should be killed before removal to reduce the chance of a life-threatening

allergic reaction and the development of mammalian meat allergy. Trying to remove the tick before it has been killed

may cause the tick to inject more toxin. Unless very skilled, removal in this manner may pose an allergy risk with

increased amounts of toxin release and an increased chance of the tick head remaining embedded in the body.

Example Three

A hospital medical officer called QPIC regarding a patient who had overdosed on their long acting

insulin. The patient’s blood sugars were very low, so they were commenced on a glucose infusion in

the emergency department. The doctor was calling for advice on the management of this patient

and how long to keep them in for observation.

The long acting insulins can be more dangerous in overdose and usually require a longer length of treatment and stay

in hospital. These cases can be complicated depending on whether the patient is a type 1 or type 2 diabetic. Complex

cases such as this can be referred to a specialist in clinical toxicology who can liaise with the calling medical officer on

the most appropriate management of the patient.

Example Four

A father of a 2-year-old rang QPIC in a panic after his son ate a part of a leaf from an elephant ear

plant. The son was crying and screaming in the background and the father was concerned that it

may be poisonous due to the severe, immediate reaction seen in his son. The father was advised to

give cold products such as dairy, an ice block or face washer to soothe the mouth and to seek

medical attention immediately (000) if there was any difficulty swallowing, speaking or breathing.

The elephant ear is a common household plant that contains tiny crystal-like substance called oxalates. In fact, there

are many common household plants that contain these. Oxalates are very irritating when plant matter is ingested.

Symptoms may include pain, redness and swelling. Most cases resolve once cold products are given to soothe the

irritation/pain but in a small number of cases they can cause swelling of the lips/mouth and throat which would

require urgent medical attention.

Poisoning Call Analysis

Annual trending of calls

QPIC received a total of 35,152 calls in 2019, an average of 96 calls per day. The overall rate of poisoning calls

referred to QPIC remains relatively stable.

Figure 1 Annual Calls to QPIC

Monthly trending of calls

Slight variations occur between the seasons of the year, with the summer months generally busier. This is due to

higher call numbers regarding bites and stings, envenomations and exposures to mushrooms which appear after high

rainfall periods. Monthly call numbers in 2019 where comparable with those in 2018 with November attracting the

greatest number of calls.

Figure 2 Number of calls per month

Hourly trending of calls

Call numbers remain steady throughout the day, with increases noted from mid-afternoon through to the evening.

This is due to a variety of reasons; increased family activity during this time, calls from people home from work etc.

Figure 3 Calls per half hour

Call Types: Human and animal calls

Most calls to the centre involve exposures. An exposure is defined as an actual or suspected contact with a

substance.

Figure 4 Call Types (Human and animal)

Caller category

Recall cases are included in this data as the poison centre often receives multiple calls regarding a single case. For

example, a parent may call regarding an exposure in their child, and if advised to seek medical attention a further call

may be received from the ambulance or hospital staff managing the case.

Person Calling Number of Calls

Human Exposures

Human

Queries

Animal

Exposures

Animal

Queries

Family Member parent 12,618 493

Medical Professional doctor 5,733 63

Self 4,457 1,457

Ambulance Officer 1,090 13

Medical Professional nurse 1,080 30

Family Member partner/spouse

852 95

Carer 681 1,160 7 1

Family Member other 613 56 485 46

Friend 492 49 4 1

Family Member grandparent 476 19

Ambulance communication/despatch

429 4

Teacher or Educational worker

260 8

Medical Professional pharmacist

182 48

Counsellor 155 21

Medical Professional other 27 5

Police 12 2

Veterinary Personnel 8 2 227 3

Medical Receptionist 6 0

Other 81 16 7 1

Not Recorded 11 50

4

Unknown 7 2

Total 29,270 3593 730 56

Table One, Caller category

Call analysis – exposures

Patient type: Human age category and animal exposures

This data reflects original calls related to poisons (no recalls). Exposures commonly occur in the toddler age range

due to the inquisitive nature of toddlers and are usually accidental in nature. The adult age category is also well

represented and includes both accidental and non-accidental or intentional exposures, in addition to errors with

medications. The proportion of exposures in each age category remains consistent with previous years. Note that all

animal calls regarding exposures are referred to veterinarians.

Figure 5 Human Age and Animal Patient Types

Neonate: 0-4weeks, Infant: 4weeks<12mnths, Toddler: 1-4years, Child: 5-14years, Adolescent:15-19years, Adult: 20-

74years, Older Adult: over 75years

Exposure Type - Human exposures

Most exposures are classified as unintentional accidental. These exposures often involve infants, toddlers and

children with access to small amounts of a product. Unintentional therapeutic errors include situations where a

person has been exposed to the wrong medication, the wrong dose, the wrong route or the wrong time. Intentional

deliberate self poisoning describes an exposure which has occurred with the inappropriate use of a substance with

the intent to harm.

Table Two, Human Exposure Types

Figure 6 Human Exposure Types

Exposure Type Exposures %

Adverse Reaction 341 1.2

Intentional Deliberate Self Poisoning 3,734 13.6

Intentional Misuse 295 1.1

Intentional other 549 2.0

Intentional Recreational Abuse 337 1.2

Unintentional Accidental 16,955 61.7

Unintentional Environmental 52 0.2

Unintentional Food poisoning 41 0.1

Unintentional Other 78 0.3

Unintentional Therapeutic Error 4,307 15.7

Unintentional Workplace 607 2.2

Unknown 153 0.6

Other 27 0.1

Not documented 4 0.0

Total 27,480 100

Poisoning exposures and recommended management setting by age group.

This table outlines the handling recommendations based on age groups. Most exposures in young children,

particularly infants and toddlers, involve small unintentional exposures to low toxicity agents and these cases can

usually be managed in the home environment with close observation. This results in substantial health care savings

by limiting unnecessary hospital attendance.

In contrast calls involving adolescents and adults may involve both unintentional and intentional exposures, the

latter usually resulting in a referral to hospital.

This pattern of recommended management for different age groups is consistent with national patterns reported in

2015 by Huynh et al.1

Age Group Exposures Recommended management

Stay at home

In hospital Referred to hospital

Other*

Neonate 29 (0.1%)

66%

14%

7%

14%

Infant 1,713 (6.2%)

89%

4%

4%

3%

Toddler 10,605 (38.5%)

85%

5%

6%

4%

Child 2,452 (8.9%)

69%

13%

11%

6%

Adolescent 1,288 (4.7%)

26%

42%

24%

9%

Adult 10,688 (38.9%)

44%

27%

17%

11%

Older adult 649 (2.4%)

51%

19%

18%

13%

Unknown 56 (0.2%)

14%

13%

52%

21%

Total 27,480 (100%)

64% 17% 12% 7%

Table Three, Recommended management by age group

*Includes: at general practice, referred to general practitioner or unknown.

Neonate: 0-4weeks, Infant: 4weeks<12mnths, Toddler: 1-4years, Child: 5-14years, Adolescent:15-19years, Adult: 20-

74years, Older adult: over 75years

1 Huynh, A., Cairns, R., Brown, J., Lynch, A., Robinson, J., Wylie, C., Buckley, N., Dawson, A on behalf of the Synthesis of the Network of

Australian Poisons Services' Health Outcomes and Treatment (SNAPSHOT) investigators. Patterns of poisoning exposure at different ages: the

2015 annual report of the Australian Poisons Information Centres. Med J Aust 2018, 209(2), 74-79. doi: 10.5694/mja17.01063 Used with

permission.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Synthesis%20of%20the%20Network%20of%20Australian%20Poisons%20Services%27%20Health%20Outcomes%20and%20Treatment%20%28SNAPSHOT%29%20investigators%5BCorporate%20Author%5D

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Synthesis%20of%20the%20Network%20of%20Australian%20Poisons%20Services%27%20Health%20Outcomes%20and%20Treatment%20%28SNAPSHOT%29%20investigators%5BCorporate%20Author%5D

Patient Gender – Human exposures – by age group

Males are more highly represented in the younger age groups (neonates through to childhood), however adolescents

and adults are more highly represented by females.

Gender

Age Group Exposures

(%)

Neonates and infants

Toddler Child Adolescent Adult Older adult

Unknown

Male 900 (52%)

5,602 (53%)

1302 (53%)

490 (38%)

4600 (43%)

280 (43%)

6 (11%)

Female 801 (46%)

4,879 (46%)

1113 (45%)

788 (61%)

5972 (56%)

365 (56%)

13 (23%)

Unknown 41 (2%)

124 (1%)

37 (2%)

10 (1%)

116 (1%)

4 (1%)

37 (66%)

Total 1742

10,650 2452 1288 10688 649 56

Table Four, Patient gender (by age group)

Neonates: 0-4 weeks, Infants: 4 weeks<12mnths, Toddler: 1-4years, Child: 5-14years, Adolescent:15-19years, Adult:

20-74years, Older adult: over 75year

Route of exposure of poisonings

The most common route of exposure is the oral route, with ingestions accounting for 78% of cases and

buccal/sublingual and oral mucosal cases 4%. The latter group involve cases were a product was placed in the mouth,

but able to be removed without an ingestion occurring.

Some poisonings involve more than one route of exposure, for example both dermal and in the eye.

Route of Exposure Exposures %

Ingestion 29,753 78

Dermal 1,858 5

Eye 1,850 5

Inhalation 1,568 4

Buccal/sublingual/oral mucosa 1,543 4

Bite/Sting 756 2

Injection 422 1

Nasal 109 <1

Rectal 24 <1

Aural 19 <1

Vaginal 13 <1

Other 23 <1

Unknown 121 <1

Not Documented 47 <1

Total 38,106 100

Table Five, Route of exposure

Exposure location – Human cases

Most exposures occur in the home environment.

Exposure Location Exposures %

Home and surroundings 24,457 89

Group Home 375 1

Education Facility 244 1

Workplace other 225 1

Open Space/Park/Bench 202 1

Medical facility hospital 116 <1

Nursing Home/Aged care facility 106 <1

Workplace farm/agricultural 92 <1

Workplace building/construction 88 <1

Child Care Facility 72 <1

Medical facility non hospital 56 <1

Prison/Detention Facility 54 <1

Workplace hospitality 53 <1

Entertainment Venue 50 <1

Workplace factory 35 <1

Workplace retail outlet 31 <1

Workplace workplace/garage 27 <1

Workplace mine 25 <1

Workplace office 18 <1

Workplace laboratory 15 <1

Restaurant/Food Service 14 <1

Other 102 <1

Unknown 737 3

Not documented 286 1

Total 27,480 100

Table Six, Exposure location in human cases

Top 10 Poison classes involved in human exposures across all age groups (recalls excluded)

There were 27,480 exposures in humans in 2019. The following table describes the ten most common classes of

poison. This is similar to the national patterns described by Huynh et al.1

Poison Class Exposures Proportion of exposure

substances

Most common substance in this class

Household Cleaners 3,215 11.7% Bleach 461 (14%)

Paracetamol containing analgesics

2,494 9.1% Paracetamol alone (immediate and modified release) 2144 (86%)

Cosmetics and personal care products

2,270 7.3% Essential oils 426 (19%) including eucalyptus oil, hand sanitiser 274

(12%), soap 234 (10%)

Antidepressants 1,678 6.1% Sertraline 317 (19%)

Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatories (NSAID’s)

1,395 4.6% Ibuprofen 1154 (79%)

Sedatives 1,330 4.8% Benzodiazepines 1079 (81%), including diazepam 551 (41%)

Pesticides 1,281 5.1% Pyrethrins/pyrethroids 311 (24%)

Antipsychotics 1,278 4.7% Quetiapine 568 (44%)

Cardiovascular agents 1,183 4.3% Beta Blockers 286 (24%), including propranolol 102 (9%) and metoprolol

91 (8%)

Plants and Mushrooms 970 3.5% Mushrooms 128 (13%) and oxalate containing plants 123 (13%)

Table Seven, Top 10 Poison Classes in Human Exposures

Top 10 Poison classes involved in exposures in children up to the age of 5 years

There were 12,347 exposures in 2019 in children under 5 years of age. This pattern of exposure is similar to those

described nationally.1

Poison class Exposures Proportion of exposure

substances

Most common substance in this class

Cosmetics and personal care products

1,648 13.3% Hand sanitiser 229 (14%) essential oils 226 (14%), soap 180 (11%)

Household Cleaners 1,357 10.9% Toilet cleaners 332 (24%), all-purpose cleaners 296 (22%)

Paracetamol containing analgesics

767 6.2% Paracetamol alone (immediate and modified release) 736 (96%)

Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatories (NSAID’s)

695 5.6% Ibuprofen 621 (89%)

Pesticides 630 5.1% Rodenticides 174 (28%)

Plants and mushrooms 625 5.1% Oxalate containing plants 99 (16%) and mushrooms 83 (13%)

Detergents 614 4.7% Automatic dishwasher 283 (46%), laundry detergent 181 (40%), hand dish

detergent 150 (24%)

Respiratory System 450 3.6% Vaporiser fluids 86 (19%), chest rubs 72 (16%)

Dermatological agents 383 3.1% Nappy rash preparations 138 (36%)

Psychotropic Medication 321 2.6% Sertraline 38 (12%)

Table Eight, Top 10 Poison Classes in children <5 years

Top 10 individual agents involved in exposures in children up to the age of 5 years

There were 12,347 exposures in this age group in 2019

Poison agent Exposures Proportion of exposure substances

Paracetamol 736 6.0%

Ibuprofen 621 5.0%

Desiccant: silica gel 306 2.5%

Cleaner: all purpose 296 2.4%

Detergent: automatic dishwasher

283 2.3%

Cleaner: toilet bowl (cage/rim)

278 2.2%

Hand sanitiser 229 1.9%

Essential oils (excluding eucalyptus oil)

226 1.8%

Foreign body (excluding batteries)

217 1.8%

Detergents: laundry 181 1.5%

Table Nine, Top 10 individual agents in children <5 years

Call analysis – queries

Query types involving humans

Most queries (ie not exposures) involve drug information calls, often queries regarding missed doses.

Query Type Number of Calls %

Drug Information Missed Dose 808 23

Drug Information Interactions 639 18

Drug Information Other 544 15

Poisons Information Other 463 13

Drug Information Dosage 408 12

Drug Information ADR 183 5

Drug Information Breastfeeding 129 4

Drug Information Pregnancy 99 3

Drug Information Refusing Dose 73 2

Medical 60 2

Manufacturer 19 1

Wrong Number 15 0

PIC phone number check 13 0

Complaint or compliment 4 0

Prevention/Safety Material 4 0

Product Recall or Safety Alert 4 0

Request for Safety Data Sheet 2 0

National Poisons Register referral 1 0

Other 46 1

Total 3,514 100

Table Ten, Query types involving humans

Top 10 agents involved in human queries across all age groups

There were 3,514 queries received

Poison agent Queries %

Paracetamol 256 7.3

Valproic acid 175 5.0

Diazepam 143 4.1

Ibuprofen 130 3.7

Quetiapine 130 3.7

Ethanol beverage 107 3.0

Oxycodone 106 3.0

Risperidone 103 2.9

Paracetamol/narcotic combination

93 2.6

Olanzapine 92 2.6

References

1. Huynh A, Cairns R, Brown JA, et al. Patterns of poisoning exposure at different ages: the 2015 annual report of the Australian Poisons Information Centres. Med J Aust 2018;209(2):74-79. [published Online First: 2018/07/07]

Appendix: Queensland Poisons Information Centre Poison Statistics

This report includes call statistics on all products involved in all call types: exposures, queries and recalls.

Data Range: 01/01/2019 to 31/12/2019

Total Calls: 35,152. There are more poisons involved in the statistic count than there are call numbers. This is

because some exposures involve more than one poison.

MEDICINES - INTERNAL/EXTERNAL

Poison Group Poison Name Count Total

ANALGESICS 4501

ANALGESICS AND ANTIPYRETICS PARACETAMOL + CAFFEINE 10 10

ANTIINFLAMMATORY PREPARATIONS FOR TOPICAL USE

SALICYLATES (TOPICAL) 45 45

ANTIMIGRAINE PREPARATIONS ANTIMIGRAINE PREPARATIONS:OTHER/UNKNOWN 1 40

ELETRIPTAN 2

ERGOTAMINE, COMBINATIONS 1

NARATRIPTAN 1

PIZOTIFEN 13

RIZATRIPTAN 8

SUMATRIPTAN 14

NSAIDS PARACETAMOL + IBUPROFEN 44 44

OPIOIDS CODEINE 92 719

CODEINE, COMBINATIONS 5

DEXTROPROPOXYPHENE, COMB. 1

DIHYDROCODEINE 13

FENTANYL 26

HYDROMORPHONE 10

METHADONE 21

MORPHINE 40

OPIOID: OTHER/ UNKNOWN 6

OXYCODONE 383

OXYCODONE + NALOXONE 125

PAPAVERINE 2

PETHIDINE 1

ORIPAVINE DERIVATIVES BUPRENORPHINE 40 40

OTHER ANALGESICS AND ANTIPYRETICS ANALGESICS, TOPICAL 1 3363

ASPIRIN/ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID 129

CHOLINE SALICYLATE 2

PARACETAMOL 2415

PARACETAMOL - MODIFIED RELEASE 299

PARACETAMOL + CODEINE + DOXYLAMINE 51

PARACETAMOL/ NARCOTIC 388

PHENAZONE, COMBINATIONS 1

TEETHING GELS/LIQUIDS OTHER/UNKNOWN 77

OTHER OPIOIDS TRAMADOL 225 225

OTHER THERAPEUTIC PRODUCTS BUPRENORPHINE + NALOXONE 13 13

PROPULSIVES METOCLOPRAMIDE + PARACETAMOL 2 2

ANTINEOPLASTIC AND IMMUNOMODULATING AGENTS 109

ALKYLATING AGENTS CARMUSTINE 1 2

CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE 1

ANTI-ANDROGENS BICALUTAMIDE 0 0

ENZALUTAMIDE 0

ANTI-ESTROGENS TAMOXIFEN 4 4

ANTIANDROGENS ABIRATERONE 2 2

ANTIMETABOLITES CAPECITABINE 1 51

CLADRIBINE 1

CYTARABINE 1

FLUOROURACIL 12

HYDROXYUREA 3

MERCAPTOPURINE 6

METHOTREXATE 27

CYTOKINES AND IMMUNOMODULATORS ADALIMUMAB 2 4

DABRAFENIB 1

INTERFERONS 1

ENZYME INHIBITORS ANASTROZOLE 2 7

LETROZOLE 5

IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS AZATHIOPRINE 3 22

CYCLOSPORIN 5

DIMETHYL FUMARATE 4

LENALIDOMIDE 1

MYCOPHENOLIC ACID 5

TACROLIMUS 4

PROTEIN KINASE INHIBITOR TRAMETINIB 4 4

OTHER ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS ERLOTINIB 1 9

EXEMESTANE 2

IMATINIB MESYLATE 1

IRINOTECAN 1

NILOTINIB 1

TOPOTECAN 1

TRETINOIN 2

OTHER CYTOKINES AND IMMUNOMODULATORS BCG VACCINE 1 3

LEFLUNOMIDE 2

PLATINUM COMPOUNDS CISPLATIN 1 1

BLOOD AND BLOOD FORMING ORGANS 439

ANTIFIBRINOLYTICS APROTININ 1 12

TRANEXAMIC ACID 11

HEPARIN GROUP ANTITHROMBIN III 1 154

APIXABAN 65

BIVALIRUDIN 1

ENOXAPARIN 10

HEPARIN 3

RIVAROXABAN 74

LOCAL HEMOSTATICS CALCIUM ALGINATE 1 1

OTHER ANTIANEMIC PREPARATIONS ERYTHROPOIETIN 2 2

OTHER CARDIAC PREPARATIONS DABIGATRAN 8 8

PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITORS EXCL. HEPARIN ASPIRIN (ANTIPLATELET USE) 142 200

CLOPIDOGREL 43

CLOPIDOGREL + ASPIRIN 1

DIPYRIDAMOLE 3

DIPYRIDAMOLE COMBINATIONS 7

TICAGRELOR 4

SOLUTIONS PRODUCING OSMOTIC DIURESIS MANNITOL 1 1

VITAMIN K PHYTOMENADIONE 2 2

VITAMIN K ANTAGONISTS WARFARIN 59 59

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 2102

ACE INHIBITORS CAPTOPRIL 2 218

ENALAPRIL 6

LISINOPRIL 3

PERINDOPRIL 125

PERINDOPRIL + AMLODIPINE 32

QUINAPRIL 1

RAMIPRIL 48

TRANDOLAPRIL 1

ACE INHIBITORS AND DIURETICS AMLODIPINE + VALSARTAN +HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE 3 47

ENALAPRIL AND DIURETICS 1

OLMESARTAN + AMLODIPINE 6

OLMESARTAN + AMLODIPINE + HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE 6

OLMESARTAN + HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE 7

PERINDOPRIL AND DIURETICS 9

TELMISARTAN + AMLODIPINE 15

ADRENERGIC AND DOPAMINERGIC AGENTS ADRENALINE (SYSTEMIC) 37 38

DOPAMINE 1

ADRENERGICS FOR SYSTEMIC USE MIDODRINE 1 1

ALPHA AND BETA BLOCKING AGENTS CARVEDILOL 9 17

LABETALOL 8

ALPHA-ADRENORECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS PRAZOSIN 77 77

ANGIOTENSIN II ANTAGONISTS CANDESARTAN 42 204

EPROSARTAN 1

IRBESARTAN 69

LOSARTAN 2

OLMESARTAN 18

TELMISARTAN 65

VALSARTAN 4

VALSARTAN AND DIURETICS 3

ANGIOTENSIN II ANTAGONISTS AND DIURETICS CANDESARTAN AND DIURETICS 5 37

IRBESARTAN AND DIURETICS 19

TELMISARTAN AND DIURETICS 13

ANTIARRHYTHMICS, CLASS IA DISOPYRAMIDE 1 1

ANTIARRHYTHMICS, CLASS IB MEXILETINE 1 1

ANTIARRHYTHMICS, CLASS IC FLECAINIDE 14 14

ANTIARRHYTHMICS, CLASS III AMIODARONE 15 15

ARTERIOLAR SMOOTH MUSCLE, AGENTS ACTING ON DIAZOXIDE 1 15

HYDRALAZINE 13

MINOXIDIL (SYSTEMIC) 1

BETA BLOCKING AGENTS ATENOLOL 54 383

BETA-BLOCKING AGENT: OTHER/UNKNOWN 4

BISOPROLOL 33

METOPROLOL 128

NEBIVOLOL 5

PROPRANOLOL 127

SOTALOL 32

CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER + ACE INHIBITOR LERCANIDIPINE + ACE INHIBITOR 1 1

CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS AMLODIPINE 75 201

AMLODIPINE + VALSARTAN 5

AMLODIPINE+ HMG-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITOR 4

DILTIAZEM 18

FELODIPINE 10

LERCANIDIPINE 32

NIFEDIPINE 2

PERHEXILINE 1

VERAPAMIL 54

DIGITALIS GLYCOSIDES DIGOXIN 74 74

DIURETICS CHLORTHALIDONE 1 116

DIURETICS: OTHER/UNKNOWN 4

EPLERENONE 3

ETHACRYNIC ACID 1

FRUSEMIDE 72

HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE 8

HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE AND POTASSIUM-SPARING AGENTS 1

INDAPAMIDE 7

SPIRONOLACTONE 18

TRIAMTERENE 1

FIBRATES FENOFIBRATE 18 19

GEMFIBROZIL 1

GUANIDINE DERIVATIVES GUANETHIDINE

HMG COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS ATORVASTATIN 156 269

EZETIMIBE + HMG-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITOR 2

PRAVASTATIN 4

ROSUVASTATIN 84

SIMVASTATIN 23

IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTOR AGONISTS CLONIDINE 235 242

MOXONIDINE 7

METHYLDOPA METHYLDOPA 5 5

ORGANIC NITRATES GLYCERYL TRINITRATE 9 33

ISOSORBIDE MONONITRATE 24

OTHER CARDIAC PREPARATIONS BOSENTAN 4 16

IVABRADINE 5

SACUBITRIL + VALSARTAN 6

UBIDECARENONE 1

OTHER CHOLESTEROL AND TRIGLYCERIDE REDUCERS EZETIMIBE 19 52

OMEGA-3-TRIGLYCERIDES 33

OTHER VASODILATORS USED IN CARDIAC DISEASES NICORANDIL 5 5

PERIPHERAL VASODILATORS NICOTINIC ACID 1 1

DERMATOLOGICALS 698

ANAESTHETICS FOR TOPICAL USE ANAESTHETICS FOR TOPICAL USE: OTHER 9 62

BENZOCAINE (TOPICAL) 5

CINCHOCAINE (TOPICAL) 5

LIGNOCAINE (TOPICAL) 43

ANTI-ACNE PREPARATIONS FOR SYSTEMIC USE ISOTRETINOIN (SYSTEMIC) 15 15

ANTI-ACNE PREPARATIONS FOR TOPICAL USE AZELAIC ACID (TOPICAL) 1 5

BENZOYL PEROXIDE (TOPICAL) 2

RETINOL (TOPICAL) 1

SULFUR (TOPICAL) 1

ANTIPRURITICS: OTHER ANTIPRURITICS: OTHER (EG CALAMINE) 20 20

CROTAMITON 0

ANTIPSORIATICS FOR SYSTEMIC USE ACITRETIN (SYSTEMIC) 3 3

ANTIPSORIATICS FOR TOPICAL USE CALCIPOTRIOL (TOPICAL) 3 5

PIMECROLIMUS(TOPICAL) 1

TARS 1

ANTISEPTICS AND DISINFECTANTS ALUMINIUM AGENTS (TOPICAL) 1 233

BENZALKONIUM (TOPICAL) 13

BORIC ACID PRODUCTS (TOPICAL) 9

CETRIMIDE (TOPICAL) 3

CHLORHEXIDINE (TOPICAL) 12

CHLORHEXIDINE, COMBINATIONS (TOPICAL) 11

CHLOROXYLENOL (TOPICAL) 66

HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (TOPICAL) 41

IODINE (TOPICAL) 26

ISOPROPANOL (TOPICAL) 20

PHENOL (TOPICAL) 1

POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE (TOPICAL) 4

POVIDONE-IODINE (TOPICAL) 23

TRICLOSAN (TOPICAL) 3

CORTICOSTERIODS, COMBINATIONS WITH ANTIINFECTIVES

BETAMETHASONE AND ANTIINFECTIVES (TOPICAL) 1 13

HYDROCORTISONE AND ANTIINFECTIVES (TOPICAL) 11

TRIAMCINOLONE AND ANTIINFECTIVES (TOPICAL) 1

CORTICOSTEROIDS BETAMETHASONE (TOPICAL) 19 102

CORTICOSTERIODS (TOPICAL): OTHER/UNKNOWN 17

CORTICOSTEROIDS: COMBINATION (TOPICAL) 4

HYDROCORTISONE (TOPICAL) 25

METHYLPREDNISOLONE (TOPICAL) 15

MOMETASONE (TOPICAL) 15

TRIAMCINOLONE (TOPICAL) 7

EMOLLIENTS AND PROTECTIVES EMOLLIENTS AND PROTECTIVES 11 37

LUBRICANTS, OTHER 24

WOUND AND ULCERS PREPARATIONS: OTHER/UNKNOWN 2

MEDICATED DRESSINGS POVIDONE-IODINE (DRESSING) 1 2

SOFT PARAFFIN (DRESSING) 1

MEDICATED SHAMPOOS MEDICATED SHAMPOOS: OTHER 8 14

ZINC PYRITHIONE (SHAMPOO) 6

OTHER DERMATOLOGICALS ALUMINIUM SULPHATE(E.G.STINGOSE) 2 168

HEPARINOID 0

HYDROQUINONE 0

MAGNESIUM SULFATE (TOPICAL) 2

MINOXIDIL (TOPICAL) 3

NAPPY RASH PREPARATIONS 152

ZINC OXIDE PREPARATIONS 9

OTHER THERAPEUTIC PRODUCTS INGENOL MEBUTATE 4 4

WART AND ANTI-CORN PREPARATIONS PODOPHYLLIN (TOPICAL) 8 15

WART AND CORN PREPARATIONS: OTHER (NOT PODOPHYLLIN) 7

ENDOCRINE 543

ANTI-GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONES GANIRELIX 0 0

ANTIGROWTH HORMONE OCTREOTIDE 0 0

ANTITHYROID PREPARATIONS CARBIMAZOLE 16 23

IODINE THERAPY (THYROID) 4

PROPYLTHIOURACIL 3

CORTICOSTERIODS FOR SYSTEMIC USE ALDOSTERONE (SYSTEMIC) 0 275

BETAMETHASONE (SYSTEMIC) 0

CORTICOSTERIODS (SYSTEMIC): OTHER/UNKNOWN 8

CORTISONE (SYSTEMIC) 0

DEXAMETHASONE (SYSTEMIC) 9

FLUDROCORTISONE (SYSTEMIC) 7

HYDROCORTISONE (SYSTEMIC) 4

METHYLPREDNISOLONE (SYSTEMIC) 2

PREDNISOLONE (SYSTEMIC) 179

PREDNISONE (SYSTEMIC) 66

GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONES NAFARELIN 0 0

OTHER BLOOD GLUCOSE LOWERING DRUGS, EXCL. INSULINS

DAPAGLIFLOZIN 9 12

DAPAGLIFLOZIN + METFORMIN 3

OTHER ORAL BLOOD GLUCOSE LOWERING DRUGS ALOGLIPTIN 2 69

EMPAGLIFLOZIN 16

SAXAGLIPTIN + METFORMIN 3

SITAGLIPTIN 24

SITAGLIPTIN + METFORMIN 24

THYROID HORMONES LIOTHYRONINE SODIUM 1 159

THYROID GLAND PREPARATIONS 4

THYROXINE 154

VASOPRESSIN AND ANALOGUES DESMOPRESSIN 5 5

GASTROINTESTINAL DRUGS 2824

AMINOSALICYLIC ACID AND SIMILAR AGENTS MESALAZINE 4 11

OLSALAZINE 1

SULFASALAZINE 6

ANABOLIC STERIODS ANABOLIC STERIODS: OTHER 2 6

OXANDROLONE 4

ANTACIDS ANTACIDS 61 61

ANTIDIARRHOEALS DIPHENOXYLATE/ATROPINE 9 36

LOPERAMIDE 27

LOPERAMIDE, COMBINATIONS 0

ANTIFLATULENTS SILICONES 22 22

ANTIOBESITY PREPARATIONS, EXCL. DIET PRODUCTS LIRAGLUTIDE 4 56

ORLISTAT 1

PHENTERMINE 51

ANTISPASMODIC AND ANTICHOLINERGIC AGENTS AND PROPULSIVES

ATROPINE (SYSTEMIC) 2 79

GLYCOPYRROLATE 1

HYOSCINE 69

HYOSCYAMINE 0

MEBEVERINE 5

PROPANTHELINE 1

PRUCALOPRIDE 0

TOLTERODINE 1

BIGUANIDES METFORMIN 194 194

BILE ACID PREPARATIONS URSODEOXYCHOLIC ACID 1 1

ENZYME PREPARATIONS ENZYMES (LIPASE, PROTEASE ETC.) 11 11

H2-RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS FAMOTIDINE 4 63

H2-RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST: OTHER 1

NIZATIDINE 3

RANITIDINE 55

INSULINS AND ANALOGUES INSULIN AND ANALOGUES 123 123

IRON PREPERATIONS IRON IN COMBINATION WITH FOLIC ACID 28 231

IRON SALTS 203

LAXATIVES BISACODYL 28 288

CASTOR OIL 1

DOCUSATE SODIUM 41

LAXATIVE: OSMOTICALLY ACTING (EG,MOVICOL,SORBITOL,LACTULOSE) 82

LAXATIVES, FIBRE CONTAINING, EG METAMUCIL 20

LIQUID PARAFFIN 1

PHENOLPHTHALEIN 1

POLOXAMER 18

SENNA GLYCOSIDES 34

SENNA GLYCOSIDES, COMBINATIONS 56

SODIUM PICOSULFATE 2

SUPPOSITORY/ENEMAS (LAXATIVE) 4

METABOLISM PRODUCTS AMINO ACIDS AND DERIVATIVES 2 2

MINERAL SUPPLEMENTS CALCIUM SALTS 98 283

FLUORIDE SALTS 6

MAGNESIUM SALTS 90

MINERAL SALTS OTHER 1

POTASSIUM SALTS 21

SELENIUM SALTS 3

SODIUM SALTS 29

ZINC SALTS 35

MISCELLANEOUS PEPPERMINT OIL 21 21

ORAL REHYDRATION SALT FORMULATIONS ORAL REHYDRATION SALT FORMULATIONS 7 7

OTHER ANABOLIC AGENTS ANABOLIC AGENTS : OTHER 4 4

OTHER ANTIEMETICS DIMENHYDRINATE 5 6

SCOPOLAMINE 1

OTHER BLOOD GLUCOSE LOWERING DRUGS, EXCL. INSULINS

DULAGLUTIDE 3 13

EXENATIDE 8

VILDAGLIPTIN + METFORMIN 2

OTHER DRUGS FOR TREATMENT OF PEPTIC ULCER BISMUTH 2 4

SUCRALFATE 2

OTHER ORAL BLOOD GLUCOSE LOWERING DRUGS LINAGLIPTIN 14 19

SAXAGLIPTIN 2

VILDAGLIPTIN 3

OTHER PLAIN VITAMIN PREPARATIONS FOLIC ACID 51 55

VITAMIN E (TOCOPHEROL ) 4

PROPULSIVES CISAPRIDE 1 86

DOMPERIDONE 24

METOCLOPRAMIDE 61

PROSTAGLANDINS MISOPROSTOL 3 3

PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS ESOMEPRAZOLE 125 388

LANSOPRAZOLE 11

OMEPRAZOLE 56

PANTOPRAZOLE 158

PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS: OTHER 0

RABEPRAZOLE 38

SEROTONIN (5HT3) ANTAGONISTS ONDANSETRON 55 55

SULFONAMIDES, UREA DERIVATIVES GLIBENCLAMIDE 2 37

GLICLAZIDE 33

GLIMEPIRIDE 2

GLIPIZIDE 0

THIAZOLIDINEDIONES PIOGLITAZONE 0 0

VITAMIN A AND D IN COMBINATION VIT A AND D COMBINATION 3 3

VITAMIN A, PLAIN VITAMIN A (EG RETINOL) 7 7

VITAMIN B GROUP VITAMIN B: OTHERS 51 66

VITAMIN B12 15

VITAMIN C VITAMIN C 68 68

VITAMIN D AND ANALOGUES CALCIFEROL 0 158

CALCITRIOL 2

CHOLECALCIFEROL 156

ERGOCALCIFEROL 0

VITAMINS MULTIVITAMINS WITH IRON 100 357

MULTIVITAMINS WITHOUT IRON 257

GENERAL ANTIINFECTIVES 1397

AMPHENICOLS CHLORAMPHENICOL (EYE/EAR) 42 43

CHLORAMPHENICOL (SYSTEMIC) 0

CHLORAMPHENICOL (TOPICAL) 1

ANTHELMINTICS ALBENDAZOLE 1 196

IVERMECTIN 8

LEVAMISOLE 0

MEBENDAZOLE 52

PIPERAZINE 0

PRAZIQUANTEL 8

PYRANTEL 127

ANTIFUNGALS FOR SYSTEMIC USE GRISEOFULVIN (SYSTEMIC) 5 16

NYSTATIN(SYSTEMIC) 4

TERBINAFINE (SYSTEMIC) 7

ANTIFUNGALS FOR TOPICAL USE AMOROLFINE (TOPICAL) 0 22

NYSTATIN (TOPICAL) 10

SALICYLIC ACID (TOPICAL) 8

TERBINAFINE (TOPICAL) 3

TOLNAFTATE (TOPICAL) 1

ANTIINFECTIVES FOR TOPICAL USE ACETIC ACID (EYE/EAR) 11 138

ACICLOVIR (TOPICAL) 1

AMPHOTERICIN (TOPICAL) 2

ANTI-INFECTIVES FOR TOPICAL USE, OTHER 23

ANTIFUNGAL COMBINATIONS (TOPICAL) 7

CHLORHEXIDINE (EYE/EAR) 1

CIPROFLOXACIN (EYE/EAR) 7

CLINDAMYCIN (TOPICAL) 2

CLOTRIMAZOLE (TOPCIAL) 32

FRAMYCETIN (EYE/EAR) 7

IDOXURIDINE (TOPICAL) 2

IMIQUIMOD (TOPICAL) 1

KETOCONAZOLE (TOPICAL) 1

METRONIDAZOLE (TOPICAL) 0

MICONAZOLE (TOPICAL) 12

MUPIROCIN (TOPICAL) 19

NEOMYCIN (EYE/EAR) 1

NEOMYCIN (TOPICAL) 1

OFLOXACIN (EYE/EAR) 0

SILVER SULFADIAZINE (TOPICAL) 2

THROAT LOZENGES 6

TOBRAMYCIN (EYE/EAR) 0

ANTIMALARIALS HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE 21 24

MEFLOQUINE 2

PROGUANIL 1

ANTIMYCOTICS FOR SYSTEMIC USE FLUCONAZOLE (SYSTEMIC) 15 17

ITRACONAZOLE (SYSTEMIC) 2

KETOCONAZOLE (SYSTEMIC) 0

MICONAZOLE (SYSTEMIC) 0

ANTIPROTOZOALS ATOVAQUONE 1 1

ANTIVIRALS FOR SYSTEMIC USE ABACAVIR 1 74

ACICLOVIR (SYSTEMIC) 2

ANTIVIRAL COMBINATIONS (SYSTEMIC) 4

CIDOFOVIR (SYSTEMIC) 1

DARUNAVIR 0

DOLUTEGRAVIR 1

ENTECAVIR 2

FAMCICLOVIR (SYSTEMIC) 14

LAMIVUDINE (SYSTEMIC) 1

LEDIPASVIR/SOFOSBUVIR 1

OSELTAMIVIR (SYSTEMIC) 17

RALTEGRAVIR 0

RITONAVIR (SYSTEMIC) 0

SOFOSBUVIR 1

TENOFOVIR 4

TENOFOVIR + EMTRICITABINE 9

VALACICLOVIR (SYSTEMIC) 15

VALGANCICLOVIR 1

BACTERIAL AND VIRAL VACCINES, COMBINED VACCINES: OTHER 26 26

BACTERIAL VACCINES ANTHRAX VACCINES 0 10

CHOLERA VACCINES 3

MENINGOCOCCAL VACCINES 4

PERTUSSIS VACCINES 1

PNEUMOCOCCAL VACCINES 1

TYPHOID VACCINES 1

BETA-LACTAMASE INHIBITORS TAZOBACTAM 1 1

CEPHALOSPORINS AND RELATED SUBSTANCES CEFACLOR 6 147

CEFTAZIDIME 1

CEFTRIAXONE 1

CEFUROXIME 6

CEPHALEXIN 133

COMBINATIONS OF ANTIBACTERIALS SULFONAMIDES, COMB. WITH OTHER ANTIBACTERIALS (EXCL. TRIMETHOPRIM)

0 0

COMBINATIONS OF PENICILLINS, INCL. BETA-LACTAMASE INHIBITORS

AMOXICILLIN AND ENZYME INHIBITOR 89 98

AMPICILLIN AND ENZYME INHIBITOR 1

PIPERACILLIN AND ENZYME INHIBITOR 8

COMBINATIONS OF SULFONAMIDES AND TRIMETHOPRIM, INCL. DERIVATIVES

SULFAMETHOXAZOLE AND TRIMETHOPRIM 19 19

DRUGS FOR TREATMENT OF LEPRA DAPSONE 1 1

DRUGS FOR TREATMENT OF TUBERCULOSIS ETHAMBUTOL 2 2

ISONIAZID 0

PYRAZINAMIDE 0

RIFAMPICIN 0

RIFAXIMIN 0

FLUOROQUINOLONES CIPROFLOXACIN (SYSTEMIC) 5 6

NORFLOXACIN 1

GLYCOPEPTIDE ANTIBACTERIALS TEICOPLANIN 0 3

VANCOMYCIN 3

IMIDAZOLE DERIVATIVES METRONIDAZOLE (SYSTEMIC) 29 29

TINIDAZOLE 0

IMMUNE SERA AND IMMUNOGLOBULINS RABIES PRODUCTS 0 4

RBS ANTIVENOM 1

RUBELLA PRODUCTS 1

SNAKE VENOM ANTISERUM 1

TETANUS ANTITOXIN 0

TETANUS IMMUNOGLOBULIN 0

VARICELLA PRODUCTS 1

LICE AND SCABIES PREPERATION BENZYL BENZOATE 3 71

HEAD LICE PREPERATIONS: MALATHION BASED 8

HEAD LICE PREPERATIONS: OTHERS 35

PERMETHRIN 24

QUASSIA 1

LINCOSAMIDES CLINDAMYCIN (SYSTEMIC) 21 23

LINCOMYCIN (SYSTEMIC) 1

LINCOSAMIDES: OTHER/UNKNOWN 1

MACROLIDES AZITHROMYCIN 13 69

CLARITHROMYCIN 11

ERYTHROMYCIN 23

MACROLIDES: OTHER/UNKNOWN 1

ROXITHROMYCIN 21

METHENAMINE PREPARATIONS METHENAMINE 3 3

NITROFURAN DERIVATIVES NITROFURANTOIN 7 7

OTHER AMINOGLYCOSIDES GENTAMICIN (SYSTEMIC) 1 2

TOBRAMYCIN 1

OTHER ANTIBACTERIALS ANTIBIOTICS,OTHER/UNKNOWN 15 15

OTHER VACCINES ROTA VIRUS DIARRHEA VACCINES 1 1

PENICILLINS AMOXYCILLIN 158 228

BENZYLPENICILLIN 1

DICLOXACILLIN 3

FLUCLOXACILLIN 27

PENICILLINS: OTHER/UNKNOWN 8

PHENOXYMETHYLPENICILLIN 29

PIPERACILLIN 1

PROCAINE PENICILLIN 1

POLYMYXINS POLYMYXIN B 1 1

STEROID ANTIBACTERIALS FUSIDIC ACID 1 1

SULFONAMIDES SULFAMETHOXAZOLE 0 0

TETRACYCLINES DOXYCYCLINE 52 65

MINOCYCLINE 13

TETRACYCLINE (SYSTEMIC) 0

TRIMETHOPRIM AND DERIVATIVES TRIMETHOPRIM 26 26

VIRAL VACCINES HEPATITIS A PRODUCTS 1 8

HEPATITIS B PRODUCTS 2

HEPATITIS VACCINE COMBINATIONS 1

INFLUENZA VACCINES 3

MEASLES, MUMPS, RUBELLA VACCINE 1

GENITO URINARY SYSTEM AND SEX HORMONES 395

ACIDIFIERS AMMONIUM CHLORIDE 1 8

CALCIUM CHLORIDE 7

ALKALINISERS URINARY ALKALINISERS 6 6

ALKYLATING AGENTS HEXAMINE 11 11

ANDROGENS ANDROGENS: OTHER/UNKNOWN 1 3

TESTOSTERONE 2

ANTIANDROGENS CYPROTERONE 2 7

CYPROTERONE AND ESTROGEN 5

DRUGS USED IN BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY ALFUZOSIN 0 32

DUTASTERIDE 0

DUTASTERIDE + TAMSULOSIN 28

FINASTERIDE 2

TAMSULOSIN 2

DRUGS USED IN ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION ALPROSTADIL 1

SILDENAFIL 18

TADALAFIL 4

ESTROGENS CONJUGATED ESTROGENS 2 21

ESTRADIOL, COMBINATIONS 1

ESTROGENS: OTHER/UNKNOWN 4

ETHINYLESTRADIOL 6

OESTRADIOL 7

OESTRIOL 1

GONADOTROPINS FOLLITROPIN ALFA 0 0

OVULATION STIMULANTS, SYNTHETIC CLOMIPHENE 3 3

PROGESTOGENS LEVONORGESTREL 20 39

MEDROXYPROGESTERONE 3

NORETHISTERONE 6

PROGESTERONE 9

PROGESTOGENS: OTHER/UNKNOWN 1

PROGESTOGENS AND ESTROGENS, FIXED COMBINATIONS

DROSPERINONE AND OESTROGEN 2 188

LEVONORGESTREL AND ESTROGEN 27

NORETHISTERONE AND ESTROGEN 1

ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, OTHER/UNKNOWN 157

SUGAR PILLS (ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES) 1

PROLACTIN INHIBITORS BROMOCRIPTINE 1 3

CABERGOLINE 2

SELECTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATORS RALOXIFENE 1 1

URINARY ANTISPASMODICS MIRABEGRON 7 50

OXYBUTYNIN 36

SOLIFENACIN SUCCINATE 7

MUSCULO-SKELETAL SYSTEM 2049

ANTIGOUT PREPARATIONS ALLOPURINOL 39 60

COLCHICINE 21

PROBENECID 0

ANTIINFLAMMATORY PREPARATIONS FOR TOPICAL USE

CAPSICUM PREPARATIONS AND SIMILAR AGENTS (TOPICAL) 15 32

DICLOFENAC (TOPICAL) 13

FLURBIPROFEN (TOPICAL) 0

IBUPROFEN (TOPICAL) 2

PHENYLBUTAZONE (TOPICAL) 2

COXIBS CELECOXIB 52 53

ETORICOXIB 1

DRUGS FOR TREATMENT OF BONE DISEASES ALENDRONATE + CHOLECALCIFEROL 1 16

ALENDRONATE SODIUM 5

ALUMINIUM CHLOROHYDRATE 1

IBANDRONATE 0

RISEDRONATE SODIUM 8

ZOLEDRONIC ACID 1

MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES DENOSUMAB 7 7

MUSCLE RELAXANTS BACLOFEN 74 101

BOTULINUM TOXIN 6

DANTROLENE 0

ORPHENADRINE (CITRATE) 12

ORPHENADRINE, COMBINATIONS 8

ROCURONIUM BROMIDE 1

SUXAMETHONIUM 0

NSAIDS BUFEXAMAC (SYSTEMIC) 1 1660

DICLOFENAC (SYSTEMIC) 96

IBUPROFEN (SYSTEMIC) 1352

IBUPROFEN, COMBINATIONS (SYSTEMIC) 24

INDOMETHACIN (SYSTEMIC) 25

KETOPROFEN (SYSTEMIC) 1

KETOROLAC (SYSTEMIC) 0

MEFENAMIC ACID (SYSTEMIC) 23

MELOXICAM (SYSTEMIC) 71

NAPROXEN (SYSTEMIC) 63

PIROXICAM (SYSTEMIC) 4

TIAPROFENIC ACID (SYSTEMIC) 0

OTHER ANTIINFLAMMATORY AND ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, NON STERIODS

BENZYDAMINE 1 20

GLUCOSAMINE 19

OTHER DRUGS FOR DISORDERS OF THE MUSCULO-SKELETAL SYSTEM

CHONDROITIN SULFATE 2 6

QUININE 4

OTHER TOPICAL PRODUCTS FOR JOINT AND MUSCULAR PAIN

DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE (TOPICAL) 1 94

LINIMENTS, OTHER 93

PENICILLAMINE AND SIMILAR AGENTS PENICILLAMINE 0 0

NERVOUS SYSTEM 1797

ANAESTHETICS FOR TOPICAL USE LIGNOCAINE + CHLORHEXIDINE TEETHING PREPARATION 1 1

ANAESTHETICS, LOCAL ARTICAINE 6 16

BENZOCAINE 1

LIGNOCAINE (ANAESTHETIC, NOT TOPICAL) 6

PRILOCAINE 1

PROCAINE 1

ROPIVACAINE 1

ANESTHETICS , GENERAL CHLOROFORM 0 6

HALOTHANE 0

ISOFLURANE 1

METHOXYFLURANE 3

SEVOFLURANE 0

THIOPENTONE 2

ANTI-PARKINSON DRUGS AMANTADINE 3 85

BENZHEXOL HYDROCHLORIDE 7

BENZTROPINE 25

ENTACAPONE 1

LEVODOPA 3

LEVODOPA AND DECARBOXYLASE INHIBITOR 45

PERGOLIDE 0

ROTIGOTINE 1

ANTIEPILEPTICS ANTIEPILEPTICS: OTHER/UNKNOWN 8 1476

CARBAMAZEPINE 132

ETHOSUXIMIDE 5

GABAPENTIN 37

LACOSAMIDE 12

LAMOTRIGINE 177

LEVETIRACETAM 145

OXCARBAZEPINE 13

PERAMPANEL 10

PHENOBARBITANE 18

PHENYTOIN 57

PREGABALIN 383

PRIMIDONE 7

SULTHIAME 1

TOPIRAMATE 71

VALPROIC ACID 375

VIGABATRIN 3

ZONISAMIDE 22

CYTOKINES AND IMMUNOMODULATORS FINGOLIMOD 4 4

MISCELLANEOUS DRINK SPIKING 15 15

MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS, NON-SELECTIVE RASAGILINE 6 6

OPIOIDS TAPENTADOL 107 109

TRAMADOL + PARACETAMOL 2

OTHER GENERAL ANAESTHETICS KETAMINE 9 15

NITROUS OXIDE 2

PROPOFOL 3

REMIFENTANIL 1

OTHER NERVOUS SYSTEM DRUGS GUANFACINE 37 64

PRAMIPEXOLE 27

OPHTHALMOLOGICALS/OTOLOGICALS 83

ANTIGLAUCOMA PREPARATIONS AND MIOTICS ACETAZOLAMIDE (SYSTEMIC) 8 18

BIMATROPOST 1

BRIMONIDINE (EYE/EAR) 0

BRINZOLAMIDE (EYE/EAR) 0

DORZOLAMIDE (EYE/EAR) 1

LATANOPROST (EYE/EAR) 2

PILOCARPINE (EYE/EAR) 1

TIMOLOL (EYE/EAR) 2

TIMOLOL, COMBINATIONS (EYE/EAR) 3

ANTINFLAMMATORY AGENTS FOR OCULAR OR OTOLOGICAL USE

DEXAMETHASONE (EYE/EAR) 10 30

DEXAMETHASONE AND ANTIINFECTIVES (EYE/EAR) 3

FLUOROMETHOLONE (EYE/EAR) 2

HYDROCORTISONE AND ANTIINFECTIVES (EYE/EAR) 2

KETOTIFEN 2

PREDNISOLONE (EYE/EAR) 4

TRIAMCINOLONE (EYE/EAR) 3

TRIAMCINOLONE AND ANTIINFECTIVES (EYE/EAR) 4

DECONGESTANTS AND ANTIALLERGICS FOR EYE/EAR USE

LEVOCABASTINE (EYE/EAR) 0 9

NAPHAZOLINE (EYE/EAR) 3

NAPHAZOLINE, COMBINATIONS (EYE/EAR) 2

OLOPATADINE (EYE/EAR) 1

OXYMETAZOLINE (EYE/EAR) 1

PHENYLEPHRINE, COMBINATIONS (EYE/EAR) 0

TETRAHYDROZOLINE 0

XYLOMETAZOLINE (EYE/EAR) 1

XYLOMETAZOLINE, COMBINATIONS (EYE/EAR) 1

DIAGNOSTIC AGENTS FLUORESCEIN 0 0

MYDRIATICS AND CYCLOPLEGICS ATROPINE (EYE/EAR) 3 4

PHENYLEPHRINE (EYE/EAR) 1

OTHER OPHTHALMOLOGICALS ARTIFICIAL TEARS 2 22

HYPROMELLOSE 4

SALINE, NORMAL 12

SODIUM CHLORIDE, HYPERTONIC 4

PSYCHOTROPHIC MEDICATIONS 6493

ANTI-DEMENTIA DRUGS DONEPEZIL 17 30

GALANTAMINE 4

GINKGO BILOBA 2

MEMANTINE 4

RIVASTIGMINE 3

ANTISMOKING AGENTS BUPROPION 18 82

NICOTINE 64

ANTIVERTIGO PREPARATIONS BETAHISTINE 7 7

ANXIOLYTICS, HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES ALPRAZOLAM 106 1623

BENZODIAZEPINE OTHER/UNKNOWN 15

BROMAZEPAM 2

CHLORAL HYDRATE 1

CLOBAZAM 42

CLONAZEPAM 131

DIAZEPAM 738

FLUNITRAZEPAM 8

LORAZEPAM 86

MIDAZOLAM 8

NITRAZEPAM 25

OXAZEPAM 113

SUVOREXANT 11

TEMAZEPAM 215

VALERIAN 18

ZOLPIDEM 46

ZOPICLONE 58

BENZAMIDES AMISULPRIDE 17 17

BUTYROPHENONE DERIVATIVES DROPERIDOL 4 34

HALOPERIDOL 30

DIAZEPINES, OXAZEPINES AND THIAZEPINES CLOZAPINE 59 1154

OLANZAPINE 333

QUETIAPINE 762

DIPHENYLBUTYLPIPERIDINE DERIVATIVES PIMOZIDE 1 1

LITHIUM LITHIUM 212 212

MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS, NON-SELECTIVE PHENELZINE 2 8

TRANYLCYPROMINE 6

MONOAMINE OXIDASE TYPE A INHIBITORS MOCLOBEMIDE 13 13

NEUROLEPTICS, IN TARDIVE DYSKINESIA TETRABENAZINE 8 8

OTHER ANTIDEPRESSANTS AGOMELATINE 21 730

ANTIDEPRESSANT OTHER/UNKNOWN 6

DESVENLAFAXINE 128

MIANSERIN 3

MILNACIPRAN 1

MIRTAZAPINE 328

REBOXETINE 1

VENLAFAXINE 237

VORTIOXETINE 5

OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTICS ASENAPINE 10 313

BREXPIPRAZOLE 7

LURASIDONE 32

RISPERIDONE 244

SERTINDOLE 1

ZIPRASIDONE 19

OTHER NERVOUS SYSTEM DRUGS ARIPIPRAZOLE 67 187

DULOXETINE 120

OTHER OPHTHALMOLOGICALS PALIPERIDONE 9 9

PARASYMPATHOMIMETICS PILOCARPINE (SYSTEMIC) 0 4

PYRIDOSTIGMINE 4

PHENOTHIAZINES CHLORPROMAZINE 48 132

PERICYAZINE 38

PROCHLORPERAZINE 43

TRIFLUOPERAZINE 3

PSYCHOSTIMULANTS ARMODAFINIL 2 363

ATOMOXETINE 23

CAFFEINE 58

DEXAMPHETAMINE 64

METHYLPHENIDATE 208

MODAFINIL 8

SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS CITALOPRAM 95 1241

ESCITALOPRAM 279

FLUOXETINE 310

FLUVOXAMINE 94

PAROXETINE 69

SERTRALINE 394

THIOXANTHENE DERIVATIVES FLUPENTIXOL 3 6

ZUCLOPENTHIXOL 3

TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANTS AMITRIPTYLINE 243 319

CLOMIPRAMINE 22

DOTHIEPIN 24

DOXEPIN 9

IMIPRAMINE 1

NORTRIPTYLINE 20

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 1832

ADRENERGICS , INHALENTS EFORMOTEROL 3 62

INDACATEROL 2

INDACATEROL + GLYCOPYRRONIUM 12

SALBUTAMOL (INHALANT) 36

SALMETEROL (INHALANT) 4

SALMETEROL AND OTHER ANTI-ASTHMATICS (INHALANT) 5

TERBUTALINE (INHALANT) 0

ADRENERGICS FOR SYSTEMIC USE EPHEDRINE (SYSTEMIC) 2 4

SALBUTAMOL (SYSTEMIC) 2

ANTIALLERGIC AGENTS, EXCL. CORTICOSTEROIDS DESLORATADINE 14 14

NEDOCROMIL (INHALANT) 0

ANTICHOLINERGICS INHALENTS ACLIDINIUM 2 29

GLYCOPYRRONIUM 3

IPRATROPIUM BROMIDE (INHALANT) 4

STRAMONI PREPARATIONS (INHALANT) 0

TIOTROPIUM 16

TIOTROPIUM + OLODATEROL 2

UMECLIDINIUM + VILANTEROL 2

ANTIHISTAMINES FOR SYSTEMIC USE ANTIHISTAMINE: OTHER/UNKNOWN 55 808

CETIRIZINE (SYSTEMIC) 124

CYCLIZINE (SYSTEMIC) 1

CYPROHEPTADINE (SYSTEMIC) 12

DEXCHLORPHENIRAMINE (SYSTEMIC) 42

DIPHENHYDRAMINE (SYSTEMIC) 4

DOXYLAMINE (SYSTEMIC) 95

FEXOFENADINE (SYSTEMIC) 111

LORATADINE (SYSTEMIC) 96

LORATADINE COMBINATIONS(SYSTEMIC) 1

PHENIRAMINE (SYSTEMIC) 5

PROMETHAZINE (SYSTEMIC) 259

PROMETHAZINE, COMBINATIONS (SYSTEMIC) 1

TRIPROLIDINE (SYSTEMIC) 2

CORTICOSTEROIDS BECLOMETHASONE (NASAL) 0 23

BUDESONIDE (NASAL) 0

FLUTICASONE (NASAL) 5

MOMETASONE (NASAL) 18

TRIAMCINOLONE (NASAL) 0

COUGH SUPPRESANTS DEXTROMETHORPHAN 38 80

PENTOXYVERINE 0

PHOLCODINE 42

DECONGESTANTS AND OTHER NASAL PREPERATIONS FOR TOPICAL USE

AZELASTINE + FLUTICASONE 3 22

OXYMETAZOLINE (NASAL) 13

PHENYLEPHRINE (NASAL) 3

XYLOMETAZOLINE (NASAL) 3

EXPECTORANTS GUAIFENESIN 16 20

POTASSIUM IODIDE 2

SENEGA 2

GLUCOCORTICOIDS INHALENTS BECLOMETHASONE (INHALANT) 0 49

BUDESONIDE (INHALANT) 1

BUDESONIDE,COMBINATIONS(INHALED) 8

FLUTICASONE (INHALANT) 26

FLUTICASONE + EFORMOTEROL 2

FLUTICASONE + VILANTEROL 3

FLUTICASONE/SALMETEROL(INHALED) 9

LEUKOTRIENE RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS MONTELUKAST 30 30

MUCOLYTICS ACETYLCYSTEINE (MEDICAL USE, NOT ANTIDOTE) 1 37

BROMHEXINE 36

NASAL DECONGESTANTS FOR SYSTEMIC USE COUGH & COLD PREPERATIONS: ASPIRIN BASED 0 410

COUGH & COLD PREPERATIONS: IBUPROFEN BASED 3

COUGH & COLD PREPERATIONS: NO ANALGESIC 84

COUGH & COLD PREPERATIONS: PARACETAMOL BASED 201

PHENYLEPHRINE 85

PSEUDOEPHEDRINE 37

OTHER NASAL PREPARATIONS CHEST RUBS 81 238

FRAMYCETIN (NASAL) 1

IPRATROPIUM BROMIDE (NASAL) 3

MUPIROCIN (NASAL) 3

VAPORISER FLUID COMBINATIONS 150

OTHER THERAPEUTIC PRODUCTS PIRFENIDONE 1 1

XANTHINES AMINOPHYLLINE 2 5

THEOPHYLLINE 3

ALL OTHER PRODUCTS 1609

ANTIDOTES ACETYLCYSTEINE (ANTIDOTE) 6 35

CHARCOAL (ANTIDOTE) 6

NALOXONE (ANTIDOTE) 1

NALTREXONE (ANTIDOTE) 20

THIOSULFATE (ANTIDOTE) 2

ANTISMOKING AGENTS VARENICLINE 25 25

DRUGS FOR TREATMENT OF CHRONIC ALCOHOLISM ACAMPROSATE 10 17

DISULFIRAM 7

ILLICT DRUGS AMPHETAMINES: OTHER (INC SPEED) 133 461

CANNABINOIDS (SYNTHETIC) 22

CLENBUTEROL 13

COCAINE (ILLICIT) 32

ECSTASY (MDMA) 43

GHB 27

HEROIN 17

LSD 12

MARIJUANA (CANNABIS) 117

MEPHEDRONE 0

METAMPHETAMINE (EG ICE, CRYSTAL) 13

NITRITES AND NITRATES (ILLICIT) 11

STREET DRUGS: OTHER/UNKNOWN 21

IRON CHELATING AGENTS DEFERASIROX 0 0

MISCELLANEOUS GUARANA 1 447

KITTY LITTER 30

LACTOBACILLUS ACIDOPHILUS PREPARATIONS + SIMILAR LIVE CULTURES

35

LOZENGES 24

MELATONIN 247

MISCELLANEOUS MEDICINE 69

RADIOGRAPHIC AGENTS,EG IODINE PRODUCTS 1

TOPICAL PREPARATIONS,OTHER 40

OTHER OPHTHALMOLOGICALS EAR WAX REMOVAL DROPS 21 21

OTHER THERAPEUTIC PRODUCTS BODYBUILDING/WEIGHT LOSS FORMULA 40 603

CALCIUM FOLINATE 1

HEDERA HELIX LEAF (IVY LEAF) 38

HERBAL PREPARATIONS 228

HOMEOPATHIC PREPARATIONS 29

INFANT FORMULAS 0

MELANOTAN 1

POLYSTYRENE SULFONATE 6

RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS (CONTRAST MEDIA AND OTHER DIAGNOSTICS)

3

SODIUM CHLORITE AND COMBINATIONS (EG MMS) 1

UNKNOWN/UNIDENTIFIED MEDICINE 256

OTHER - BITES / PLANTS / CHEMICALS

Poison Group Poison Name Count Total

BITES AND STINGS 1083

INSECTS ANTS 2 351

BEE 11

BITE/STING: UNKNOWN 79

CATERPILLAR 8

CENTIPEDE 15

INSECT 116

MILLIPEDE 2

MOSQUITO 5

SCORPION 18

SNAIL/SLUG 20

TICK 59

WASP/HORNET 16

MAMMALS ANIMAL OTHER/UNKNOWN 39 40

DOG/CAT 1

MARINE ANIMALS BLUE-RINGED OCTOPUS 2 110

BLUEBOTTLE 14

CATFISH 13

FISH STINGS: OTHER/UNKNOWN 34

JELLYFISH: BOX JELLYFISH 3

JELLYFISH: IRUKANDJI 2

JELLYFISH: OTHER/UNKNOWN 14

MARINE ANIMAL BITE/STING: OTHER/UNKNOWN 14

STINGRAY 5

STONEFISH 9

REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS BATS 12 359

CANE TOADS 87

LIZARD 5

SNAKE 169

SNAKE BITE SUSPECTED 84

TOADS: OTHER 2

SPIDERS FUNNEL WEB SPIDER 11 223

REDBACK SPIDER 54

SPIDER BITE: OTHER/UNKNOWN 155

WHITE TAILED SPIDER 3

BUILDING/HANDYMAN PRODUCTS 326

BUILDING PRODUCTS ASBESTOS 7 127

ASPHALT/BITUMEN 1

BUILDING/HANDYMAN PRODUCTS: OTHER/UNKNOWN 75

CEMENT, CONCRETE, LIME 30

FIBREGLASS INSULATION 1

INSULATION 2

METHYL ETHYL KETONE PEROXIDE 8

SOLDERING FLUX 2

SPACE FILLERS 0

SUGAR SOAP (SODIUM CARBONATE) 1

PAINT PRODUCTS PAINT STRIPPER: METHYLENE CHLORIDE BASED 2 199

PAINT STRIPPER: OTHER/UNKNOWN 4

PAINT THINNER 24

PAINT: ANTICORROSIVE/ANTIFOULING 3

PAINT: OIL-BASED HOUSE TYPE 12

PAINT: OTHER/UNKNOWN 91

PAINT: WATER-BASED HOUSE TYPE 46

VARNISHES & LACQUERS 12

WOOD STAINS 5

CHEMICALS 1712

CHEMICALS ACETONE (NOT NAIL POLISH REMOVER) 13 694

ACIDS: HYDROCHLORIC ACID (NOT POOL ACID) 42

ACIDS: HYDROFLUORIC ACID 23

ACIDS: OTHER/UNKNOWN 102

ALKALIS 19

AMMONIA (NOT CLEANERS) 14

BORATES (NOT INSECTICIDES) 55

CHEMICALS: OTHER/UNKNOWN 188

CORROSIVES (NOT ACIDS/ALKALIS/CLEANERS) 6

CYANIDE 10

ETHYLENE GLYCOL 33

FORMALDEHYDE/FORMALIN 8

GLYCOLS: OTHER/UNKNOWN 3

HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (NOT FOR MEDICAL USE) 45

IODINE (NON-MEDICAL) 2

LEAD: METAL OTHER 35

METHYLENE CHLORIDE (NOT PAINT STRIPPERS) 1

PHENOL & OTHER PHENOLICS 6

POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE 10

RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS 2

SODIUM HYDROXIDE 61

SODIUM METABISULPHITE 3

STRYCHNINE 4

SULPHUR 8

TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE 1

GASES CARBON DIOXIDE 2 304

CARBON MONOXIDE 46

CHLORINE GAS: HOUSEHOLD ACID MIXED WITH HYPOCHLORITE 47

CHLORINE GAS: INDUSTRIAL 7

FREONS 7

GAS, FUME, VAPOUR: OTHER/UNKNOWN 122

HELIUM 2

HYDROGEN SULFIDE 9

METHANE & NATURAL GAS 1

PROPANE & OTHER SIMPLE ASPHYXIANTS 9

SMOKE/TOXIC PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION 29

SOLVENT ABUSE(SNIFFING/CHROMING) 23

HEAVY METALS ALUMINIUM 12 119

CADMIUM 1

CHROMIUM SALTS 2

COPPER SALTS 29

HEAVY METAL: OTHER/UNKNOWN 17

LEAD: PAINTS 7

LEAD: SINKERS 9

MERCURY (NOT THERMOMETERS) 15

METAL FUME FEVER 6

SELENIUM 10

SILVER NITRATE 5

THALLIUM 6

HYDROCARBONS DIESEL FUEL 26 595

HYDROCARBONS: HALOGENATED 16

HYDROCARBONS: OTHER/UNKNOWN 213

KEROSENE 21

LIGHTER FLUID 6

OILS: LUBRICATING, ENGINE, MACHINE 57

PETROL 170

TOLUENE/XYLENE/BENZENE 3

TURPENTINE, MINERAL 83

COSMETICS & PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS 2458

DENTAL/ORAL CARE PRODUCTS DENTAL CARE PRODUCTS: OTHER/UNKNOWN 9 176

DENTURE CLEANING AGENT 34

MOUTHWASH: ETHANOL BASED 21

MOUTHWASH: NON-ETHANOL BASED 22

TEETH WHITENING TREATMENT 10

TOOTHPASTE: FLUORIDE BASED 72

TOOTHPASTE: NON-FLUORIDE BASED 8

HAIR CARE PRODUCTS HAIR CARE: OTHER 25 193

HAIR COLOURS 62

HAIR CONDITIONER 9

HAIR GEL/MOUSSE 5

HAIR RINSE, PERMS 0

HAIR SPRAY 5

SHAMPOO (NON-MEDICATED) 87

NAIL PRODUCTS NAIL HARDENERS 1 164

NAIL POLISH 61

NAIL POLISH REMOVER 84

NAIL PRODUCTS: OTHER/UNKNOWN 18

PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS BABY WIPES 3 1187

BATH OIL/BUBBLE BATH/BATH PRODUCTS 82

CONTACT LENS CLEANING PRODUCTS 11

COSMETICS: CLEANSER, SKIN 64

COSMETICS: CREAMS, LOTIONS, MAKE UP 124

COSMETICS: EYE PRODUCTS 11

COSMETICS: OTHER/UNKNOWN 34

DEODORANTS/ANTI-PERSPIRANTS 124

DEPILATORIES 29

HAND SANITISER 281

LIPSTICKS & LIP BALMS 20

PERFUME, COLOGNE, AFTERSHAVE 83

SOAP 239

SUNSCREEN/SUNTAN PRODUCTS 62

TALCUM POWDER 20

PERSONAL OILS BABY OIL 39 738

CAMPHOR 17

CITRONELLA OIL 24

CLOVE OIL 36

ESSENTIAL OILS: OTHER/UNKNOWN 298

EUCALYPTUS OIL 172

FRAGRANT OIL/POT POURRI OIL 43

MASSAGE OILS 11

TEA TREE OIL 98

HOME PRODUCTS 8433

ADHESIVES ADHESIVE: CYANOACRYLATES 101 230

ADHESIVE: EPOXY RESINS 25

ADHESIVE: MODEL GLUES/CEMENTS 2

ADHESIVE: NON-TOXIC GLUES, PASTES ETC 35

ADHESIVE: OTHER/UNKNOWN 67

ALCOHOLS ALCOHOL: OTHER/UNKNOWN 36 945

ALCOHOLS: HIGHER (BUTANOL, PROPANOL ETC) 2

ETHANOL (BEVERAGE) 734

ETHANOL (NON-BEVERAGE) 66

ISOPROPANOL 30

METHANOL 10

METHYLATED SPIRITS 67

ARTS, CRAFTS, WRITING PRODUCTS ARTIST PAINTS: NON-OILS 15 59

ARTIST PAINTS: OILS 1

ARTS, CRAFTS, WRITING PRODUCTS: OTHER/UNKNOWN 14

CHALK 10

CORRECTION FLUID 8

CRAYONS 5

OFFICE SUPPLIES: MISCELLANEOUS 2

PENCILS 4

BATTERIES BATTERIES: AUTOMOTIVE/AIRCRAFT/BOAT 12 244

BATTERIES: DISC/BUTTON 102

BATTERIES: FLASHLIGHT/PENLIGHT/DRY CELL E.G. AA/AAA 106

BATTERIES: OTHER/UNKNOWN 24

CAR PRODUCTS CAR PRODUCTS, OTHER/UNKNOWN 96 159

CAR PRODUCTS: ANTIFREEZE/ANTIBOIL (ETHYLENE GLYCOL) 21

CAR PRODUCTS: ANTIFREEZE/ANTIBOIL (NON-ETHYLENE GLYCOL) 4

CAR PRODUCTS: ANTIFREEZE/ANTIBOIL (OTHER/UNKNOWN) 19

CAR PRODUCTS: BRAKE FLUID 15

CAR PRODUCTS: TRANSMISSION FLUID 4

CLEANERS BLEACH: HYPOCHLORITE BASED 547 3623

BLEACH: OTHER/UNKNOWN 42

CLEANER: ALL-PURPOSE/HARD SURFACE 532

CLEANER: AMMONIA BASED 12

CLEANER: BABY BOTTLE 2

CLEANER: BEER-LINE 5

CLEANER: CARPET 47

CLEANER: DESCALER 42

CLEANER: DRAIN 68

CLEANER: FLOOR 100

CLEANER: GLASS/WINDOW 100

CLEANER: INDUSTRIAL - GENERAL 75

CLEANER: LEATHER, VINYL, UPHOLSTERY 18

CLEANER: MISCELLANEOUS 147

CLEANER: NAPPY 4

CLEANER: OVEN/GRILL 159

CLEANER: TOILET BOWL (CAGE/RIM TYPE) 295

CLEANER: TOILET BOWL (POWDER/LIQUID) 86

DETERGENTS: AUTOMATIC DISHWASHER 333

DETERGENTS: HAND-DISH 254

DETERGENTS: LAUNDRY 232

DETERGENTS: LAUNDRY CAPSULE 30

DISINFECTANT 285

DRY CLEANING AGENT 17

FABRIC SOFTENER 1

IRONING AID/STARCH 37

LAUNDRY ADDITIVE 63

PRE-WASH STAIN REMOVER 64

RINSE AID (FOR AUTOMATIC DISHWASHER) 1

RUST REMOVER: OTHER/UNKNOWN 15

VAPORISER CLEANING TABLETS 10

FOOD PRODUCTS/ FOOD POISONING CHEWING GUM 14 529

ENERGY DRINKS 23

FISH POISONING: CIGUATERA 8

FISH POISONING: PUFFER FISH/ TETRODOTOXIN 6

FISH POISONING: SCOMBROID 0

FOOD ADDITIVES 31

FOOD ALLERGY 9

FOOD POISONING 92

FOOD PRODUCTS 213

FOOD RECALL 0

FOOD SPOILAGE 79

WATER (NON-POTABLE) 54

GARDEN PRODUCTS FERTILISER: HOUSE PLANT FOOD 38 184

FERTILISER: OUTDOOR 83

SOIL/POTTING MIX 63

MISCELLANEOUS CANDLE WAX 24 24

MISCELLANEOUS HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS AIR FRESHENER / ROOM DEODORISER 204 1669

BLUE-TAC 7

CHRISTMAS DECORATIONS 1

CIGARETTES & TOBACCO PRODUCTS 90

COINS 17

DAMP TREATMENTS 20

DESICCANT: MEAT TRAY PAD 47

DESICCANT: OTHER/UNKNOWN 117

DESICCANT: SILICA GEL 372

DYES: FABRIC 8

DYES: OTHER/UNKNOWN 18

ECIGARETTE FLUID 48

FIRE EXTINGUISHERS 52

FIRE STARTERS 35

FLUORESCENT LIGHT BULBS 8

FOREIGN BODY 301

FREEZER/COLD PACKS 185

GLASS 17

MAGNET 32

MATCHES 24

PET FOOD 7

PLASTIC/POLYSTYRENE 21

THERMOMETER: MERCURY 26

THERMOMETER: NON-MERCURY 5

WATERPROOFING PRODUCTS 7

POLISHES POLISH: CAR 3 29

POLISH: FLOOR 2

POLISH: FURNITURE 12

POLISH: METAL 9

POLISH: OTHER/UNKNOWN 1

POLISH: SHOE/BOOT 2

SWIMMING POOL & AQUARIUM PRODUCTS AQUARIUM PRODUCTS 29 266

POOL ACID 104

POOL CHLORINE 101

POOL PRODUCTS: OTHER/UNKNOWN 29

POOL TEST KITS/SOLUTIONS 3

TOY/JOKE/CHILDREN'S PLAYTHING BUBBLE BLOWING SOLUTION 66 472

CHEMISTRY SETS 1

CYALUME LIGHT STICKS/GLOW TOYS 166

PLAY DOUGH/PLASTICINE 3

TEETHING RINGS 2

TOYS: OTHER/UNKNOWN 209

TOYS: SNOW DOMES 3

WATER EXPANDING BEADS 22

MISCELLANEOUS NON-DRUG 122

MISCELLANEOUS NON-DRUG FAECES/URINE 92 122

MOULD 20

NON-DRUG PRODUCT: OTHER/UNKNOWN 10

PESTICIDES 1878

BAITS/RODENTICIDES 1080/MONOFLUOROACETATE 8 363

BAITS: OTHER/UNKNOWN 4

RODENTICIDES: ANTICOAGULANT (WARFARIN TYPE) 35

RODENTICIDES: LONG ACTING ANTICOAGULANTS 262

RODENTICIDES: OTHER/UNKNOWN 54

CARBAMATES CARBAMATES 22 23

CARBAMATES (IN COMBINATION WITH OTHER PESTICIDES) 1

FUMIGANTS FUMIGANTS: OTHER 1 11

PHOSPHINE 10

FUNGICIDES FUNGICIDE: CARBAMATE TYPE 8 19

FUNGICIDE: COPPER TYPE 3

FUNGICIDE: OTHER/UNKNOWN 8

HERBICIDES BROMOXYNIL 10 386

GLYPHOSATE 160

HERBICIDE OTHER/UNKNOWN 99

HERBICIDE: CARBAMATE TYPE 1

HERBICIDE: CHLOROPHENOXY TYPE (2,4-D, MCPA ETC) 69

HERBICIDE: TRIAZINE TYPE 15

PARAQUAT/DIQUAT 32

INSECTICIDES AMITRAZ 2 974

ARSENIC PESTICIDES 4

BORATES/BORIC ACID PESTICIDES 65

CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS 1

COPPER CHROME ARSENATE 10

CREOSOTE 2

FIPRONIL 89

INDOXACARB 65

INSECT COILS 24

INSECT REPELLENTS 147

MOTH REPELLENT: NAPHTHALENE 9

MOTH REPELLENT: PARADICHLOROBENZENE 1

MOTH REPELLENT:UNKNOWN/OTHER 3

PESTICIDE: OTHER/UNKNOWN 159

PYRETHRINS/PYRETHROIDS 385

ROTENONE 3

SNAIL BAIT: CARBAMATES 1

SNAIL BAIT: METALDEHYDE 3

SNAIL BAIT: OTHER 1

ORGANOPHOSPHATES ORGANOPHOSPHATE: BAIT STATIONS 1 102

ORGANOPHOSPHATE: CHLORFENVINPHOS 1

ORGANOPHOSPHATE: CHLORPYRIFOS (NOT BAIT STATION) 49

ORGANOPHOSPHATE: DIAZINON 7

ORGANOPHOSPHATE: MALATHION/MALDISON 14

ORGANOPHOSPHATE: OTHER/UNKNOWN 17

ORGANOPHOSPHATE:DIMETHOATE 11

ORGANOPHOSPHATE:FENAMIPHOS(NEMACUR) 2

PLANTS & MUSHROOMS 1180

PLANTS & MUSHROOMS MUSHROOMS 155 1180

PLANTS: AMARYLIDACEAE 2

PLANTS: AMYGDALIN/CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES 52

PLANTS: ANTICHOLINERGIC 3

PLANTS: CACTUS 11

PLANTS: CAPSAICIN 14

PLANTS: CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES 44

PLANTS: CHINABERRY/WHITE CEDAR 2

PLANTS: COLCHICINE 0

PLANTS: DEPRESSANTS 0

PLANTS: DERMATITIS 25

PLANTS: DIEFFENBACHIA 3

PLANTS: DURANTA 65

PLANTS: EUPHORBIACEAE 68

PLANTS: GASTROINTESTINAL IRRITANTS 77

PLANTS: GRAYANOTOXINS 0

PLANTS: HALLUCINOGENIC 1

PLANTS: LANTANA 3

PLANTS: LOBELINE 2

PLANTS: NON-TOXIC 139

PLANTS: OTHER/UNKNOWN 287

PLANTS: OXALATE 142

PLANTS: PHILODENDRON 8

PLANTS: SOLANINE 63

PLANTS: STIMULANTS 3

PLANTS: THEVETIA 1

PLANTS: TOXALBUMINS 8

PLANTS: TOXICODENDROL 2

VETERINARY PRODUCTS 426

VETERINARY PRODUCTS VETERINARY: ANIMAL VACCINES 30 426

VETERINARY: EXTERNAL MEDICINES 132

VETERINARY: FLEA COLLARS, INSECTICIDAL WASHES (NON-CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS)

14

VETERINARY: INTERNAL MEDICINES 250

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Queensland Poisons Information Centre