Quantification and Interregional Comparison of Structural ... · Quantification and Interregional Comparison of Structural Characteristics of Traditional Wooden Houses in Japan Yasuhiro

International Symposium on Earthquake Engineering, JAEE, Vol.1, 2012

Quantification and Interregional Comparison of Structural Characteristics of

Traditional Wooden Houses in Japan

Yasuhiro NAMBU1, Jian JIAO2, Noriko TAKIYAMA3 and Yasuhiro HAYASHI4

1 Graduate Student, Dept. of Architecture and Architectural Eng., Kyoto Univ., Kyoto, Japan, [email protected]

2 Graduate Student, Dept. of Architecture and Architectural Eng., Kyoto Univ., M. Eng., Kyoto, Japan, [email protected]

3 Member of JAEE, Research Associate, Dept. of Architecture and Architectural Eng., Kyoto Univ., Kyoto, Japan, [email protected]

4 Member of JAEE, Prof., Dept. of Architecture and Architectural Eng., Kyoto Univ., Kyoto, Japan, [email protected]

ABSTRACT: The authors investigated structural details in eight regions. Our conclusions are as follows. (a) Structural characteristics and seismic hazards are various from different regions. (b) Directions of yield base shear coefficients can be confirmed for some regions. (c) The directionality of yield base shear coefficients can be clearly confirmed for some regions. (d) Weight can be roughly estimated from floor area because weight per the first floor area is approximately constant value if the region and number of stories is identified. Key Words: Traditional wooden houses, Regional characteristics, Structural characteristics, Seismic hazard

INTRODUCTION Recently, most of fatalities came from the collapse of old wooden houses according to the recent earthquake damage statistics in Japan. Therefore, the seismic retrofit of old wooden houses is very important. However, it is not reasonable enough to perform seismic retrofit by the routine method in all cases because structural characteristics seem to vary from region to region. Thus, we have conducted the structural surveys of traditional wooden houses in historic districts and have accumulated their structural data. In this paper, as the first step towards the regional earthquake countermeasures, we have quantified the regional structural characteristics of traditional wooden houses. First, we described the current conditions of seismic hazard in the 98 districts designated as the Important Preservation District for Groups of Historic Buildings (IPDGHB) (Agency for Cultural Affairs). Next, we compared structural characteristics of traditional wooden houses in the eight regions, which have already been investigated by authors. The height, floor area, weight, the number of columns, and yield base shear coefficients are used as indices for describing the structural characteristics. Finally, we pointed out the necessity for implementing the earthquake countermeasures corresponding to the local structural characteristics of traditional wooden houses.

INVESTIGATION AREAS AND HOUSES We select eight regions which have already been investigated by authors. Figure 1 shows Investigation areas. The following is investigation areas in order from the north. (1) Yamoto-cho (now, Higashimatsushima-shi), Kanan-cho (now, Ishinomaki-shi) in Mono County and Nango-cho (now, Misato-cho) in Toda County, Miyagi Pref. (Shimizu H. 2005). (2) Monzenmachikuroshima-cho, Wajima City, Ishikawa Pref. (Shimizu H. 2008). (3) Kisohirasawa, Shiojiri City, Nagano Pref. (Shiojiri City Board of Education 2009). (4) Miyama-cho Kita, Nantan City, Kyoto Pref. (Takiyama N. 2011). (5) Kyoto City, Kyoto Pref. (Ida S. 2008, Earthquake Research Committee Kyomachiya 2004). (6) Ominato-cho, Ise, Mie Pref. (Kiso K. 2006). (7) Yuasa-cho, Arida County, Wakayama Pref. (Watanabe C. 2012, Yokobe T. 2012). (8) Kiragawa-cho, Muroto City, Kochi Pref. (Tai T. 2010). For the sake of simplicity, in the order of the above, we call each region (1) Miyagi, (2) Kuroshima, (3)Hirasawa, (4) Miyama, (5) Kyoto, (6) Ise, (7) Yuasa and (8) Kiragawa. Table 1 shows Investigation areas and the features of houses. In addition, Fig. 2 shows the number of investigation houses. The following is the feature of the investigation houses in each region. In addition, Fig. 3 shows a typical house in the investigation areas.

Fig. 3 Typical houses in the investigation areas

(a) Miyagi (b) Kuroshima (c) Hirasawa (d) Miyama

(f) Ise (e) Kyoto (g) Yuasa

Fig. 1 Investigation areas

0 5 10 15 20 25

Miyagi

Kuroshima

Hirasawa

Miyama

Kyoto

Ise

Yuasa

Kiragawa

1-story house2-story house

Number of the investigation houses

Fig. 2 Number of the investigation houses

KiragawaYuasa Ise

Hirasawa

Kuroshima Miyagi

Miyama Kyoto

(h) Kiragawa

Table 1 Investigation areas and the features of houses

Areas Miyagi Kuroshima Hirasawa Miyama Kyoto Ise Yuasa Kiragawa

Survey Year 2003 2007 2009 2010 2007 2005 2011 2008Designated

Cultural Property － IPDGHB IPDGHB IPDGHB －－ IPDGHB IPDGHB

Main Roof

Clay tiles(without

paving mud)Metal sheet

Thatch(covered bysteel plate)

Clay tiles(without

paving mud)

Clay tiles(with paving

mud)Meral sheet

ThatchClay tiles

(with pavingmud)


mud)


mud)


mud)

Main Exterior Wall Mud wall Mud wall Mud wall Wooden wall Mud wall Mud wall Mud wall Mud wallMain Foundation Cut stone Ground sill Ground sill Conerstone Conerstone Conerstone Conerstone Conerstone

Interval of Buildings Separate Approach Touch Separate Touch Approach Touch Approach

In Miyagi, 20 houses (13 one-story houses, and 7 two-story houses) had been investigated in 2003. Clay tile roofs without mud paving, metal sheet roofing and thatch roofs covered by steel plates are widely existed on houses in Miyagi. There are also a large amount of houses with mud external walls and cut stone foundation. Many two-story houses, the floor area of the second floor are less than the floor area of the first floor.

In Kuroshima, 8 houses (1 one-story houses and 7 two-story houses) had been investigated in 2007. Roofs are often covered by clay tiles without paving mud. Houses with mud external walls and ground sills can often be seen in Kuroshima.

In Hirasawa, 12 houses (all are two-story houses) had been investigated in 2009. Majority of the houses have gabled roofs (Kirizuma-zukuri) with the entrance at the side parallel with the ridge (Tsuma-iri). Roofs are often covered by clay tiles with paving mud or metal plates, and the foundation are ground sill. External walls are often made of mud, and for some houses, wooden walls exist on the lower side of the mud walls in the first floor. In addition, many houses share walls with houses besides.

In Miyama, 12 houses (all are one-story houses) had been investigated in 2010. Roofs of houses in Miyama are covered by thatch, and wooden walls and cornerstone foundations widely exist.

In Kyoto, 19 houses (1 one-story house and 18 two-story houses) had been investigated in 2007. Among the 18 two-story houses, low-ceilings (Tsushinikai) exist in second floor in 7 houses. Many houses have gabled roofs with side entrance (Kirizuma-zukuri Tsuma-iri) and are often covered by clay tiles with paving mud, mud external wall and cornerstone foundations. Walls of adjusted houses often touch with each other, and many houses share side walls.

In Ise, 6 houses (2 one-story houses and 4 two-story houses) had been investigated in 2005. Many houses have gabled roofs with side entrance (Kirizuma-zukuri Tsuma-iri) and are often covered by clay tiles with paving mud, mud external walls and cornerstone foundations.

In Yuasa, 9 houses (2 one-story houses and 7 two-story houses) had been investigated in 2011. 5 of the 7 two-story houses have low-ceilings (Tsushinikai) in second floor. Many houses have gabled roofs with side entrance (Kirizuma-zukuri Tsuma-iri) and are often covered by clay tiles with paving mud, mud external walls and cornerstone foundations. Walls of adjusted houses often touch with each other, and some houses share side walls.

In Kiragawa, 11 houses (3 one-story houses and 8 two-story houses) had been investigated in 2011. 4 of the 8 two-story houses have low-ceilings (Tsushinikai) in second floor. Many houses have gabled roofs with side entrance (Kirizuma-zukuri Tsuma-iri). Majority of the external walls of houses are thick mud walls covered by many layers of Tosa plaster, while other thick walls are made of brick in Kiragawa. Many houses have clay tiles roofs with paving mud and cornerstone foundations.

REGIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SEISMIC HAZARDS There are two kinds of typical earthquakes threatening human lives, one is subduction zone earthquake and another one is inter plate earthquake. The epicenter, recurrence interval, scale and influence of 2 earthquakes will be different by regions. Figure 4 illustrates the hazard curve of earthquake in 98 IPDGHB included 5 investigation areas (relationship between the maximum velocity of the engineering base and probability of exceedance in 30 years), which means the higher of probability of exceeding of the maxim velocity, the higher the risk becomes (National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention).

As the Kiragawa and Yuasa which are near Nankai trough, seismic hazard has been greatly increased. This is due to the fact that massive earthquake in the Nankai trough (subduction zone earthquake) is imminent. On the other hand, as for Hirasawa, active faults with high probability of occurrence of the earthquake is close, in some areas the hazard curve is increased greatly in the lower range of the probability of exceedance.

As described above, given that there is a difference in seismic hazard in different regions, the regional structural characteristics of traditional wooden houses will be analyzed in next chapter.

REGIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TRADITIONAL WOODEN HOUSES Definition of structural characteristics In order to compare the difference between regions, the basic structural characteristics will be defined. a) Each storey's floor are is A1,A2 is the area which is confined by walls or the center line of columns.

The whole area A=A1+A2 b) The height of the first story, H1, refers to the distance from the surface of foundation ( from

cornerstone while it is stone-based) to the upper beam edge of the second floor, while the height of the second storey, H2, refers to the distance from the upper beam edge of the second floor to the upper beam of ceiling. And the total height is calculated as H=H1+H2. Whereas, H1 and H2 of Miyagi and Kuroshima is particularly considered as the distance form surface of foundation to the underneath beam edge of the second floor and that from the second story floor to the underneath beam edge of ceiling (Shimizu H. 2005, Shimizu H. 2008).

c) The first floor weight W1 is measured from the half of first floor to the half of second floor, the second floor weight W2 is measured from the half of second floor to roof. The whole weight W is measured from the half of first floor and represented by W1+W2.

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

KuroshimaHirasawaMiyamaYuasaKiragawa

Prob

abili

ty o

f ex

ceed

ance

The maxim velocity of engineering base (cm/s)

Fig.4 Hazard curve of earthquake in 98 IPDGHB included 5 investigation areas

d) Nc1 stands for the number of first storey's columns, and the modulus of first storey's columns, Dc, is based on edge size of standard columns. Moreover, semi-column is not involved in principle.

e) The residential direction is determined by the content below (Fig. 5). Regarding to other houses and the independent ones in Miyagi and Miyama's 2 regions, the main house's ridge direction is defined by R direction, while the span direction is defined by S direction. And under the condition below which the arranged sequence of houses (Table 1) in six areas included Kuroshima, Hirasawa, Kyoto, Ise, Yuasa and Kiragawa, the parallel direction of the frontal road is called R direction, while the perpendicular direction of the road is called S direction.

f) Limit strength calculation based yield shear force coefficient, Cy, equals to housing shear capacity

when storey drift is 1/30rad divided by weight, W, recorded as CyS,CyR according to the different directions (Editorial committee of seismic design of wooden houses 2004).

Analysis of structural characteristics In this section, a comparison of structural characteristics between 8 districts will be represented by the scatter plots, the regression line and the average value of structural characteristics. Except the houses with significant large 1st floor area (A1) in each region and a few investigated houses for which the number of objects is too small to calculate regression line, all the two-story houses in all regions and one-story houses in Miyagi and Miyama had been involved. Here, R is the correlation coefficient. Floor Area and Height Figure 6 shows a comparison of A1 and H in each region. In addition, Fig. 7 shows a comparison of the average of A1 and ratio of 2nd floor area A2 to A1 between regions.

0

2

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6

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A1 (m2)

H (m

)


(e) Kyoto (f) Ise (g) Yuasa (h) Kiragawa

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A1 (m2)

H (m

)

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2-story house

A1 (m2)

H (m

)

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1-story house

A1 (m2)

H (m

)

0

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A1 (m2)

H (m

)

0

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A1 (m2)

H (m

)

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A1 (m2)

H (m

)

0

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0 50 100 150 200 250


A1 (m2)

H (m

)

Fig.5 Direction of houses in each region (a) Miyagi, Miyama (b) Kuroshima, Hirasawa, Kyoto, Ise, Yuasa, Kiragawa

Frontal Road

R (Ridge Dir.)

S (S

pan

Dir.

)

R (Ridge Dir.)

S (S

pan

Dir.

)

R (R

idge

Dir.

)S (Span Dir.)

Fig. 6 Relationship between A1 and H

As shown in Fig. 6, A1 is diverse in different regions. Further, from Fig. 7 (a), A1 in Miyagi, Kuroshima, and Miyama is greater than 100m2. Thus, the significant difference for A1 between regions has been confirmed. According Fig. 7 (b), A2/A1 is large for Hirasawa, Kyoto, Ise, and Yuasa, and small for some two-story houses in Miyagi.

As shown in Fig. 6, the height of the house H, Miyagi is almost constant, while for other regions, the divergence of height up to around 2 m which may due to the low-ceilings (Tsushinikai) in second story of some houses in Kyoto, Yuasa, and Kiragawa. In addition the comparison of average value of H between regions is shown in Fig. 8

From Fig. 8, there is no significant difference between the height of one-story houses in Miyama and Miyagi, while there is distinct difference between the heights of the two-story houses in different regions, and the value is higher in Miyagi, Kuroshima, Hirasawa than that of in Ise, Yuasa and Kiragawa. Weight

Figure 9 shows the relationship between W and A1. Figure 9 indicates the comparison of the value of A1 divided by W between houses in all regions. From Fig. 9, the regression lines of the one-story houses and two-story houses are significantly different in Miyagi.

Figure 10 shows the average value of W to the house divided by A1 and ratio of W2 to W1 in different regions. W1, W2 of 13 houses in Kyoto had been calculated.

According the comparison between the two-story houses, as shown in Fig. 10(a), the value of W/A1 of Miyagi, Kuroshima and Hirasawa is small. Also, as shown in Fig. 10(b)(c) and table 1, W/A1 and W/A is large in Kiragawa due to the thick mud walls and clay tile roofs, while this value is small in Miyama due to the wooden walls and thatch roofs. Comparing with other regions, W/A1 of two-story houses in Miyagi is larger, and W/A is smaller. It may be one of the causes that A2/A1 of Miyagi is smaller than other regions. In addition, as shown in Fig. 10(c), W2/W1 of Miyagi, Kuroshima and Hirasawa is small, because of the light roofs which are covered by clay tiles or metal plates without mud as mentioned before (Table 1). To summary, with respect of the weight of the houses, the regional structural characteristics have been confirmed. On the other hand, since the substantially constant value, by identifying the region or the floor area, the weight of the house may be able to estimate from the weight of floor area.

01234567

Miy

agi

Kur

oshi

ma

Hira

saw

a

Miy

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Kyo

to Ise

Yua

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Kira

gaw

a

1-story house 2-story house

H (m

)

Fig. 8 Average of H

Fig. 7 Average of A1 and A2/A1 (a) A1 (b) A2/A1

0

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A 1 (m2 )

A 2/A1

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Standard deviation Average

The number of columns Figure 11 illustrates the relationship of A1 and Nc1 of houses in different regions.



0

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60

80

100

0 50 100 150 200 250


Nc1 = 0.55A

1 (R=0.38)

Nc1 = 0.41A

1 (R=0.70)

A1 (m2)

Nc1

0

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60

80

100

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Nc1 = 0.54A

1 (R=0.55)

A1 (m2)

Nc1

0

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40

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100

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2-story house

Nc1

= 0.55A1 (R=0.79)

A1 (m2)

Nc1

0

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40

60

80

100

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1-story house

Nc1

= 0.35A1 (R=0.65)

A1 (m2)

Nc1

0

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40

60

80

100

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20

40

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Nc1

= 0.69A1 (R=0.79)

A1 (m2)

Nc1

0

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A1 (m2)

Nc1

0

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Nc1

= 0.57A1

(R=0.81)

A1 (m2)

Nc1

0

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80

100

0 100 200 300 400


Nc1 = 0.45A

1 (R=0.59)

A1 (m2)

Nc1

Fig 11 Relationship between A1 and Nc1

(a) W/A1 (b) W/A

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W/A

(kN

/m2 )

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W/A

1 (kN

/m2 )

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Standard deviation Average

W2/W

1 (kN

)

(c) W2/W1 Fig. 10 Average of W/A1, W/A and W2/W1



0

200

400

600

800

1000

0 50 100 150 200 250


W = 3.81A1 (R=0.48)

W = 2.78A1 (R=0.86)

W (k

N)

A1 (m2)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

0 50 100 150 200 250

2-story house1-story houseW = 3.43A1 (R=0.56)

W (k

N)

A1 (m2)

2-story house

0

200

400

600

800

1000

0 50 100 150 200 250

W = 3.83A1

(R=0.78)

A1 (m2)

W (k

N)

0

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600

800

1000

0 50 100 150 200 2500

200

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600

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W = 4.57A1 (R=0.90)

W (k

N)

A1 (m2)

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W (k

N)

A1 (m2)

0

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0 50 100 150 200 2500

200

400

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2-story house1-story houseW = 4.22A

1 (R=0.99)

W (k

N)

A1 (m2)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

0 50 100 150 200 250

2-story house1-story houseW = 4.56A1 (R=0.72)

W (k

N)

A1 (m2)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

0 50 100 150 200 250

1-story houseW = 1.58A1 (R=0.75)

W (k

N)

A1 (m2)

Fig. 9 Relationship between A1 and W

As shown in Fig. 11 (a), the regression lines of one-story and two-story houses in Miyagi deviate from each other. Figure 12 shows a comparison of the average ratio of columns number to area of 1st floor Nc1/A1 between regions.

Figure 12 illustrates the regional difference in terms of the value of Nc1/A1 which is the largest in houses in Kyoto, yet small in one-story houses in Miyagi and Miyama as well as two-story houses in Kiragawa. Nc1/A1 of Kyoto may be large because the semi-columns which exist in the side walls were also counted. Yield base shear coefficients Figure 13 shows a comparison of the yield base shear coefficient CyR and CyS for both Ridge and Span directions of houses between regions.

Cy is large in Span direction for the regions Hirasawa, Kyoto, Ise, Yuasa, and Kiragawa, thus the directionality of yield base shear coefficients can be clearly confirmed. While as for houses in Miyagi, Kuroshima, and Miyama, there is no significant directionality. A comparison of the average value of CyR and CyS between districts is shown in Fig. 14

As shown in Fig. 13 and Fig. 14, it has been confirmed that CyR and CyS is divergent from each other both between regions and among the houses in the same regions.

As described above, there is a difference in structural characteristics of traditional wooden houses in different regions as well as the local seismic hazard.



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CyS

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CyR

CyS

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2-story house

CyR

CyS

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1-story house

CyR

CyS

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CyR

CyS

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CyR

CyS

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CyR

CyS

0

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0.8

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0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1


CyR

CyS

Fig 13 Relationship between CyR and CyS

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/A1

Fig. 12 Average of Nc1/A1

CONCLUSIONS With the aim of demonstrating the regional structural characteristics of traditional wooden houses, and comparing the levels of seismic hazard of 98 designated as the Important Preservation District for Groups of Historic Buildings in Japan, the authors investigated structural details in eight regions, Miyagi prefecture, Kuroshima town, Hirasawa town, Miyama town, Kyoto city, Ise city, Yuasa town and Kiragawa town. And the mutual structural characteristics of wooden houses as for floor area, height, weight, the number of columns, and yield base shear coefficients have been compared between regions. Our conclusions are as follows. 1) Structural characteristics and seismic hazards are various from different regions. 2) The directionality of yield base shear coefficients can be clearly confirmed for some regions. 3) Seismic performance difference tends to be greater in the region than between regions. 4) Weight can be roughly estimated from floor area because weight per the first floor area is

approximately constant value if the region and number of stories is identified.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT This research was supported by the Asahi Glass Foundation. And, a part of this research was supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A) (No.22246072), in Japan.

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0

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(Abstract Submitted: August 31, 2012)

(Accepted: September 13, 2012)

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Quantification and Interregional Comparison of Structural ... · Quantification and Interregional Comparison of Structural Characteristics of Traditional Wooden Houses in Japan Yasuhiro