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Developing Highly Qualified Paraprofessionals
Assisting the Teacher Module III MATHEMATICS
Port Neches-Groves ISD
Mathematics ObjectiveTo meet the requirements of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) by developing highly qualified paraprofessional who possess
● Knowledge of, and ability to assist in high quality mathematics instruction
● An understanding of key mathematics concepts and how to apply these to instruction
Key Concepts1. Number and Operation2. Algebra Key Concepts to3. Geometry be reviewed4. Measurement during this5. Probability and Data Analysis module6. Underlying processes and Mathematical Tools
( Problem Solving)
Number and Operation● Decimals● Fractions● Percents● Order of Operations● Number Sets
Decimals-Place Value(Greater than 1)
1 ,2 3 4 , 5 6 7.m
illion
s
hund
red-
thou
sand
s
ten-
thou
sand
sth
ousa
nds
hund
reds tens
ones
Decimals-Place Value(Less than 1)
0. 1 2 3 4 5 te
nths
hund
redt
hste
n-th
ousa
ndth
s
thou
sand
ths
hund
red-
thou
sand
ths
Decimals- Place Value
67,890.12345
Decimals-Operations(Addition and Subtraction)● When adding or subtracting with decimal
numbers,ALWAYS align the place values!● Examples:
27 36 27 36
+ 5 9 - 5 9
33 26 21 46
Decimals-Operations(Addition and Subtraction)● When adding or subtracting with decimal
numbers,ALWAYS align the place values!● Examples:
27 36 27 36
+ 5 9 - 5 9
33 26 21 46
Decimals-Operations(Addition and Subtraction)● When adding or subtracting with decimal
numbers,ALWAYS align the place values!● Examples:
27 36 27 36
+ 05 90 - 05 90
33 26 21 46
Decimals-Operations(Multiplication)● When multiplying with decimal numbers,it is NOT
necessary to align the place values● It IS necessary to count the digits that have a
place value Less than one● Example: 4. 1 2
X 5
2 0. 6 0
Decimals-Operations(Addition and Subtraction)
● When multiplying with decimal numbers,it is NOT necessary to align the place values
● It IS necessary to count the digits that have a place value Less than one
● Example: 4. 1 2
X 5
2 0. 6 0
There are TWO digits with a place value LESS than one.
Decimals-Operations(Addition and Subtraction)
● When multiplying with decimal numbers,it is NOT necessary to align the place values
● It IS necessary to count the digits that have a place value Less than one
● Example: 4. 1 2
X 5
2 0. 6 0
There are NO digits with a place value LESS than one.
Decimals-Operations(Addition and Subtraction)● When multiplying with decimal numbers,it is NOT
necessary to align the place values● It IS necessary to count the digits that have a
place value Less than one ● Example: 4. 1 2
X 5
2 0. 6 0 There are TWO digits with a place value LESS than one.
Decimals- Operations( Division)● When dividing a decimal number,maintain the position
of the decimal point● Example:
2.7
6 16.2Dividend: The number being divided.
Decimals- Operations( Division)● When dividing a decimal number,maintain the position
of the decimal point● Example:
2.7
6 16.2
Quotient: The answer to a division problem
Decimals- Operations( Division)● When dividing a decimal number,maintain the position
of the decimal point● Example:
2.7
6 16.2Quotient: The answer to a division problem
Fractions:Vocabulary
34
Fractions:Vocabulary
34
Numerator
Denominator
Fractions:Vocabulary
34
Fractions: Operations Additions and Subtraction
● In order to add or subtract with fractions,it is first necessary to establish a common denominator
● Establish a common denominator by generating equivalent fractions
● Generate equivalent fractions by multiplying bout the numerator and denominator by the same scale factor
Fractions: OperationsAddition and Subtraction
So what does that all mean? Let’s take a look:
Fractions: OperationsAddition and Subtraction
So what does that all mean? Let’s take a look:
3 2 + 4 3
Fractions: OperationsAddition and Subtraction
3 ? + 4 12
3 X 3 = 9
4 X 3 = 12
Fractions: OperationsAddition and Subtraction
So what does that all mean? Let’s take a look:
3 9 = 4 12
Fractions: OperationsAddition and Subtraction
So what does that all mean? Let’s take a look:
2 8 = 3 12
Fractions: OperationsAddition and Subtraction
So what does that all mean? Let’s take a look:
3 2 + 4 3
9 8 + 12 12
Fractions:OperationsAddition and Subtraction
9 8 1712 12 12
+ =
Fractions:OperationsAddition and Subtraction
17 5 12 12
= 1
Fractions:OperationsAddition and Subtraction
3 2 5 4 3 12
+ =1
Fractions:OperationsMultiplication and Division
● Multiplication of division by fractions do not require a common denominator
● Multiply two fractions by multiplying their numerators together, and then their denominators
● Division by a fraction is the same as multiplying by its reciprocal
Fractions:OperationsMultiplication
Example: 3 2
4 3
x =???
Fractions:OperationsMultiplication
Example: 3 2
4 33 2 6
4 3
x =???
x =
Fractions:OperationsMultiplication
Example: 3 2
4 33 2 6 3 2 6
4 3 4 3 12
x =???
x = x =
Fractions:OperationsMultiplication
3 2 14 3 2
x =
Fractions:Comparing and Ordering
● To Compare and order fractions,first convert the fractions to decimals by dividing the numerator by the denominator
● Example:
1 0.25 1
4 4 1.00 4= 0.25
Fractions: Comparing and Ordering
Put the following fractions in order from
least to greatest value:
2 2 5 3 3 5 8 7
Fractions: Comparing and Ordering2 2
3 5
5 3
8 7
=
=
=0.66 0.4
0.625 ∬ 0.429
Fractions: Comparing and Ordering2 2
3 5
5 3
8 7
=
=
=0.66 0.4
0.625 ∬ 0.429
Least value(smallest number)
Fractions: Comparing and Ordering2 2
3 5
5 3
8 7
=
=
=0.66 0.4
0.625 ∬ 0.429
Least value(smallest number)
Second greatest value
Fractions: Comparing and Ordering 2 2
3 5
5 3
8 7
=
=
=0.66 0.4
0.625 ∬ 0.429
Least value(smallest number)
Second greatest value
Third greatest value
Fractions: Comparing and Ordering
2 2
3 5
5 3
8 7
=
=
=0.66 0.4
0.625 ∬ 0.429
Least value(smallest number)
Second greatest value
Third greatest value
Greatest value( largest number)
Fractions: Comparing and OrderingIn order from least to greatest:
2 3 5 25 7 8 3
Percents● Percent is always out of 100 (per-cent)● To find the percent of a number, convert
the percent value to decimal value and the multiply
● Example: What is 6% of $ 13.95?
PercentsExample: What is 6% of $ 13.95?
PercentsExample: What is 6% of $ 13.95?
6% = = 0.06 6 100
PercentsExample: What is 6% of $ 13.95?
6% = =0.06 6 100
0.06 x 13.95 = 0.837
PercentsExample: What is 6% of $ 13.95?
6% = =0.06
So 6% of $13.95 is 84¢
6 100
0.06 x 13.95 = 0.837
Order of Operations● When multiple operations are included in a
problem,there is a specific order in which those operations are to be performed
● This is called the Order of Operations
Order of OperationsP E MD AS = Order of Operations
P-Parentheses
E-Exponents
M-Multiplication D-Division
A-Addition S-Subtraction
Order of OperationsExponents● An exponent is used to denote how many
times a number is multiplied by itself● Examples:
3² = 3 x 3 = 9
3³ = 3 x 3 x 3 = 27
3⁴ = 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 = 81
Order of OperationsExponents● An exponent is used to denote how many
times a number is multiplied by itself● Examples:
3² = 3 x 3 = 9
3³ = 3 x 3 x 3 = 27
3⁴ = 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 = 81
Note that 3² is NOT the same as 3 x 2!
Order of OperationsSquare Roots● Finding the square root of a number is the
opposite of finding the square of a number● Examples:
3² = 9 4² = 16 5² = 25
√9 = 3 √16 = 4 √25 = 5
Order of Operations
Simplify the following expression using the correct order of operations:
4² ÷ 8( 7- 3)
Order of Operations
4² ÷ 8( 7- 3) 4² ÷ 8(4)
Order of Operations
4² ÷ 8( 7- 3) 4² ÷ 8(4)
16 ÷ 8(4)
Order of Operations
4² ÷ 8( 7- 3) 4² ÷ 8(4)
16 ÷ 8(4)
2 (4)
Order of Operations4² ÷ 8( 7- 3)
4² ÷ 8(4)
16 ÷ 8(4) 2 (4) 8
Number Sets
● Rational vs. irrational numbers● Prime vs. composite numbers● Integers● Counting numbers
Algebra● Proportional relationships● Functional relationships● Variables and equations
Proportional Relationships● A ratio is a comparison of two values● Two equivalent ratios form a proportion● Proportionality is one of the most critical
components of the mathematics standards● Example:
On a map, 1 inch represents 15 miles. If the distance between two cities on the map is 7 inches, what is the actual distance between those two cities?
Proportional Relationships Example:On a map, 1 inch represents 15 miles. If the distance between two cities on the map is 7 inches, what is the actual distance between those two cities?
1 inch 7 inches
15 miles ??? miles=
Proportional Relationships Example:On a map, 1 inch represents 15 miles. If the distance between two cities on the map is 7 inches, what is the actual distance between those two cities?
1 inch 7 inches
15 miles 105 miles=
Functional Relationships● A functional relationship can exist when one
quantity depends on another● Examples of functional relationships:
● The amount of my paycheck depends on the number of hours I work.
● The distance I am able to drive in my car depends on the amount of gas in the tank.
Variables and Equations● A variable is a letter or symbol that is used
to represent a changing value● Variable are used in formulas and algebraic
equations● Examples:
● d = r t● y = 3x - 9● 3(6x - 5) + 9 = 120
Variables and Equations Let’s try solving an equation:
3(6x - 5) + 9 = 120
18x-15 + 9 = 120
18x -6 = 120
18x =126
X = 7
+ 6 +6
18 18
Substitution 3(6x - 5) + 9 = 120
3[6(7)-5] + 9 = 120
3( 42 - 5 ) + 9 = 120
3( 37 ) + 9 =120
111 + 9 = 120
120 = 120
Substitute 7 in place of X
Follow PEMDAS to simplify left side
It checks!
Geometry and Measurement● Vocabulary● Coordinate system - graphing● Transformations● Angles● Polygons● Circles● Perimeter / Area
Vocabulary ● Congruent(≅)-same size and same shape● Similar (∼) - same shape but not necessarily
the same size● Parallel Lines- are always the same distance
apart from each other; will never intersect● Perpendicular- form right angles(90°)● Regular Polygons-all angles are equal and
all sides have same length
GraphingGraphing on a coordinate plane requires the working knowledge of certain vocabulary terms.
GraphingGraphing on a coordinate plane requires the working knowledge of certain vocabulary terms.
y-axis
x-axis
originPoint with coordinates (3 , 2)
3 is the x-coordinate and2 is the y-coordinate
(3 , 2) is the ordered pair that locates the point in the coordinate plane
Transformations
● Reflection - mirror image
● Rotation - turn
● Translation - slide
● Dilation - change in size
Angles● Right angle - measure is exactly 90°
● Acute angle - measure is less than 90°
● Obtuse angle - measure is greater than 90° but less than 180°
TrianglesTriangles can be classified by their angle measures:
● Right Triangle - one right angle
● Acute Triangle - all acute angles
● Obtuse Triangle - one obtuse angle
TrianglesTriangles can also be classified by their side lengths:
● Scalene Triangle - no sides are the same length
● Isosceles Triangle - at least two sides are the same length
● Equilateral Triangle - all three sides are the same length
Other Polygons● Quadrilaterals have four sides and include:
○ Squares--all four sides are the same length and all angles are right angles
○ Rectangles--all angles are right angles, but all four sides are not necessarily the same length
● Pentagon--five sides● Hexagon--six sides● Octagon--eight sides
Circles Circumference: the distance around a circle
C = 2 ℼ r OR C = ℼ d
Area of a circle:
A = ℼ r²
Pi is the ratio of the circumference to the diameter of
a circle: ℼ = 3.14
radiusdiameter
center
Perimeter and Area12 feet
7 fe
et
Applying SimilarityWhat is the length of the larger rectangle?
2m 4m
5m ???
4 m
2 m 5 m
=
Probability and Data Analysis
● Independent vs. dependent events
● Measures of central tendency
● Reading and interpreting various displays of
data
Independent /Dependent Probability
● Independent event-one in which the outcome of one event DOES NOT depend on the outcome of another event
● Dependent event-one in which the outcome of one event DOES depend on the outcome of another event
Independent /Dependent ProbabilityAmeena has a bag full of jelly beans in her backpack. There are 6 blue jelly beans, 9 red jelly beans, 4 green jelly beans, and 5 pink jelly beans.
● What is the probability of randomly choosing a blue jelly bean from the bag, replacing it, and then choosing a green one?
● What is the probability of randomly choosing a blue jelly bean from the bag, eating it, and then choosing a green one?
Independent ProbabilityAmeena has a bag full of jelly beans in her backpack. There are 6 blue jelly beans, 9 red jelly beans, 4 green jelly beans, and 5 pink jelly beans.
What is the probability of randomly choosing a blue jelly bean from the bag, replacing it, and then choosing a green one?
6 4 24 1
24 24 576 24 x = =
Independent ProbabilityAmeena has a bag full of jelly beans in her backpack. There are 6 blue jelly beans, 9 red jelly beans, 4 green jelly beans, and 5 pink jelly beans.
What is the probability of randomly choosing a blue jelly bean from the bag, eating it, and then choosing a green one?
6 4 24 1
24 23 552 23 x = =
Measures of Central Tendency● Mean: average
● Median: middle
● Mode: most frequently occurring
Measures of Central Tendency78, 72, 75, 79, 72, 73, 76
Mean: 525 ÷ 7 = 75
Measures of Central Tendency78, 72, 75, 79, 72, 73, 76
72, 72, 73, 75, 76, 78, 79
Measures of Central Tendency78, 72, 75, 79, 72, 73, 76
72, 72, 73, 75, 76, 78, 79
Median
Measures of Central Tendency78, 72, 75, 79, 72, 73, 76
72, 72, 73, 75, 76, 78, 79
Mode
Measures of Central Tendency78, 72, 75, 79, 72, 73, 76
72, 72, 73, 75, 76, 78, 79
Range: 79 - 72 = 7
Reading and Interpreting Various Displays of Data● Lists
● Tables / Charts
● Graphs○ Circle graphs ( Pie Graphs)○ Bar graphs
Manipulatives
● Base-ten blocks● Color tiles● Number lines● Number cubes● Counters ● Unifix cubes
Resources● http://www.tea.state.tx.us
○ Texas Education Agency● http://www.nctm.org
○ National Council of Teachers of Mathematics
● The Mathematics Dictionary and Handbook○ Nichols Schwartz Publishing○ ISBN: 1-882269-09-8