PV L2 TB NUOL Lao 09 04 28 - DGS · 2018. 10. 8. · Cover page Solar Energy English REEPROMANUAL LAO KHMER REEPRO MANUAL ÂïŠ–Óì REEPRO REEPRO Promotion of the Use of Renewable

REEPROMANUALCover page Solar Energy English

LAO KHMER

REEPRO MANUAL ÂïŠ–Óì REEPRO

REEPRO Promotion of the Use of Renewable Energies in Developing Countries REPPRO

Å³Ã–âÅêÓ–ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹ÑßÖèÃ–ÃÃàÌËíÈ–ãËÌ–ÔŠàÃ–Óê–ÎßÅéÈËé–ÏíÌ–ÔïŠ–Îß–âËÈ–Ñ×Ó–ÑèÈËßÌà

Entrepreneurship for Experts and Trainers ÀàÌ–âÎèÌ–Ïï‹ÎßÀÜÍ–ÀàÌ ÅáÖèÍ–Ïï‹–ÆÞ×ÆàÌ–ãÖß–Âï–ÐëÀ

Solar Energy for Experts and Trainers

ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ –ÅáÖèÍ–Ïï‹–ÆÞ×ÆàÌ–ãÖß–Âï–ÐëÀ

Biomass Energy for Experts and Trainers ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–Æê×ß–Ó×Ì– ÅáÖèÍ–Ïï‹–ÆÞ×ÆàÌ–ãÖß–Âï–ÐëÀ

Solar Energy for Technicians and Trainers ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ ÅáÖèÍ–ÆŠàÃ–âÉèÀ–ÌéÀ–ãÖßÂï–ÐëÀ

Biomass Energy for Technicians and Trainers ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–Æê×ß–Ó×Ì ÅáÖèÍ–ÆŠàÃ–âÉèÀ–ÌéÀ–ãÖß–Âï–ÐëÀ

Entrepreneurship for Technicians and Trainers ÀàÌ–âÎèÌ–Ïï‹–ÎßÀÜÍ–ÀàÌ ÅáÖèÍ–ÆŠàÃ–âÉèÀ–ÌéÀ–ãÖß–Âï–ÐëÀ

Level 1 Expert Training manual

ÂïŠ–Óì–ÅáÖèÍÀàÌ–ÐëÀ– Ïï‹–ÆÞ×ÆàÌÖßÈèÍ 1

Level 2 Technician Training manual ÂïŠ–Óì–ÅáÖèÍÀàÌ–ÐëÀ–ÆŠàÃ–âÉèÀ–ÌéÀÖßÈèÍ 2

Book spine English LAO KHMER

REEPRO Level 1 Expert Training manualÂïŠ–Óì– RREPRO ÅáÖèÍ–ÀàÌ–ÐëÀ–Ïï‹–ÆÞ×ÆàÌ ÖßÈèÍ 1

REEPRO Level 1 Entrepreneurship Training manualÂïŠ–Óì– REEPRO ÅáÖèÍ––ÐëÀ––ÀàÌ–âÎèÌ–Ïï‹–ÎßÀÜÍ–ÀàÌ ÖßÈèÍ 1

REEPRO Level 2 Technician Training manualÂïŠ–Óì– REEPRO ÅáÖèÍ–ÀàÌ–ÐëÀ–ÆŠàÃ–âÉèÀ–ÌéÀ ÖßÈèÍ 2

SOLAR ENERGY ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ

BIOMASS ENERGY ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌÆê×ß–Ó×Ì

ENTREPRENEURSHIPÀàÌ–âÎèÌ–Ïï‹–ÎßÀÜÍ–ÀàÌ

Biomass books Biogas

ກາຊຊວະພາບ ກາຊຊວະພາບ

Rocket Stove ເຕາຮອກແກດ ເຕາຮອກແກດ

Rural Gasifier ເຄອງສງເຄາະກາຊສຳລບຊນນະບດ ເຄອງສງເຄາະກາຊສຳລບຊນນະບດ

PV books Photovoltaic

ໄຟຟາແສງຕາເວນ ໄຟຟາແສງຕາເວນ

LexSolar Experimantal kit ຊດເຄອງທດລອງ LexSolar ຊ ດເຄອງທດລອງ LexSolar

Cover page Solar Energy English

LAO KHMER




Entrepreneurship for Experts and Trainers

ÀàÌ–âÎèÌ–Ïï‹ÎßÀÜÍ–ÀàÌ ÅáÖèÍ–Ïï‹–ÆÞ×ÆàÌ–ãÖß–Âï–ÐëÀ



Biomass Energy for Experts and Trainers

ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–Æê×ß–Ó×Ì ÅáÖèÍ–Ïï‹–ÆÞ×ÆàÌ–ãÖß–Âï–ÐëÀ

Solar Energy for Technicians and Trainers

ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ ÅáÖèÍ–ÆŠàÃ–âÉèÀ–ÌéÀ–ãÖßÂï–ÐëÀ

Biomass Energy for Technicians and Trainers

ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–Æê×ß–Ó×Ì ÅáÖèÍ–ÆŠàÃ–âÉèÀ–ÌéÀ–ãÖß–Âï–ÐëÀ

Entrepreneurship for Technicians and Trainers

ÀàÌ–âÎèÌ–Ïï‹–ÎßÀÜÍ–ÀàÌ ÅáÖèÍ–ÆŠàÃ–âÉèÀ–ÌéÀ–ãÖß–Âï–ÐëÀ



ÂïŠ–Óì–ÅáÖèÍÀàÌ–ÐëÀ–

Ïï‹–ÆÞ×ÆàÌÖßÈèÍ 1Level 2 Technician Training manual

ÂïŠ–Óì–ÅáÖèÍÀàÌ–ÐëÀ– ÆŠàÃ–âÉèÀ–ÌéÀÖßÈèÍ 2


ÆŠàÃ–âÉèÀ–ÌéÀÖßÈèÍ 2

–äÂÃ–ÀàÌ REEPRO –æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ËëÌ–ÅßÙèÍÅß–ÌïÌÄàÀ–ÅßØßÑàÍ–Ôï–äÕÍ–ÑàÇåÉ‹–äÂÃ–ÀàÌ COOPENER. –âÌºÜ–åÌÁÜÃ–â×–Í–âÎ–Ä, ÀàÌ–ÑéÓ–ÄáÙŠàÇ, –ãÖß–Ü²Ìƒ –ãÓŠÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Â×àÓ–ÝèÍ–ÏéÈ–ÆÜÍ–ÁÜÃ–Ïï‹–ãÉŠÃ–

ËèÃÚíÈ. ÓèÌ–Í¡–ÅßË‹ÜÌ–âÊéÃ–Â×àÓ–ÂéÈ–âØèÌÁÜÃ–ÅßØßÑàÍ–Ôï–äÕÍ. ÅßØßÑàÍ–Ôï–äÕÍÍ¡–ÝèÍ–ÏéÈ–ÆÜÍ–É¡ËîÀ–Àç–Öß–Ìê–âÅ–ÇØàÇ–Ë¯–âÀêÈ–ÄàÀ–ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹–Á§–ÓïÌ–ÁŠà×ÅàÌÄàÀË¯–Ìi

EIE-06-256 REEPRO

Promotion of the Efficient Use of Renewable Energies in Developing Countries

äÂÃ–ÀàÌ–Å³Ã–âÅêÓ–ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹–ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–ËíÈ–ãËÌ–ÔŠàÃ–Óê–ÎßÅéÈËé–ÏíÌ– ÔïŠ–Îß–âËÈ–Ñ×Ó–ÑèÈ–ËßÌà

SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC

–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ

ÝÞÍÝÞÃäÈÇ:

ÈÕ Âá–ÑÜÌ ÌèÌËß–×íÃ, ÂßÌß–×éÅß×ßÀá–ÅàÈ, ÓßØà×éËßÇà–æÖ–ãØŠÃ–ÆàÈ

ËÜÃ–×èÌ ×é–æÖ–ÏíÌ, ÂßÌß–×éÅß×ßÀá–ÅàÈ, ÓßØà×éËßÇà–æÖ–ãØŠÃ–ÆàÈ

Photovoltaic

Promotion of the Efficient Use of Renewable Energies in Developing Countries EIE-06-256 REEPRO

1

ÅàÖß–ÍàÌ

1 ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ .....................................................................................................10

1.1 ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ–âÎèÌ–ãÌ×–åÈ? ..............................................................................10

1.2 Â×àÓ–âÚìÜÌÀèÌ–Öß–×Šà–ÃÖßÍíÍ PV –ãÖß–ÖßÍíÍ––äÉŠÃ–âÀèÍ–ÌŸ–ÐíÌ ..............................................11

1.3 ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–åÆ‹–æÒ–åÌ–ÖßÍíÍ PV ..........................................................................................13

2 ÀàÌ–æÒÒ‹à ........................................................................................................................17

2.1 ÑºÌÊàÌ–ÀàÌ–æÒÒ‹à.........................................................................................................17

2.2 ÀàÌ–×èÈ–ãËÀ–æÒÒ‹à ........................................................................................................34

3 –æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ ..............................................................................................................39

3.1 Åß–âÙê ..........................................................................................................................39

3.2 ÀàÌ–É¡–ãÆ–Ö–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ ...................................................................................................40

3.2.1 ÀàÌ–É¡–ãÆÖãÅÃÖÞÌÀèÌ...........................................................................................40

3.2.2 ÀàÌÉ¡ãÆÖãÅÃãÍÍÁßÙàÌÀèÌ ..............................................................................42

3.3 ÅªÃåÈÀßËíÍâÊéÃÀàÌÏßÖéÈæÒÁÜÃãÏŠÌÎéÌãÅÃ.................................................................44

–âÝèÈ–ãÌ×–åÈ–Äß––åØ‹–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃÏßÖéÈ–æÒ–æÈ‹–ÅïÃ–ÅîÈ ..................................................................45

3.4 ÀàÌ–ÉéÈ–É¡–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–Ë–Óê–ÂîÌ–ÖèÀÅßÌß––âÚìÜÌÀèÌ ...............................................................47

3.4.1 ÀàÌ–É¡–ãÏŠÌ–ãÍÍ–ÖÞÌ–ÀèÌ ..........................................................................................47

3.4.2 ÀàÌÉ¡ãÎŠÌÎéÌãÅÃãÍÍÁßÙàÌ ..............................................................................47

3.4.3 ÀàÌÉ¡–ãÍÍ–ÖÞÌ-ÁßÙàÌ ........................................................................................48

3.5 ÀàÌ–É¡–ãÏŠÌ–ÝèÍ–ãÅÃ–Ë–Óê–ÂîÌ–ÖèÀÅßÌß––ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ .......................................................................49

3.5.1 ÀàÌ–É¡–ãÍÍÖÞÌ .....................................................................................................49

3.5.2 ÀàÌÉ¡ÁßÙàÌ.......................................................................................................51

3.6 ÀàÌ–ÉéÈ–É´Ã–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ ..................................................................................................52

4 ÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ ...................................................................................................................53

4.1 Åß–âÙê ..........................................................................................................................53

Photovoltaic

2


4.2 ÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ–ÀàÌ–ÅàÀ .................................................................................................. 53

4.3 ÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ–ÀàÌ–ÄŠàÇ–æÒ .............................................................................................. 54

4.4 ÀàÌ–ÎßÅíÓÀàÌÂ×Í–ÂîÓ–ÀàÌ–ÅàÀ–ãÖßÀàÌ–ÄŠàÇ–æÒ–åÌÉí×–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ ......................................... 54

5 Ú§––æÒ............................................................................................................................... 56

5.1 Åß–âÙê.......................................................................................................................... 56

5.2 Ú§–æÒ–ÆìÌ ...................................................................................................................... 56

5.2.1 Ú§–æÒ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ–âÎèÌÚ§–æÒ–Ñé–âÅÈ ........................................................... 58

5.2.2 Â×àÓ–ÜàÈ–ÅàÓàÈ–ÍèÌÄî–æÒÒ‹à ................................................................................. 58

5.2.3 ÀàÌ–ÍáÖîÃ–ÝèÀÅàÚ§–æÒ ............................................................................................ 64

5.2.4 ÀàÌÎèÍÎîÃÚ§æÒ (Battery equalization) ................................................................. 65

6 ÅàÇ––æ–Ò............................................................................................................................ 66

6.1 Åß–âÙê.......................................................................................................................... 66

6.2 ÀàÌ–Ñí×ÑèÌ–ÖßØ×ŠàÃ–ÂîÌ–ÅíÓÍèÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÅàÇ–æÒ–ãÖß–ÀàÌ–ÅïÌ–âÅ–ÇÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ ................................. 66

6.3 ÆßÌéÈ–ÅàÇ–æÒ............................................................................................................... 68

6.4 ÀàÌ–âÖìÜÀ–ÅàÇ–æÒ–Ë–âÚàßÅíÓ ......................................................................................... 69

6.4.1 ÀàÌ–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–ÁßÙàÈÙ‹àÉèÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÅàÇ–æÒ ..................................................................... 70

6.4.2 ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹Éà–ÉßÖàÃÅàÇ–æÒ ................................................................................... 72

6.4.3 ÀàÌ–ÀáÌíÈÁßÙàÈ–ÅàÇ–æÒ––Ë–Óê–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌÛàÇÜèÌ–É¡–ÑŠ×ÃåÅŠÀèÌ ...................................... 74

6.4.4 ÅàÇæÒÅáÖèÍÜîÎßÀÜÌËÓêÓçâÉê............................................................................... 75

7 ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ................................................................................................................ 79

7.1 Åß–âÙê.......................................................................................................................... 79

7.2 ÈÜÀ–æÒÒ‹à ................................................................................................................... 79

7.3 Éï‹–âÔèÌ .......................................................................................................................... 80

7.4 Éï‹–ãÆŠ............................................................................................................................ 81

7.5 –âÂ²ÜÃÛéòÌ×ê–Èê–äÜ–ãÖß–ËçÖß–ËèÈ ........................................................................................... 81

Photovoltaic


3

7.6 ×éËßÇî–ãÖß–âÂ²ÜÃÛμÌÅÞÃ..................................................................................................82

7.7 ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–Ü²Ìƒ ..............................................................................................................83

8 ÀàÌ–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–ÁßÙàÈÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ ..........................................................................84

8.1 Åß–âÙê ..........................................................................................................................84

8.2 ÀàÌ–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–ÁßÙàÈ–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ ......................................................................................84

8.2.1 ÀàÌ–ÅïÌ–âÅ–ÇÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–æÒÒ‹à ...................................................................................84

8.2.2 Éí×–ÎßÀÜÍ–ÀàÌ–ÏßÖéÈ–æÒ–ÁÜÃ–ãÎŠ–Ì ..........................................................................85

8.2.3 ÀàÌ–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–ÁßÙàÈ –ãÏŠÌ PV ..................................................................................88

8.3 ÀàÌ–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–ÁßÙàÈÚ§–æÒ ................................................................................................89

8.4 ÀàÌ–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–ÁßÙàÈÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ.....................................................................................92

8.5 ÀàÌ–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–ÁßÙàÈÅàÇ–æÒ .............................................................................................93

8.6 ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹ ÜéÌ–â×èÀ–âÉê .....................................................................................................94

9 ÀàÌ–ÉéÈ–É´ÃÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ ......................................................................................96

9.1 ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹–âÂ²ÜÃ–Óì ..........................................................................................................96

9.2 ÀàÌ–ÉéÈ–É´Ã–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ ..................................................................................................96

9.3 ÀàÌ–ÉéÈ–É´ÃÅàÇ–æÒ .........................................................................................................97

9.4 ÀàÌ–ÉéÈ–É´ÃÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ.................................................................................................99

9.5 ÀàÌ–ÉéÈ–É´ÃÚ§–æÒ ..........................................................................................................100

10 ÀàÌ–ÍáÖîÃ–ÝèÀÅà–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ ............................................................................102

10.1 Åß–âÙê ........................................................................................................................102

10.2 Â×Ì–âÝèÈ–ØÇèÃ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÍáÖîÃ–ÝèÀÅàÎßÄá? ........................................................................102

10.3 ÛèÀÀàÌ–ÅáÖèÍ–ÀàÌ–ÍáÖîÃ–ÝèÀÅà ......................................................................................102

10.4 ÀàÌ–ÍèÌËëÀ–ÏíÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–ÍáÖîÃ–ÝèÀÅà ...............................................................................105

11 ÀàÌãÀ‹ÍèÌØàãÖßÅ‹ÜÓãÎÃåÌÖßÍíÍæÒÒ‹àãÅÃÉàâ×èÌ .......................................................106

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11.1 ÅßâÙê........................................................................................................................ 106

11.2 Îß–âÑÈ–ÀàÌ–ÍíÀ–ÏŠÜÃ–åÌ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ ............................................................... 106

11.2.1 ÀàÌ–ÍíÀ–ÏŠÜÃ–Îß–âÑÈ 1: ÖßÍíÍ–ÔîÈ–Ëá–ÃàÌ–ËèÃÚíÈ....................................................... 106

11.2.2 ÀàÌ–ÍíÀ–ÏŠÜÃ–Îß–âÑÈ 2: ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ–ÄáÌ×ÌÙ±ÃËá–ÃàÌ –ãÉŠ–ÜêÀ–ÄáÌ×Ì–Ü²ÌÍ¡............ 109

11.2.3 ÀàÌ–ÍíÀ–ÏŠÜÃ–Îß–âÑÈ 3: ÖßÍíÍ–Ëá–ÃàÌ–ãÉŠ–åÆ‹–æÒÚíÈ–æ×–âÀêÌ–æÎ– .................................... 110

–âÜÀÅàÌ–Æ‹ÜÌ–Ë‹àÇ .................................................................................................................. 114

Éà–ÉßÖàÃ–åÌ Excel ................................................................................................................ 120

PV system sizing.xls–âÜÀß–ÅàÌ–Ü‹àÃ–Üê–Ã ................................................................................... 120

–âÜÀß–ÅàÌ–Ü‹àÃ–Üê–Ã .................................................................................................................... 120

Photovoltaic


5

ÖàÇ–ÀàÌ–ÝïÍ

ÝïÍ 1: ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ (ÈèÈ–Óà–ÄàÀÂïŠ–ÓìÁÜÃ UNESCO) ...............................................10

ÝïÍ 2: ÖßÍíÍ PV –ãÖß–äÉŠÃ–ÌŸ–ÐíÌ ÓêÛàÇÔŠàÃ–âÚìÜÌÀèÌ (ÂïŠ–ÓìÁÜÃ UNESCO)..............................11

ÝïÍ 3: Â×àÓ–âÚìÜÌÀèÌ–ÖßØ×ŠàÃ–ÖßÍíÍ PV –ãÖß–ÖßÍíÍ–äÉŠÃ––âÀèÍÌŸ–ÐíÌ (UNESCO manual) ........12

ÝïÍ 4: ÛèÀÀàÌ–Ë³×–æÎ–ÁÜÃ–ÖßÍíÍ PV –ãÖß–ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹ (Source: Florida ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ center).........13

ÝïÍ 5: ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–Áß–ÌàÈ–Ì‹ÜÇ .............................................................................13

ÝïÍ 6: ÖßÍíÍæÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÅáÖèÍ–ÂÜÍ–Âí× (SHS) ÔïŠ–âÁÈ–ÌÜÀ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à.............................14

ÝïÍ 7: ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃÉà–â×èÌ ÅßÙÜÃÀáÖèÃ–æÒ––ÅáÖèÍâÈêÌ–âÝìÜ ......................................................14

ÝïÍ 8: ÖßÍíÍ PV ÅáÖèÍ–æÒ–âÇìÜÃ–ÊßÙíÌ.................................................................................15

ÝïÍ 9: ÅßÊàÌê–ÅàÀÚ§–æÒ –äÈÇ–ÖßÍíÍ PV (RETscreen.net) ....................................................15

ÝïÍ 10: ÖßÍíÍ–ÅïÍ–ÌŸ–È‹×Ç–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ (RETscreen.net) ..................................................16

ÝïÍ 11: ÖßÍíÍ– PV Ë–Óê–ÉàÁŠàÇ––æÒÒ‹à AC ÁßÙàÈÌ‹ÜÇ (RETscreen.net) ..................................16

ÝïÍ 12: ÖßÍíÍ PV –âÆ²ÜÓ–É¡À–èÍ–Éà–ÁŠàÇ–æÒÒ‹àÛ×Ã.......................................................................16

ÝïÍ 13: Â×àÓâÚìÜÌÀèÌÖßØ×ŠàÃãÝÃÈèÌÌŸãÖßãÝÃÈèÌæÒÒ‹à ...................................................17

ÝïÍ 14: Àß–ãÅ–æÒÒ‹à–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÅàÇ–Ìá–æÒÒ‹à ....................................................................................18

ÝïÍ 15: ÅàÇÔàÃ–Çà×–ÀŠ×à Ûì –Ë–ÓêÙ‹àÉèÈÌ‹ÜÇÀŠ×à Äß–Óê–Â×àÓ–É‹àÌ–ÅïÃ–ÀŠ×à (UNESCO Manual) .....19

ÝïÍ 16: –Ë¡–ÌŸÛì–ÅàÇ–æÒË–Óê–Áß–ÌàÈ–ØÌ‹à–ÉèÈ–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ À¡–Äß–Óê–Â×àÓ–É‹àÌ–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ ..................................20

ÝïÍ 17: ÀáÖèÃÁ¹ÌÀèÍÜèÈÉàæÛ (UNESCO manual) .................................................................22

ÝïÍ 18: ÈÜÀ–æÒ–Î‹ÜÓ–Óê–ÀáÖèÃ–æÒ–ÅïÃ–ÀŠ×àÛÜÈ–æÒ–âÌ–ÜÜÌ..............................................................22

ÝïÍ 19: Éí×–ÔŠàÃÀàÌ–ÆíÓ–åÆ‹–ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ .......................................................................................26

ÝïÍ 20: Éí×–ÔŠàÃ ÀàÌ–ÆíÓ–åÆ‹–ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌÁÜÃ–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ (UNESCO manual).........................27

Photovoltaic

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ÝïÍ 21: Ú§–æÒ–ÅÜÃ–ØÌŠ×ÇÊìÀ–É¡–ÖÞÌ–ÀèÌ...................................................................................... 30

ÝïÍ 22: Ú§–æÒ–ÅÜÃÙŠ×ÇÊìÀ–É¡–ÁßÙàÌÀèÌ.................................................................................. 30

ÝïÍ 23: Éí×–ÔŠàÃ×íÃ–ÄÜÌ–æÒÒ‹à ................................................................................................. 31

ÝïÍ 24 Àß–ãÅ–ÀíÃ [www.cipco.apogee.net]................................................................................ 33

ÝïÍ 25: âÂìÜ–ÁŠàÇ–ãÄÀ–ÄŠàÇ–æÒÒ‹à–Àß–ãÅ–Åß–ÖèÍ (ÈèÈ–Óà–ÄàÀÎºÓ UNESCO) ................................... 33

ÝïÍ 26: –âÂ²ÜÃ–×èÈ–Üß–âÌÀÎßÅíÃ–ÆßÌéÈ–ÉŠàÃƒ............................................................................... 35

ÝïÍ 27: ×ß–Ëê–×èÈ–ãËÀ–Àß–ãÅ–æÒÈ‹×Ç–âÂ²ÜÃ–×èÈ–Üß–âÌÀÎßÅíÃ ......................................................... 35

ÝïÍ 28: ×éËê–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–Àß–ãÅ–æÒ–åÌ–×íÃ–ÄÜÌ–ÀàÌ–É¡–ãÍÍ–ÖÞÌ–ãÖß–ÁßÙàÌ ............................................. 35

ÝïÍ 29: ×éËê–×èÈ–ãËÀ–ãÝÃÈèÌ–æÒÒ‹à ........................................................................................... 36

ÝïÍ 30: ×éËêÂéÈ–æÖŠ–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌÁÜÃ–×íÃ–ÄÜÌ–É¡–ÖÞÌ–ãÖß–ÁßÙàÌ........................................................... 36

ÝïÍ 31: ÀàÌ–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–ÂŠà–Â×àÓ–É‹àÌ–åÌ–×íÃ–ÄÜÌ–É¡–ÖÞÌ–ãÖß–ÁßÙàÌ................................................... 38

ÝïÍ 32: –ãÆ–Ö–ãÅÃ–ÂéÕÆß–ÉèÌ (DGS manual) ............................................................................ 39

ÝïÍ 33: –ãÆ–Ö–ãÅÃ, –ãÏŠÌ –ãÖß–ÆîÈ–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ (RETscreen.net) ............................................... 40

ÝïÍ 34: ÀàÌ–É¡–ãÆ–Ö–ãÅÃ 3 ÜèÌ–ãÍÍ–ÖÞÌ (LeXsolar kit) ............................................................. 41

ÝïÍ 35: ÀàÌ×èÈãËÀãÝÃÈèÌÖ×ÓÁÜÃãÆÖãÅÃ ËÉ¡ÖÞÌÀèÌ (leXsolar kit) .................................. 41

ÝïÍ 36: ÀàÌ×èÈãËÀÀßãÅåÌÀàÌÉ¡ãÆÖãÅÃÖÞÌÀèÌ (leXsolar kit) .......................................... 42

ÝïÍ 37: ÀàÌÉ¡ãÆÖãÅÃãÍÍÁßÙàÌÀèÌ (LeXsolar kit) ........................................................... 43

ÝïÍ 38: ÀàÌ–×èÈ–ãËÀ–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÁÜÃ–ãÆ–ÖË–É¡–ÁßÙàÌÀèÌ (leXsolar kit)........................................... 43

ÝïÍ 39: ÀàÌÉ¡ãÆÖãÅÃãÍÍÁßÙàÌÀèÌ (leXsolar kit)............................................................. 44

ÝïÍ 40: ÏíÌ–ÀßËíÍ–ÄàÀ–âÌºÜË––ãÏŠÌÝèÍ–ãÅÃ................................................................................. 44

ÝïÍ 41: ÏíÌ–ÀßËíÍ–ÄàÀ–Â×àÓ–âÁÓÁÜÃ–ãÅÃ ............................................................................... 45

Photovoltaic


7

ÝïÍ 42: ËŠà–É´ÃÁÜÃ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÎŠÞÌ–ãÎÃ–æÎ–ÉàÓ–ÖßÈï–ÀàÌ (source: DGS guide).................................46

ÝïÍ 43: ÀàÌ–É¡–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–ãÍÍ–ÖÞÌ–ãÖß–ÁßÙàÌÀèÌ................................................................48

ÝïÍ 44: ÀàÌ–É¡–ÎßÅíÓ–ãÍÍ–ÖÞÌ-ÁßÙàÌ ...................................................................................49

ÝïÍ 45: –ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–Ö×Ó–åÌÀàÌ–É¡––ãÆ–Ö–ãÅÃ–Ë–Óê–ÂîÌ–ÖèÀÅßÌß–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ (leXsolar kit) ......................50

ÝïÍ 46: ÀßãÅæÒÖ×ÓÁÜÃÀàÌÉ¡ÖÞÌãÆÖãÅÃËÓêÖèÀÅßÌßÉŠàÃÀèÌ (leXsolar kit) .......................50

ÝïÍ 47: Àß–ãÅ–æÒÖ×ÓÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–É¡–ÁßÙàÌãÆ–Ö–ãÅÃ–Ë–Óê–ÖèÀÅßÌß–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ (leXsolar kit) .................51

ÝïÍ 48: ÀàÌ–ÄèÍÔëÈ–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–É‹ÜÃ–åÆ‹–ÌŒÜÈÛìÉßÎï–ÀÞ×–Æß–âÉèÌ–âÖÈË–ËíÌËàÌÉ¡–ÀàÌ–âÁ¿àÚ‹ÞÃ–ãÖß–

ÊÜÌÛíÓ (ÈèÈ–Óà–ÄàÀ UNESCO manual) .................................................................52

ÝïÍ 49: ÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ–ÀàÌ–ÅàÀ–æÒ –ãÖß–ÄŠàÇ–æÒ (ÈèÈ–Óà–ÄàÀ UNESCO manual).........................53

ÝïÍ 50: ÀàÌ–ÎßÅíÓÂ×Í–ÂîÓ–ÀàÌ–ÅàÀ-ÄŠàÇ–æÒ–åÌ–Éí×–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ– (ÈèÈ–Óà–ÄàÀ UNESCO manual) ........54

ÝïÍ 51: –æÒ–ÅèÌÇàÌ LED ÁÜÃ–ÌŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ Phocos Í³Ã–ÍÜÀ–âÊéÃ–ÅßÑàÍÉŠàÃƒ–ÁÜÃÚ§–æÒ...............55

ÝïÍ 52: ØÓ§–æÒÜà–ÆéÈ-ÆìÌ ÆßÌéÈ–ÎÞÀ–âÎêÈËá–Óß–Èà (a) –ãÖß–ÎéÈ–ãÄÍ (b).......................................56

ÝïÍ 53: Ú§–æÒ–Ë–ÎßÀÜÍ–ÄàÀ–ãÆ–Ö–ãÇÀÈŠÞ× (ÈèÈ–Óà–ÄàÀ UNESCO manual) ................................57

ÝïÍ 54: ÀàÌ–À×È–ÀàÖß–ÈèÍ–ÌŸ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÊèÃ (ÈèÈ–Óà–ÄàÀ UNESCO manual) ......................................61

ÝïÍ 55: ÀàÌ–À×È–ÅÜÍ–Â×àÓ–âÁÓÁÜÃ–Üà–ÆéÈÈ‹×Ç –âÂ²ÜÃ–×èÈ–Â×àÓÙà–ãÙ‹ÌÁÜÃÌŸ .........................62

ÝïÍ 56: ÆßÌéÈ–Éí×–Ìá–æÒ (UNESCO manual)..........................................................................68

ÝïÍ 57: ÅàÇ–ãÀŒÍ–âÍê–Ö Ë–Óê–ÅàÇ–æÒ–ÂïŠ (ÈèÈ–Óà–ÄàÀ UNESCO manual) .........................................69

ÝïÍ 58: Éí×–ÔŠàÃ×íÃ–ÄÜÌ–ÃŠàÇƒ ..................................................................................................71

ÝïÍ 59: ËàÃ–âÈêÌÅàÇ–æÒ–Éí×–ÄéÃ (ÈèÈ–Óà–ÄàÀ UNESCO manual) ................................................72

ÝïÍ 60: ÀàÌ–É¡–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÅàÇ–ÜèÌ–ÖÞÌ–ÑŠ×Ã–åÅŠ–ÅàÇ–æÒ–ÈÞ×ÀèÌ (ÈèÈ–Óà–ÄàÀ UNESCO manual) ........74

ÝïÍ 61: ÈÜÀ–æÒ–ÁíÈÖ×È (a) –ãÖß–ÈÜÀ–ÌêÜÜÌ (b)......................................................................79

Photovoltaic

8


ÝïÍ 62: ×éËê–ÀàÌ–ÉéÈ–É´ÃÈÜÀ–æÒ–Ë–âÚàßÅíÓ–ÀèÍ–Â×àÓ–É‹ÜÃÀàÌ–ãÅÃ–ÅßØ×ŠàÃ ................................... 80

ÝïÍ 63: ÀáÖèÃ–æÒ–ÁÜÃ–Éï‹–âÔèÌ–ÛàÇÀŠ×àÈ–ÜÀ–æÒÛàÇ–âË²Ü............................................................... 81

ÝïÍ 64: Éï‹–ãÆŠ (Freezer) ........................................................................................................ 81

ÝïÍ 65: ËçÖß–ËèÈ ................................................................................................................... 82

ÝïÍ 66: ×éËßÇî–ãÖß–Åß–âÉÕê–äÜ ................................................................................................ 82

ÝïÍ 67: ÑèÈ–ÖíÓ ..................................................................................................................... 83

ÝïÍ 68: ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à PV Ë–åÆ‹ converter............................................................................... 95

ÝïÍ 69: –âÂ²ÜÃ Inverter Óì–Êì (200 W) ...................................................................................... 95

ÝïÍ 70: ÀàÌ–É¡–ÅàÇ–åÌ–Ë–åÆ‹–ÀèÌ–åÌ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒ AC Í¡–ÅàÓàÈ–åÆ‹–ÃàÌ–åÌ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ–æÈ‹ (ÈèÈ–

Óà–ÄàÀ UNESCO manual) ................................................................................... 98

ÝïÍ 71: Á§–É¡–ÆßÌéÈ–ÀÞ×–ØèÌ–åÆ‹–ÃàÌ–æÈ‹–Èê–ÀŠ×à–ÅáÖèÍ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ ..................................... 98

ÝïÍ 72: ÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ–ÁÜÃ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÅáÖèÍ––Âí×–âÝìÜÌ.............................................. 99

ÝïÍ 73: ÀàÌ–É¡Ú‹§–æÒË–ÏéÈ–ÑàÈ............................................................................................... 100

ÝïÍ 74: Á´×ÌÉ¡Ú§–æÒ–Ë–åÆ‹–––ÀèÌãÏŠÛàÇ–åÌ–ÖíÈ–ÇíÌ ........................................................................ 100

ÝïÍ 75: ÍèÌØà Ë–âÀêÈ–ÀèÍ–ãÏŠÌ–ÝèÍãÅÃ .................................................................................... 103

ÝïÍ 76: ÀàÌ–ÉéÈ–É´ÃË–ÏéÈ–ÑàÈ–ãÖß–ÀàÌ–ÁàÈ–ÀàÌ–ÍáÖîÃ–ÝèÀÅà (ÄàÀ–ÀàÌ–ÅáÛ×È–äÈÇ REEPRO) ... 103

ÝïÍ 77: ÀàÌ–É¡–ÅàÇ–æÒ––ãÖß––ÉéÈ–É´ÃÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–Ë–ÏéÈ–ÑàÈ............................................................... 104

ÝïÍ 78: ÀàÌ–ÉéÈ–É¡––ãÖß–ÀàÌ–ÍáÖîÃ–ÝèÀÅà–Í¡–ÊìÀ–×éËê ...................................................................... 105

ÝïÍ 79: ÀàÌ–ÍèÌËëÀÏíÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–ÍáÃÖîÃ–ÝèÀ–Óê–Â×àÓ–ÅáÂèÌ ......................................................... 105

Photovoltaic


9

ÖàÇ–ÀàÌ–Éà–ÉßÖàÃ

Éà–ÉßÖàÃ 1: ÅŠ×Ì–ÎßÀÜÍ–É¿Ì–Éç–ÁÜÃ–ÖßÍíÍ–äÉŠÃ–âÀèÍ–ÌŸ–ÐíÌ–ãÖß–ÖßÍíÍ PV (UNESCO manual) .........12

Éà–ÉßÖàÃ 2: ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–æÒÒ‹à–Ë–âÂêÇ–ÑíÍ–åÌ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ –ãÖß–ÅèÌÇà–ÖèÀ .............................29

Éà–ÉßÖàÃ 3: Éí×ÔŠàÃÀàÌÌáåÆ‹Éà–ÉßÖàÃÅàÇ–æÒ–ÓàÈ–ÉßÊàÌ–, –ÖßÍíÍ–æÒ 12 V (–âÜÀß–ÅàÌ–Æ‹ÜÌ–Ë‹àÇ

2) 72

Éà–ÉßÖàÃ 4: ×éËêÀá–ÌíÈ–Â×àÓ–Çà×–ÅàÇ–æÒ–Çà×–ÅîÈ–äÈÇ–åØò–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÉíÀ–âÝŠ–ÇÔïŠ–åÌ–ÁÜÍ–âÁÈÜßÌîÇàÈ– ........73

Éà–ÉßÖàÃ 5: Àç–Öß–ÌêÉ¡–ÑŠ×Ã–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ–ÛàÇÜèÌåÅŠ–ÅàÇ–æÒ–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ ..............................................75

ÉàÉßÖàÃ 6: ÀàÌÀáÌíÈÅàÇæÒÅáÖèÍÜîÎßÀÜÌËÓêÓçâÉê ................................................................76

Éà–ÉßÖàÃ 7: ÎßÅéÈËéÑàÍ–ÁÜÃ–ãÏŠÌ PV (Dolbelman, 2007).......................................................86

Éà–ÉßÖàÃ 8: ÀàÌ–ÌéÇàÓ–âÁÈ–ÑïÓ–ÜàÀàÈ–ãÖß–ÂŠà PGF (UNESCO manual 2001)...........................87

Éà–ÉßÖàÃ 9: Ø‹à–Á´ÌÉÜÌ–åÌ–Áß–Í×ÌÀàÌ–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–ÁßÙàÈ PV (ÈèÈ–Óà–ÄàÀ UNESCO 2001) ...............88

Éà–ÉßÖàÃ 10: Å¯Á´ÌÉÜÌ –åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–ÁßÙàÈÁÜÃÚ§–æÒ (UNESCO 2001) ...............................90

Éà–ÉßÖàÃ 11: –âÂ²ÜÃ–Óì–ÅáÂèÌ–ÅáÖèÍ–ÃàÌ–ÉéÈ–ÉèÃ–ÖßÍíÍæÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ ...........................................96

ÖàÇ–Æ²ÜèÀÅÜÌ–ØÇ§

AC –æÒÒ‹à–Àß–ãÅ–Åß–ÖèÍ Alternating current

DC –æÒÒ‹à–Àß–ãÅ–ÀíÃ Direct current

PGF Éí×–ÎßÀÜÍ–ÀàÌ–ÏßÖéÈ–æÒ–ÁÜÃ–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ Panel Generation factor

PV –æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ Photovoltaic

RE ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–ËËíÈ–ãËÌÂì–ÌÓà–âÜÃ–æÈ–ò Renewable energy

SHS ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–É–à–â×èÌ–ÅáÖèÍ–Âí×–âÝìÜÌ Solar Home System

SOC ÅßÑàÍ–ÀàÌ–ÍèÌÄî–æÒ State of Charge

Photovoltaic

10


1 ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ

1.1 ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ–âÎèÌ–ãÌ×–åÈ?

ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ ÎŠÞÌ––ãÅÃ–Åß Ø×ŠàÃ–âÎèÌ–æÒÒ‹à. ÀàÌ–ÎŠÞÌ–ãÎÃ–Ì¸–âÎèÌ–æÎ–æÈ‹–Ç‹ÜÌ–ÀàÌ–åÆ‹–

ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ. –âÌ²ÜÃ–ÄàÀ–×Šà––åÌ–ÍíÈ–Ìòê–âÝíà–Äß–æÈ‹–åÆ‹ Âá–×Šà –æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ ÔïŠ–âÖºÜÇƒ ÅßÌÌ Ä±Ã–âÜÌ ÅÌƒ–

×Šà PV Æ±ÃØÇ§Óà–ÄàÀÂá–×Šà photovoltaic (ÝïÍ 1 ).

–ãÅÃ–ÅßØ×ŠàÃ Ë–ÉíÀÖíÃ––âÊéÃ–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ ÊìÀ–ØèÌ–ÎŠÞÌ–âÎèÌ–ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–æÒÒ‹à, Ç‹ÜÌ–È¨Ã–Ì´Ì, –âÓ²Ü–Óê–ãÅÃ–

ÉíÀÖíÃ–åÅŠÎéÌ–ãÅÃÛàÇ À¡–Äß–ÏßÖéÈ–ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–æÈ‹ÛàÇÁ¹Ì. –ãÅÃ–ÅßØ×ŠàÃ–ÄàÀ–Éà–â×èÌÎŠÞÌ–ãÎÃ–æÎ–ÉàÓ–ÖßÈï–

ÀàÌ–åÌ–Îê –ãÖß–ÇèÃ–Á¹ÌÀèÍ–âÃ²ÜÌ–æÁ–ÈéÌ–Ò‹à–ÜàÀàÈ–Ìá–ÜêÀ. –âÓ²Ü–åÈ–ÐíÌ–ÉíÀ, –ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÉíÀ–åÅŠ––ãÏŠÌÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–

ÄßÙ‹ÜÇ, ÅßÌÌ, ÀàÌ–ÏßÖéÈ–æÒÒ‹à–À¡Ù‹ÜÇÖíÃ–âÆÌ–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ.

ÝïÍ 1: ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ (ÈèÈ–Óà–ÄàÀÂïŠ–ÓìÁÜÃ UNESCO)

––åÌ–ÓºÐíÌ–ÉíÀ, –æÒÒ‹à–ÏßÖéÈ–æÈ‹–À¡Ù‹ÜÇ. –åÌ–ÉÜÌ–Âœ–Âì–Ì Àß–ËòèÃÑàÇ–åÉ‹–ãÅÃ–âÈìÜÌ–ãÄ‹Ã–ÅßØ×ŠàÃ Í¡–

ÅàÓàÈ–ÏßÖéÈ–æÒÒ‹à. –ãÉŠ–âÌ²ÜÃ–ÄàÀ–×Šà ÅŠ×ÌÛàÇ–âÝíà–É‹ÜÃÀàÌ–æÒÒ‹à–åÌ–ÉÜÌ–Âœ, Åß–ÌèòÌ–æÒÒ‹à–Ë–ÏßÖéÈ––

æÈ‹åÌ–ÉÜÌ–Å×àÇ Ä±Ã–ÊìÀ–âÀèÍ–Ë‹ÜÌ–æ×‹–åÌ–ØÓ§–æÒ. –åÌ–ÉÜÌ–Âœ –æÒÒ‹à–Äß–ÊìÀ–Ìá–ÜÜÀ–Óà–åÆ‹ ÅáÖèÍ–ÈÜÀ–æÒ–ãÅÃ–

ÅßØ×ŠàÃ, ÒèÃ–×éËßÇî Ûì ËçÖß–ËèÈ.

Photovoltaic


11

1.2 Â×àÓ–âÚìÜÌÀèÌ–Öß–×Šà–ÃÖßÍíÍ PV –ãÖß–ÖßÍíÍ––äÉŠÃ–âÀèÍ–ÌŸ–ÐíÌ

–æÒÒ‹à––ãÖŠÌ–æÎ–ÉàÓ–ÅàÇ–æÒ ––âÚìÜÌÀèÌ–ÀèÍÌŸ Ë–æÛ–æÎÉàÓ–Ë¡. ÅßÌÌ ÀàÌ–ÎÞÍ–ËÞÍ–ÀèÌ–ÀèÍ–ÖßÍíÍ––

äÉŠÃ–âÀèÍ–ÌŸ–ÐíÌ–Äß–ÆŠ×Ç–åØ‹–âÝíà–âÁ¿à–åÄ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ–æÈ‹–ÃŠàÇ–Á¹Ì.

ÝïÍ 2: ÖßÍíÍ PV –ãÖß–äÉŠÃ–ÌŸ–ÐíÌ ÓêÛàÇÔŠàÃ–âÚìÜÌÀèÌ (ÂïŠ–ÓìÁÜÃ UNESCO)

ÎßÖéÓàÌ–ÌŸ–ÐíÌ–Ë–äÉŠÃ–æÈ‹–Äß–Á¹ÌÀèÍ–âÃ²ÜÌ–æÁ–ÈéÌ–Ò‹à–ÜàÀàÈ. ÍàÃÓº––ÐíÌ–ÉíÀ–ãÝÃ––ãÉŠ–Àç–Óê–ÍàÃ–Óº ÐíÌÍ¡–

ÉíÀ–âÖêÇ ÅßÌÌ ÍàÃ–ÓºÄ±Ã–äÉŠÃ–ÌŸ–æÈ‹ÛàÇ –ãÖß–ÍàÃ–ÓºÀ¡––äÉŠÃ–Í¡–æÈ‹. –åÌ–ËáÌÜÃ–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ, ÎßÖéÓàÌ–æÒÒ‹à–Ë–ÏßÖéÈ–

Á¹Ì–äÈÇ–ãÏŠÌÎéÌ–ãÅÃÀ¡–ÎŠÞÌ–ãÎÃ–æÎ–ÉàÓ–âÃ²ÜÌ–æÁ–ÈéÌ–Ò‹à–ÜàÀàÈ. Óº–åÈ–ãÅÃ–ãÈÈ––Èê À¡–ÜàÈ–Äß–ÏßÖéÈ–æÒÒ‹à–

æÈ‹ÛàÇ–ãÖß–åÌ–ÓºÒ‹à–ÍíÈ Ûì Óê–ãÈÈÅŠÜÃ–ÖíÃ–ÓàÙ‹ÜÇ, À¡ÏßÖéÈ–æÒÒ‹à–æÈ‹Ù‹ÜÇ. ÍàÃ–ÇàÓ–Óê–ÐíÌ–ÉíÀ–ãÀŠ–

Çà×ÛàÇÓº, –ãÉŠ–ÍàÃ–ÇàÓ–À¡–Óê–ãÈÈ–ÈêÛàÇÓº–âÆÌ–ÀèÌ. ÅßÌÌ –âØèÌ–×Šà ÏíÌ–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ÁÜÃ–ËèÃ–ÅÜÃ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–

Éà–â×èÌ–ãÖß–ÖßÍíÍ–äÉŠÃ–âÀèÍ–ÌŸ–ÐíÌ –ãÓŠÌ–âÚìÜÌÀèÌ Âì Á¹ÌÀèÍ ÖèÀÅßÌß–ÀàÌ–ÎŠÞÌ–ãÎÃ–ÁÜÃ–ÈéÌ–Ò‹à–ÜàÀàÈ.

ÌÜÀ–ÄàÀ–ÖßÍíÍËèÃ–ÅÜÃÓê–Îß–ÀíÈ–ÀàÌ–âÚìÜÌÀèÌ –ãÉŠ–Ñ×À–ÓèÌÀç–ÇèÃ–Óê–ÅŠ×Ì–ÎßÀÜÍ–âÚìÜÌÀèÌ–

ÜêÀÈ‹×Ç, ÈÃ–Åß–ãÈÃ–åÌ–Éà–ÉßÖàÃ 1 –ãÖß ÝïÍ 3.

Photovoltaic

12


Éà–ÉßÖàÃ 1: ÅŠ×Ì–ÎßÀÜÍ–É¿Ì–Éç–ÁÜÃ–ÖßÍíÍ–äÉŠÃ–âÀèÍ–ÌŸ–ÐíÌ–ãÖß–ÖßÍíÍ PV (UNESCO manual)

ÖßÍíÍ–äÉŠÃ–âÀèÍ–ÌŸ–ÐíÌ ÖßÍíÍ PV

–ãÛŠÃ Source ÐíÌ –ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ

––ÀàÌ–âÀèÍäÉ–ñÃ– Collection –äÈÇÛèÃÂà ––äÈÇãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ

ÀàÌ–Â×Í–ÂîÓ Control ×à× (Îß–Éï–ÌŸ) ØÌŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ

ÀàÌ–ÀèÍ–Ë‹ÜÌ Storage ÊèÃ–ÌŸ Ú§–æÒ

ÀàÌ–ÁíÌ–Å³Ã Transport Ë¡–ÌŸ ÅàÇ–æÒ

ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹ Use ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–åÆ‹–ÌŸ ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ––åÆ‹–æÒ

ÝïÍ 3: Â×àÓ–âÚìÜÌÀèÌ–ÖßØ×ŠàÃ–ÖßÍíÍ PV –ãÖß–ÖßÍíÍ–äÉŠÃ––âÀèÍÌŸ–ÐíÌ (UNESCO manual)

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1.3 ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–åÆ‹–æÒ–åÌ–ÖßÍíÍ PV

–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ PV –æÈ‹–ÊìÀ–Ìá–åÆ‹––ÔïŠåÌÛàÇÁíÃ–âÁÈ–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ, ÌèÍ–ãÉŠ–âÂ²ÜÃ–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–âÖÀ–åÆ‹–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–Ì‹ÜÇ–

ÅîÈ ÄíÌ–âÊéÃ–ÖßÍíÍ–åØÇŠ ËÓê–ÀáÖèÃ–æÒÉéÈ–É´ÃÌèÍ–âÎèÌÛàÇ–âÓ–Àà–×è×È.

–åÌ–ÍàÃ–Àç–Öß–Ìê ÖßÍíÍ PV ÅßÙÜÃ––ãÅÃ–ÅßØ×ŠàÃ–åØ‹–ãÀŠ–ÜàÂàÌ–ËîÖß–ÀéÈ, –æÒ–âÇìÜÃ–ËàÃ, –ãÅÃ–

ÅßØ×ŠàÃ–åØ‹–ãÀŠÂÜÍ–Âí×–ãÖß–ÆîÓ–ÆíÌ–ÔïŠ–ÆíÌÌßÍíÈ, ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÍèÌ–âËê–ÃÁßÙàÈÌ‹ÜÇ, –ãÅÃ–ÅßØ×ŠàÃ ãÖß–Éï‹–ãÆŠ–

Ôà–×èÀ–Æê–ÌÅáÖèÍÅîÀÅàÖà, –ãÖß–Ü²Ìƒ. ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹àÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÅàÓàÈ–Åß ÙÜÃ–æÒÒ‹à–ÔŠàÃ–âÜÀß–ÖàÈ–

ÄàÀ–ÖßÍíÍ–Éà–ÁŠàÇ–æÒÒ‹àÁÜÃ–ÍçÖéÅèÈ–ÍçÖéÀàÌ–æÒÒ‹à –ãÖß–ÇèÃ–ÆŠ×Ç–âÎèÌ–æÒ Åá–ÝÜÃ–æ×‹ –åÌÀç–Öß–Ìê–æÒ–Éà–ÁŠàÇÉéÈ–

ÁèÈ. ÖßÍíÍ PV ÜàÀÊìÀ–åÆ‹–ÔŠàÃ–Âî‹Ó–ÂŠà ÅáÖèÍ–âÁÈ–ÆíÌÌßÍíÈ ÑïÈ–ÜÇ Ûì– âÁÈ–ØŠàÃ–æÀ Æ±Ã–ÀàÌ–ÁßØÇàÇ–Éà–ÁŠàÇ–

æÒÒ‹à–æÎ–âÊéÃ–Ì´Ì–Óê–ÉíÌ–ËëÌ–ÅïÃ –ãÖßÜàÈÍ¡–Âî‹Ó–ÂŠà.

ÝïÍ 4: ÛèÀÀàÌ–Ë³×–æÎ–ÁÜÃ–ÖßÍíÍ PV –ãÖß–ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹ (Source: Florida ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ center)

ÝïÍ 5: ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–Áß–ÌàÈ–Ì‹ÜÇ

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ÝïÍ 6: ÖßÍíÍæÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÅáÖèÍ–ÂÜÍ–Âí× (SHS) ÔïŠ–âÁÈ–ÌÜÀ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à

ÝïÍ 7: ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃÉà–â×èÌ ÅßÙÜÃÀáÖèÃ–æÒ––ÅáÖèÍâÈêÌ–âÝìÜ

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ÝïÍ 8: ÖßÍíÍ PV ÅáÖèÍ–æÒ–âÇìÜÃ–ÊßÙíÌ

ÝïÍ 9: ÅßÊàÌê–ÅàÀÚ§–æÒ –äÈÇ–ÖßÍíÍ PV (RETscreen.net)

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ÝïÍ 10: ÖßÍíÍ–ÅïÍ–ÌŸ–È‹×Ç–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ (RETscreen.net)

ÝïÍ 11: ÖßÍíÍ– PV Ë¯–Óê–ÉàÁŠàÇ––æÒÒ‹à AC ÁßÙàÈÌ‹ÜÇ (RETscreen.net)

= ~= ~= ~

ÝïÍ 12: ÖßÍíÍ PV –âÆ²ÜÓ–É¡À–èÍ–Éà–ÁŠàÇ–æÒÒ‹àÛ×Ã

Photovoltaic


17

2 ÀàÌ–æÒÒ‹à

2.1 ÑºÌÊàÌ–ÀàÌ–æÒÒ‹à

ÖßÍíÍË¡–ÌŸ–ãÖß–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ ÇèÃ–âÚìÜÌÀèÌ–åÌ–È‹àÌ–×éËê–ÀàÌ–åÆ‹–ÃàÌ–Ìá–ÜêÀ. Âá–×Šà

Â×àÓ–ÈèÌ, ÜèÈÉà–ÀàÌ–æÛ, ÍçÖé–ÓàÈ, Â×àÓ–É‹àÌ–ËàÌ–ÀàÌ–æÛ, ÀáÖèÃ –ãÖß–ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ À¡–Ö‹×Ì–ãÖ‹×–ãÉŠ–åÆ‹–

âÚìÜÌÀèÌ –åÌ–ËèÃ–ÅÜÃ–ÖßÍíÍ. ÜîÎßÅèÀ–ÅáÖèÍ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÓŠÌ–âÝíà–Í¡–ÅàÓà–È–âÍªÃ–âØèÌ–ÀàÌ–æÛ×ÞÌ–ÁÜÃ–æÒÒ‹à.

–ãÉŠ–âÝíà–ÅàÓàÈ–âÍªÃ–âØèÌ–ÀàÌ–æÛÁÜÃ–ÌŸ –ãÖß–ÅßÌÌ –âÑ²Ü–åØ‹–âÁ¿à–åÄ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–æÈ‹–Èê–ÀŠ×à –âÝíàÀ¡–ÎÞÍ–ËÞÍ–ÓèÌ–

ÀèÍ–ÖßÍíÍ–ÌŸ.

–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ãÖß–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÉíÀ– Voltage and voltage drop (U)

–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÌŸ –ãÓŠÌ–ÂŠà–ãÝÃ– Ë–åÆ‹–ÈèÌ–ÌŸ–åØ‹–æÛ–æÎ–ÉàÓ–Ë¡–ÌŸ–æÈ‹.

–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–æÒÒ‹à ÛìÇèÃ–âÜÌÀèÌ–×Šà ÂŠà–ä×–Ì (Voltage) –ãÓŠÌ–ãÝÃ –âÑ²Ü–ÈèÌ–æÒÒ‹à–åØ‹–æÛ–æÎ–ÉàÓ–ÅàÇ–

æÒ. ÂŠà–×èÈ–ãËÀ–æÈ‹––ÁÜÃÂŠà–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ –ãÓŠÌ –ä×–Ì (volt, V). Ë–ÄéÃ–ãÖ‹× –ä×–Ì –ãÓŠÌ–ãÝÃ–æÒÒ‹à Ë–À¡–åØ‹–âÀêÈ–ÀàÌ–

âÂ²ÜÌ–Ë–ÁÜÃ–Üê–âÖèÀ–ÉÕíÃÄàÀ–Üà–ÉÜÓÙ±Ã–æÎ–ÇèÃ–ÜêÀ–Üà–ÉÜÓ–Ü²Ì, –ãÖß–âÑàß–ÅßÌÌ ÍàÃ–ÇàÓ –âÑªÌ–ÇèÃÚàÇÈ‹×Ç

E ãÖß–âÜÌ–×Šà ãÝÃÁèÍâÂ²ÜÌæÒÒ‹à. ÍàÃÇàÓ ÂŠàãÝÃÈèÌä×Ì ÇèÃÚàÇâÊéÃ ÂŠà

ÜàÀàÌ×èÈãËÀÂ×àÓãÉÀÉŠàÃÈ‹àÌãÝÃÈèÌÖßØ×ŠàÃÅÜÃÄîÈåÈÙ±Ã ÉàÓÂ×àÓ Çà×ÁÜÃ ÅàÇæÒ.

ãÝÃÈèÌæÒÒ‹àÁßÙàÈ 1.5 ä×Ì ãÓŠÌÉœÛàÇ ãÖßâÎèÌãÝÃÈèÌæÒÒ‹à ÜÜÀÓà ÄàÀ ÎéÌÊŠàÌ

ËåÆ‹ÀèÌÔïŠåÌæÒÅàÇ Ûì ×éËßÇî. ãÝÃÈèÌæÒÒ‹àÎßÓàÌ 120-240 ä×Ì âÎèÌãÝÃÈèÌæÒÒ‹à åÌ

ÖßÍíÍæÒåÌâÝìÜÌÔïŠåÌÉí×âÓìÜÃ. ãÝÃÈèÌÅïÃÀŠ×à 1000 V ÊìÀÌáåÆ‹âÑ²ÜÁíÌÅ³ÃæÒÒ‹àæÎæÀ Ûì

ÅßÙÜÃÀáÖèÃæÒÅïÃÛàÇ. â×¿àÖ×Ó ÖßÍíÍ PV SHS åÆ‹æÒãÝÃÈèÌ 12V.

ÝïÍ 13: Â×àÓâÚìÜÌÀèÌÖßØ×ŠàÃãÝÃÈèÌÌŸãÖßãÝÃÈèÌæÒÒ‹à

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ÎßÖéÓàÌË¯âÀèÍË‹ÜÌæ×‹

ÎßÖéÓàÌŸËâÀèÍË‹ÜÌæ×‹åÌÊèÃÌŸ ÂéÈ–æÖŠâÎèÌÍçÖéÓàÈ. Øí×ÙŠ×Ç×èÈãËÀÁÜÃÍçÖéÓàÈ ãÓŠÌ ãÓèÈ

À‹ÜÌ (m3) Ûì ÖéÈ (litter).

Øí×ÙŠ×Ç×èÈãËÀÙ±ÃÁÜÃÎßÖéÓàÌæÒÒ‹à ãÓŠÌÀïÖíÃ (Coulomb). ÎéÌæÒÅàÇÅàÓàÈ ÓêÎßÖéÓ-

àÌæÒÒ‹à 1500 Coulombs. Ú§æÒåÈÙ±Ã ÅàÓàÈÍèÌÄîæÒÒ‹àæ×‹æÈ‹âÊéÃ 360,000 Coulombs.

Øí×ÙŠ×Ç×èÈãËÀÜ²Ì ÁÜÃÎßÖéÓàÌæÒÒ‹àÍèÌÄî ãÓŠÌ ÜáãÎ-äÓÃ (Ampere-hour, Ah).

1 Üá–ãÎ-–äÓÃ (Ah) = 3600 Àï–ÖíÃ (Coulombs)

Àß–ãÅ–æÒÒ‹à (I)

–âÓ²ÜÌŸ–ÏŠàÌæÎ–ÉàÓ–Ë¡, –âÝíà–â×¿à–ÀèÌ–×Šà ÌŸ–æÛ. ÎßÖéÓàÌ–ÌŸ (–âÆÌ –âÎèÌ–ÖéÈ Ûì –ãÓèÈ–À‹ÜÌ) Ë–æÛÏŠàÌ

Ë¡– åÌÆŠ×Ã–Øí×ÙŠ×Ç–â×Öà (–âÆÌ 1 ×éÌàËê, 1 ÌàËê Ûì 1 Æ³×–äÓÃ) –âÜÌ×ŠàÜèÈÉà–æÛ. Øí×ÙŠ×Ç×èÈ–ãËÀ–ÓèÀ––åÆ‹–

ÀèÌÄß–âÎèÌ ÖéÈ/ÌàËê Ûì –ãÓèÈ–À‹ÜÌ/Æ³×–äÓÃ.

–âÓ²Ü–æÒÒ‹à–æÛ–æÎ–ÉàÓ–ÅàÇ–æÒ, –âÝíà–Àç–ÜàÈ–âÜÌ–×Šà–âÎèÌÀß–ãÅ–ÀàÌ–æÛ –äÈÇ–ÎÞÍ–âÚìÜÌÀèÍ–ÌŸ, –ãÉŠ–

ÉàÓ–âÂêÇ–âÑªÌ–âÜÌÀèÌ–×Šà Àß–ãÅ–æÒÒ‹à –ãËÌ–Ë–Äß–âÜÌ×ŠàÜèÈÉà–æÛ. Àß–ãÅ–æÒÒ‹àÓê–Øí×ÙŠ×Ç ×èÈ–ãËÀ–âÎèÌ Üá–

ãÎ Ûì “A". ÂŠà 1 A –ãÓŠÌ–ÎßÖéÓàÌ–æÒÒ‹à (Àï–ÖíÃ) –Ë–æÛÏŠàÌ–æÎ–ÉàÓ–ÅàÇ–æÒ–åÌ–Øí×ÙŠ×Ç–â×Öà 1 ×éÌàËê.

Ë–ÄéÃ–ãÖ‹× Àß–ãÅ–æÒ–Ò‹à–Äß–âÀêÈ–Á¹Ì –âÓ²Ü–Óê–ÀàÌ–âÂ²ÜÌ–Ë–ÁÜÃ–Üê–âÖèÀ–ÉÕíÃÄàÀ–ÜàÉÜÓÙ±Ã–æÎ–ÇèÃ–ÜêÀ–Üà–

ÉÜÓÜ²Ì (ÝïÍ 5).

ÝïÍ 14: Àß–ãÅ–æÒÒ‹à–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÅàÇ–Ìá–æÒÒ‹à

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ÎßÖéÓàÌ–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–æÒÒ‹à (Voltage) Ë–É‹ÜÃÀàÌ–ÈèÌ–æÒÒ‹à–æÎ–ÉàÓ–ÅàÇ–æÒ–Ì´Ì Äß–Á¹ÌÀèÍ–ÀáÖèÃ–

æÒÒ‹à–Ë–É‹ÜÃÀàÌ –ãÖß–æÖ–Çß–ËàÃ–Ë–Àß–ãÅ–æÒ–Ì´ÌÉ‹ÜÃ–æÎ–ÏŠàÌÄàÀ–ãÛŠÃ–æÒ–âÊéÃ–Éí×–ÀéÌ–æÒ.

• –ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ 1.5 V ÁÜÃ–ÎéÌ (ÊŠàÌ)–æÒ–ÅàÇ –ãÓŠÌ–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–Éœ–ãÖß–ÅàÓàÈ–ÅßÙÜÃÀáÖèÃ–æÒ–åÌ–ÎßÖéÓàÌ–Ì‹ÜÇ–

ãÖß–æÖ–Çß––åÀ‹ƒ.

• Ú§–æÒ 12 V À¡–ÅàÓàÈ–åØ‹–ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–æÈ‹–ÛàÇÅíÓÂ×Ì

• –ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ 240 V, ÅàÓàÈ––åØ‹–ÀáÖèÃ–æÒ–ÅïÃ–Àñ×à– –æÎ–ÏŠàÌ–æÖ–Çß–ËàÃ–æÀ–ÀŠ×à

Â×àÓ–É‹àÌ (–äÜÓ Ûì Ω)

–åÌ–Àç–Öß–ÌêÀàÌ–æÛÁÜÃ––ÌŸ–åÌ–Ë¡–Ë–Óê–ÁßÙàÈ–âË³à–ÀèÌ –ãÖß–ÅáÖèÍ–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–âÚìÜÌÀèÌ, ÜèÈÉà–æÛåÌË¡–Ë–

Çà×–ÀŠ×àÄß––Ì‹ÜÇ–Àñ×àÜèÈÉà–æÛ–åÌË¡–Å´Ì. ÅªÃ–Ì¸Àç–âÑàß–×Šà –âÓ²Ü–Ë¡–Çà×–ÀŠ×à ÀàÌ–ÈèÌ–ÌŸ––åØ‹–æÛÆî––æÎÉàÓË¡–À¡–

ÇàÀ–ÀŠ×à. ÓèÌ–âÚìÜÌÀèÍ–×Šà Ë¡–Ë–Çà×–Àñ×à– –É‹àÌ–ÔèÌ–Âì–ÌÀàÌ–æÛ–ÛàÇÀŠ×à. –ãÝÃ–É‹àÌ–ÔèÌ–Âì–ÌÉ¡–ÀàÌ–æÛÈÃ–ÀŠà×–Ì¸ –

âÜÌÀèÌ–×Šà Â×àÓ–ÉòàÌËàÌ–ÀàÌ–æÛ Ûì ÑÞÃ–ãÉŠ–âÜÌ×Šà Â×àÓ–É‹àÌ.

Â×àÓ–É‹àÌÉ¡–ÀàÌ–æÛÁÜÃ–ÌŸ–åÌ–Ë¡Äß–âÑÓ–Á¹ÌÀèÍ–Â×àÓ–Çà×–ÁÜÃ–Ë¡, ÅßÌÌ Ë¡–Çà×–ÜÜÀ–ËíÍ–âÂªÃ

Â×àÓ–É‹àÌ–ËàÌ–ÀàÌ–æÛÁÜÃ–ÓèÌ–À¡–âÑÓ–Á¹ÌÅÜÃ–âË²Ü.

–åÌ–ÖèÀÅßÌß–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ, ÀàÌ–ÈèÌ–ÌŸ–æÛ–æÎ–ÉàÓ–Ë¡ Ë–Óê–ÁßÙàÈÌ‹ÜÇ–ÀŠ×à À¡–ÇàÀ–ÀŠ×à–ÀàÌ–æÛ–åÌË¡–

åØÇŠ–ÀŠ×à. Â×àÓ–É‹àÌ–Äß–âÑÓ–Á¹Ì–âÓ²ÜÍçÖé–ÓàÈ–âÑ²Ü–ÍèÌÄî–Ìòá–åÌ–Ë¡Ûî‡ÈÖíÃ. ÍçÖé–ÓàÈ–âÑ²Ü–ÍèÌÄî–ÌŸ–åÌ–Ë¡–Ì¸ –âÜÌ×Šà –

âÌºÜË–Ù‹à–ÉèÈ. ÅŠ×ÌÛàÇ ÓèÀ–ÊìÀ–×èÈ–ãËÀ–âÎèÌ–Øí×ÙŠ×Ç ÆèÃ–Éê–ãÓèÈ–ÓíÌËíÌ–. Ê‹à–Ë¡–Óê–âÌºÜËÙ‹à ÉèÈ 5 cm2, (–

äÈÇÅíÓÓîÈ×Šà Â×àÓ–Çà×–âÚìÜÌÀèÌ) Äß–Óê–Â×àÓ–É‹àÌËàÌ–ÀàÌ–æÛÁÜÃ–ÌŸ ËíÍ–âÂªÃÂ×àÓ–É‹ÜÌ–ÁÜÃ–Ë¡ Ë–

ÓêÙ‹àÉèÈ 10 cm2 (ÝïÍ 15).

ÝïÍ 15: ÅàÇÔàÃ–Çà×–ÀŠ×à Ûì –Ë¯–ÓêÙ‹àÉèÈÌ‹ÜÇÀŠ×à Äß–Óê–Â×àÓ–É‹àÌ–ÅïÃ–ÀŠ×à (UNESCO Manual)

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Â×àÓ–É‹àÌ–æÒÒ‹à –âÎèÌ–ÀàÌÉ‹àÌ–ÔèÌ–Âì–ÌÀàÌ––æÛÁÜÃ–Àß–ãÅ–æÒÒ‹à–åÌ–ÅàÇ–æÒ. Â×àÓ–É‹àÌ–æÒÒ‹à– (

R) Óê–Øí×ÙŠ×Ç–âÎèÌ –äÜÓ (Ohms Ûì Ω).

––åÌ–ËáÌÜÃ–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ–èÍÀàÌ–æÛÁÜÃ–ÌŸ, Àç–Öß–ÌêÅàÇ–æÒ–Ì‹ÜÇ–ÀŠ×à–Äß–Óê–Â×àÓ–É‹àÌ–ÅïÃ–ÀŠ×àÅàÇ–æÒ–Ë–Óê–

âÅÌÏŠà–ÀàÃ–åØÇŠ–ÀŠ×à –ãÖß–ÅàÇ–æÒÅÌ Äß–Óê–Â×àÓ–É‹àÌ–ØÌ‹ÜÇ–ÀŠ×à–ÅàÇ–Ë–Çà× (ÝïÍ 16 ).

ÝïÍ 16: –Ë¡–ÌŸÛì–ÅàÇ–æÒË¯–Óê–Áß–ÌàÈ–ØÌ‹à–ÉèÈ–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ À¡–Äß–Óê–Â×àÓ–É‹àÌ–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ

ÀíÈ–âÀÌ–äÜÓ

ÀíÈ–âÀÌ–äÜÓ–ÀáÌíÈ–ÑëÈÉé–Àá–ÁÜÃ–Àß–ãÅ–æÒÒ‹à I,– äÈÇÀŠÞ×Á‹ÜÃ–ÀèÍ –ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–æÒÒ‹à U –ãÖß–Â×àÓ–

É‹àÌ R.

U I R= × 2.1

–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ (U = I x R ) ÅáÖèÍ––Â×àÓ–É‹àÌ–åÈÙ±Ã ÇèÃ–âÜÌ×Šà –ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÉíÀ ÔïŠ–Â×àÓ–É‹àÌ–Ì´Ìƒ–ãÖß–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–

ËèÃÚíÈÄß––âË³à–ÏíÌÍ×À–Ö×ÓÁÜÃ–ÍèÌÈà–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÉíÀ–È¨Ã–ÀŠà× –ãÖßÇàÓ–åÈ–À¡–âË³à–ÀèÌ–ÀèÍ–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ËÍ¡–æÒ–ÅßÙÜÃ–

åØ‹.

Éí×–ÔŠàÃ 2.1

Â×àÓ–É‹àÌ 6 –äÜÓ Óê–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌÉíÀ 24 V. ÊàÓ–×Šà ÂŠà–Àß–ãÅ–âË³à–åÈ?

UU I R IR

= × ⇒ = = 24/6 = 4 A

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Éí×–ÔŠàÃ 2.2 ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ 12 V ÈèÌ–Àß–ãÅ–æÒ 4 A –æÎ–ÏŠàÌ–Â×àÓ–É‹àÌ–åÈÙ±Ã. ÊàÓ–×Šà Â×àÓ–É‹àÌ–Ì´Ì ÓêÂŠà–âË³à–

åÈ?

– UU I R RI

= × ⇒ = = 12/4 = 3 –äÜÓ


Â×àÓ–É‹àÌ 3 –äÜÓ Óê–Àß–ãÅ–æÒ 2 A –æÛÏŠàÌ. ÊàÓ–×Šà –ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–Ë–åÆ‹–ÈèÌ–Àß–ãÅÌÌ ÓêÂŠà–âË³à–åÈ?

U I R= × = 2 X 3 = 6 V

ÀáÖèÃ (power)

ÀáÖèÃ–ãÓŠÌ–Â×àÓ–ÜàÅà–ÓàÈ–ÏßÖéÈ–ÃàÌ. –âÂ²ÜÃ–ÄèÀ–Ë–ÓêÀáÖèÃ–ÅïÃÀçÅàÓàÈ–ÏßÖéÈ–ÃàÌ–æÈ‹ ÛàÇ. –ãÓŠ–

ÌŸ–åØÇŠ Óê–ÀáÖèÃ–ÜèÌ–ÓßØàÅàÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÅàÇ–ÌŸ–æÛ. Ê‹à–âÝíà–âÜíà–Óì–äÉŠÃ–ÖèÈ–Àß–ãÅÃ–ÌŸ–æÛ –âÝíà–Äß–Ýï‹–ÅëÀ–âÊéÃ–ÀáÖèÃÀß–

ãÅ–ÌŸ–Éá–åÅŠ–Óì–âÝíà. Ê‹à–ÍçÖé–ÓàÈ–ÌŸ–ØàÀÛàÇ–ãÖß–Â×àÓ–æ×–ÀàÌ–æÛÅïÃ, –ÓèÌÓê ÀáÖèÃ–ÜèÌ–ÓßØàÅàÌ– Æ±Ã–ÅàÓàÈ–

ÑèÃ–ËßÖàÇ–ËîÀ–ÔŠàÃ–Ë–Á×àÃ–À´Ì–.

–âÝíà–Óà–×àÈ–ÑàÍâÊéÃ–Àß–ãÅÌŸ––Ë–æÛÜÜÜÀ–Óà–ÄàÀ–À˜ÜÀÌŸ–ÁÜÃ–ÜŠàÃ–âÀèÍ–ÌŸ–ÐíÌ. Ê‹à–À˜ÜÀ ØàÀ–âÎêÈ–

ÜÜÀÙ‹ÜÇÈÞ× –âÝíà–Äß–âØèÌ×ñà–Àß–ãÅ–ÌŸ–æÛÜÜÀ–Óà––Í¡–ÛàÇ, –ãÖß–Àß–ãÅ–ÌŸ–ÉáåÅŠ–Óì–âÝíà–À¡–Í¡–ãÝÃ. Ê‹à–âÎêÈ–À‹×à–

ÃÜÜÀÜêÀ ÀáÖèÃ–ÌŸ–æÛÜÜÀ–Óà–À¡––ãÝÃ–Á¹Ì. –âØèÌ–×Šà ÀáÖèÃ–ÄßâÑÓ–Á¹ÌÉàÓ–ÀàÌ–âÑÓ–Á¹ÌÁÜÃ–ÜèÈÉà–ÀàÌ–æÛ. Ê‹à–

ÜèÈÉà–æÛ–âÑÓ––âÎèÌ–ÅÜÃ–âË²Ü ÀáÖèÃ–À¡–âÑÓ–Á¹Ì–âË³à–Éí× (ÝïÍ 17).

ÌÜÀ–ÄàÀ–Ì´Ì, Ê‹à–ÊèÃ–ÌŸ–âÎ³à (ÖßÈèÍ–ÌŸ––åÌ–ÊèÃÉœ) –ãÖß–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÌŸ–À¡Éœ, ÅßÌÌ ãÝÃÀß

ËíÍåÅŠÓìâÝíàÀ¡Í¡ÛàÇ. Ê‹àÊèÃÓêÌŸâÉèÓ Â×àÓÈèÌÌŸÀ¡ÅïÃãÖßãÝÃÀßËíÍÀ¡ÅïÃ.

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22


ÝïÍ 17: ÀáÖèÃÁ¹ÌÀèÍÜèÈÉàæÛ (UNESCO manual)

ÀáÖèÃæÒÒ‹àÀçÓêÑëÈÉéÀáâÚìÜÌÀèÌ. Ê‹àãÝÃÈèÌ (V) âÑÓÁ¹ÌÅÜÃâË²ÜãÖßÅíÓÓîÈ×Šà ÜèÈ ÉàæÛ

(ÀßãÅæÒ A) ÇèÃâÚìÜÌâÈêÓ, ÀáÖèÃæÒÀ¡âÑÓÁ¹ÌËíÍâÂªÃ. Ê‹àÀßãÅâÑÓÁ¹ÌÅàÓâË²Ü äÈÇãÝÃÈèÌÍ¡ÎŠÞÌ,

ÀáÖèÃÀ¡ÄßâÑÓÁ¹ÌÅàÓâË²Ü. Ê‹àãÝÃÈèÌâÑÓÁ¹Ì 2 âË²Ü ãÖßÀßãÅâÑÓÁ¹Ì 3 âË²Ü, ÀáÖèÃæÒÄßâÑÓÁ¹Ì 6

âË²Ü.

Øí×ÙŠ×Ç×èÈãËÀÁÜÃÀáÖèÃæÒÒ‹à ãÓŠÌ ×è×È (Watt, W). 1 W –ãÓŠÌ–ÀáÖèÃ–æÒÒ‹à Ë–ÏßÖéÈ–Á¹Ì–

äÈÇ––Àß–ãÅ–æÒ 1 A Æ±Ã–ÁèÍ–âÂ²ÜÌ–äÈÇ ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ 1 –ä×–Ì.

ÀáÖèÃ–æÒÒ‹à (W) = Àß–ãÅ (A) x –ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ (V)

P I U= ×

ÅßÌÌ, Ê‹à–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÖßÍíÍ–âË³à–ÀèÍ 12 V –ãÖß–ÅáÖèÍÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ Ë–ÀéÌ––æÒ 2 Üá–ãÎ, –Äß–Óê–ÀáÖèÃ–æÒ– 12V x

2A = 24 Watts.

ÝïÍ 18: ÈÜÀ–æÒ–Î‹ÜÓ–Óê–ÀáÖèÃ–æÒ–ÅïÃ–ÀŠ×àÛÜÈ–æÒ–âÌ–ÜÜÌ

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23


–âÂ²ÜÃÛμÌ×ê–Èê–äÜ–åÆ‹–Àß–ãÅ 30 A –åÌ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒ 12 V. ÀáÖèÃ–æÒ–Ë–É‹ÜÃÀàÌ–ãÓŠÌ:

30 A X 12 V = 360 W

Ê‹à–ÄèÀ–ÅïÍ–ÌŸ–åÆ‹–Àß–ãÅ 10 A –åÉ‹–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ 48 V. ÓèÌ–Äß–É‹ÜÃ–åÆ‹–ÀáÖèÃ:

10 A X 48 V = 480 W

ÄàÀ–Ì´Ì –Ê‹à–Ýï‹–ÂŠà–ÀáÖèÃ (W) –åÌ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒ–åÈÙ±Ã –âÝíà–Àç–ÅàÓàÈ–ÆÜÀ–Øà–ÂŠà–Àß–ãÅ–æÒ –äÈÇ–ØàÌ–

ÀáÖèÃ–æÒ–åØ‹–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–æÒÒ‹à (V). Ê‹à–Ýï‹–ÀáÖèÃ–æÒ (W), –âÝíàÇèÃ–ÅàÓàÈ–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ –äÈÇ–ØàÌ–ÀáÖèÃ–æÒ–åØ‹–Àß–

ãÅ–Ë–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–Ì´Ì–åÆ‹.

ÍíÈ–ÐëÀ–ØèÈ 1 ÂéÈ–æÖŠÀáÖèÃ–––æÒË¯–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌÀéÌ–æÒ–åÈÙ±Ã–åÆ‹

–ãÉŠ–Öß–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÓêÀáÖèÃ–æÒ–È¨ÃÉ¡–æÎ–Ì¸:

ÊàÓ–×Šà Ö×ÓÀèÌ–ãÖ‹× ÍèÌÈà–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–È¨ÃÉ¡–æÎ–Ì¸ ÄßÓê–Àá–ÖèÃ–æÒ–âË³à–åÈ?

–âÝíà–ÅàÓàÈ–ÎŠÞÌ ×è×È (Watts Ûì W)–âÎèÌ Àé–äÖ–×è×È (kW): 1000 W = 1 kW Ûì 1W =0.001 kW

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24


ÍíÈ–ÐëÀ–ØèÈ 2 ÎŠÞÌ–ÂŠà–É¡–æÎ–Ì¸

1 W = …………. kW; 100 W=………… kW 1000 W=…………. kW

1kW=…………….W 10 kW=…………….W 0.1 kW=……………W

1500 W= ……….. kW 15 W=……………kW 1240 W=…………..kW

1.05 kW=…………. W 11.5 kW=…………. W 0.005 kW=…………. W

ÍíÈ–ÐëÀ–ØèÈ 3. –ãÉŠ–Öß–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–Óê–ÀáÖèÃ–æÒ–È¨Ã–É¡–æÎ–Ì¸

ÊàÓ–×Šà Ö×ÓÀèÌ–ãÖ‹× ÍèÌÈà–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–É¡–æÎ–Ì¸ ÀéÌ–æÒ–âË³à–åÈ?

=………….….. Wh = …………… kW

=……………… Wh = ……………. kW

=……………….Wh = …………… kWh

ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ (ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ)

ÓèÀ–Äß–âÀêÈ–Â×àÓ–ÅèÍ–ÅíÌ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍÂá–×Šà “ÀáÖèÃ” –ãÖß– “ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ”. ÈÃ–Ë–ÀŠà×–Óà–åÌ–Á‹àÃ–âËéÃ–ãÖ‹×–×Šà

ÀáÖèÃ––ãÓŠÌ Â×àÓ–ÜàÈ–ÅàÓàÈ–ÏßÖéÈ–ÃàÌ. ÅŠ×Ì–ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–ãÓŠÌ–ÎßÖéÓàÌ–ÃàÌ–ËèÃÚíÈ Ë–ÊìÀÏßÖéÈÜÜÀ–Óà.

ÂŠà–ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ Á¹ÌÀèÍ– ËèÃÂŠà–ÀáÖèÃ––Ë–âÎèÌ–æÎ–æÈ‹ –ãÖß– À¡ËèÃÆŠ×Ã–â×Öà Ë–ÀáÖèÃ––Ì´ÌÊìÀ–åÆ‹–ÃàÌ. –âÓ²Ü–

ÂïÌ–ÂŠà–ÀáÖèÃÀèÍ–â×Öà–Ë–åÆ‹–ÀáÖèÃ–Ì´Ì –âÝíà–Äß–æÈ‹–ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–Ë–ÏßÖéÈ–ÜÜÀ–Óà–åÌ–ÆŠ×Ã–â×Öà–È¨Ã–ÀŠà×. –âÌ²ÜÃ–ÄàÀ–

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25

×Šà ÂŠà–ÀáÖèÃ Óê–Øí×ÙŠ×Ç–âÎèÌ–×è×È (W), ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–æÒÒ‹à––Äß–ÊìÀ–×èÈ–âÎèÌ–Øí×ÙŠ×Ç ×è×È—äÓÃ (Watt-hours

Ûì Wh).

ÎßÖéÓàÌ–ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ (Wh) = ÀáÖèÃ (W) x –â×Öà (ÆÓ)

E P t= × Ûì E I U t= × × Ûì 2E I R t= × ×

Ç‹ÜÌ–×Šà P I U= × –ãÖß U I R= ×


ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–æÒÒ‹à –åÆ‹–ÀáÖèÃ–æÒ 5 W –åÌ–â×Öà 2 ÆÓ

ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–Ë–åÆ‹–ãÓŠÌ = 5 W X 2 hrs= 10 Watt-hours (Ûì Wh)


ÈÜÀ–æÒ–É‹ÜÃÀàÌ 20 W –ÅáÖèÍ–åÆ‹–ÃàÌ 4 ÆÓ,

ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–Ë–åÆ‹ = 20 W X 4 hrs = 80 Wh

–âÌ²ÜÃ–ÄàÀ–×Šà ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–Ë––âÀèÍ–Ë‹ÜÌ–æ×‹–åÌÚ§–æÒ–ãÓŠÌ–æÈ‹–Óà–ÄàÀ–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–ãÖß–ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ Ë–Å³Ã–

Óà–åØ‹–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ–ãÓŠÌ–Óà–ÄàÀÚ§–æÒ, ÈÃ–Ì´Ì ––åÌ–Àç–Öß–ÌêÌ¸ ÓèÌ–âÎèÌ–Àß–ãÅ–ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÉŠ–ØàÀÍ¡–

ãÓŠÌÀáÖèÃ––æÒÒ‹à. ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–æÒÒ‹à–Ä±Ã–âÎèÌ–Éí×––ÀáÌíÈ–ÁßÙàÈÁÜÃ–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–ãÖß Ú§–æÒ.

ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–åÈÙ±Ã, ÅíÓÓîÈ ÈÜÀ–æÒ–Ì‹ÜÇƒ, Æ±Ã–åÆ‹–ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌæÒÒ‹àÍ¡ÛàÇ–åÌ 1 ÆÓ (Ûì ÀáÖèÃ–æÒ–

Ì‹ÜÇ), Àç–ÅàÓàÈ–åÆ‹–ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌÄàÀÚ§–æÒ–æÈ‹ÌàÌÛàÇÆ³×–äÓÃ. ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒÛàÇ, –âÆÌ–ËçÖß–ËèÈ–Åê, Äß–åÆ‹–

ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–ÄàÀÚ§–æÒÈÃ–ÀŠà× –æÈ‹–Å´ÌÀŠ×à (ÝïÍ 19).

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26


1 x 30W x 0.5h

= 15Wh

= 0.015kWh

1 x 30W x 1h

= 30Wh

= 0.03 kWh

1 x 30W x 2h

= 60Wh

= 0.06 kWh

1 x 30W x 5h

= 150Wh

= 0.150 kWh

1 x 30W x 1h= 30Wh

= 0.03kWh

2 x 30W x 1h = 60 Wh

= 0.06 kWh

3 x 30W x 1h = 90 Wh

= 0.09 kWh

ÝïÍ 19: Éí×–ÔŠàÃÀàÌ–ÆíÓ–åÆ‹–ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ

ÍíÈ–ÐëÀ–ØèÈ 4 ÊàÓ–×Šà ×éËßÇî–É¡–æÎ–Ì¸ –åÆ‹–ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–âË³à–åÈ?

5W, 1 ÆÓ,

ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ=……… Wh

=………kWh

2x5W, 1 ÆÓ,

ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ =……… …Wh =…………kWh

5W, 2 ÆÓ,

ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ=……… Wh

=………kWh

5W, 4 hour,

ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ =……… ….Wh =…………kWh

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27

ÍíÈ–ÐëÀ–ØèÈ 5 ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–É¡–æÎ–Ì¸–åÆ‹ ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ –âË³à–åÈ?

5W, 4 h

30W, 2 h

150W, 2 h

35W, 2 h

5W x 4h =…...Wh 30W x 2h =…...Wh 150W x 2h =…..Wh 35W x 2h =…...Wh

Ö×Ó = ………………….. Wh = ……………….. kWh

5W, 1 h

5W, 2 h

5W, 4 h

30W, 2 h

5W x 1h =…......Wh 5W x 2h =……..Wh 5W x 4h =……...Wh 30W x 2h =…...Wh

Ö×Ó = ………………….. Wh = ……………….. kWh

Ê‹à–åØ‹–Ýï‹–ÂŠàÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ Ë–âÀèÍË‹ÜÌ–æ×‹–åÌÚ§–æÒ (E, –âÎèÌ Wh Ûì kWh) –ãÖß–ÀáÖèÃ–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ (P, W Ûì

kW), –––âÝíà–ÅàÓàÈ–ÂéÈ–æÖŠæÖ–Çßâ×Öà–ËÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–Ì´ÌÅàÓàÈ–åÆ‹–æÒ–È¨ÃÀŠà×–Ì´Ì–æÈ‹ (t, hours):

EtP

=

–

ÝïÍ 20: Éí×–ÔŠàÃ ÀàÌ–ÆíÓ–åÆ‹–ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌÁÜÃ–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ (UNESCO manual)

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28


×íÃ–ÄÜÌ–æÒÒ‹à (Circuits)

–Ë¡–ÌŸ–åÌÖßÍíÍ–âÀèÍ–äÉŠÃ–ÌŸ–ÐíÌ ÜàÈ–âÎèÌ–ÑÞÃË¡–Å´Ìƒ –äÈÇ–Óê–ÀŒÜÀ–ÌŸ–ÔïŠ–Å¿Ì–ÅîÈ Ûì ÜàÈ–É¡–ãÇÀ–ÜÜÀ––

æÎâÎèÌÛàÇ–ãÃŠ–. ÖßÍíÍË¡–ÌŸ–ãÖß–ÀàÌ–âÆ²ÜÓ–É¡–ÉŠàÃƒ ÅàÓàÈ–Êì–×Šà –âÎèÌ–×íÃ–ÄÜÌ–ÌŸ–À¡–æÈ‹. –âÑ²Ü–Äß–åØ‹–ÌŸ–

æÛÅßÈ×À ÖßÍíÍË¡–ÌŸ ÌèÍ–ãÉŠ–ÜÜÀ–ÄàÀ–ÊèÃ–âÀèÍ–ÌŸ –ÄíÌâÊéÃ–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–åÆ‹–ÌŸ ÄßÉ‹ÜÃÉ¡–âÌ²ÜÃ–ÀèÌ–Èê. Ê‹à–Óê–Á§–

É¡åÈÙ±ÃÁàÈ ÌŸ–Äß–Ý³×––æÛÜÜÀ–ãÖß–ÜàÈ–æÎÍ¡–âÊéÃ–ÄîÈË–É‹ÜÃÀàÌ–åÆ‹–ÌŸ–À¡–æÈ‹.

Ê‹à–––×íÃ–ÄÜÀ–ÌŸ–ÊìÀ–ãÉ‹Ó–ÜÜÀ–Óà–âÎèÌ–ãÏÌ–×àÈ –ÓèÌÄßÅß–ãÈÃ––åØ‹âØèÌ–×Šà –åÌ–Ì´Ì ÖßÍîÓê –ãÛŠÃÌŸ,

ËàÃâÈêÌË¡ÌŸ, ÍèÌÈàÁ§É¡ãÖßÜîÎßÀÜÌåÆ‹ÌŸÉŠàÃƒ. –ãÏÌ–×àÈ–Ì¸–âÜÌ×Šà ×íÃ–ÄÜÌ–ÖßÍíÍ–ÌŸÎßÎà.

ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÜàÈ–ÃŠàÇ–ÈàÇ –äÈÇ–Óê –ÅàÇ–æÒ–É¡–ÄàÀ–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–âÊéÃÚ§–æÒ–ãÖß–ÄàÀÚ§–

æÒ–âÊéÃ–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ–ÜèÌ–ÈÞ×. ÅáÖèÍ–ÖßÍíÍ–ÅèÍ–ÅíÌ–ÀŠ×à ÜàÈ–Óê–ãÏŠÌÎéÌ–ãÅÃ, Ú§–æÒ–ãÖß–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–

æÒÛàÇÜèÌ –âÆ²ÜÓ–É¡––åÅŠÆ±Ã–ÀèÌ–ãÖß–ÀèÌ. –âÓ²Ü–ÍèÌ–Èà–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–æÒÒ‹à –âÆÌ Ú§–æÒ,– Â×àÓ–É‹àÌ, Óç–âÉê–æÒÒ‹à, –

ãÖß–Éí×–ÀéÌ–æÒ–Ü²Ìƒ ÊìÀ–É¡–åÅŠ–ÀèÌÈ‹×Ç–ÅàÇ–æÒ –âÝíà–âÜÌ–ãÏÌ–×àÈ–Ì´Ì×Šà ×íÃ–ÄÜÌ–æÒÒ‹à. ÔïŠ–åÌÉà–ÉßÖàÃ 3 Åß–

ãÈÃ–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–æÒ–Ò‹à Ë–âÂêÇ–ÑíÍ–ÅáÖèÍ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ –ãÖß âÂ²ÜÃÚàÇÅèÌÇà–ÖèÀ–ÁÜÃ–Ñ×À–ÓèÌ

–åÌ–×íÃ–ÄÜÌ–æÒÒ‹àÙ±Ãƒ, Äß–É‹ÜÃ–Óê–ÅàÇ–æÒ–âÑ²Ü–âÎèÌ–Éí×–Ìá–âÜíà––æÒÒ‹à––Ë–åÆ‹–ÃàÌ–ãÖ‹×–åÌ–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–

æÒ ÀèÍ–Âì–ÌÅïŠÍ¡–æÒ–. ÅàÇ–æÒ–ÀèÍÌ –Äß–Ìá–âÜíà–Àß–ãÅ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–Éœ ÀèÍ–Âì–ÌÓà–Í¡–æÒÒ‹à –âÑ²Ü–ÜèÈ––ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–âÑÓ–

Á¹Ì–åØ‹–âÉèÓ–âÚìÜÌ–âÈêÓ –ãÖ‹×–ÄªÃ–ÊìÀ–Å³ÃÀèÍ–æÎ–ÅïŠ–Éí×–ÀéÌ–æÒ–Âì–ÌÜêÀ. –åÌ–×íÃ–ÄÜÌ–æÒÒ‹à, ÅàÇ–æÒ–É‹ÜÃ–É¡–âÌ²ÜÃ–ÀèÌ–Èê–

Í¡–×Šà –åÌ–âÅÌËàÃÄàÀ–Í¡–æÒ–âÊéÃ–Éí×–ÀéÌ–æÒ Ûì –åÌ–ËàÃ–ÀèÍ–Âì–ÌÄàÀ–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ–ÅïŠ–Í¡–æÒ. Ê‹à–ÅàÇ–ËàÃ–È¨Ã–ÀŠà×–

ØàÀ–ÁàÈ–ÔïŠ–ÄîÈ–åÈÙ±Ã, ÀàÌ–æÛÁÜÃ––æÒÒ‹à–Äß–ÔîÈ–Åß–ÃèÀ. –âÓ²Ü–ÅàÇ–ËàÃ–âÈêÌ–ÁàÈ –âÝíà–âÜÌ×íÃ–ÄÜÌ–æÒÒ‹àÌÌ×Šà

“–×íÃ–ÄÜÌ–âÎêÈ”. Ê‹à–ÅàÇ–ËàÃ–âÈêÌ–ØàÀ–É¡–âÌ²ÜÃ–ÀèÌ–Èê, –âÜÌ×Šà “×íÃ–ÄÜÌ–ÎéÈ”. –æÒÒ‹à–Äß–ÅàÓàÈ–æÛ–ÏŠàÌåÌ–×íÃ–

ÄÜÌ–ÎéÈ–æÈ‹ –ãÉŠ–Í¡–ÅàÓàÈ–æÛÏŠàÌ–åÌ–×íÃ–ÄÜÌ–âÎêÈ. ––åÌ–ËàÃ–ÎßÉéÍèÈ–Éí×–ÄéÃ, âÑªÌ–åÆ‹–ÅßØ×éÈ–æÒ –âÑ²Ü–åØ‹–ÅàÓàÈ–

ÎéÈ—âÎêÈ–×íÃ–ÄÜÌ–æÒÒ‹à–æÈ‹– –âÓ²Ü–åÈ–É‹ÜÃÀàÌ.

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Éà–ÉßÖàÃ 2: ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–æÒÒ‹à–Ë¯–âÂêÇ–ÑíÍ–åÌ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ –ãÖß–ÅèÌÇà–ÖèÀ

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Á‹×à–æÒ (Polarity)

ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ– –âÑªÌ–åÆ‹–âÂ²ÜÃÚàÇ “+” –ãÖß “-“, Ûì –âÎèÌ–Á§–Â×àÓ–×Šà “Í×À” –ãÖß

“ÖíÍ”. –ÅèÌÇà–ÖèÀ “+” ØÓàÇ–âÊéÃ–æÒ–Á‹×àÍ–×À –ãÖß “-“ -–æÒ–Á‹×à–ÖíÍ. ÀàÌ–ÄèÈ–×àÃÁ‹×à–æÒ “+” –ãÖß “-“–

âÜÌ×Šà–Á‹×à–æÒ–ÁÜÃ–×íÃ–ÄÜÌ. ÀàÌÚàÇÁ‹×à–æÒ–âÎèÌ–×éËê–ÃŠàÇ–ÈàÇ–âÑ²Ü–Åß–ãÈÃ–âÊéÃËéÈ–ËàÃ–ÀàÌ–æÛ×íÌ–ÁÜÃ–Àß–

ãÅ–æÒ. ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ–À¡–Óê–Á‹×à–æÒ–Í×À–ÁÜÃ–ÉíÌ “+” –âÑ²Ü–É¡–åÅŠ–ÀèÍ–Á‹×à “+” ÁÜÃÚ§–æÒ –ãÖß “-“ –åÅŠ “-“.

ÀàÌ–É¡–×íÃ–ÄÜÌ–ãÍÍ–ÖÞÌ (Series Circuits)

–âÓ²Ü–ÍèÌÈà–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–æÒÒ‹à–ÊìÀ–É¡–åÅŠ–ÀèÌ–ãÍÍ–Å¿Ì–É¡–Å¿Ì, –âÜÌ×Šà –âÎèÌ–ÀàÌ–É¡×íÃ–ÄÜÌ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÍÍ–ÖÞÌ

(ÝïÍ 21).

ÝïÍ 21: Ú§–æÒ–ÅÜÃ–ØÌŠ×ÇÊìÀ–É¡–ÖÞÌ–ÀèÌ

ÀàÌ–É¡×íÃ–ÄÜÌ–ãÍÍ–ÁßÙàÌ (Parallel circuits)

–âÓ²Ü–ÍèÌÈà–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–æÒÒ‹à–ÊìÀ–É¡––ãÍÍ–Á‹àÃÂÞÃÁ‹àÃ, –âÜÌ×Šà–âÎèÌ–ÀàÌ–É¡–ãÍÍ–ÁßÙàÌ (ÝïÍ 22). –åÌ–

ÀàÌ–É¡–ÅàÇ–æÒãÍÍ–ÁßÙàÌÌ Å¿ÌØÌ±ÃÁÜÃ–ãÉŠ–ÖßÅàÇÊìÀ–É¡–Äî‹Ó–åÅŠ–ÀèÌ –ãÖß–ÜêÀ–Å¿ÌÙ±Ã-À¡–Äî‹Ó–åÅŠ–ÀèÌ–

âÚìÜÌÀèÌ. ÏíÌ–ÜÜÀ–Óà–À¡–Äß–âÎèÌ–ÀàÌ–É¡–ÅàÇ–æÒ–ãÍÍ–ÁßÙàÌ–åÅŠÀèÌ.

ÝïÍ 22: Ú§–æÒ–ÅÜÃÙŠ×ÇÊìÀ–É¡–ÁßÙàÌÀèÌ

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ÝïÍ 23: Éí×–ÔŠàÃ×íÃ–ÄÜÌ–æÒÒ‹à

ÍíÈ–ÐëÀ–ØèÈ 6 –ãÉ‹Ó–ãÏÌ–×àÈ–ÁÜÃ–×íÃ–ÄÜÌ–æÒÒ‹à

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ÍíÈ–ÐëÀ–ØèÈ 7

–æÒÒ‹à–Àß–ãÅ–ÀíÃ–ãÖß–Àß–ãÅ–Åß–ÖèÍ (DC and AC electricity)

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–æÒÒ‹à–Àß–ãÅ–ÀíÃ–âÎèÌ–Àç–Öß–Ìê Ë–ÎßÄî–æÒÒ‹à–ãÖŠÌ–æÎ–ÉàÓ–ËéÈ–ÈÞ×–Åß–âÚê. ÅèÌÇà–ÖèÀ–ãÓŠÌ "DC". –âÌ²ÜÃ–

ÄàÀ–×Šà–Àß–ãÅ–æÒ–æÛ–æÎ–åÌ–ËéÈ–ËàÃ–ÈÞ×–Åß–âÚê ÅßÌÌ –ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–æÒÒ‹àÄ±Ã–É‹ÜÃÄèÈ–ÖÞÃ–æÎ–ÉàÓ–Ö×Ã–ÈÞ×–Åß–âÚê Ûì

–âÜÌ×Šà “–âÎèÌ–Á‹×à–æÒ”.

–åÌ–ÎßÄî–ÍèÌÌ, Ú§–æÒ, –ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ, ÎéÌ–âÆºÜ–æÒ (fuel cell) –ãÖß–âÂ²ÜÃ–Î¨Ì–æÒ DC Åß–âÑàß –âÆÌ

ÀíÃØèÌ–ÖíÓ Äß–ÏßÖéÈ–æÒÒ‹à–Àß–ãÅ–ÀíÃ–ÜÜÀ–Óà.

ÝïÍ 24 Àß–ãÅ–ÀíÃ [www.cipco.apogee.net]

––âÓ²Ü–Àß–ãÅ–æÒÒ‹à–æÛ–æÎ–åÌ–ËéÈ–ËàÃÙ±Ã–åÌ–ÆŠ×Ã–â×ÖàÅÌƒ –ãÖ‹×–ÎŠÞÌ–æÎ–æÛ–åÌ–ËéÈ–ÀíÃÀ–èÌ–Á‹àÓ ÀŠÜÌ–

Äß–ÀèÍ–Óà–æÛ–æÎ–åÌ–ËéÈ–ËàÃ–âÈêÓ–ÜêÀ. ÚàÇÂ×àÓ–×Šà Àß–ãÅ–æÒ–Åß–ÖèÍÎŠÞÌ–ËéÈ–ËàÃ–ÀàÌ–æÛÔïŠ–Åß–âÚê ÄªÃ–âÜÌÀèÌ–

×Šà –æÒ–Àß–ãÅ–Åß–ÖèÍ (“AC”-Alternating Current). ÀàÌ–ÆŸ–Âì–ÌËéÈ–ËàÃ–ÀàÌ–æÛ–æÎ-ÀèÍ–È¨Ã–ÀŠà× –âÜÌ×Šà

“ÝÜÍ–×ÞÌ” –ãÖß–ÄáÌ×Ì–ÝÜÍ–×ÞÌË–âÀêÈ–Á¹Ì–åÌÙ±Ã×éÌàËê –âÜÌ×Šà Â×àÓ–Ê¯–ÁÜÃ–æÒÒ‹à–Åß–ÖèÍ (Óê–Øí×ÙŠ×Ç–

âÎèÌ –ãÝèÀÆ-Hz).– æÒ–Ë–ÏßÖéÈ–ÄàÀ–äÝÃ–ÃàÌ–æÒÒ‹à ÓêÂ×àÓ–Ê¯– 50 Hz Ûì 60 Hz –äÈÇ–Á¹ÌÀèÍ–ÓàÈ–ÊàÌ–æÒÒ‹à–Ë–

åÆ‹–åÌ–ãÉŠ–Öß–Îß–âËÈ.

æÒÒ‹à–Àß–ãÅ–Åß–ÖèÍ "AC", –âÎèÌ–æÒ–Æß–ÌéÈÙ±ÃË–âÝíà–Âî‹Ì–âÂêÇ––Èê Í¡–×Šà–åÌ–âÝìÜÌ, –åÌ–ËîÖß–ÀéÈ–À¡–Âì–åÌ–

ÜîÅà–ØßÀá –âÑàß–×Šà–æÒÒ‹à AC ÏßÖéÈ–æÈ‹–Âî‹Ó–ÂŠà–ÀŠ×à–ãÖß––åÆ‹ÃŠàÇ–ÀŠ×à.

ÝïÍ 25: âÂìÜ–ÁŠàÇ–ãÄÀ–ÄŠàÇ–æÒÒ‹à–Àß–ãÅ–Åß–ÖèÍ (ÈèÈ–Óà–ÄàÀÎºÓ UNESCO)

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ÖèÀÅßÌß–äÈÈ–âÈÌÁÜÃ–æÒÒ‹à–Àß–ãÅ–Åß–ÖèÍ –ãÓŠÌ–Â×àÓ–ÅàÓàÈ–ÎŠÞÌ–ãÎÃ–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–æÈ‹–ÃŠàÇ. –ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–

ÅàÓàÈ–ÊìÀ–ÇíÀ–Á¹Ì Ûì Ûî‡ÈÖíÃ ÉàÓ–Â×àÓ–É‹ÜÃ–ÃÀàÌ–åÆ‹–æÒ. ÅªÃ–Ì¸ÜßÌîÇàÈ–åØ‹–ãÄÀ–ÄŠàÇ–æÒ–æÎ–æÈ‹––ãÏŠÌ–À‹×àÃ–

æÀâË³à–ËÉ‹ÜÃÀàÌ.

ÉŠàÃ–ÄàÀ–æÒ DC, –æÒ AC Í¡–Óê–Á‹×à Ç‹ÜÌ–×Šà Àß–ãÅ–æÒ–Åß–ÖèÍÎŠÞÌËéÈ–ËàÃ–ÀàÌ–æÛÛàÇƒ–âË²Ü–

åÌÙ±Ã×éÌàËê.

–æÒ DC Óê–ÎßÅéÈ–ËéÈ–ÑàÍ–ÅïÃ–ÀŠ×à–åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÁíÌ–Å³Ã–ãÖß–Ìá–åÆ‹ –ãÉñÏßÖéÈ–åÌ–ÎßÖéÓàÌÛàÇ–Äß–ÇàÀ–

ÀŠ×à –ãÖß–ÀàÌ–ÎŠÌ–ãÎÃ–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–À¡–ÇàÀ–ÀŠ×à. ÀàÌÉèÈ–ÅéÌ–åÄ–âÖìÜÀ–åÆ‹–æÒ AC Ûì DC –ãÓŠÌ–Á¹ÌÀèÍ–ÆßÌéÈ–âÉèÀ–äÌ–

äÖ–Æê–Ë–åÆ‹–åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÏßÖéÈ–æÒÒ‹à.

ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒÅß–ÖèÍÀß–ãÅ DC –âÝèÈÙ‹àË–âÚìÜÌÀèÌ–ÀèÍ–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ AC –ãÖß––ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌËèÃ–

ÅÜÃ–ÆßÌéÈÌÊìÀ–åÆ‹–ÀèÌ–ãÏŠÛàÇ–âÚìÜÌÀèÌ, –ãÉŠ–ÍàÃ–Â´Ã ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–æÒÒ‹à AC –Äß–Øà–ÃŠàÇ–ÀŠ×à–ãÖß–ÖàÂà–À¡–ÊìÀ–

ÀŠ×à. –âÌ²ÜÃ–ÄàÀ–×Šà–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–ÏßÖéÈ–æÒÒ‹à DC, ÅßÌÌÄªÃ–ÓèÀ–ÊìÀ–Ìá–åÆ‹–åÌ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à PV. –åÌ–ÍàÃ–Àç–Öß–

Ìê –âÓ²Ü–Í¡–ÅàÓàÈ–ÆÜÀ–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–æÒÒ‹à DC, –âÑªÌÜàÈ–åÆ‹–âÂ²ÜÃ–ÎŠÞÌæÒ (inverter) –âÑ²Ü–ÎŠÞÌ–Àß–ãÅ–æÒ DC Ë–

ÏßÖéÈ–ÄàÀ–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ –åØ‹–âÎèÌ–Àß–ãÅ–æÒ AC. –ãÉŠ–À¡–Â×ÌÛêÀ–â×´ÌÀàÌ–åÆ‹–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–Ì¸–âË³à–Ë–ÛêÀ–æÈ‹ –âÑàß–×Šà

ÓèÌ–âÎèÌ–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–Ë–ÀéÌ–æÒ–âÚìÜÌÀèÌ–ãÖßÀ¡–âÎèÌ–ÀàÌ–âÑÓ–ÓïÌ–ÂŠà–ÁÜÃ–ÖßÍíÍ–Á¹ÌÜêÀ.

2.2 ÀàÌ–×èÈ–ãËÀ–æÒÒ‹à

–âÂ²ÜÃ–×èÈ–Üß–âÌÀÎßÅíÃ (Multi-meter)

–åÌÝïÍ 26 Åß–ãÈÃ–âÂ²ÜÃ–×èÈ–Üß–âÌÀÎßÅíÃÛàÇÆßÌéÈ. Üà–æÅ–âÂ²ÜÃ–×èÈ–Ì¸ –âÝíà–ÅàÓàÈ–×èÈ–ãËÀ–ãÝÃ–

ÈèÌ–ãÖß–Àß–ãÅ–æÒÒ‹à–åÌ–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ–åÈÙ±Ã–æÈ‹.

ÀàÌ–×èÈ–ãËÀ–Àß–ãÅ–æÒÒ‹à–äÈÇ–åÆ‹ multi-meter

–âÑ²Ü–Äß×èÈ–ãËÀ–âÍªÃ–Àß–ãÅ–æÒÒ‹àÔïŠ–åÌ–×íÃ–ÄÜÌ–åÈÙ±Ã É‹ÜÃ–ÉéÈ–É¡–ÖÞÌâÂ²ÜÃ–×èÈ––åÅŠ–ÄîÈ–Ë–É‹ÜÃÀàÌ–Ýï‹–ÂŠà–

Àß–ãÅ–æÒ. –åØ‹–ÅÞÍÅàÇ–Á´×ÌæÒÍ×À (ÉàÓ–Ëá–Óß–Èà Äß–âÎèÌÅàÇ–Åê–ãÈÃ) –åÅŠ–Ýï ‘10A’ –åÌ–âÂ²ÜÃ–×èÈÜß–

âÌÀÎßÅíÃ –ãÖß–âÅÌÅàÇ–ÖíÍ (ÅàÇ–ÅêÈá) –åÅŠ–Ýï–Ë–Óê–âÂ²ÜÃÚàÇ ‘com’. ÛèÃÄàÀ–ÌÌ –åØ‹ÚïÌ Èï–Ó ÚïÌ–æÎ–ÅïŠ–Ë–ÉÃË–Óê–

Éí×ÙèÃÅì “A” Ñ‹ÜÓ–È‹×Ç–âÅÌÆ² (ÅèÌÇà–ÖèÀ–ÁÜÃ–æÒÒ‹à–Àß–ãÅ–ÀíÃ).

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ÝïÍ 26: –âÂ²ÜÃ–×èÈ–Üß–âÌÀÎßÅíÃ–ÆßÌéÈ–ÉŠàÃƒ

ÝïÍ 27: ×ß–Ëê–×èÈ–ãËÀ–Àß–ãÅ–æÒÈ‹×Ç–âÂ²ÜÃ–×èÈ–Üß–âÌÀÎßÅíÃ

ÀàÌ–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–Àß–ãÅ–æÒ–ÅáÖèÍ–×íÃ–ÄÜÌÀàÌ–É–¡ãÍÍ–ÖÞÌ–ãÖß–ãÍÍ–ÁßÙàÌ

Àß–ãÅ–æÒ–åÌ–×íÃ–ÄÜÌ–É¡–ÖÞÌ–Äß–âË³à–ÀèÌ–ÔïŠ–ËîÀƒ–ÄîÈ. ÅŠ×Ì–åÌ–×íÃ–ÄÜÌ–ÀàÌ–É¡–ÁßÙàÌ Àß–ãÅ–æÒ–Ö×ÓÄß–

ãÍŠÃ–æÎ–ÉàÓ––ãÃŠÅàÇ––æÒÉ¡–ÁßÙàÌ. ÂŠà–Àß–ãÅ–åÌ–ãÉŠ–Öß–ãÃŠÖ×ÓÀèÌ–ãÖ‹×–Äß–âË³à–ÀèÍ–Àß–ãÅ–æÒ–Ö×Ó. ÅªÃ–Ì¸Í¡–ÉŠàÃ–

ØÇèÃ–ÀèÍ–ÅàÇ–ÌŸ–ÅàÁà–ÛàÇÅàÇ æÛÖ×Ó–âÁ¿àÀèÌ–âÎèÌ–ÅàÇ–ÌŸ–åØÇŠÀŠ×à.

ÝïÍ 28: ×éËê–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–Àß–ãÅ–æÒ–åÌ–×íÃ–ÄÜÌ–ÀàÌ–É¡–ãÍÍ–ÖÞÌ–ãÖß–ÁßÙàÌ

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ÀàÌ–×èÈ–ãËÀ–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–æÒÒ‹à (Measuring voltage)

–âÑ²Ü–Äß–ãËÀ–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–æÒÒ–òà –åØ‹–É¡–Á‹×àÍ–×ÀÁÜÃ–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ –åÅŠ–Ýï Åê–ãÈÃ Ë–Óê–âÂ²ÜÃÚàÇ ‘V’ ÁÜÃ–

âÂ²ÜÃ–×èÈ –ãÖß–––Á‹×à–ÖíÍ –åÅŠÝï Åê–Èá ‘com’. ÁÌÉ¡–æÎ–ãÓŠÌÚïÌÈï–ÓÚïÌÁÜÃ–âÂ²ÜÃ–×èÈ–æÎ–åÅŠ ÂŠà V Ë–Óê–âÅÌ Æ²Ì–ÜÌ. –åÌ–

ÝïÍ–É¡–æÎ–Ì Åß–ãÈÃË–ÉÃÊìÀ–É‹ÜÃÁÜÃ–Èï–ÓÚïÌ–ãÖß–ÅàÇ–æÒ.

ÝïÍ 29: ×éËê–×èÈ–ãËÀ–ãÝÃÈèÌ–æÒÒ‹à

ÀàÌ–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÁÜÃ–×íÃ–ÄÜÌÀàÌ–É¡–ãÍÍ–ÖÞÌ–ãÖß–ÁßÙàÌ

ÝïÍ 30: ×éËêÂéÈ–æÖŠ–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌÁÜÃ–×íÃ–ÄÜÌ–É¡–ÖÞÌ–ãÖß–ÁßÙàÌ

ÍíÈ–ÐëÀ–ØèÈ 8

Ä³Ã–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–Àß–ãÅ–æÒ–ÔïŠ–ÄîÈ–Ë¯–ÍÜÀ–É¡–æÎ–Ì¸

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ÍíÈ–ÐëÀ–ØèÈ 9 Ä³ÃÉ²Ó–ÂŠà–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–Ë¯–âÚàßÅíÓ–åÅŠ–ÍŠÜÌØ×ŠàÃ–ÄŸƒ

ÀàÌ–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–Â×àÓ–É‹àÌ

ÀàÌÍ×À–Ö×ÓÂ×àÓ–É‹àÌ–Ë–É¡–ÖÞÌ–ÀèÌ– Äß–æÈ‹–ÂŠà–Â×àÓ–É‹àÌ–Ö×Ó.

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ÝïÍ 31: ÀàÌ–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–ÂŠà–Â×àÓ–É‹àÌ–åÌ–×íÃ–ÄÜÌ–É¡–ÖÞÌ–ãÖß–ÁßÙàÌ


ÍíÈ–ÐëÀ–ØèÈ 10 Ä³Ã–Å‹àÃ–×íÃ–ÄÜÌ–æÒÒ‹à–È¨Ã–åÌ–ÝïÍ–ãÖ‹×–ÅèÃ–âÀÈ–Â×àÓ–âÁÓÁÜÃ–ãÅÃ–åÌ–ãÉŠ–Öß–Àç–Öß–Ìê

• Àç–Öß–Ìê–åÈ––ãÅÃÓê–Â×àÓ–âÁÓÉœ–ÅîÈ? ……………………………….

• ÈÜÀ–æÒ–åÈ–Äß–Óê–Â×àÓ–âÁÓÅïÃ–ÅîÈ–åÌ–×íÃ–ÄÜÌ–É¡–æÎ–Ì¸? ………………. Ä³Ã–Å‹àÃ–×íÃ–ÄÜÌ–ãÖ‹×–ÅèÃ–âÀÈ

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3 –æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ

3.1 Åß–âÙê

ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ, ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–Ë–ØèÌÎñÞÌ–ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ–âÎèÌ––æÒÒ‹à Óê–Æ²×Šà –ãÏŠÌ–

ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ (PV). ÓèÌ–âÎèÌ–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–Ë–Óê–ÖàÂà–ãÑÃ –ãÖß–ÏßÖéÈ–ÇàÀ –ãÉŠ–åÆ‹–ÃàÌ–ÃŠàÇ–. ÑÞÃ–ãÉŠ–×àÃ––åÅŠ–ãÅÃ–

ÅßØ×ŠàÃ À¡–Äß–æÈ‹––æÒÒ‹à.

–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–ÅŠ×ÌÛàÇ–ãÓŠÌ–âÝèÈ–È‹×Ç–ÍèÌÈà–ÎŠÞÃ–ãÆ–ÖÂéÕÆß–ÉèÌÄáÌ×ÌÛàÇ (–ãÆ–Ö–ãÅÃ=

ÎéÌãÅÃ). ÍèÌÈà–ãÆ–ÖÜàÈ–Óê–ÝïÍ–×íÃ–ÓíÌ, ÅÛŠÞÓÅàÀ Ûì ÝïÍ–Ü²Ìƒ (ÝïÍ 32).

–ãÉŠ–Öß–ãÆ–ÖÈŠÞ×ÅàÓàÈ–ÏßÖéÈ–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ 0,5V –äÈÇ–ÂŠà–Àß–ãÅ–æÒ–Á¹ÌÀèÍ–ÁßÙàÈÁÜÃ–ãÆ–Ö. ÍèÌÈà–

ãÆ–Ö–ãÅÃ–ÊìÀ–Ìá–Óà–É¡–ÖÞÌ–ÀèÌ–âÑ²Ü–åØ‹–æÈ‹–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ––ãÖßÀáÖèÃÅïÃ–Á¹ÌÉàÓ–Â×àÓ–É‹ÜÃÀàÌ–(ÝïÍ33)

ÝïÍ 32: –ãÆ–Ö–ãÅÃ–ÂéÕÆß–ÉèÌ (DGS manual)

Photovoltaic

40


ÝïÍ 33: –ãÆ–Ö–ãÅÃ, –ãÏŠÌ –ãÖß–ÆîÈ–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ (RETscreen.net)

–âÌ²ÜÃ–ÄàÀ–×Šà–ãÉŠ–Öß–ãÆ–Ö ÅàÓàÈ–ÏßÖéÈ–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–æÈ‹–ÑÞÃ–ÎßÓàÌ 0.5 –ä×–Ì–âË³à–Ì´Ì, ÀàÌ–É¡–ãÆ–

ÖÄáÌ×ÌÛàÇÖÞÌ–ÀèÌ Äß–ÅàÓàÈ–ÏßÖéÈ–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÜÜÀ–Óà ÑÞÃÑç–Ë–Äß–ÅàÀÚ§–æÒ 12 V.

–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–ÆßÌéÈ–ãÜÓÓç–ÒèÈ (AMORPHOUS)

ËŠàÌ–ÜàÈ–âÂêÇ–âØèÌ–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–Ë–Í¡–ÎßÀÜÍ–È‹×Ç–ÍèÌÈà–ãÆ–Ö–ãÅÃ. ÌÌ–âÎèÌ–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌÆßÌéÈ–åÚŠ Óê–Æ²×Šà –ãÜÓÓç–

ÒèÈ (Í¡–Óê–ÝïÍ–ÝŠàÃ–ÓßÌê) Ûì ÇèÃ–âÜÌ×Šà–ÆßÌéÈ–Òê–ÓÍàÃ (thin film). ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–ÆßÌéÈ–Ì¸ ÌèÍ–ÓºÌèÍ–ãÏŠ–

ÁßØÇàÇ –äÈÇ–Åß–âÑàß–ÅáÖèÍ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÁßÙàÈÌ‹ÜÇ. –ãÉŠ–À¡–ÇèÃ–Óê–ÍèÌØà Â×àÓ–ËíÌ–ËàÌ–åÌ–

ÀàÌ–åÆ‹–ÃàÌ

–åÅŠ–åÄ: –ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌË–Óê 34 Ûì 36 ––ãÆ–Ö–ãÅÃ ÅàÓàÈ–ÅàÀÚ§–æÒ 12 –ä×–Ì.

3.2 ÀàÌ–É¡–ãÆ–Ö–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ

–âÝíà–ÅàÓàÈ–Åß–ãÈÃÀàÌ–É¡–ãÆ–Ö–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ–äÈÇ–åÆ‹–ÆîÈ–âÂ²ÜÃ–ËíÈ–ÖÜÃ leXsolar (ÝïÍ 34).

3.2.1 ÀàÌ–É¡–ãÆÖãÅÃÖÞÌÀèÌ

–åÌ–ÀàÌ–É¡–ãÆ–Ö–ãÍÍ–ÖÞÌÌ, Á×ÌÍ×ÀÁÜÃ–ãÆ–ÖÙ±Ã ÊìÀ–É¡–åÅŠ–Á´×ÌÖíÍ–ÁÜÃ–ãÆ–ÖÊèÈ–æÎ

Photovoltaic


41

ÝïÍ 34: ÀàÌ–É¡–ãÆ–Ö–ãÅÃ 3 ÜèÌ–ãÍÍ–ÖÞÌ (LeXsolar kit)

ÀàÌ–×èÈ–ãËÀ–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ

âÓ²ÜãÆÖãÅÃÊìÀÉ¡ÖÞÌåÅŠÀèÌ, ãÝÃÈèÌÅèÃÖ×ÓÄßâË³àÀèÍÏíÌÖ×ÓãÝÃÈèÌÁÜÃãÉŠÖß ãÆÖ

1 2 3 ...total c c cU U U U= + + + 3.1

ÍíÈ–ÐëÀ–ØèÈ 11 âÍªÃÝïÍ 35: ãÝÃÈèÌË¯ãËÀæÈ‹É¡ 1 ãÆÖ ãÓŠÌ

V1 cell = 526 mV = 0.526 V

ÏíÌÖ×ÓãÝÃÈèÌÄßâË³àåÈ Ê‹àØàÀ ãÆÖ 2 ÜèÌ ãÖß 3 ÜèÌ ÊìÀÌáÓàÉ¡ÖÞÌåÅŠÀèÌ

2 ãÆÖÖÞÌÀèÌ: V 2 cells series = __________ V

3 ãÆÖÖÞÌÀèÌ: V 3 cells series = __________ V

ÝïÍ 35: ÀàÌ×èÈãËÀãÝÃÈèÌÖ×ÓÁÜÃãÆÖãÅÃ Ë¯É¡ÖÞÌÀèÌ (leXsolar kit)

Photovoltaic

42


ÀàÌ×èÈãËÀÀßãÅæÒ

âÓ²ÜãÆÖâÚìÜÌÀèÌÊìÀÌáÓàÉ¡ÖÞÌåÅŠÀèÌ, ÀßãÅæÒÖ×Ó ÄßâË³àÀèÌÀèÍÀßãÅæÒ ÁÜÃ

ãÉŠÖßãÆÖÌÌƒ

1 2 3 ...total c c cI I I I= = = = 3.2

ÍíÈ–ÐëÀ–ØèÈ 12. ÜêÃåÅŠÝïÍ 36, ÂŠàÀßãÅæÒÁÜÃ 1 ãÆÖ ãËÀæÈ‹

I1cell = 2 mA

ÊàÓ×Šà ÀßãÅæÒÖ×ÓÄßâË³àåÈ ÅáÖèÍÀàÌÉ¡ãÆÖ ÈÃÉ¡æÎÌ¸:

I 2 cells series =_________ mA

I 3 cells series =_________ mA

ÝïÍ 36: ÀàÌ×èÈãËÀÀßãÅåÌÀàÌÉ¡ãÆÖãÅÃÖÞÌÀèÌ (leXsolar kit)

3.2.2 ÀàÌÉ¡ãÆÖãÅÃãÍÍÁßÙàÌÀèÌ

åÌÀàÌÉ¡ãÆÖãÅÃÁßÙàÌÀèÌÌ, Å¿ÌÁ‹×àÍ×À ÊìÀÉ¡Äî‹ÓåÅŠÀèÌ ãÖßÅ¿ÌÁ‹×àÖíÍ À¡Äî‹Ó åÅŠÀèÌ,

Ö×ÓâÎèÌÁ‹×àæÒÖ×ÓåØÇŠÀŠ×à (ÝïÍ 37).

Photovoltaic


43

ÝïÍ 37: ÀàÌÉ¡ãÆÖãÅÃãÍÍÁßÙàÌÀèÌ (LeXsolar kit)

ÍíÈ–ÐëÀ–ØèÈ 13 ÜêÃåÅŠÝïÍ38, ÂŠàãÝÃÈèÌË¯×èÈãËÀæÈ‹ÅáÖèÍ 1 ãÆÖ âË³àÀèÍ U1 cell= 0.55V.

ÊàÓ×Šà ãÝÃÈèÌÄßâË³àåÈ åÌÀçÖßÌêÉ¡æÎÌ

ãÆÖÅÜÃÜèÌÉ¡ÁßÙàÌÀèÌ: U2 cells in parallel=__________ V

ãÆÖÅàÓÜèÌÉ¡ÁßÙàÌÀèÌ: U3 cells in parallel=__________ V

ÝïÍ 38: ÀàÌ–×èÈ–ãËÀ–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÁÜÃ–ãÆ–ÖË¯–É¡–ÁßÙàÌÀèÌ (leXsolar kit)

ÍíÈ–ÐëÀ–ØèÈ 14 ÜêÃåÅŠ ÝïÍ 39, ÂŠàÀßãÅÀãËÀæÈ‹ÅáÖèÍ 1 ãÆÖãÓŠÌ I1 cell= 0.6mA.

ÊàÓ×Šà ÀßãÅÖ×ÓåÌÀàÌÀçÖßÌêÉ¡æÎÌ ãÓŠÌâË³àåÈ?

ÅÜÃ ãÆÖÁßÙàÌÀèÌ: I2 cells in parallel=__________mA

ÅàÓãÆÖÁßÙàÌÀèÌ: I3 cells in parallel=__________mA

Photovoltaic

44


ÝïÍ 39: ÀàÌÉ¡ãÆÖãÅÃãÍÍÁßÙàÌÀèÌ (leXsolar kit)

3.3 ÅªÃåÈÀßËíÍâÊéÃÀàÌÏßÖéÈæÒÁÜÃãÏŠÌÎéÌãÅÃ

ÏíÌÀßËíÍÄàÀâÌºÜË¯ãÏŠÌÎéÌãÅÃ

ÛèÃÂàÀ‹×àÃåØÇŠÀŠ×à ÄßäÉŠÃÌŸÐíÌæÈ‹ÛàÇÀŠ×à âÓ²ÜËÞÍÀèÍÛèÃÂàãÂÍƒ. åÌËáÌÜÃ ÈÞ×ÀèÌ,

ãÏŠÌÎéÌãÅÃÀ‹×àÃÀ×Šà À¡ÄßÏßÖéÈæÒÜÜÀÓàæÈ‹ÛàÇÀŠ×à. Ê‹à–âÝíà–âÑÓ–âÌºÜË––ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃÁ¹ÌÅàÓ––âË²Ü

ÓèÌ–À¡–Äß–ÏßÖéÈ–æÈ‹ÛàÇÀŠ×à–ÅàÓ–âË²Ü (ÝïÍ 40).

ÝïÍ 40: ÏíÌ–ÀßËíÍ–ÄàÀ–âÌºÜË¯––ãÏŠÌÝèÍ–ãÅÃ

ÏíÌ–ÀßËíÍ–ÄàÀ–Â×àÓ–âÁÓÁÜÃ–ãÅÃ–ÅßØ×ŠàÃ

–âÓ²Ü–åÈ–ÐíÌ–ÉíÀ–ãÝÃ –ÀàÌ–äÉŠÃÌŸ––ÄàÀÛèÃÂà–À¡–æÈ‹ÛàÇ. –ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–Àç–Óê–ÖèÀÅßÌß–âÚìÜÌ ÀèÌ: –âÓ²Ü–

åÈ–ãÅÃ–ãÈÈÉíÀ–åÅŠ–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃÛàÇ, ÀàÌ–ÏßÖéÈ–æÒÒ‹à–À¡–æÈ‹ÛàÇ. Ê‹à–Óê–Ý³Ó–âÃíà–Óà–ÎéÈ–ÍèÃ–ãÏŠÌ ÀàÌ–ÏßÖéÈ–

æÒ–ÁÜÃ–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–À¡–Äß–ÜŠÜÌÖíÃÛàÇ (ÝïÍ 41).

Photovoltaic


45

ÝïÍ 41: ÏíÌ–ÀßËíÍ–ÄàÀ–Â×àÓ–âÁÓÁÜÃ–ãÅÃ

ÏíÌ–ÀßËíÍ–ÄàÀ–ËéÈ–ËàÃ–ÀàÌ–É´Ã–ãÏŠÌ

–âÑ²Ü–åØ‹–ÏßÖéÈ–æÒÒ‹à–æÈ‹ÛàÇ –ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–ÄßÉ‹ÜÃ–ÜŠ×àÇÙ‹àÀíÃ–åÅŠ–âÖíà–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ.

ÏíÌ–ÀßËíÍ–ÄàÀ–Â×àÓ–Ý‹ÜÌ

–Ê‹à–âÔèÌ–ÀŠ×à ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–ÅàÓàÈ–ÏßÖéÈ–æÒ–æÈ‹–Èê–ÀŠ×à. ––âÓ²Ü–ãÏŠÌ–æÈ‹–ÝèÍÂ×àÓ–Ý‹ÜÌÛàÇ ÓèÌ–Äß–

ÏßÖéÈ–æÒ–æÈ‹Ù‹ÜÇÖíÃ.

–âÝèÈ–ãÌ×–åÈ–Äß––åØ‹–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃÏßÖéÈ–æÒ–æÈ‹–ÅïÃ–ÅîÈ

–âÌ²ÜÃ–ÄàÀ–×Šà –ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–Óê–ÖàÂà–ãÑÃ ÅßÌÌ ÄªÃ–Â×Ì–É‹ÜÃ–åØ‹–ÓèÌ–ÏßÖéÈ–æÒ––åØ‹æÈ‹ÛàÇ–âË³à–ËÛàÇ–

æÈ‹.

É‹ÜÃ–åØ‹–ãÅÃ–ãÈÈ–À‹à–ÉíÀÖíÃ–åÅŠ–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ

––ãÅÃ–ãÈÈ–Äß–À‹à Ê‹à–Í¡–Óê–ÅªÃ–åÈ–Óà–ÎéÈ–ÍèÃ–ÓèÌ. ÅªÃ–ÅáÂèÌ–Ë–É‹ÜÃ–åÅŠ––åÄ –ãÓŠÌ–åØ‹–É´Ã–ãÏŠÌ–åÅŠ–ÄîÈ Ë–åÌ–

ÖßØ×ŠàÃ–ãÉŠ 09:00 Øà 15:00 Äß–Í¡–Óê–ÅªÃ–åÈ–Óà–ÍèÃ–ãÏŠÌ.

–åÌ–âÁÈ–Ý‹ÜÌ ÅáÖèÍÆêÀäÖÀ–âÙìÜ –ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ–Äß–ÅïÃ–ÅîÈ–åÌ–ÆŠ×Ã–âÈìÜÌ 6 –ãÖß–Éœ–ÅîÈ–åÌ–ÆŠ×Ã–âÈìÜÌ

12 ÁÜÃ–ãÉŠ–Öß–Îê. ÅßÌÌ Ä±Ã–É‹ÜÃ–åÅŠ–åÄ–×Šà Í¡–åØ‹–âÀêÈ–ÝíñÓ–âÃíà–ÄàÀ–É¿Ì–æÓ‹ Ûì ÜàÂàÌ Óà–ÍèÃ–ãÏŠÌ–ÄàÀ–ËàÃ–È‹àÌ–

ËéÈ–âÙìÜÀç–Âì–ËéÈ–åÉ‹ , –ãÖß–åØ‹–ãÌŠ–åÄ–×Šà –ãÏŠÌÄß–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ãÈÈ–Èê–ÉßÛÜÈÎê.

–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–É‹ÜÃ–ÜŠ×àÇÙ‹à–åÅŠ–Éà–â×èÌ

Photovoltaic

46


–ãÏŠÌ–Äß–ÏßÖéÈ–ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–æÈ‹–ÅïÃ–ÅîÈ–âÓ²Ü–ÓèÌ–ÜŠ×àÇÙ‹àÀíÃ–åÅŠ–Éà–â×èÌ. –ãÉŠ–×Šà Ë–É´ÃÁÜÃ–Éà–â×èÌ–Äß–

ÎŠÞÌ–ãÎÃ–æÎ–åÌ–ËéÈ–âÙìÜ-åÉ‹ –åÌ–ÆŠ×Ã–Îê –ãÖß–åÌ–ËéÈ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÉíÀ-Éà–â×èÌ–ÜÜÀ –åÌ––ãÉŠ–ÖßÓº (ÝïÍ 42). ÅßÌÌ Äß–

âÎèÌ–ÀàÌ–ÇàÀ–Ë–Äß–åØ‹–âÖíà–ãÅÃ–É´ÃÅàÀ–åÅŠ–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–ÔïŠÉßÛÜÈ–â×Öà. –

ãÉŠ–âÝíà–Ýï‹–×Šà –ãÅÃ–ãÈÈ–Äß––âÁÓË–ÅîÈ–åÌ–ÉÜÌ–ËŠÞÃ×èÌ. Ë–É´ÃËÞÍ–ÊàÌ–ÁÜÃ–Éà–â×èÌ–åÌ–ÉÜÌ–ËŠÞÃ–×èÌ–Äß–Í¡–

âÚìÜÌÀèÌ–åÌ–ÆŠ×Ã–â×Öà–åÌ–Îê–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ–ãÖß–Á¹ÌÀèÍ–Ë–É´ÃÌèÍ––ãÉŠ–âÅÌ–ÅïÌ–ÅïÈ. –ãÉŠ–À¡–É‹ÜÃ–åØ‹––ãÏŠÌÓêÓîÓ–ÃŠÞÃÎßÓàÌ–

ãÉŠ 5 –âÊéÃ 10 ÜíÃÅà –âÑ²Ü–åØ‹–ÌŸ–ÐíÌ–Åî–Ö‹àÃ–ÐîŠÌÜÜÀ–ÄàÀÙ‹à–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–æÈ‹–Èê.

ÝïÍ 42: ËŠà–É´ÃÁÜÃ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÎŠÞÌ–ãÎÃ–æÎ–ÉàÓ–ÖßÈï–ÀàÌ (source: DGS guide)

–åÅŠ–åÄ: –ÔïŠ–âÁÈ–Ý‹ÜÌ–âÓ²Ü–ÓîÓ–âÅÌÁßÙàÌÁ×àÃ–Í¡–âÀêÌ 15 ÜíÃÅà ÀàÌ–ÜŠ×àÇÙ‹à–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–æÎ–ËàÃ–ËéÈ–

âÅÌÅïÌ–ÅïÈ Äß–Í¡–Äá–âÎèÌ–É‹ÜÃ–Óê–Â×àÓ–ãÌŠ–ÌÜÌ–ÅïÃ. ÅáÖèÍ–âÅÌÁßÙàÌÅïÃ–ÀŠ×àÌ É‹ÜÃ––æÈ‹–åÅŠ–åÄ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–É´Ã–ãÏŠÌ–

åØ‹–ÜŠ×àÇÙ‹àÀíÃ–æÎ–Øà–âÅÌÅïÌ–ÅïÈ (ËéÈ––åÉ)‹ –Ä±Ã–ÏßÖéÈ–æÒÒ‹à–æÈ‹ÛàÇË–ÅîÈ

–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–É‹ÜÃ–åØ‹–âÔèÌ–âË³à–Ë¯–âÎèÌ–æÎ–æÈ‹

–âÌ²ÜÃ–ÄàÀ–×Šà –ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–É´ÃÝèÍ–ãÅÃ–ãÈÈ–ÔïŠ–ÉßÛÜÈÓº Ä±Ã––âÎèÌ–ÀàÌÇàÀ–Ë–Äß–âÝèÈ–åØ‹–ÓèÌÍ¡–Ý‹ÜÌ. –

ÀàÌÚïÌ×ÞÌÁÜÃ–ÜàÀàÈ–ÏŠàÌ–È‹àÌÛèÃ–ãÖß–È‹àÌÙ‹àÄß–ÆŠ×Ç–åØ‹–ãÏŠÌ–âÔèÌ–ÖíÃ–ÅŠ×Ì–åÈ–ÅŠ×ÌÙ±Ã. ÅßÌÌ Ê‹à–ÉéÈ–

É´Ã–ãÏŠÌ–åÅŠÛèÃÂà À¡–Â×ÌÉ‹ÜÃÄ³Ã–ÆŠÜÃ–Ø×ŠàÃ Í¡–Éœ–ÀŠ×à 10 ÆÓ ÌèÍÄàÀÛèÃÂà–âÝìÜÌ –âÑ²Ü–åØ‹–âÀêÈ–ÀàÌ–æÛ–ÁÜÃ–

ÜàÀàÈÏŠàÌÈ‹àÌÛÃ–æÈ‹–Èê.

Photovoltaic


47

ÛèÀÀàÌÎßÉéÍèÈ–âÑ²Ü–åØ‹––ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃÏßÖéÈ––æÒæÈ‹–ÅïÃ–ÅîÈ

ÛèÀÀàÌ 1

Í¡–åØ‹–Óê–Ý³Ó–âÃíà–ÍèÃ–åÌ–ÆŠ×Ã–ÖßØ×ŠàÃ 09:00 Øà 15:00.

ÛèÀÀàÌ 2

ÓîÓ–ÃŠÞÃ–ÁÜÃ–ãÏŠÌ–âË³à–ÀèÌ–ÀÍÓîÓ–âÅÌÁßÙàÌÁ‹×àÃÁÜÃ–Ë‹ÜÃ–ÊªÌ –ãÉŠ–Í¡–Â×Ì–åØ‹–Ì‹ÜÇ–ÀŠ×à 5 ÜíÃÅà ËÞÍ–

åÅŠÙ‹àÑÞÃ–ÌÜÌ. –ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–É‹ÜÃ–ÜŠ×àÇÙ‹àÀíÃ–æÎ–ËàÃ–ËéÈ–åÉ‹ (ÅáÖèÍÆêÀ–äÖÀ–âÙìÜ).

ÛèÀÀàÌ 3

ÉéÈ–É´Ã–ãÏŠÌ–ØŠàÃ–ÄàÀÏé×–Ü²Ìƒ (–âÆÌÛèÃÂà–âÝìÜÌ) Í¡–Éœ–ÀŠ×à 10 cm –âÑ²Ü–åØ‹–ÜàÀàÈ–æÛÏŠàÌ–È‹àÌÛèÃ–æÈ‹–Èê–ãÖß–

ÆŠ×Ç–âÝèÈ–åØ‹––ãÏŠÌâÔèÌ–ÖíÃ

3.4 ÀàÌ–ÉéÈ–É¡–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–Ë¯–Óê–ÂîÌ–ÖèÀÅßÌß––âÚìÜÌÀèÌ

Ïï‹–åÆ‹–æÒ–ÅŠ×ÌÛàÇÓèÀ–ÄßÉ‹ÜÃÀàÌ–æÒÛàÇÀŠ×à–ÁêÈ–Â×àÓ–ÅàÓàÈ–ÁÜÃ–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–ÜèÌÙ±Ã ÏßÖéÈ–

æÈ‹‹. ÀàÌ–É¡–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃÛàÇÜèÌ–åÅŠ–ÀèÌ––ãÓŠÌ–âÑ²Ü–âÑÓ–ÁêÈ–ÀàÌ–ÅßÙÜÃ–æÒ–ÁÜÃ–ÖßÍíÍ. Óê–ÅÜÃ–×éËê–ÀàÌ–É¡–ãÏŠÌ–

åÅŠ–ÀèÌ Âì: É¡–ãÍÍ–ÖÞÌ–ãÖß–ãÍÍ–ÁßÙàÌ.

3.4.1 ÀàÌ–É¡–ãÏŠÌ–ãÍÍ–ÖÞÌ–ÀèÌ

–âÓ²Ü–åÈ–ØàÀ–É‹ÜÃÀàÌ–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÅïÃ–ÀŠ×à–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÁÜÃ–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ 1 ÜèÌ –âÑªÌ–Äß–É¡–ãÏŠÌ–ÖÞÌ–ÀèÌ (ÝïÍ

43).

–åÌ–ÀàÌ–É¡–ãÏŠÌ–ÖÞÌ–ÀèÌ Àß–ãÅ–æÒÖ×ÓÁÜÃÆîÈãÏŠÌâË³àÀèÌÀèÍÀßãÅæÒ ËÏßÖéÈÜÜÀ

ÄàÀãÏŠÌÜèÌÈÞ×. âÌ²ÜÃÄàÀ×Šà ÀáÖèÃæÒâË³àÀèÍãÝÃÈèÌÂïÌåØ‹ÀèÍÀßãÅ ÅßÌÌ Ä±ÃâØèÌæÈ‹×Šà

ÀáÖèÃæÒÖ×ÓÁÜÃÆîÈ––ãÏñÌÄßâÑÓÁ¹ÌÉàÓÀàÌâÑÓÄáÌ×ÌãÏŠÌ.

3.4.2 ÀàÌÉ¡ãÎŠÌÎéÌãÅÃãÍÍÁßÙàÌ

âÓ²ÜãÝÃÈèÌËÉ‹ÜÃÀàÌâË³àÀèÍãÝÃÈèÌÜÜÀÄàÀãÏŠÌÈÞ× ãÉŠÉ‹ÜÃÀàÌÀßãÅÅïÃÀŠ×à

âÑªÌÄßÌáãÏŠÌÎéÌãÅÃÛàÇÜèÌÓàÉ¡ãÍÍÁßÙàÌÀèÌ. åÌÀàÌÉ¡ãÍÍÁßÙàÌÌ, ãÝÃÈèÌÖ×ÓâË³à

Photovoltaic

48


ÀèÌÀèÍãÝÃÈèÌÁÜÃãÏŠÌÈŠÞ× –ãÉŠ–Àß–ãÅ–Äß–âÑÓ–Á¹ÌÉàÓ–ÄáÌ×Ì–ãÏŠÌ–Ë–Ìá–ÓàÉ¡–ÁßÙàÌÀèÌ. –âÌ²ÜÃ–ÄàÀ–ÀáÖèÃ–

âË³à–ÀèÍ–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÂïÌ–ÀèÍ–Àß–ãÅ ÅßÌÌ Ä±Ã–âØèÌ–×Šà ÀáÖèÃ–Ö×ÓÁÜÃ–ÆîÈ–ãÏŠÌ–Ë–É¡–ÁßÙàÌÀèÌ Äß–âÑÓ–Á¹ÌÉàÓ–

ÄáÌ×Ì–ãÏŠÌ–ËÉ¡–ÁßÙàÌÀèÌ.

ÝïÍ 43: ÀàÌ–É¡–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–ãÍÍ–ÖÞÌ–ãÖß–ÁßÙàÌÀèÌ

–åÅŠ–åÄ–×Šà ÅáÖèÍ–ËèÃ–ÅÜÃ–Àç–Öß–ÌêÉ¡–ãÍÍ–ÖÞÌ–ãÖß–ÁßÙàÌ ÀáÖèÃ–æÒ–Ö×ÓÄß–âÑÓ–Á¹Ì –æÎ–ÉàÓ–ÄáÌ×Ì–ãÏŠÌ–Ë–Ìá–

Óà–É¡–ÀèÌ. ÅÜÃ–ãÏŠÌ–É¡ÖÞÌ–ÀèÌÄß–åØ‹–ÀáÖèÃ–âË³à–ÀèÌ–ÀèÍ–Àç–Öß–ÌêÉ¡–ÁßÙàÌ, ––ãÉÀÉŠàÃÀèÌ–Óê–ÑÞÃ–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ––ãÖß–Àß–ãÅ–

.

3.4.3 ÀàÌÉ¡–ãÍÍ–ÖÞÌ-ÁßÙàÌ

ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÅáÖèÍ–Î‹ÜÌ–æÒ–åØ‹–Éï‹–âÔèÌ–ãÖß–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ–ÁßÙàÈ–åØÇŠ–Ü²Ìƒ ÓèÀ–Äß–

åÆ‹–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ 24 V ÄàÀÚ§–æÒ–ãËÌ–Ë–Äß–âÎèÌ 12 V. ÍàÃ–Àç–Öß–Ìê–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÜàÈ–ÅïÃ–âÊéÃ 48 V.

–âÌ²ÜÃ–ÄàÀ–×Šà –ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–ÓàÈ–ÉßÊàÌ––ãÓŠÌ–ÅáÖèÍ–ÅàÀÚ§–æÒ 12 V, ÅßÌÌ ÔàÀ–ÅàÀÚ§–æÒ 24 V

É‹ÜÃ–É¡–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–ÅÜÃ–ÜèÌ–ÖÞÌ–ÀèÌ Ûì É¡ 4 –ãÏŠÌ–ÖÞÌ–ÀèÌ –âÑ²Ü–ÅàÀÚ–§–æÒ 48 V.

–åÌÛàÇÀç–Öß–Ìê, –ãÏŠÌÎéÌ–ãÅÃ 1 –ãÏŠÌ–ÅàÓàÈ–åØ‹Àß–ãÅ–æÒ–ÉàÓ–Â×àÓ–É‹ÜÃÀàÌ, –ãÉŠ–Ê‹à–ÔàÀ–æÈ‹–Àß–

ãÅ–ÅïÃ–Á¹Ì É‹ÜÃ–É¡–ãÏŠÌÛàÇÜèÌ–ÁßÙàÌÀèÌ (ÝïÍ 44). ÀàÌ–É¡–ãÍÍ–ÎßÅíÓ–ÎßÅàÌ–Öß Ø×ŠàÃÉ¡–ÖÞÌ–ãÖß–

ÁßÙàÌ ÜàÈ–æÈ‹–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ãÖß–Àß–ãÅ–ÉàÓ–Â×àÓ–É‹ÜÃÀàÌ–ÁÜÃ–ãÉŠ–Öß–Àç–Öß–ÌêÅß–âÑàß.

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ÓêÛàÇ–ãÌ×–ËàÃ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–É¡–ÎßÅíÓ–ÎßÅàÌ –âÑ²Ü–åØ‹–æÈ‹–Àß–ãÅ–ãÖß–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÉàÓ–Â×àÓ–É‹ÜÃ ÀàÌ. –âÝíà–

ÅàÓàÈ–É¡–ãÏŠÌ–ÖÞÌ–ÀèÌ–âÎèÌ–ÆîÈ–åØ‹––âÊéÃ–ÂŠà–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÉàÓ–Â×àÓ–É‹ÜÃÀàÌ –ãÖ‹×–ÄªÃ–Ìá–ÆîÈ–È¨Ã–ÀŠà× Óà–É¡–

ÁßÙàÌÀèÌ –âÑ²Ü–åØ‹–æÈ‹–Àß–ãÅ–ÉàÓ–Â×àÓ–É‹ÜÃÀàÌ.

ÝïÍ 44: ÀàÌ–É¡–ÎßÅíÓ–ãÍÍ–ÖÞÌ-ÁßÙàÌ

ÍíÈ–ÐëÀ–ØèÈ 15 Ä³Ã–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ãÖß–Àß–ãÅ– –åÌ–ÀàÌ–É¡–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ É¡–æÎ–Ì¸

3.5 ÀàÌ–É¡–ãÏŠÌ–ÝèÍ–ãÅÃ–Ë¯–Óê–ÂîÌ–ÖèÀÅßÌß––ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ

ÏíÌ–ÀßËíÍ–ÄàÀ–ÀàÌ–É¡–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ Ë–Óê–ÂîÌ–ÖèÀÅßÌß–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ ÅàÓàÈ–Åß–ãÈÃ–ÜÜÀ–äÈÇ–ÀàÌÉ¡–ãÆ–Ö–

ãÅÃ Ë–Óê–ÁßÙàÈ (ÂîÌ–ÖèÀÅßÌß–) ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ

3.5.1 ÀàÌ–É¡–ãÍÍÖÞÌ

Ê‹à–ãÏŠÌ–ÝèÍ–ãÅÃ–Ë–Óê–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ãÖß–Àß–ãÅ–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ Óà–É¡–ÖÞÌ–ÀèÌ, –ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–Ö×ÓÄß–âÎèÌ–ÏíÌ–Í×À–ÁÜÃ–

ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÁÜÃãÉŠ–Öß–ãÏŠÌ, Æ±Ã–Í¡–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÍ–Àç–Öß–Ìê–É¡ÖÞÌãÏŠÌ–âÚìÜÌÀèÌ.

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–âÝíà–Óà–ÑéÄàÖßÌà–ÅèÃ–âÀÈ–âÍªÃ–ÀàÌ–É¡–ãÆ–Ö–ãÅÃ Ë–Óê–ÁßÙàÈÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ (ÝïÍ 45). –âØèÌ–×Šà–ãÆ–Ö 1 –åØ‹–

ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ 78 mV –ãÖß–ÜêÀ–ÜèÌÙ±Ã–åØ‹ 175 mV, Ê‹à–É¡–ÖÞÌ–ÀèÌ–åÌ–âÃ²ÜÌ–æÁ–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ Äß–æÈ‹–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÅèÃ–Ö×Ó–âË³à–

ÀèÍ 255 mV, Æ±Ã–Í¡–ÉñàÃ–ØçèÃ–ÄàÀ–ÀàÌ–×èÈ–ãËÀ–Ñç–âË³à–åÈ (253 mV). ÅªÃ–Ì¸–âÎèÌ–ÀàÌ–ÔìÌÔèÌ–×Šà –ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–Ö×Ó–âÎèÌ–

ÏíÌ–Í×À–ÁÜÃ––ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ãÉŠ–Öß–ãÏŠÌ.

–ãÉŠÅáÖèÍ–Àß–ãÅ, ÂŠà–Àß–ãÅ–ÅïÃ–ÅîÈ–ÅàÓàÈ–âÎèÌ–æÎ–æÈ‹–åÌ–ÖßÍíÍ–É¡–ÖÞÌ ÄßÊìÀ–ÄáÀèÈ–äÈÇ Àß–ãÅ–

Ì‹ÜÇ–ÀŠ×à. ÝïÍ 46 Åß–ãÈÃ–åØ‹–âØèÌ–×Šà–ãÆÖÜèÌÙ±ÃÅàÓàÈ–ÏßÖéÈ–Àß–ãÅ–âÜÃ–æÈ‹ 193 μA ÊìÀ–Ìá–Óà–É¡–ÖÞÌ–ÀèÍ–

ãÆ–Ö Ë–ÏßÖéÈ–æÒ–âÜÃ–æÈ‹ 436 μA Äß–æÈ‹–Àß–ãÅ––Ö×ÓÎßÓàÌ 367 μA, Æ±Ã–ÅïÃ–ÀŠ×à–Âñà–Åß–âÖÇÁÜÃ–ÅÜÃ–

ãÏŠÌÑÞÃ–âÖèÀ–Ì‹ÜÇ (315μA).

ÝïÍ 45: –ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–Ö×Ó–åÌÀàÌ–É¡––ãÆ–Ö–ãÅÃ–Ë¯–Óê–ÂîÌ–ÖèÀÅßÌß–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ (leXsolar kit)

–åÅŠ–åÄ: –âÑ²Ü–åØ‹–æÈ‹–ÏíÌ–Îß–äØÇ–ÈÈê–ÄàÀ–ÀàÌ–É¡ÖÞÌ–ãÏŠÌË–Óê–ÖèÀÅßÌßÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ, –ÂŠà–Üá–ãÎ–ÁÜÃ–Ñ×À–ÓèÌ–åÀ‹–ÂÞÃ–

ÀèÌ–âË³à–åÈÀ¡–ãÓŠÌÇªÃÈê.

ÝïÍ 46: ÀßãÅæÒÖ×ÓÁÜÃÀàÌÉ¡ÖÞÌãÆÖãÅÃË¯ÓêÖèÀÅßÌßÉŠàÃÀèÌ (leXsolar kit)

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3.5.2 ÀàÌÉ¡ÁßÙàÌ

ÉàÓÛèÀÀàÌ–ãÖ‹× Ê‹àÉ¡ÁßÙàÌãÏŠÌÎéÌãÅÃ ËÓêÂîÌÖèÀÅßÌßÉŠàÃÀèÌ ÀßãÅÖ×Ó

ÄßãÓŠÌÏíÌÍ×ÀÁÜÃ ÀßãÅãÉŠÖßãÏŠÌ.

Éí×ÔŠàÃ, åÌÀàÌÉ¡ãÆÖãÅÃÅÜÃÜèÌ ËÉŠàÃÀèÌ (ÝïÍ 47), ãÆÖÜèÌÙ±Ã ÏßÖéÈæÒâÜÃæÈ‹ 212 μA

ãÖßÜêÀÜèÌÙ±Ã æÈ‹ 475 μA, ÀßãÅÁÜÃÆîÈÖ×ÓàèÌâË³àÀèÍ 578 μA, Æ±ÃÉœ ÀŠ×à

ÏíÌÍ×ÀÖ×ÓÂŠàÁÜÃãÉŠÖßãÏŠÌ (687 μA).

ÝïÍ 47: Àß–ãÅ–æÒÖ×ÓÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–É¡–ÁßÙàÌãÆ–Ö–ãÅÃ–Ë¯–Óê–ÖèÀÅßÌß–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ (leXsolar kit)

–ãÉŠ–×Šà –ãÝÃ–ÈèÌÖ×Ó–Ë–Äß–æÈ‹–ãÓŠÌ–ÊìÀ–ÄáÀèÈ–äÈÇ–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–Éœ–ÀŠ×à. ÅíÓÓîÈ–×Šà Ê‹à–É¡–ÁßÙàÌ–ãÏŠÌ 16

V –åÅŠ–ÀèÍ–ãÏŠÌ 17 V –åÌ–âÃ²ÜÌ–æÁ–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ Äß–æÈ‹–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÅèÃ–Ö×Ó –åÀ‹–ÂÞÃ–ÀèÍ–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–Éœ–ÀŠ×à.

ÛèÀÀàÌ–ÎßÉéÍèÈ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–É¡–ãÏŠÌ–Ë¯–Óê–ÂîÌ–ÖèÀÅßÌßÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ

ÛèÀÀàÌ 1:

–åÌ–ÀàÌ–É¡–ãÏŠÌ–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ–Óà–ÖÞÌ–ÀèÌ, ÂŠà–Üá–ãÎ–âÎèÌÎèÈ–åÄ–ÅáÂèÌ. ÂŠà–Üá–ãÎ–Ö×ÓÁÜÃ–ÆîÈ–É¡–ÖÞÌ–Ì¸ Äß–ÊìÀ–ÄáÀèÈ–

äÈÇ–Àß–ãÅ–Ë–Éœ–ÅîÈ. –âÑ²Ü–åØ‹–æÈ‹–ÏíÌ–Èê–åÌ–ÀàÌ–É¡–ÖÞÌ–Ì¸ ÂŠà–Üá–ãÎ–É‹ÜÃ–åÀ‹–ÂÞÃ–ÀèÌ. –âÌ²ÜÃ–ÄàÀ–×Šà ÂŠà–Àß–ãÅ–ÁÜÃ––

ãÏŠÌ (Ûì –ãÆ–Ö) –ãÓŠÌ–ÊìÀ–ÀáÌíÈ–äÈÇ–ÁßÙàÈÁÜÃ–ãÆ–Ö –ãÉŠ–Í¡–ãÓŠÌ–ÄáÌ×Ì–ãÆ–Ö, ÅßÌÌ Ä±Ã–Â×Ì–É¡–ÖÞÌ–ãÏŠÌ Ë–

Óê–ÁßÙàÈ–ãÆ–Ö–âË³àƒ–ÀèÌ.

ÛèÀÀàÌ 2:

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52


–åÌ–ÀàÌ–É¡–ÁßÙàÌ–ãÏŠÌ Ë–Óê–ÖèÀÅßÌß–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ, –ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–âÎèÌ–ÎèÈ–åÄ–ÅáÂèÌ–ÀŠ×à. –âÌ²ÜÃ–ÄàÀ–×Šà ÂŠà–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–

Á¹ÌÀèÍ–ÄáÌ×Ì–ãÆ–Ö –ãÉŠ–Í¡–Á¹ÌÀèÍÁßÙàÈÁÜÃ–ãÆ–Ö, ÅßÌÌ –ãÏŠÌ–Ë–É¡–ÁßÙàÌÀèÌ É‹ÜÃ–Óê–ÄáÌ×Ì–ãÆ–Ö–âË³àƒ–

ÀèÌ Ä±Ã–åØ‹–ÏíÌ–Èê–ÀŠ×à.

3.6 ÀàÌ–ÉéÈ–É´Ã–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ

Ç‹ÜÌ–×Šà –ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–ÇàÓ–åÈ–À¡–É‹ÜÃ–É´ÃÔïŠ–ÀàÃ–ãÄ‹Ã ÝèÍ––ÏíÌ–ÀßËíÍ–ÄàÀ–Àß–ãÅÖíÓ–ãÖß–âÃ²ÜÌ–æÁ–ÈéÌ–Ò‹à–

ÜàÀàÈ–Ü²Ìƒ, ÅßÌÌ ÀàÌ–ÉéÈ–É´Ã–ãÏŠÌ–Ä±Ã–É‹ÜÃ–åØ‹–ÝèÍ–ÎßÀèÌ–Â×àÓ–ãÙ‹Ì–ãÀŠ–ÌãÖß–ËíÌ–ËàÌ–É¡–ÀàÌ–ÀîÈ–Ø‹ÞÌ Ûì

Ûî‡ÈÛíÓ.

ÀàÌ–ÔìÈÉéÈ–ãÏŠÌ–åÅŠÛèÃÂà–âÝìÜÌ–ãÓŠÌ–åØ‹–åÆ‹–ÌóÜÈÛìÉßÎï–ÀÞ×–ÆßÌéÈÆß–âÉèÌ–âÖÈ, –ãÉŠ–Ø‹àÓ–åÆ‹––

âÛèÀÉßÎï–Ëá–Óß–Èà –âÑàß âÓ²Üâ×Öà–åÆ‹–ÃàÌ–ÈíÌƒ –ÓèÌ–Äß–ÊÜÌ–ÜÜÀ––. Ê‹à–ãÏŠÌ–ÊìÀ–ÉéÈ–É´Ã–åÅŠ–ÎàÇ âÅíà, –âÅíà–É‹ÜÃ–

ÊìÀ–ÐèÃ–åØ‹–ãÙ‹ÌÖíÃ–ÈéÌ–ãÖß–Óê–Åß–ÔëÈÄŠÜÃ–åÅŠ–ÀèÍ–ÅªÃ–ÎîÀ–Å‹àÃ–åÀ‹–ÂÞÃ–æ×‹. –âÅíà–À¡–É‹ÜÃ–ÅïÃ–ÅíÓ Â×Ì –âÑ²Ü–Í¡–åØ‹–

ÂíÌÛìÅèÈ–ãÉß–É‹ÜÃ–âÊéÃÅ¿Ì–È‹àÌ–ÖîŠÓ–ÁÜÃ–ãÏŠÌ.

ÝïÍ 48: ÀàÌ–ÄèÍÔëÈ–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–É‹ÜÃ–åÆ‹–ÌŒÜÈÛìÉßÎï–ÀÞ×–Æß–âÉèÌ–âÖÈË¯–ËíÌËàÌÉ¡–ÀàÌ–âÁ¿àÚ‹ÞÃ–ãÖß–

ÊÜÌÛíÓ (ÈèÈ–Óà–ÄàÀ UNESCO manual)

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4 ÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ

4.1 Åß–âÙê

Ê‹à–ÅèÃ–âÀÈ–ÖßÍíÍ–Ë¡–ÌŸ, ÅªÃÙ±ÃÅáÂèÌ–ãÓŠÌ–Í¡–åØ‹–ÊèÃ–âÀèÍ–ÌŸ–âÉèÓ–âÀêÌ–æÎÛì–ãØ‹Ã–âÀêÌ–æÎ. Îß–Éï–ÌŸ

(ÀÜÀÌŸ) ÊìÀ–ÉéÈ–É´Ã–åÅŠ–ÅáÖèÍ–ÎéÈÌŸ –âÓ²Ü–åÈ–âØèÌ–×Šà–ÊèÃ–âÉèÓ–ãÖ‹×. ÀÜÀÌŸ–ÜèÌÙ±ÃÜêÀÊìÀ–ÉéÈ–É´Ã–åÅŠ–ËàÃ–ÜÜÀ–

ÄàÀ–ÜŠàÃ–âÑ²Ü–ÎéÈ–Í¡–åØ‹–ÌŸ–æÛÜÜÀ––âÓ²Ü–åÈ–âØèÌ–×ŠàÌŸ–åÌ–ÊèÃ–ÍíÀ–ãØ‹Ã–ãÖ‹×. ÀÜÀ Ûì ×à× ËèÃÅÜÃ–Ì¸–ÓêØ–Ì‹à–ËÂ×Í–

ÂîÓÎßÖéÓàÌ–Ìá–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÊèÃ.

–åÌ–ËáÌÜÃ–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌÅáÖèÍÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ, –âÑªÌ–ÉéÈ–É´Ã “×à×”– ÜèÌÙ±ÃåÅŠ–âÑ²Ü–Î‹ÜÃ–ÀèÌ–Í¡–

åØ‹Ú§–æÒ–ÅàÀ–æÒ–âÉèÓ–âÀêÌ–æÎ–ãÖß–Óê–Æ²×Šà Ùñ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ–ÀàÌ–ÅàÀ–æÒ. ÜêÀ–×à×Ù±ÃÊìÀ–åÆ‹–âÑ²Ü–Î‹ÜÃ–ÀèÌ–Í¡–åØ‹–

Éí×ÀéÌ–æÒ–ÈëÃ–æÒ–ÄàÀÚ§–æÒ–æÎ–åÆ‹–ÄíÌÚíÈÀ‹ÞÃ –âÜÌ×Šà ÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ–ÀàÌ–ÄŠàÇ–æÒ. “×à×–æÒÒ‹à“ ËèÃ–ÅÜÃ–Ì¸

ÓêÙ‹àËÂ×Í–ÂîÓ–ÎßÖéÓàÌ–æÒÒ‹à–ÔïŠ–åÌÚ§–æÒ.

4.2 ÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ–ÀàÌ–ÅàÀ

Ê‹à–Í¡–ÓêÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ–ÀàÌ–ÅàÀ –æÒÒ‹à–ÜàÈ–âÁ¿à–æÎ–ÅïŠÚ§–æÒÛàÇ–âÀêÌ–æÎ–ãÖßÚ§–æÒ–ÊìÀ–ÅàÀ–âÀêÌÁêÈ–

ÄáÀèÈ. –âÓ²Ü–åÈÚ§–æÒ–ÊìÀ–ÅàÀ–æÒÛàÇ–âÀêÌ–æÎ ÌŸ–åÌÚ‹§–æÒÄßÖß–âØê–ÇÜàÇ–æ×, ÓèÌ–Ý‹ÜÌ–Á¹Ì –ãÖß–ÜàÈâÎŠ–âÑ––æÈ‹.

ÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ–ÀàÌ–ÅàÀ–æÒ–ÊìÀ–ÉéÈ–É´Ã–åÅŠÄîÈ–ÖßØ×ŠàÃ–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–ãÖßÚ§–æÒ (ÝïÍ 49, a). ÓèÌ–Äß–

À×È–ÅÜÍ–âÍªÃ–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÁÜÃÚ§–æÒ–ÔïŠ–ÉßÛÜÈ–â×ÖàÀ–àÌ–ÅàÀ –ãÖß–Ê‹à–âØèÌ–×Šà –ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÅïÃÑç–Â×Ì ÓèÌ–À¡–Ýï‹–äÖÈ–×Šà

Ú§–æÒ–ÅàÀ–âÉèÓ–ãÖ‹× –ãÖß–ÓèÌ–Äß–ÉèÈ–æÒ.

(a) (b)

ÝïÍ 49: ÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ–ÀàÌ–ÅàÀ–æÒ –ãÖß–ÄŠàÇ–æÒ (ÈèÈ–Óà–ÄàÀ UNESCO manual)

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4.3 ÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ–ÀàÌ–ÄŠàÇ–æÒ

ÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ–ÀàÌ–ÄŠàÇ–æÒÂ×Í–ÂîÓÎ‹ÜÃ–ÀèÌÍ¡–åØ‹–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒÈëÃ–æÒ–ÄàÀÚ§–æÒ–æÎ–åÆ‹ ÛàÇ–âÀêÌ–

æÎ –ãÖß–ÅßÌÌÚ§–æÒÄ±Ã–Í¡–ÍíÀ–ãØ‹Ã–âÀêÌ–æÎ. –âÓ²Ü–åÈ–âØèÌ–×Šà –ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–åÌÚ§–æÒ–ÉœÛàÇ–ãÖ‹× ÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ–ÀàÌ–

ÄŠàÇ–æÒ–Äß–ÉèÈ–æÒ–ÜÜÀ–ÄàÀ–Éí×–ÀéÌ–æÒ. Ê‹àÚ§–æÒ–ØàÀ–ÍíÀ–ãØ‹Ã–âÀêÌ–æÎ–âÖºÜÇƒ ÓèÌ–Äß–ÂŠÜÇâÅ–ÇÂ×àÓ–ÜàÈ–

ÅàÓàÈ–ÅàÀ–æÒ–æÎ –ãÖß–ÜàÇî–åÆ‹–ÃàÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÓèÌ–À¡–Å´ÌÖíÃ.–

ÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ–ÀàÌ–ÄŠàÇ–æÒ–ÊìÀ–ÉéÈ–É´Ã–åÅŠ–ÄîÈ–ÖßØ×ŠàÃÚ§–æÒ–ãÖß–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ (ÝïÍ 49, b). ÓèÌ–

ÓêÙ‹àË–À×È–ÅÜÍ–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÁÜÃÚ§–æÒ –ãÖß–âÓ²Ü–åÈ–âØèÌ–×Šà –ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÉñáÛàÇ ÚàÇÂ×àÓ–×Šà Ú§–æÒ–åÀ‹–ÄßÚíÈ–æÒ–

ãÖ‹×, ÓèÌ–À¡–Äß–ÉèÈ–æÒ–ÄàÀ–Éí×–ÀéÌ–æÒ–ÔŠàÃ–ÜèÈÉß–äÌ–ÓèÈ. ÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ–ÀàÌ–ÅàÀ–ÊìÀ–ÉéÈ–É´Ã–ãÖÍÍÖÞÌ–ÀèÍÚ§–

æÒ.

4.4 ÀàÌ–ÎßÅíÓÀàÌÂ×Í–ÂîÓ–ÀàÌ–ÅàÀ–ãÖßÀàÌ–ÄŠàÇ–æÒ–åÌÉí×–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ

ÅŠ×ÌÛàÇÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ–ÀàÌ–ÅàÀ–ãÖß–ÀàÌ–ÄŠàÇ–æÒ–ÊìÀ–ÉéÈ–É´ÃÎßÅíÓ–âÁ¿àÀèÌ–åÌ–Éí×–ÈÞ× (ÝïÍ 50 ). –

âÝíà–ÅàÓ–àÈÝï‹–æÈ‹–ÅªÃ–ÄàÀ–ÀàÌ–ÅèÃ–âÀÈ–ÄîÈ–âÆ²ÜÓ–É¡ Ë–ÖßÍî–ÔïŠ–åÌ–Éí×Â×Í–ÂîÓ. Ê‹à–âØèÌ–ÅàÇ–æÒ–ÜÜÀ–

ÄàÀÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ–æÎ–Øà–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ –ãÌŠ–ÌÜÌ–×Šà ÌÌ–ãÓŠÌÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ–ÀàÌ–ÅàÀ–æÒ. Ê‹à–âØèÌ–ÅàÇ–æÒ–æÎ–ÅïŠ–

Éí×–ÀéÌ–æÒ-Ì´ÌÚàÇ–âÊéÃ–ØÌŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ–ÀàÌ–ÄŠàÇ–æÒ. ÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ–ËîÀ–ÜèÌ–É‹ÜÃÊìÀ–É¡–åÅŠÚ§–æÒ.

ÝïÍ 50: ÀàÌ–ÎßÅíÓÂ×Í–ÂîÓ–ÀàÌ–ÅàÀ-ÄŠàÇ–æÒ–åÌ–Éí×–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ– (ÈèÈ–Óà–ÄàÀ UNESCO manual)

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Éí×–Í³Ã–Æ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÅàÀ–æÒ (Charge Indicators)

ÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ–ÍàÃ–ÜèÌ–Äß–Óê–æÒ–ÅèÌÇàÌ– Ë–Í³Ã–ÍÜÀ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÅßÑà×ß–ÁÜÃÚ§–æÒ–ãÖß–ÝïÍ–ãÍÍ ÀàÌ–Ëá–

ÃàÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÖßÍíÍ. ÉàÓ–Ëá–Óß–Èà ÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ–É‹ÜÃ–ÉéÈ–É´Ã–æ×‹–ÄîÈ–Ë–ÅàÓàÈãÌÓ–âØèÌÉí×–ÆÍÜÀ–È¨Ã–ÀŠà×–æÈ‹–ÃŠàÇ,

–ãÉŠ–À¡–Í¡–åØ‹–ØŠàÃ–æÀ–ÄàÀÚòç–æÒ–âÀêÌ–ÀŠ×à 2 –ãÓèÈ (ÅŠ×ÌÛàÇ 0.5 –ãÓèÈ).

–åÌÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓÙ±Ãƒ ÜàÀÓê–æÒ–ÅèÌÇà–ÌÛàÇÔŠàÃ (LEDsÐ Ûì ÍàÃ–ÅªÃ–Ü²Ìƒ–ÜêÀ –âñÑ²ÜÍÜÀ–âÊéÃ–

ÅßÑàÍ–ÀàÌ–ÅàÀ–ÁÜÃÚ§–æÒ. ÝïÍ 51 Åß–ãÈÃÉí×–ÔŠàÃ –æÒ–ÅèÌÇàÌ LEDs ÁÜÃÙñ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓÇ–Ø§ Phocos.

ÝïÍ 51: –æÒ–ÅèÌÇàÌ LED ÁÜÃ–ÌŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ Phocos Í³Ã–ÍÜÀ–âÊéÃ–ÅßÑàÍÉŠàÃƒ–ÁÜÃÚ§–æÒ

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5 Ú§––æÒ

5.1 Åß–âÙê

Ú§–æÒ–âÎèÌ–Éí×–âÀèÍ–Ë‹ÜÌ–æÒÒ‹à–Ë–ÏßÖéÈ–ÜÜÀ–Óà–Óà–ÄàÀ–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–âÑ²Ü–âÜíà–æ×‹–åÆ‹–åÌ–ÇàÓ–

É‹ÜÃÀàÌ. ÅßÌÌÓèÌ–ÄªÃ–âÎèÌ–ÅŠ×Ì–ÎßÀÜÍ–ÅáÂèÌ–åÌ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ –âÑ²Ü––âÀèÍ–Ë‹ÜÌ–æÒÒ‹à–å×‹–åÆ‹–åÌ–

ÉÜÌ–Âœ–Âì–Ì –ÛìâÓ²Ü–åÈ–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–Í¡–ÅàÓàÈ–ÏßÖéÈ–æÒ–æÈ‹–.

Ú§–æÒ–âÎèÌ–ÜíÃ–ÎßÀÜÍ–Ë–Óê–ÖàÂà–ãÑÃ–ÀŠ×àÚïñ––åÌ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ, Ç‹ÜÌ–×Šà ÓèÌ–Óê–ÜàÇî–åÆ‹–ÃàÌ–

Å´Ì–ãÖß–âÎŠ–âÑ–æ×, –äÈÇ–Åß–âÑàß–Ê‹à–ÁàÈ–ÀàÌ–ÍáÖîÃ–ÝèÀÅà–Ë–Èê–ãÖß–ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹–Í¡–âÚàß ÅíÓ. ÆŠàÃ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–

â×èÌ–åÈ–À¡–É‹ÜÃ–Ýï‹–×éËêÀàÌ–Èï–ãÖ––ãÖß–Ìá–åÆ‹–ØÓ§–æÒ–ÔŠàÃ ËèÃ–ÅàÓàÈ––ãÌß–Ìá––åØ‹–ÂíÌ–Ü²Ì–åÆ‹–ÔŠàÃ–ÊìÀ–É‹ÜÃ Ä±ÃÄß–âÝèÈ–

åØ‹–ÓèÌ–Óê–ÜàÇî–åÆ‹–ÃàÌ–Çà×–ÌàÌ–ÀŠ×à.

–åÌ–ÄáÌ×ÌÅŠ×Ì–ÎßÀÜÍ–ÉŠàÃƒÁÜÃ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ Ú§–æÒ–É‹ÜÃ–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–Â×àÓ–åÅŠ–åÄ–âÎèÌ–Ñé–

âÅÈÀŠ×àÚïŠ. ÓèÌ–É‹ÜÃ–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ÀàÌ–Èï–ãÖÀ–×ÈÅÜÍ–ÖßÈèÍ–ÌŸ–ÀíÈ–ÔŠàÃ–âÎèÌ–ÎßÄá –âÑ²Ü–åØ‹–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÖßÈèÍ–Ë–âÚàßÅíÓ –

ãÖß–Ê‹à–âØèÌ–×Šà–Éœ–âÀêÌ–æÎ–À¡–åØ‹–É²Ó–ÌŸ–À¨Ì–ÍçÖéÅîÈ–ÖíÃ–æÎ.

5.2 Ú§–æÒ–ÆìÌ

Ú§–æÒ–Ë–æÈ‹–ÝèÍÂ×àÓ–ÌéÇíÓ–åÆ‹––ãÏŠÛàÇåÌ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ –ãÓŠÌÚ§–æÒ–Üà–ÆéÈ-ÆìÌ (ÌŸ–ÀíÈ-

ÆìÌ). ÓèÌ–Óê–Æ²–È¨ÃÌÀç–âÑàß–×Šà ×èÈÊî–É¿Ì–Éç–ËåÆ‹–åÌ–Ì¸ –ãÓŠÌ–ÆìÌ––ãÖßî–ÌŸ–ÀíÈ–Üà–ÆéÈ–ÆïÌ–Òí×ÕéÀÌÌ–âÜÃ. Ú§–æÒ–Üà–ÆéÈ–-

ÆìÌ ÎßÀÜÍ–È‹×Ç–ãÆ–ÖÈŠÞ×ÛàÇÜèÌ–É¡–ÖÞÌ–åÅŠ–ÀèÌ. –ãÉŠ–Öß–ãÆ–ÖÅàÓàÈ–ÏßÖéÈ–æÒ–æÈ‹ Îß ÓàÌ 2 V. ÅßÌÌ Ú§–

æÒ 12 V Äß–Óê 6 –ãÆ–Ö 2 –ä×–Ì É¡–ÖÞÌ–ÀèÌ (ÝïÍ 52).

(a) (b)

ÝïÍ 52: ØÓ§–æÒÜà–ÆéÈ-ÆìÌ ÆßÌéÈ–ÎÞÀ–âÎêÈËá–Óß–Èà (a) –ãÖß–ÎéÈ–ãÄÍ (b)

ÍèÌÈà–ãÆ–ÖØÓ§–æÒ–ÜàÈ–ÍèÌÄî–åÌ–ÀŠÜÃ–ÎÖà–ÅßÉé–ÀÈÞ×–ÀèÌ –âÆÌÚ§–æÒ–ÖíÈ (ÝïÍ 52) Ûì –ãÇÀ–ÈŠÞ×–åÏ–ÓèÌ (ÝïÍ 53).

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ÝïÍ 53: Ú§–æÒ–Ë¯–ÎßÀÜÍ–ÄàÀ–ãÆ–Ö–ãÇÀÈŠÞ× (ÈèÈ–Óà–ÄàÀ UNESCO manual)

Ú§–æÒ–ÎÞÀ

Ú§–æÒ–ãÏŠÛàÇÀŠ×àÚïŠ–ãÓŠÌ–ÆßÌéÈË–âÎèÌ–ãÏŠÌ–ÆìÌ–ÄîŠÓ–ÖíÃ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÌŸ–âÆ²ÜÓ–Üà–ÆéÈ. Ì–âÎèÌ–Îß–âÑÈ Ú§–æÒË–

ÊìÀ–ÏßÖéÈ–ÜÜÀ–ÓàÛàÇÀŠ×àÚïŠ À¡–âÑàß–×Šà ÓèÌ–ÊìÀ–åÆ‹–âÎèÌÚ§–æÒ–Åß–ÉàÈ–ÖíÈ. ÜêÀ–ÔŠàÃÙ±Ã ×èÈÊî–Ë–Ëá–ÎßÉéÀéÖéÇà–

åÌÚ§–æÒ ÅàÓàÈ–ÍèÌÄî–åÅŠ–ÊíÃ–Éà–ÁŠàÇ ÅßÌÌ Ä±Ã–Óê–ÖàÂà–Á‹ÜÌ–Á‹àÃ–ÊìÀ.

Ú§–æÒ–ÅŠ×ÌÛàÇË–åÆ‹–åÌ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ ÓêÐà–ÎéÈ–âÎêÈ–ÔïŠ–È‹àÌ–âËéÃ ÅáÖèÍ–É²Ó–âÉêÓ–ÌŸ–Àñ¨Ì–åÌ–

ÇàÓ–Äá–âÎèÌ. ÓèÌ–Óê–Æ²×Šà Ú§–æÒ–ÆßÌéÈ–âÎêÈ–æÈ‹ Ûì Ú§–æÒ–ÎÞÀ (52, a).

Ú§–æÒ––âÄ–×

Ú§–æÒ–ÆßÌéÈÙ±ÃÜêÀ–Ë–À‹à×Ù‹àÀŠ×à –ãÓŠÌÚ§–æÒ–ÆìÌ-–ãÄ× (lead-gel). –åÌ–Ì¸, Üà–ÆéÈ–ÆïÌ–Òí×ÕéÀÊìÀ––

âÝèÈ–åØ‹–Áî‹Ì–äÈÇÎßÅíÓ–ÖíÃ–æÎ–åÌ–ãÄ×(×ï‹Ì). Ú§–æÒ–ÆßÌéÈ–Ì¸ÊìÀ–ÎéÈ–ãÄÍ–Óà–ãÉŠ–äÝÃ–ÃàÌ –ãÖß–ÅßÌÌÍ¡–ÅàÓàÈ–

ÍáÖîÃÅ‹ÜÓ–ãÎÃ–âÜÃ–æÈ‹. ÅßÌÌ ÓèÌ–Ä±Ã–Óê–Æ²×Šà –âÎèÌÚ§–æÒ–Ë¯–ÎèÈ–Åß–ÄàÀ–ÀàÌ–ÍáÖîÃ–ÝèÀÅà (maintenance free)

Ûì Ú§–æÒ–ÎéÈ–ãÄÍ Ûì –Ú§–æÒ–âÄ× (ÝïÍ 52, b). Ú§–æÒ–ÆßÌéÈ–Ì¸ÓêÙ‹à–È‹àÌ––âËéÃ–ÖÞÍ–ãÖß–Í¡–Óê–ÎŠÜÃÉ²Ó–âÉêÓ–ÌŸ–À¨Ì.

Ú§–æÒ–âÄ×Óê–ÖàÂà–ÅïÃ–ÀŠ×à –âÓ²Ü–ËÞÍ–ÀèÍÚ§–æÒ–ÆßÌéÈ–Óê–ÆŠÜÃ–âÎêÈ–äÈÇ–Â×àÓ–Äî–âË³à–ÀèÌ. ØÓ§–æÒ–âÄ×À¡–Í¡–Óê–ÜàÇî––åÆ‹–

ÃàÌ–Çà×–ÌàÌâË³àÀèÌ–ÀèÍÚ§–æÒÆßÌéÈ–âÎêÈ–Ë–Óê–ÀàÌ–Èï–ãÖ–ÔŠàÃ–âÚàßÅíÓ. Ú§–æÒ–âÄ×–âÚàßÅíÓ–ÅáÖèÍ–åÆ‹–ÃàÌÔïŠ–

ÍŠÜÌ–Ë–Í¡–Óê–ÆŠàÃ–Åá–ÌàÌ–ÅàÓàÈ–Èá–âÌêÌ–ÀàÌ–Íí×–Öß–ÍèÈ–ÝèÀÅàÚ§–æÒ–ÔŠàÃ–ÊìÀ–É‹ÜÃ.

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5.2.1 Ú§–æÒ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ–âÎèÌÚ§–æÒ–Ñé–âÅÈ

–âÊéÃ–×ŠàÚ§–æÒ–Ë–åÆ‹–åÌ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÜàÈ––âÚìÜÌÀèÌ–ÀèÍÚ§–æÒ–ÖíÈ –ãÉŠ–ÓèÌ–À¡–ÓêÛàÇ ÄîÈ–ãÉÀ–

ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ. Ú§–æÒ–ÖíÈ–ÊìÀ–ÜÜÀ–ãÍÍ–Óà–ÅáÖèÍ–ÅßÙÜÃ–æÒ–åÌ–ÎßÖéÓàÌÛàÇ–åÌ–ÆŠ×Ã–â×Öà–Å´Ìƒ Í¡–Ñç–âË³à–åÈ–Å‹Þ×–

×éÌàËê –åÌ–âÓ²ÜÚ§–æÒ–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÊìÀ–ÜÜÀ–ãÍÍ–Óà–âÑ²Ü–ÅßÙÜÃÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–åÌ–ÎßÖéÓàÌ–Í¡ÛàÇ–ãÉŠ–åÌ–ÆŠ×Ã–â×Öà–

Çà×–ÌàÌÛàÇÆ³×–äÓÃ.

–åÅŠ–åÄ. Ê‹à–ÌáåÆ‹Ú§–æÒ–ÖíÈ–åÌ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌÓèÌ–Äß–Óê–ÜàÇî–åÆ‹–ÃàÌ–Í¡–Çà×–ÌàÌ–âÓ²Ü–ËÞÍ–ÀèÍÚ§–æÒ–Ë–

ÜÜÀ–ãÍÍ–ÓàÅß–âÑàß–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ. –ãÉŠ–À¡–Í¡–Â×Ì––âÜíàÚ§–æÒ–ÁÜÃÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ–æÎ–åÆ‹––

âÑ²Ü–ÄîÈ–ÎßÅíÃ–Ü²Ìƒ.

Ú§–æÒ–Ë–åÆ‹–æÈ‹–ÏíÌ–Èê–ÀŠ×àÚïŠåÌ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌãÓŠÌÚ§–æÒ–ÝÜÍ–ÄŠàÇ–æÒ–ÅïÃ (deep dis-

charge) Ûì ÝÜÍ–åÆ‹–ÃàÌ–ÅïÃ (deep cycle) . ÓèÌ–Óê–Æ²–È¨Ã–Ì¸À¡–âÑàß–×Šà ÊìÀ–ÜÜÀ–ãÍÍ–ÓàÅß–âÑàß –âÑ²Ü–ÅßÙÜÃ–

æÒ–åÌ–ÜèÈÉà–ÅŠ×ÌÅïÃ–äÈÇ–Í¡–âÝèÈ–åØ‹Ú§–æÒ–âÎŠ–âÑ–âÅ–ÇØàÇ. –âÝíà–ÅàÓàÈ–Ìá–åÆ‹–âÊéÃ 80% ÁÜÃ–ÎßÖéÓàÌ–æÒ–Ë–

ÍèÌÄî–åÌÚ§–æÒ–ÆßÌéÈ–Ì¸ –äÈÇ–Í¡–åØ‹–ÓèÌ–âÎŠ–âÑ (ÅíÓ–ËÞÍ–ÀèÍÖßÈèÍ–ÜßÌîÇàÈ–æÈ‹ 10% ÁÜÃÚ§–æÒ–ÖíÈ). –âÑàß–

ÅßÌÌ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–åÆ‹Ú§–æÒ–ÝÜÍ–åÆ‹–ÃàÌ–ÅïÃÄ±Ã–É‹ÜÃÀàÌ–Â×àÓ–Äî–æÒ–Ì‹ÜÇ–ÀŠ×à–âÓ²Ü–ËÞÍ–ÀèÍÚ§–æÒ–ÖíÈ.

Ê‹à–âÝíà–åÆ‹–æÒ–åÌ–ÜèÈÉà 20% –âÊéÃ 30% ÁÜÃÚ§–æÒ–ÖíÈÔïŠ–âÖºÜÇƒ, ÜàÇî–åÆ‹–ÃàÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÓèÌ–Äß–Å´ÌÖíÃ. –âÊéÃ–×Šà –âÓ²Ü–

ËÞÍ–ÀèÍÚ§–æÒ–ÝÜÍ–åÆ‹–ÃàÌ–ÅïÃ–ÁßÙàÈÈÞ×–ÀèÌ–ãÖ‹× Ú§–æÒ–ÖíÈÄß–ÊìÀ–ÀŠ×à, –ãÉŠ–Ê‹àÌá–ÓèÌ–Óà–åÆ‹–åÌ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–

ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌÓèÌ–À¡–Óê–ÜàÇî–åÆ‹–ÃàÌ–Å´ÌÀŠ×à –ãÖß–ÅßÌÌÄ±Ã–Äá–É‹ÜÃ–ÎŠÞÌ–âÖºÜÇƒ–ÀŠ×à, –ãÖß––âÑàß–ÅßÌÌ –åÌ–æÖ–Çß–

Çà× ÜàÈ–Óê–É¿Ì–ËëÌ–ÅïÃ–ÀŠ×à.

5.2.2 Â×àÓ–ÜàÈ–ÅàÓàÈ–ÍèÌÄî–æÒÒ‹à

Ú§–æÒ–ÊìÀ–ÄèÈ–Îß–âÑÈ–ÉàÓ–Â×àÓ–ÜàÈ–ÅàÓàÈ–ÍèÌÄî–æÒÒ‹à. Øí×ÙŠ×Ç×èÈ–ãËÀ–Â×àÓ–Äî–æÒÒ‹à –ãÓŠÌ Üá–

ãÎ-–äÓÃ (Ah). Ê‹àÚ§–æÒ–ÅßÙÜÃ–æÒ 1 Üá–ãÎ É¡–âÌ²ÜÃ–ÀèÌ 100 ÆÓ ÚàÇÂ×àÓ–×Šà ÓèÌÅßÙÜÃÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–æÈ‹

100 Ah. Ê‹àÚ§–æÒÄŠàÇ–æÒ 10 A –åÌ–ÆŠ×Ã–â×Öà 10 h ÖÞÌ–ÉéÈ, ÓèÌ–À¡åØ‹–ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ 100 Ah.

Q (Â×àÓ–Äî–ÁÜÃÚ§–æÒ, Ah) = Àß–ãÅÀàÌ–ÅàÀ/ÀàÌ–ÄŠàÇ (A) x –â×Öà (h)

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Éí×–ÔŠàÃ

ÍíÈ–ÐëÀ–ØèÈ 16 ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–â×Öà Ë–ÅàÓàÈ–åÆ‹Ú§–æÒ ÈÃ–É¡–æÎ–Ì¸

–âÝíà–ÅàÓàÈ–ÎŠÞÌ–ÂŠà Üá–ãÎ-–äÓÃ (Ah) –âÎèÌ ×è×È-–äÓÃ (Wh) –äÈÇ–åÆ‹–ÅíÓ–ÏíÌ–É¡–æÎ–Ì¸:

[ ]( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )Energy Wh P W t h U V I A t h= × = × ×

–åÌ–Ì´Ì U(V) –âÎèÌ–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÁÜÃÚ§–æÒ. Ê‹à–âÝíà–ÂïÌ–ÂŠà–ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ Ah –äÈÇ–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÁÜÃÚ§–æÒ (V), Äß–æÈ‹–ÑßÖèÃ–

ÃàÌ –åÌ–Øí×Ø–ÌŠ×Ç AVh=Wh Ûì ÎÌÂì–Ì, –äÈÇ–ÀàÌ–ØàÌÂŠàÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ Wh –åØ‹–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÁÜÃÚ§–æÒ –âÝíà–ÅàÓàÈ–

ÎŠÞÌ Wh –âÎèÌ Ah.

Éí×–ÔŠàÃ: 100 Ah x 6V = 600 Wh

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ÍíÈ–ÐëÀ–ØèÈ 17 Ä³Ã–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–Â×àÓ–ÅàÓàÈ–ÍèÌÄî–ÁÜÃÚ§–æÒ–É¡–æÎ–Ì¸ –âÎèÌ Ah –ãÖß–ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–âÎèÌ Wh Ûì kWh

ÍíÈ–ÐëÀ–ØèÈ 18 ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–â×Öà–åÆ‹–ÃàÌ

–åÌ–Éí×–ÄéÃ–ãÖ‹×, ÓèÌ–Í¡–ÃŠàÇ–È¨Ã–Ë–ÀŠà×–ÓàÌÌ. –âÓ²ÜÚ§–æÒ–ÄŠàÇ–æÒ–ãÍÍ–Æ‹àƒ–ÓèÌ–Äß–åØ‹–ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–ÅïÃ–ÀŠ×à

Ê‹àÅíÓËÞÍÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–ÄŠàÇ––æÒãÍÍ–æ×ƒ. ÅßÌÌ, Ê‹àÚ§–æÒ–ÅàÓàÈ–ÅßÙÜÃ–æÒ 100 Ah ––äÈÇÄŠàÇ–æÒ–ãÍÍ–æ×ƒ

ÓèÌ–À¡–ÅàÓàÈ–åØ‹–ÑßÖèÃ–Ãà–ÌÅïÃ–âÊéÃ 150 Ah Ê‹à–ÄŠàÇ–ãÍÍ–Æ‹àƒ. –âÑàß–ÅßÌÌ–âÑ²Ü–ÔàÀ–Ýï‹–ÂŠà–Â×àÓ–Äî–ãË‹–ÄéÃ–

ÁÜÃÚ§–æÒ (Ah), –ÀŠÜÌ–Ü²ÌâÝíàÀ¡É‹ÜÃ–Ýï‹–×Šà ÓèÌ–ÄŠàÇ–æÒ–Æ‹à Ûì –æ×. ÅªÃ–Ì¸–âÜÌ×Šà ÜèÈÉà–ÀàÌ–ÄŠàÇ–æÒ (discharge

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rate). Ú§–æÒ–ÅŠ×ÌÛàÇÄß–ÍÜÀ–ÂŠàÆ³×–äÓÃ–ÅáÖèÍÀàÌ–ÄŠàÇ–æÒ–âÉèÓ–ÅŠ×Ì. ÚàÇ Â×àÓ–×Šà Ê‹àÚ§–æÒÖßÍî––æ×‹ 50

Ah ––ãÓŠÌ–ÓèÌÜàÈ––ÅàÓàÈ–ÄŠàÇÑàÇåÌ 10 ÆÓ. ––Ñ‹ÜÓ–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌÌÌÀ¡–ÜàÈÚàÇÂ×àÓ–×Šà ÓèÌ–ÅàÓàÈ–ÄŠàÇ–æÈ‹ 70

Ah –åÌ–ÆŠ×Ã–â×Öà 100 ÆÓ. Ïï‹–ÏßÖéÈÖßÍî–Éí×–âÖÀ–ÉàÓ–ÜèÈÉà–ÀàÌ–ÄŠàÇ C10 –ãÖß C100 Ûì C/10 –ãÖß

C/100.

Â×àÓ–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ÖßØ×ŠàÃÚ§–æÒ–Ë¯–ÅàÀ–æÒ–âÉèÓ–ãÖßÚ§–æÒ–Ë¯–âÎ³à (ÄŠàÇ–æÒÚíÈ–ãÖ‹×)

–âÝíà–ÅàÓàÈ–ÍÜÀ–æÈ‹–×Šà ÊèÃ–ÌŸ–âÉèÓÛì–âÎ³à–æÈ‹–ÔŠàÃ–ÃŠàÇ–ÈàÇ (ÝïÍ 54). –ãÉŠ–âÝíà–Í¡–ÅàÓàÈ–ÍÜÀ–æÈ‹–âÖêÇ–

×ŠàÚ§Óê–æÒ–âÉèÓÛì–ÚíÈ–æÒ–ãÖ‹× –âÑàß–×Š–àâÝíà–âÍªÃ–æÒÒ‹à–Í¡–âØèÌ. –âÑ²Ü–ÔàÀ–Ýï‹ –âÝíà–É‹ÜÃ–Óê–ÀàÌ–À×È–ÅÜÍ–äÈÇ–åÆ‹–

âÂ²ÜÃ–×èÈ–ãËÀ.

Óê–âÂ²ÜÃ–×èÈ– 2 ÆßÌéÈ Ë–ÅàÓàÈ–ÍÜÀ–Â×àÓ–Äî–ÁÜÃÚ§–æÒ.

• –âÂ²ÜÃ–×èÈ–ãËÀ–Ë––ãÏŠÛàÇ–ãÓŠÌ –âÂ²ÜÃ–À×ÈÖßÈèÍ–Â×àÓ–âÁÓÁÜÃ–ÌŸ–ÀíÈÔïŠ–åÌÚ§–æÒ. Ê‹à–ÌŸ–ÀíÈ–Óê–Â×àÓ–

âÁÓÁî‹ÌÅïÃ, À¡ÚàÇÂ×àÓ–×ŠàÚ§–æÒ–ÍèÌÄî–æÒ–ÛàÇ. Â×àÓ–âÁÓÁî‹Ì–ÁÜÃ–Üà–ÆéÈ ÊìÀ–×èÈ–È‹×Ç–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ –

âÜÌ×Šà –æÝ–äÈÕÓéÈ–âÉê (hydrometer ÝïÍ 55). ÅªÃ–Ì¸–âÎèÌ–æÎ–æÈ‹–ÅáÖèÍÚ§–æÒ–Óê–ÆŠÜÃ–âÎêÈ–âË³à–Ì´Ì.

ÝïÍ 54: ÀàÌ–À×È–ÀàÖß–ÈèÍ–ÌŸ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÊèÃ (ÈèÈ–Óà–ÄàÀ UNESCO manual)

• ×éËê–ËÅÜÃ –ãÓŠÌ–×èÈ–ãËÀ–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÁÜÃÚ§–æÒ. –âÓ²Ü–ÊèÃ–ÌŸ–âÉèÓ, Â×àÓ–ÈèÌ–ÌŸ–ÔïŠÀ˜ÜÀÌŸ–À¡–ãÝÃ–ÀŠ×à –Àç–Öß–

ÌêâÓ²ÜÌŸ–åÌ–ÊèÃÍ¡–âÉèÓ–. ÅáÖèÍÚ§–æÒ–À¡–âÚìÜÌÀèÌ, Ê‹à–Óê–æÒ–âÉèÓ, –ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–æÒÒ‹àÀ¡–ÅïÃ–ÀŠ×à–âÓ²ÜËÞÍ–åÅŠ–ÇàÓ–

æÒ–ÜŠÜÌ. Ú§–æÒ 12 V Äß–Óê–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÎßÓàÌ 13 V Ê‹à–Óê–æÒ–âÉèÓ–ãÖß–ÎßÓàÌ 11 V Ûì Éœ–ÀŠ×à –âÓ²Ü–

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æÒÜŠÜÌ. –åÌ–ÀàÌ–åÆ‹–ÃàÌ–ÎíÀÀßÉé, Ú§–æÒ–ÝÜÍ–åÆ‹–ÃàÌ–ÅïÃ Í¡–Â×Ì–ÊìÀ–åÆ‹–æÒ–ÄíÌ–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–Éœ–ÀŠ×à 11.5 V. –

âÌ²ÜÃ–ÄàÀ–Â×àÓ–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃÖßØ×ŠàÃ–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ –åÌ–Àç–Öß–ÌêÚ§–æÒ–ÜŠÜÌ (11.5 V) –ãÖß ––æÒ–âÉèÓ (13.5 V) ÑÞÃ–

ãÉŠ–ÎßÓàÌ 2 V, –âÑàß–ÅßÌÌÉ‹ÜÃ–åÆ‹–âÂ²ÜÃ–×èÈ–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ Ë–Óê–Â×àÓÆèÈ–âÄÌ–ÅïÃ Ä±Ã–æÈ‹–ÂŠà–Ë–ãÌŠ–ÌÜÌ.

ÝïÍ 55: ÀàÌ–À×È–ÅÜÍ–Â×àÓ–âÁÓÁÜÃ–Üà–ÆéÈÈ‹×Ç –âÂ²ÜÃ–×èÈ–Â×àÓÙà–ãÙ‹ÌÁÜÃÌŸ

–âÑ²Ü–Â×àÓ––ãÌŠ–ÌÜÌ Â×Ì–åÆ‹–ËèÃ–ÅÜÃ–×éËêÈ¨Ã–ÀŠà×–âÑ²Ü–À×È–ÅÜÍÚ§–æÒ. Ê‹à–ÏíÌ–ÜÜÀ–Óà–ÀíÃ–ÀèÌ ÓèÌ ÚàÇÂ×àÓ–

×Šà ÏíÌ–æÈ‹–ÝèÍÙ‹à–âÆ²Ü–ÊìÀ–æÈ‹. –ãÉŠÊ‹à–ÏíÌ–Í¡–ÀíÃ–ÀèÌ, –âÆÌ –ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ×èÈ–æÈ‹–ÅïÃ –ãÉŠ–Â×àÓ–âÁÓÁÜÃ–Üà–ÆéÈ–ãËÀ–æÈ‹–

ÑèÈ–Éœ À¡ÚàÇÂ×àÓ–×Šà Óê–ÜèÌÙ±ÃÏéÈÑàÈ. –â×¿à–Ö×Ó Ê‹à–ãÝÃÌÈèÌ––ãËÀ–æÈ‹ÅïÃ –ãÉŠ–ÖßÈèÍÂ×àÓ–âÁèÓ–ÁÜÃ–ÌŸ–

ÀíÈ–Éœ ÅŠ×ÌÛàÇÚ§–æÒ–Äß–âÅ–ÇÂîÌ–ãÖ‹×

Á´ÌÉÜÌ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–À×È–ÅÜÍ–Â×àÓ–âÁÓÁÜÃ–Üà–ÆéÈäÈÇ–åÆ‹ hydrometer.

1. –âÎêÈ–ÐàÆŠÜÃ–ãÆ–ÖË–É‹ÜÃÀàÌ–×èÈ–ãËÀ–Â×àÓ–âÁÓÁÜÃ–ÌŸ–ÀíÈ

2. É‹ÜÃ–åØ‹–ãÌŠ–åÄ–×Šà –åÌ–ÆŠÜÃ–ãÆ–ÖÌÌ Óê–ÌŸ–ÀíÈ–Ê‹×Ó–ãËŠÃ–ÆìÌ

3. ÄîŠÓÎàÇ–æÝ–äÈÕÓéÈ–âÉê–ÖíÃ–æÎ–åÌ–ÆŠÜÃ–ãÆ–Ö–ãÖ‹×–ÈïÈ–âÜíà–ÌŸ–ÀíÈ–Üà–ÆéÈ–ÆïÌ–Òí×ÕéÀÁ¹ÌÓà–äÈÇ–ÀàÌ–ÍêÍ–

ãÍÍ–âÍíàƒ–ãÖ‹×–ÎŠÜÇ

4. ÖßÈèÍ–ÖïÀ–ÖÜÇ––åÌ–Ì´ÌÄß–ÎŠÞÌ–ãÎÃ–æÎ–ÉàÓ–ÖßÈèÍ–Â×àÓ–âÁÓÁÜÃ–Üà–ÆéÈ–ãÖß–Äß–ÍÜÀÂŠà–ÍèÌÄî–æÒÒ‹à–

ÁÜÃ–ãÆ–ÖÌÌƒ

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ÅßÑàÍ–ÀàÌÍèÌÄî–æÒÒ‹à (State of Charge, SOC)

ÎßÖéÓàÌ–ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–Ë–ÇèÃ–âÛìÜ–ÔïŠ–åÌÚ§–æÒ –âÜÌ×Šà ÅßÑàÍ–ÀàÌ–ÍèÌÄî–æÒÒ‹à (SOC).

Éí×–ÔŠàÃ 5.1 Éí×–ÔŠàÃÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ SOC ÁÜÃÚ§–æÒ

ÍíÈ–ÐëÀ–ØèÈ 19 ÊàÓ–×Šà ÑàÇÛèÃÀàÌ–åÆ‹–åÌ–ÆŠ×Ã–â×Öà–Ë¯–ÖßÍî–Ì´Ì SOC ÁÜÃÚ§–æÒ–Äß–ÇèÃ–âË³à–åÈ? ÅíÓÓîÈ–×Šà

SOC ÀŠÜÌ–åÆ‹–ãÓŠÌ 100%.

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5.2.3 ÀàÌ–ÍáÖîÃ–ÝèÀÅàÚ§–æÒ

ÅªÃ–ÅáÂèÌ–ÅàÓ–ÔŠàÃ–Ë–É‹ÜÃ–åÅŠ–åÄ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–Íí×–Öß–ÍèÈ–ÝèÀÅàÚ§–æÒÁÜÃ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ.

• ÝèÀÅà–åØ‹Ú§–æÒ–À‹ÞÃ–ÅßÜàÈ. Ê‹à–ÅŠ×Ì–âËéÃ–ÁÜÃÚ§–æÒ–ØàÀ–Óê–ÐîŠÌÄèÍ–ÉéÈÛàÇ ÜàÈ–âÀêÈ–Óê––æÒ–Ý³×–ÆëÓ –âÌ²ÜÃ–

ÄàÀ–ÀàÌ–Ìá––æÒÒ‹à–ÏŠàÌ–ÆÌÐîŠÌÈÃ–ÀŠà×. –åÌ–ÀàÌ–Ëá–Â×àÓ–ÅßÜàÈÚ§–æÒ –åØ‹–åÆ‹–Ï‹à–ÄîŠÓ–ÌŸ–ÅßÜàÈ, –ãÉŠ–Ø‹àÓ–

åÆ‹–Åß–Íî Ûì ÌŸ–âÀìÜ.

• À×È–ÅÜÍ–ãÉŠ–Öß–ãÆ–ÖÚ§–æÒ–äÈÇ–åÆ‹ –âÂ²ÜÃ–×èÈ–Â×àÓÙà–ãÙ‹Ì (–æÝ–äÈÕÓéÈ–âÉê). ÂŠà–ãËÀ–æÈ‹ÁÜÃ–ãÉŠ–Öß–

ãÆ–ÖÉ‹ÜÃ–âÚìÜÌÛì–åÀ‹–ÂÞÃ–ÀèÌ–Ë–ÅîÈ. Ê‹à–ÑíÍ–×Šà Óê–Â×àÓ–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌÖßØ×ŠàÃ–ÍèÌÈàÂŠà–ãËÀ–æÈ‹–

Ì´ÌÀ¡ÚàÇÂ×àÓ–×Šà Ú§–æÒ–âÖ–Ó–âÅ–ÇÂîÌ–ãÖ‹×.

• –ÖßÈèÍ–ÌŸ–âÆ²ÜÓ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÖßÈèÍ–ÓàÈ–ÉßÊàÌ. ÀàÌ–À×È–ÅÜÍÚ§–æÒ–Â×Ì–Èá–âÌêÌ–æÎ –âÈìÜÌ–ÖßÂÃ –ãÖß–É‹ÜÃ–É²Ó–

âÉêÓ–ÌŸ–À¨Ì–ÍçÖéÅîÈ–âÁ¿à–æÎ–åÌ–ÆŠÜÃ–åÈ Ë–ÓêÖßÈèÍÉœ–ÀŠ×à–ÓàÈ–ÉßÛàÌ.

–åÅŠ–åÄ: –Ê‹à–æÈ‹–É²Ó–ÌŸ–ÀíÈÖíÃ–æÎ–åÌÚ²–æÒ–ãÖ‹× É¡ÓàÀ¡Ø‹àÓ–Í¡–åØ‹–É²Ó–âÉêÓ–ÖíÃ–æÎ–ÜêÀ â×´ÌâÅÇãÉŠÀçÖßÌê Ú§æÒÁ‹´×Ó

ãÖßÌŸÀíÈæÛÜÜÀ Ä±ÃÂ×ÌÉ²ÓÌŸÀíÈÉàÓÂ×àÓâÚàßÅíÓ

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5.2.4 ÀàÌÎèÍÎîÃÚ§æÒ (Battery equalization)

–âÓ²Ü–åÈ–âØèÌ–×Šà ÀàÌ–À×È–ÅÜÍ––âÖ–Ó–åØ‹–ÂŠà–Ë–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌÅáÖèÍ–ÆŠÜÃãÆ–ÖÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ, ÓèÌ––ÍÜÀ–×Šà Ú§–

æÒ–âÖ–ÓÓê–ÍèÌØà–ãÖ‹×. –åÌ–ÍàÃ–Â´Ã ÅàÓàÈ–Îí×–ãÎÃÚ§–æÒ–ÖèÀÅßÌß–Ì¸–æÈ‹–äÈÇ–ÀàÌ–ÅàÀ––È‹×Ç–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–Ë–ÅïÃ–ÀŠ×à–

ÎíÀÀßÉé. ×éËê–Ì¸ –âÜÌ×Šà ÀàÌ–ÅàÀ–ÎèÍÎîÃÚ§–æÒ.

ÀàÌ–ÅàÀ–æÒ–âÑ²ÜÎèÍÎîÃÚ§–æÒ Èá–âÌêÌ–æÎ–äÈÇ–ÀàÌ–ÅàÀÚ§–æÒ–È‹×Ç–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÅïÃâÀêÌÀŠ×à–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–

ÎíÀÀßÉé––ãÖßÉ‹ÜÃ–Óê–ÀàÌ–ÉéÈ–ÉàÓ–À×È–Àà–ÔŠàÃ–åÀ‹–ÆéÈ. –âÌ²ÜÃ–ÄàÀ–×ŠàÙŠ×ÇÂ×ÍÊìÀ–ÜÜÀ–ãÍÍ–Óà–åØ‹–Î‹ÜÃ–ÀèÌ––

ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–âÀêÌ ÅßÌÌ –åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÅàÀ–èÍÎîÃ–Ì¸ Ä±ÃÄá–âÎèÌ–É‹ÜÃ–É¡–ÖèÈÅàÇ–æÒ–ÄàÀ–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–åÅŠ–ÀèÍÚ§–æÒ–äÈÇ–ÀíÃ.

ÀàÌ–ÅàÀ–ÎèÍÎîÃ–Â×Ì–É‹ÜÃ–Èá–âÌêÌ–æÒ–åÌ–Óº–ãÈÈ–Èê. –âÝíà–ÅàÓàÈ–ÅèÃ–âÀÈ–âØèÌ–×Šà ÀàÌ–ÅàÀ–ÎèÍÎîÃ–âÀêÈ–

Á¹Ì–ãÖ‹× Ê‹à–âØèÌ–ÒÜÈÀŒàÆ–âÀêÈ–Á¹Ì–åÌ–ãÆ–ÖÚ§–æÒ–, –ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÅàÀ–ÅïÃ–ÀŠ×à 14.5 V –ãÖßÚ§–æÒ–Äß–ÜîŠÌ–ÀŠ×à–ÎíÀÀß–

Éé. ÔŠàÃÙ‹ÜÇ ÀàÌ–ÅàÀ–ÎèÍÎîÃ–É‹ÜÃ–Èá–âÌêÌ–æÎåØ‹–ÂíÍ 1 Óº–ãÈÈ–ÈêÄ±ÃÄß––æÈ‹–ÏíÌ, Ê‹à–ãÈÈ–Í¡–Èê –Äá–âÎèÌ–É‹ÜÃ–ÅàÀ–

ÎèÍÎîÃÑàÇ–åÌ 2-3 Óº. –åÌ–ÁßÌß–ÅàÀ–ÎèÍÎîÃ–Ì´Ì Í¡–Â×ÌåØ‹–åÆ‹–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ–åÈƒ––.

–âÊéÃ–×ŠàÍ¡––âØèÌ–Â×àÓ–ÏéÈ–ÎíÀÀßÉé–åÌÚ§–æÒ –ãÉŠ–À¡–Â×Ì–ÅàÀ–ÎèÍÎîÃÚ§–æÒ–ËîÀƒ 6 –âÈìÜÌ–ÖßÂÃ.

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6 ÅàÇ––æ–Ò

6.1 Åß–âÙê

–âØÈÏíÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–ÅïÌ–âÅ–Ç–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–åÌ–Ë¡–ÌŸÁßÙàÈÌ‹ÜÇ –ãÓŠÌ–Ç‹ÜÌ–Â×àÓ–É‹àÌ–ËàÌ–ÅïÃ –ãÖß–É‹ÜÃ–åÆ‹–

ÀáÖèÃ–ÈèÌ–ÅïÃ–Ä±Ã–ÅàÓàÈ–âÝèÈ–åØ‹–ÌŸ–æÛ–æÎ–åÌ–Ë¡–æÈ‹.

–åÌ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à, Ê‹à–ÅàÇ–æÒ–Ì‹ÜÇ–âÀêÌ–æÎ, –Äß–âÀêÈ–Óê–ÀàÌ–ÅïÌ––âÅ–ÇãÝÃ–ÈèÌ (–ÇèÃ–âÜÌ×Šà ãÝÃ–ÈèÌÉíÀ) –

ãÖß–ÅßÌÌ ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒÜàÈ–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–Í¡–ÑÞÃ–ÑçÉàÓ–Â×àÓ–É‹ÜÃÀàÌÅáÖèÍ ÀàÌ–Ëá–ÃàÌ–ÎíÀÀßÉé. –

ÅàÇâØÈ–À¡–âÑàß–×Šà –åÌ–ÅàÇ–æÒ–Ë–ÓêÙ‹àÉèÈ–Ì‹ÜÇ Â×àÓ–É‹àÌ–Äß–ÅïÃ–ÛàÇ–ãÖß–É‹ÜÃ–åÆ‹–ÀáÖèÃ––æÒÛàÇ–âÑ²Ü––

åØ‹ÆßÌß–Â×àÓ–É‹àÌ–Ì´Ì.

–âØÈÏíÌ–ãÏŠÛàÇ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–åÆ‹–ÃàÌ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ–Í¡–æÈ‹–ÂîÌ–ÌßÑà–Í –ãÓŠÌ–Ç‹ÜÌ–ÅàÇ–æÒ–Ì‹ÜÇ–

âÀêÌ–æÎ. É‹ÜÃ––åÅŠ–åÄ–×Šà ÅàÇ–æÒ–Ë–åÆ‹–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ ËÓê–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌÑÞÃ 12 V Ûì 24 V Ì´Ì

ÄßÉ‹ÜÃ–Óê–ÁßÙàÈåØÇŠÀŠ×à–ÅàÇ–æÒ–åÌ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÉà–ÁŠàÇ 240 V Ä±ÃÅàÓàÈÁíÌ–Å³ÃÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–åÌ–ÎßÖéÓàÌ––

âË³à–ÀèÌæÈ‹–.

6.2 ÀàÌ–Ñí×ÑèÌ–ÖßØ×ŠàÃ–ÂîÌ–ÅíÓÍèÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÅàÇ–æÒ–ãÖß–ÀàÌ–ÅïÌ–âÅ–ÇÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ

ÁßÙàÈÅàÇ–æÒ

Ê‹àÅàÇ–æÒ–Ì‹ÜÇ–, À¡–É‹ÜÃ–åÆ‹–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–æÒÅïÃÁ¹Ì–âÑ²Ü–ÎèÀ–ÈèÌ–Àß–ãÅ–æÒ–åÈÙ±Ã–åØ‹–ÏŠàÌ–ÅàÇ–æÒ–Ì´Ì–æÎ–æÈ‹.

–ÀàÌ–åÆ‹–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÅïÃ–Á¹ÌÀ¡ÚàÇÂ×àÓ–×Šà ÄáÉ‹ÜÃ––åÆ‹Ú§–æÒ–ãÖß–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–ÁßÙàÈåØÇŠ–Á¹Ì –äÈÇ–ÖàÂà–À¡–âÑÓ–

Á¹ÌÉàÓ–æÎ–È‹×Ç. Ê‹à–âÝíà–åÆ‹–ÅàÇ–æÒ–åØÇŠ–, –––âÊéÃ–×ŠàãÝÃ–ÈèÌË–É‹ÜÃÀàÌ–âÑ²ÜÎèÀ–ÈèÌ–Àß–ãÅ–æÒ––ÜàÈÄßÉœ–ÖíÃÛàÇ,

–ãÉŠ–ÖàÂà–ÅàÇ–æÒÀ¡–ÜàÈ–âÑÓÁ¹ÌÅïÃ––âÀêÌ–æÎ. ÅßÌÌ ÁßÙàÈÅàÇ–æÒ–Ë–âÚàßÅíÓ –ãÓŠÌ–ÀàÌ––

âÖìÜÀÎßÌéÎßÌÜÓÖßØ×ŠàÃ (1) ÀàÌ–åÆ‹ÅàÇ–æÒ–åØÇŠ–Óê–ÀàÌ–ÅïÌ–âÅ–Ç–Éœ–ÖíÃ –ãÉŠÖàÂà–âÑÓ–ÅïÃ–Á¹Ì––– ãÖß (2)

ÓïÌ–ÂŠàË–É‹ÜÃ–ÖíÃËëÌ–åÅŠ–ÀàÌ–âÑÓ–ÁßÙàÈÚ§–æÒ–ãÖß–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃÉàÓ–Â×àÓ–É‹ÜÃÀàÌ–âÑ²Ü–ÊíÓ–ÁîÓ–ÀàÌ–ÅïÌ–âÅ–

ÇÛàÇ–åÌ–ÅàÇ–æÒ–Ë–Ì‹ÜÇ–ÀŠ×à–ãÉŠ–Óê–ÖàÂà–ÊìÀ–ÀŠ×à.

Â×àÓÇà×–ÅàÇ–æÒ

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–Ê‹à–ÅàÇ–æÒ–Çà×–ÜÜÀ –À¡–Äá–âÎèÌ–É‹ÜÃ–åÆ‹–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–æÒÛàÇÀŠ×à–âÑ²Ü–ÈèÌ–Àß–ãÅ–æÒ–åÌ–ÎßÖéÓàÌ–âË³à–âÈêÓ

åØ‹–æÎ–âÊéÃ–ÎàÇ–ËàÃ–. –âÑ²Ü––âÑÓ–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ À¡–ÄßÉ‹ÜÃ–âÑÓ–ÁßÙàÈÚ§–æÒ–ãÖß–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–Á¹Ì –ãÖß–ÚàÇÂ×àÓ–×Šà

ÖàÂà–À¡–âÑÓ–Á¹Ì. ÅßÌÌ –âÑ²Ü–âÎèÌ–ÀàÌ–Îß–ÔèÈ ÅàÇ–æÒ–Ä±Ã–É‹ÜÃ–Å´Ì–âË³à––Ë–âÎèÌ–æÎ–æÈ‹. ÅàÇ–æÒ–Å´ÌËèÃÆŠ×Ç–Îß–ÔèÈ–

ËëÌ–ÝÜÌ–ãÖßËèÃÛî‡ÈÏñÜÌÀàÌ–ÅïÌ–âÅ–ÇÀáÖèÃ–æÒ.

–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÉíÀ–åÌ–ÅàÇ–æÒ

–âØÈÏíÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–ÅïÌ–âÅ–Ç–ÀáÖèÃ–æÒ–åÌ–ÅàÇ–æÒ–ãÓŠÌ–Ç‹ÜÌ–Â×àÓ–É‹àÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÅàÇ–æÒ (–äÜÓ). –âÑì–ÜŠÎèÀ–

ÈèÌ–æÒåØ‹ãÖŠÌæÎÉàÓ–ÅàÇ–æÒ –âÝíà–É‹ÜÃ–åÆ‹–ãÝÃ–ÁèÍâÂ²ÜÌæÒÒ‹à ÈèÌ–ÓèÌ–æÎ (V) –ãÖß–Ê‹à–Â×àÓ–É‹àÌ–ÅïÃ–Á¹Ì –

ãÝÃÁèÍâÂ²ÜÌÌÌÀ¡–ÅïÃ–Á¹ÌæÎÉàÓ. ÎßÖéÓàÌ–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–Ë–É‹ÜÃÀàÌ–âÑ²Ü–ÎèÀ–ÈèÌ–æÒÒ‹à–åØ‹–æÛÏŠàÌ–ÅàÇ–æÒ–åÈÙ±Ã–

æÎ–æÈ‹–Ì´Ì –âÜÌ×Šà –ã–ÝÃÈèÌ–ÉíÀ–âÝŠ–Ç (voltage drop).

ÛèÀÀàÌ–ÉéÈ–É´ÃÅàÇ–æÒ 1

Í¡–Â×Ì–ÉéÈ–É´ÃÅàÇ–æÒÇà×–âÀêÌ–ÀŠ×à–Â×àÓ–Äá–âÎèÌ


–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÉíÀ–âÝŠ–ÇÅïÃ–ÅîÈ–åÌ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒ 12 V ÄßÉ‹ÜÃ–Í¡––âÀêÌ 0.5 V –ãÖß– Í¡–âÀêÌ 1 V ÅáÖèÍ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒ 24 V.

ÎèÈ–åÄ–ÅàÓ–ÔŠàÃ–Ë––âÎèÌ–Éí×–ÀáÌíÈ–ÀàÌ–ÅïÌ–âÅ–Ç–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–åÌ–ÅàÇ–æÒ:

(1) ÎßÖéÓàÌ––æÒÒ‹à–Ë¯–æÛ–æÎ–ÉàÓ–ÅàÇ

(2) ÁßÙàÇ–ÁÜÃ–ÅàÇ–æÒ (–âÎèÌ mm2)

(3) Â×àÓ–Çà×–ÁÜÃ–ÅàÇ–æÒ (–âÎèÌ m)


Ìá–åÆ‹ÅàÇ–æÒ–åØ‹–ãËÈ–âÚàßÀèÍ–ÄîÈ–ÎßÅíÃ–ÀàÌåÆ‹–ÃàÌ. ÅàÇ–æÒ–ÐèÃ–ÈéÌÉ‹ÜÃ–Óê–ÅßÙ×ÌÀèÌ–æÒ–Ë–âÚàßÅíÓ.

ÅàÇ–æÒ–Ë–ãÁ–×Ì–åÌ–ÜàÀàÈ Äß–âÎêÈ–ãÎÌ–ÅïŠ–ãÅÃ–ãÈÈ Ä±ÃÉ‹ÜÃ––Óê–ÅßÙ×ÌÅáÖèÍ–åÆ‹–ÑàÇ–ÌÜÀ. ÅàÇ–æÒ–ÅáÖèÍ–

åÆ‹–ÑàÇåÌ––Í¡––âÚàßÅíÓ–ÅáÖèÍ–ÐèÃ–ÈéÌÛì–åÆ‹ÑàÇ–ÌÜÀÑàÇåÉ‹–ãÅÃ–ãÈÈÈíÌƒ.

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6.3 ÆßÌéÈ–ÅàÇ–æÒ

–âÊéÃ–×Šà ÁßÙàÈÅàÇ–æÒ–âÎèÌ–ÖèÀÅßÌß–Åß–ãÈÃ–Ë–âÎèÌ–ÑºÌÊàÌ, –ãÉŠ–À¡–Óê–ÅàÇ–æÒÛàÇÆßÌéÈ––ãÖß–ÓàÈ–

ÉßÊàÌ–ãÉÀÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ

Éí×–Ìá–æÒ

–ãÀÌ–äÖØß Ë––æÒÒ‹à–ãÖŠÌ––æÎ–ÉàÓ–Ì´Ìƒ –âÜÌ×Šà Éí×–Ìá–æÒ. –

âÊéÃ–×Šà Óê–ÅàÇ–æÒ–Ë–Óê–Éí×–Ìá–âÎèÌ–Üà–ÖïÓê–ÌÞÓ –ãÉŠ–ÅàÇ–æÒ–Ë–åÆ‹–Àè–ÌãÏŠÛàÇÀŠ×àÚïŠ–ãÓŠÌ–ÅàÇ–ËÜÃ–

âÛìÜÃ.

ÅàÇ–æÒ–ËÜÃ–âÛìÜÃÓèÀ–ÊìÀ–Ìá–åÆ‹–ÅáÖèÍ–ÀàÌ–ÉéÈ–É´ÃÅàÇ–æÒ–åÌ–âÝìÜÌ. ÅàÇ–æÒ–Ì¸ÜàÈ–Óê–Éí×–Ìá–æÒ–âÎèÌ––

ËÜÃ–âÛìÜÃÅàÇ–ÈñÞ×ÊìÀ–Øî‹Ó–Ø¡–È‹×Ç–ÅßÙ×ÌÀèÌ–æÒ (ÝïÍ 58, a). ÅàÇ–æÒ–ãÁÃ–ÈñÞ×–Ì¸Óê–ÖàÂà–ÊìÀ–ÀŠ×à –ãÉŠ–ÓèÌ–

ÏŠÜÇ–ãÖß–ÓèÀ–Äß–ØèÀ–Ê‹à–ËíÍ–æÎÓàÛàÇÂÃ.

ÝïÍ 56: ÆßÌéÈ–Éí×–Ìá–æÒ (UNESCO manual)

–âÝíà–ÇèÃ–âÂêÇ–ÑíÍ–ÅàÇ–æÒË–ÎßÀÜÍ–È‹×Ç–ÅàÇ–æÒ–ÐÜÇ–ÄáÌ×ÌÛàÇ ÐÌ–åÅŠ–ÀèÌÔïŠ–åÉ‹ÅßÙ×Ì ÀèÌ–æÒ.

ÅàÇ–æÒ–ÆßÌéÈ–Ì¸ –âÜÌÀèÌ–×Šà ÅàÇ–Ð´Ì (ÝïÍ 58, b). –âÊéÃ–×ŠàÅàÇ–ÐÜÇ–ãÉŠ–Öß–âÅÌÓê–ÁßÙàÈÌ‹ÜÇ –ãÉŠ–âÓ²ÜÐÌ–

Ö×ÓÀèÌ–ãÖ‹×ÓèÌ–À¡–ÓêÙ‹àÉèÈ–âË³à–ËÞÓ–ÀèÌ–ÀèÍ–ÅàÇ–æÒ–ÆßÌéÈ–ãÁÃÈŠÞ×. ÅíÓÓîÈ, Ê‹à–ÅàÇ–ÐÜÌÓêÙ‹àÉèÈ 0.1

mm2, –âÓ²Ü–Ð´ÌÖ×ÓÀèÌ 25 ÅàÇ–Ì´Ì À¡–æÈ‹ÅàÇ–æÒ–Ë–ÓêÙ‹àÉèÈ 2.5 mm2. ÄîÈ–Èê–É¿Ì–Éç–ÁÜÃ–ÅàÇ–Ð´Ì–ãÓŠÌ–Â×àÓ–

ÜŠÜÌÉí×Æ±ÃÄßÍ¡–ØèÀåÌâ×ÖàËíÍ–æÎ–Óà–.

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ËàÃ–È‹àÌÀ–àÌ–Ìá–æÒÒ‹à–ãÖ‹×– Í¡Óê–Â×àÓ–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ÖßØ×ŠàÃ–ÅàÇ–Ð´Ì–ãÖß–ÅàÇ–ÈŠÞ×. ÅàÇ–æÒ–ãÁÃ–ÈŠÞ×–

Óê–ÖàÂà–ÊìÀ–ÀŠ×à–ãÖß–âÚàßÅíÓ–ÅáÖèÍ–ÀàÌ–ÉéÈ–É´ÃÂíÃ–Ë. ÅàÇ–Ð´Ì–âÚàßÅíÓ–ÅáÖèÍ–ÀàÌ–ÉéÈ–É´Ã Ë–Óê–ÀàÌ–âÂ²ÜÌ–

Ç‹àÇ–ÔïŠ–âÖºÜÇƒ– –ãÉŠ–Óê–ÖàÂà–ÅïÃ–ÀŠ×à.

ÅßÙ×ÌÀèÌ–æÒ

ÅßÙ×ÌÓêÙ‹àË–ÀèÌ–Í¡–åØ‹–âÀêÈ–æÒÝ³×–æÛ–ÜÜÀ–ÅïŠ–ã×È–Ö‹ÜÓåÌ–ÁßÌßÀàÌ–Åá–ÑèÈ––ÍèÃ–âÜêÌ. –âÊéÃ–×Šà–åÌ–

ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ Ë–Óê–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–Á‹ÜÌ–Á‹àÃ–Éœ–ãÖß–Â×àÓÜèÈ–ÉßÖàÇ–Ç‹ÜÌÄß–ÊìÀ–æÒÆŒÜÈ ÌÌÀ¡–Í¡–Óê, –ãÉŠ–

ÓèÌÀ¡–ÜàÈ–âÎèÌÅàÇâØÈÑà–åØ‹–âÀêÈ–æÒ–æÚ‹ ÜèÌ–âÌ²ÜÃ–ÓàÄàÀ–ÀàÌ–âÀêÈÚèÈ–æÒ–ÄàÀ––ÅàÇ–æÒ– ËÆŒÜÈÀèÌæÈ‹.

ÅàÇ–ãÀŒÍ–âÍê–Ö (Cables)

–âÓ²Ü–Ö×ÓÉí×–ÅàÇ–æÒ–ÈŠÞ×–Ë–Óê–ÅßÙ×ÌÀèÌ–æÒÔïŠ–ãÖ‹×ÌÌ –âÁ¿àÈ‹×Ç–ÀèÌ–ãÖß–Ø¡–Øî‹Ó–È‹×Ç–Åß Ù×ÌÌÜÀ

–âÜÌ×Šà –ÅàÇ–ãÀŒÍ–ãÍê–Ö. ÅàÇ–æÒ–ãÀŒÍ–âÍê–Ö–Ë–ÌéÇíÓ–åÆ‹–åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÉéÈ–É´Ã–æÒ–åÌ–âÝìÜÌ–ãÓŠÌ–ÅàÇ–ÂïŠ (ÝïÍ 57). ÌÜÀ–

Ì´Ì ÇèÃ–Óê–ÅàÇ–ãÀŒÍ–âÍê–Ö Ë–Óê–ÅàÇÆèÀ–Ìá–æÒÅàÓ–ÅàÇÛì ÛàÇÀŠ×à. ÅàÇ–ãÀŒÍ–âÍê–Ö Óê–ÅßÙ×ÌÀèÌ–æÒ–ÅÜÃ–ÆÌ.

ÆÌÌÜÀ Øî‹Ó–Ø¡–ÍèÌÈà–ÅàÇ–æÒ–Ö×ÓâÁ¿à–È‹×Ç–ÀèÌ –ãÖß–ÆÌ–åÌ –ãÓŠÌ–ÅßÙ×ÌÁÜÃ–ÅàÇ–æÒ–ãÉŠ–ÖßÅàÇ.

ÝïÍ 57: ÅàÇ–ãÀŒÍ–âÍê–Ö Ë¯–Óê–ÅàÇ–æÒ–ÂïŠ (ÈèÈ–Óà–ÄàÀ UNESCO manual)

6.4 ÀàÌ–âÖìÜÀ–ÅàÇ–æÒ–Ë¯–âÚàßÅíÓ

ÄàÀÛèÀÀàÌ–ÉéÈ–É´ÃÅàÇ–æÒ –âØèÌ–×Šà, Éí×–ãÎ–ÅáÂèÌ–Ë–Å³Ã–ÏíÌ–ÅßË‹ÜÌ–âÊéÃ–ÀàÌ–ÂèÈ–âÖìÜÀ–ÅàÇ–æÒ–ÔŠàÃ–

âÚàßÅíÓ–ÜàÈ–âÎèÌ

1) ÎßÖéÓàÌ–æÒÒ‹à–Ë–Äß–æÛÏŠàÌ–ÅàÇ–æÒ

2) ÁßÙàÈÙ‹àÉèÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÅàÇ–æÒ (–âÌºÜËÙ‹àÉèÈ–âÎèÌ mm2)

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3) Â×àÓ–Çà×–ÁÜÃ–ÅàÇ–æÒ (–âÎèÌ–ãÓèÈ)

–â×¿à–Ö×Ó, Óê–ÅÜÃ–×éËê–åÌ–ÀàÌÀáÌíÈ––åÆ‹ÅàÇ–æÒÅáÖèÍ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ:

• ÀàÌ–ÂéÈ–æÖŠÙ‹àÉèÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÅàÇ–äÈÇ–ÀíÃ

• ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹Éà–ÉßÖàÃÅàÇ–æÒ

6.4.1 ÀàÌ–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–ÁßÙàÈÙ‹àÉèÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÅàÇ–æÒ

Ù‹àÉèÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÅàÇ–æÒÅàÓàÈ–ÊìÀ–ÀáÌíÈ–È‹×Ç–ÅïÈ–É¡–æÎ–Ì¸:

22( ) c

loss

L PS mmUη κ×

=× ×

; 6.1

–åÌ–Ì¸, S –âÎèÌ–âÌºÜËÙ‹àÉèÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÅàÇ–æÒ (mm2)

Lc –âÎèÌ–Â×àÓ–Çà×–ÁÜÃ–ÅàÇ–æÒ– Ö×ÓËèÃÁàæÎãÖß–ÀèÍ = Â×àÓ–Çà×ÅàÇ–æÒ–Á‹×àÍ×À + ÅàÇ–æÒ–ÖíÍ, (m)

P –âÎèÌ–ÀáÖèÃ–æÒ–Ò‹àË–É‹ÜÃ–ÁíÌ–Å³Ã–ÏŠàÌ–ÅàÇ–æÒ–È¨Ã–ÀŠà× (W)

V- –ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–æÒÒ‹à–ÁÜÃ–ÖßÍíÍ (V)

κ- ÂŠà–Ìá–æÒÒ‹à–Äá–âÑàß [ËÜÃ–âÛìÜÃ κCu=56; Üà–ÖïÓê–ÌÞÓ κAl=34, m/(Ωxm2)]

–äÈÇ–Ë Lc =2 x L (Â×àÓ–Çà×–ËàÃ–âÈêÌÅàÇ–æÒ, Éí×–ÔŠàÃ –æÖ–Çß–ÖßØ×ŠàÃ Ú§–æÒ–ãÖßÈÜÀ–æÒ)

22

2( )loss

L PS mmUη κ

× ×=

× × 6.2

Ê‹à–åØ‹–ÂŠà–ÜèÈÉà–ÀàÌ–ÅïÌ–âÅ–Ç 3 5%lossη = ÷ –Æ±Ã–âÚàßÅíÓ– ÀèÍ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ (–åÌ–Àç–Öß–ÌêÌ¸ –âÝíà–åÆ–ò

5%), ÁßÙàÈÙ‹àÉèÈÆèÈ–âÄÌ–ÁÜÃÅàÇ–ËÜÃ–âÛìÜÃ –ãÖß–Üà–ÖïÓê–ÌÞÓ ÅàÓàÈ–ÀáÌíÈ–æÈ‹–äÈÇ–

ÜêÃÉàÓÂŠàÀáÖèÃæÒ (×è×È) ÉàÓÅïÈÉ¡æÎÌ:

S (mm2) = 0.005 x L (m) x P (W), ÅáÖèÍ–ÅàÇ–ËÜÃ–âÛìÜÃ 6.3

S (mm2) = 0.008 x L (m) x P (W), ÅáÖèÍ–ÅàÇ–Üà–ÖïÓê–ÌÞÓ 6.4

Ûì Ê‹à–ÌèÍ–×Šà P=UxI:

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S (mm2) = 0.06 x L (m) x I (A), ÅáÖèÍ–ÅàÇ–ËÜÃ–âÛìÜÃ 6.5

S (mm2) = 0.10 x L (m) x I (A) ÅáÖèÍ–ÅàÇ–Üà–ÖïÓê–ÌÞÓ 6.6

ÅíÓ–ÏíÌ (6.3-6.4) –ãÓŠÌ–ÅáÖèÍ–åÆ‹–åÌ–Àç–Öß–ÌêË–åØ‹–Ýï‹–ÀáÖèÃ–æÒ (W), ––ãÖß (6.5 -6.6) -Ê‹à–Ýï‹ÂŠà–Àß–ãÅ– æÒ (A).

–åÌ–âÜÀß–ÅàÌ–Æ‹ÜÌ–Ë‹àÇ 2 –æÈ‹–Åß–ãÈÃ–ÏíÌ–ÆèÈ–âÄÌ–ÄàÀ–ÀàÌ–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–ÉàÓ–ÅíÓ–ÏíÌ– 6.3 Ûì 6.5 Á‹àÃ–âËéÃ

ÅáÖèÍ–ÅàÇ–ËÜÃ–âÛìÜÃ. –åÌ–ËáÌÜÃ–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ –âÝíà–À¡–ÅàÓàÈ–Å‹àÃ–Éà–ÉßÖàÃ–ÅáÖèÍ–ÅàÇ–ÌáæÒ––ãÖß–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–

Ü²ÌƒæÈ‹.


ÅíÓÓîÈ–åÌ–ÖßÍíÍ––æÒãÅÃ–ÅßØ×ŠàÃË–ÓêÈ–ÜÀ–æÒ 1 ÈÜÀÀéÌ–æÒ 4 A –ãÖß–ÔŠàÃ–æÀ–ÄàÀÚ§–æÒ 5 m (ÝïÍ

58 ):

ÝïÍ 58: Éí×–ÔŠàÃ×íÃ–ÄÜÌ–ÃŠàÇƒ

ÂŠàÙ‹àÉèÈÆèÈ–âÄÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÅàÇ–æÒ:

S (mm2) = 0.06 X 4 A X 5 m

S = 1.20 mm2

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–ãÖß–åÌ–Éí×–ÄéÃ–åØ‹–âÖìÜÀ–âÜíàÅàÇ–æÒ–ÓàÈ–ÉßÊàÌË–Óê–åÌ–Ë‹ÜÃ–ÉßÛàÈ–äÈÇåØ‹âÖìÜÀÅàÇËÓêÙ‹àÉèÈâË³à–

ÀèÌÛìÅïÃÀŠ×àÂŠà–Ë–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–æÈò. åÌÀçÖßÌêÌ¸ ÂŠàÂéÈæÖŠæÈ‹ãÓŠÌ 1.2 mm2 ÅßÌÌ åØ‹âÖìÜÀåÆ‹ÅàÇ 1.5 mm2.

–åÅŠ–åÄ: åØ‹–ãËÀ–Â×àÓ–Çà×–ÅàÇ–æÒ–æÎ–ÉàÓ––ãÖ×ËàÃ– Ë¯–Äß––âÈêÌ–ÅàÇÉí×–ÄéÃ (Éí×–ÔŠàÃ–åÌÝïÍ 59)

ÝïÍ 59: ËàÃ–âÈêÌÅàÇ–æÒ–Éí×–ÄéÃ (ÈèÈ–Óà–ÄàÀ UNESCO manual)

6.4.2 ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹Éà–ÉßÖàÃÅàÇ–æÒ

È¨Ã–Ë–ÀŠà×–ÓàÀŠÜÌÌÌ, Éí×–âÖÀ–ÉŠàÃƒ–åÌ–Éà–ÉßÖàÃ "ÁßÙàÈ–ÆèÈ–âÄÌ " –åÌÉà–ÉßÖàÃ 3 –ãÓŠÌ–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ––

æÈ‹ÄàÀ–ÅíÓ–ÏíÌ (6.3 Ûì 6.5), Å×ŠÌÉà–ÉßÖàÃ "ÁßÙàÈÓàÈ–ÉßÊàÌ" –åÌÉà–ÉßÖàÃ –ãÓŠÌ–ÇíÀÁ¹Ì–âÎèÌ–ÂŠà–ÁÜÃ–

ÅàÇ–æÒ–ÓàÈ–ÉßÊàÌ(Éà–ÉßÖàÃ 3). Éà–ÉßÖàÃ–åÌ–âÜÀß–ÅàÌ–Æ‹ÜÌ–Ë‹àÇ 1-2 –ãÓŠÌ–ÅáÖèÍ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒ 12 V

ÅáÖèÍ–ÀàÌ–ÉéÈ–É´ÃÚ§–æÒ, –ãÏŠÌ PV –ãÖß–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ, ÅŠ×ÌÉà–ÉßÖàÃ Fehler! Verweisquelle konnte

nicht gefunden werden.-3 –ãÓŠÌ–ÅáÖèÍ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒ 24 V.

Éà–ÉßÖàÃ 3: Éí×ÔŠàÃÀàÌÌáåÆ‹Éà–ÉßÖàÃÅàÇ–æÒ–ÓàÈ–ÉßÊàÌ–, –ÖßÍíÍ–æÒ 12 V (–âÜÀß–ÅàÌ–Æ‹ÜÌ–Ë‹àÇ

2)

ÉàÉßÖàÃÅàÇæÒ ÓàÈÉßÊàÌ ÅáÖèÍÖßÍíÍæÒ 12 V (Metric) Load Wire Length In Meters

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15Watts Amperes

Ù‹àÉèÈÅàÇæÒ (mm2)

5 0.42 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

10 0.83 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

15 1.25 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

20 1.67 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

Photovoltaic


73

Éí×–ÔŠàÃ 6.2 ÄàÀ–Éí×–ÔŠàÃ 6.1. Ä³Ã–ÀáÌíÈ–ÁßÙàÈÅàÇ–æÒ –äÈÇ–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÉíÀ–Í¡–âÀêÌ 0.5 V –äÈÇ–Üê–Ã–åÅŠ–Éà–

ÉßÖàÃÅàÇæÒ

–ãÀ‹

Ìá–åÆ‹–Éà–ÉßÖàÃÅàÇæÒ (âÍ³Ã ÉàÉßÖàÃ 3) ÉàÓ–Á´ÌÉÜÌ–É¡–æÎ–Ì¸:

• –âÍªÃ–åÌ––ãÊ×–ÀáÖèÃ–æÒ–ÀíÃ–ÀèÍ 5 W –æÎ–ÉàÓ–Ö×Ã–ÌÜÌ (ÉàÓÖïÀ–ÅÜÌ)

• –âÍªÃ–åÌ–ÊèÌ ÀíÃ–ÀèÍ–ÂŠà–Ö×–ÃÇà× 3 m ÖíÃ–æÎ (ÉàÓ–ÖïÀ–ÅÜÌ–É´Ã)

• ÄîÈ–ÉèÈ–ÀèÌ–ãÓŠÌ–ÁßÙàÈÅàÇ–æÒ–ÓàÈ–ÉßÊàÌ (1.5 mm2) Ë–É‹ÜÃ–åÆ‹ –åÌ–Àç–Öß–ÌêÌ¸ –âÑ²Ü––åØ‹–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÉíÀÍ¡–

âÀêÌ 0.5 V

âÝíàÇèÃÅàÓàÈÌáåÆ‹Éà–ÉßÖàÃÌ âÑ²ÜÀáÌíÈ–Â×àÓ–Çà×–Ë–ÜàÈ–âÎèÌ–æÎ–æÈ‹– ÅáÖèÍÀáÖèÃ æÒåÈÙ±Ã

äÈÇ–åØ‹–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÉíÀ–âÝŠ–ÇÍ¡–âÀêÌ––âÁÈ–ÜßÌîÇàÈ (–âÍªÃ–Éí×–ÔŠàÃ ).

Éí×–ÔŠàÃ 6.3 Éï‹–âÔèÌÀéÌÀéÌ–æÒ 75 W –åÌ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒ 12 V DC. Ä³Ã–ÀáÌíÈÂ×àÓ–Çà×ÅîÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÅàÇ–æÒ 2.5 mm2

Ë¯–ÅàÓàÈ–åÆ‹–åÌ–Àç–Öß–ÌêÌ¸ –äÈÇ–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÉíÀ–Í¡–åØ‹–âÀêÌ 0.5V.

–ãÀ‹:

–âÍªÃ–æÎ–ÉàÓ–ãÌ×–ÌÜÌÄàÀ–ÄîÈ 75 W ÄíÌ–âÊéÃ–Å¿Ì–Á×à–ÅîÈÁÜÃ–ÁßÙàÈÅàÇ 2.5 mm2 –ãÖ‹×–Ä±Ã–âÍªÃ–

Á¹Ì–æÎ–ÉàÓ–ãÌ×–É´Ã Äß–æÈ‹ Â×àÓ–Çà× 6 m, Æ±ÃÄß–âÎèÌ–Â×àÓ–Çà×– –ÅîÈÁÜÃÅàÇæÒ ÅáÖèÍÉï‹âÔèÌÈ¨ÃÀŠà×–äÈÇ–

Ë–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÉíÀ–âÝŠ–ÇÉàÓ–ÅàÇÍ¡âÀêÌ 0.5V (Éà–ÉßÖàÃ 4)

Éà–ÉßÖàÃ 4: ×éËêÀá–ÌíÈ–Â×àÓ–Çà×–ÅàÇ–æÒ–Çà×–ÅîÈ–äÈÇ–åØò–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÉíÀ–âÝŠ–ÇÔïŠ–åÌ–ÁÜÍ–âÁÈÜßÌîÇàÈ–

ÉàÉßÖàÃÅàÇæÒ ÓàÈÉßÊàÌ ÅáÖèÍÖßÍíÍæÒ 12 V (Metric)

Load Â×àÓÇà×ÅàÇæÒ âÎèÌ ãÓèÈ

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15W ÜáãÎ(A)


65 5.42 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 6

70 5.83 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 675 6.25 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6

80 6.67 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6

Photovoltaic

74


6.4.3 ÀàÌ–ÀáÌíÈÁßÙàÈ–ÅàÇ–æÒ––Ë¯–Óê–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌÛàÇÜèÌ–É¡–ÑŠ×ÃåÅŠÀèÌ

ÅíÓÓîÈ–×Šà –âÝíà–Óê–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ–ÅàÓ–ÜèÌ–É¡–ÑŠ×Ã––ÖÞÌåÅŠ–ÅàÇ–æÒÈÞ×ÀèÌ Âì ËçÖß–ËèÈ, ÑèÈ–ÖíÓ–ãÖß–

ÈÜÀ–æÒ (ÝïÍ 60).

–åÌ–Éí×–ÔŠàÃ–Ì¸ ÅàÇ–æÒ–ãÍŠÃ–âÎèÌ–ÅàÓÉÜÌÔŠàÃÆèÈâÄÌ Âì:

• ÉÜÌ–Ëê 1 ÌèÍ–ãÉŠÚ§–æÒ–Øà–ËçÖß–ËèÈ: –åÌ– ÉÜÌ––Ì¸ ÅàÇ–æÒÝèÍÑàÖßÁíÌ–Å³Ã–æÒ–Í¡–Åß–âÑàß–ãÉŠ–æÎÛ¡Ö‹ÞÃ–ÜîÎß–

ÀÜÌ–ÜèÌ–Ëê 1 (ËçÖß–ËèÈ) –ãÉŠ–ÇèÃ–æÎ–Ö‹ÞÃ–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ 2 (ÑèÈ–ÖíÓ) –ãÖß 3 (ÈÜÀ–æÒ) Ìá–ÜêÀ, Æ±Ã–Ö×ÓÀèÌ–ãÖ‹×

ÀáÖèÃ–æÒ–ËèÃÚíÈÄß–âÎèÌ 60+24+13=97W

• ÉÜÌ–Ëê 2 –ãÉŠ–ËçÖß–ËèÈ–Øà–ÑèÈ–ÖíÓ: ÉÜÌ––Ì¸ÝèÍÑàÖßÁíÌ–Å³Ã–æÒÒ‹à–æÎ––åØ‹–ÑèÈÖíÓ–ãÖß–ÈÜÀ–æÒ (Ö×ÓÀáÖèÃ–

æÒ 37 W)

• ÉÜÌ––Ëê 3 ÌèÍ–ãÉŠ–ÑèÈ–ÖíÓ–ØàÈ–ÜÀ–æÒ, –ÁíÌ–Å³ÃæÒ–æÎ–åØ‹–ÈÜÀ–æÒ–âË³à–ÌÌ (13 W)

ÝïÍ 60: ÀàÌ–É¡–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÅàÇ–ÜèÌ–ÖÞÌ–ÑŠ×Ã–åÅŠ–ÅàÇ–æÒ–ÈÞ×ÀèÌ (ÈèÈ–Óà–ÄàÀ UNESCO manual)

×éËê–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–ÅàÇ–æÒ–ãÓŠÌ–Èá–âÌêÌ–æÎ–ÉàÓ–ÅÜÃ–Á´ÌÉÜÌ–È¨Ã–É¡–æÎ–Ì¸:

Á´ÌÉÜÌ 1: Ìá–åÆ‹–Éà–ÉßÖàÃ–ÂŠà–ÆèÈ–âÄÌ 3 Ûì –äÈÇ–ÀàÌÂéÈ–æÖŠ –âÑ²Ü–ÀáÌíÈ–ÁßÙàÈÅàÇ–ÅáÖèÍ–ãÉŠ–Öß–ÜîÎß

ÀÜÌ –äÈÇ–ÅíÓÓîÈ–×Šà –ãÉŠ–Öß–ÜèÌ–É¡––äÈÇ–ÀíÃ–ÀèÍÚ§–æÒ.

Photovoltaic


75

ÍàÈ–À‹à× 2: âÓ²ÜÖ×ÓÅàÇ–æÒ––ÉàÓ–ÄáÌ×Ì–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ–Ë–ÀŠÞ×Á‹ÜÃâÁ¿àÈ‹×ÇÀèÌ ––Äß–æÈ‹–ÂŠà–ÆèÈ–âÄÌ–

ÁÜÃÁßÙàÈÅàÇ–æÒÅáÖèÍ–ÉÜÌ–Ì´Ìƒ, –ãÖ‹×–Ä±Ã–ÇíÀ–Á¹Ì––åØ‹âË³à–ÀèÍÁßÙàÈÅàÇ–æÒ–ÓàÈ–ÉßÊàÌ–åÀ‹–ÂÞÃ.

–ãÀ‹.

ÏíÌ–ÀàÌ––ÂéÈ–æÖŠ Åß–ãÈÃ–åÌ–Éà–ÉßÖàÃ 5.

Éà–ÉßÖàÃ 5: Àç–Öß–ÌêÉ¡–ÑŠ×Ã–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ–ÛàÇÜèÌåÅŠ–ÅàÇ–æÒ–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ

Á´ÌÉÜÌ/ËŠÜÌÅàÇæÒ ÀáÖèÃW L (m) S (mm2), ÆèÈâÄÌ S(mm2), ÓàÈÉßÊàÌ

Ú§æÒ-ËçÖèËèÈ 60 2 0.60

Ú§æÒ-ÑèÈÖíÓ 24 4 0.48

Ú§æÒ-ÈÜÀæÒ 13 7 0.46

Ú§æÒ-ËçÖßËèÈ 97 1.54 2.5

ËçÖßËèÈ-ÑèÈÖíÓ 37 0.94 1.5

ÑèÈÖíÓ-ÈÜÀæÒ 13 0.46 1.5

Á´ÌÉÜÌ 2: Ö×ÓÁßÙàÈÅàÇæÒ

Á´ÌÉÜÌ 1: ÂéÈæÖŠÅàÇæÒÅáÖèÍãÉŠÖßÜîÎßÀÜÌÅßÑàß

åÅŠåÄ:

• ×éËêÌ¸ÅàÓàÈåÆ‹ÂéÈæÖŠÅáÖèÍËîÀÀçÖßÌêÄáÌ×ÌÜîÎßÀÜÌÀéÌæÒËÉ¡ÑŠ×ÃÖÞÌåÅŠÅàÇæÒÈÞ×ÀèÌ

• ÁßÙàÈÅàÇæÒÉàÓÓàÈÉßÊàÌÔïäÕÍ ËÌéÇíÓÀèÌåÆ‹ÛàÇãÓŠÌ 1.5 mm2 ãÖß 2.5 mm2.

ÖàÂàÅÜÃÅàÇÌ Í¡ãÉÀÉŠàÃÀèÌÛàÇ âÓ²ÜÅíÓËÞÍÀèÍÀàÌÅïÌâÅÇÈ‹àÌãÝÃÈèÌ. åÌËàÃÎßÉé ÍèÈ,

âÑªÌÓèÀÄßåÆ‹ÁßÙàÈÅàÇæÒËåØÇŠÀŠ×àâÖèÀÌ‹ÜÇ, âÆÌåÌÉí×ÔŠàÃÌ âÑªÌÓèÀÄß åÆ‹Áß ÙàÈÅàÇæÒ

2.5 mm2, È‹àÌÙ±ÃÀ¡âÑ²ÜÂ×àÓÅßÈ×ÀåÌÀàÌÉéÈÉÃãÖßÅÃÆº, ÜêÀÈ‹àÌÙ±Ã

À¡âÑÓÂ×àÓÝèÍÎßÀèÌåØ‹ÖßÍíÍÈêÁ¹Ì.

6.4.4 ÅàÇæÒÅáÖèÍÜîÎßÀÜÌË¯ÓêÓçâÉê

ÉàÓËáÓßÈàãÖ‹× ÂŠàÀáÖèÃæÒ (W) Ûì ÀßãÅ (A) ËÍÜÀåÌÅßÛàÀÜîÎßÀÜÌÀéÌæÒ

ãÓŠÌÀíÃÀèÍâÃ²ÜÌæÁÀàÌåÆ‹ÃàÌÎíÀÀßÉé. Éí×–ÔŠàÃ, Éï‹âÔèÌÙŠ×ÇÙ±ÃÀéÌæÒ 60 W åÌÖßÍíÍ 12 V.

Ì´ÌÚàÇÂ×àÓ×Šà åÌÀàÌåÆ‹ÃàÌÎíÀÀßÉé ÓèÌÄßåÆ‹ÀßãÅæÒ 60/12=5 A ÄàÀØÓ§æÒ.

Photovoltaic

76


ãÉŠ×Šà ÜîÎßÀÜÌæÒÒòàËÓêÓçâÉê ÄßÀéÌæÒâÑÓÁ¹ÌåÌâ×ÖàâÖÓâÈêÌâÂ²ÜÃ (ÅßÉàÈ âÂ²ÜÃ),

Æ±ÃâÝèÈåØ‹ÀßãÅæÒÜàÈÅïÃÀŠ×àÂŠàÀßãÅËáÃàÌÎíÀÀßÉéÛàÇâÊéÃ 2-3 âË²Ü. ÀàÌâÑÓ Á¹ÌÁÜÃÀßãÅæÒ

À¡ÚàÇÂ×àÓ×Šà ãÝÃÈèÌÉíÀåÌÅàÇÀ¡âÑÓÁ¹Ì–âÚìÜÌÀèÌ (U=IxR). ÅßÌÌ –âÑ²ÜÛêÀ–â×´Ì–ÀàÌ–ÉíÀ–âÝŠ–Ç–

âÑÓâÉêÓåÌ–ÖèÀÅßÌß–È¨Ã–ÀŠà×, ÅàÇ–æÒ–Ë–É¡–åÅŠ–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ–Ë–Óê–Óç–âÉê (–âÆÌ ÄèÀ–ÆèÀ–âÂ²ÜÃ, Éï‹–âÔèÌ, … ) Ä±Ã–

É‹ÜÃ–Óê–ÁßÙàÈ–åØÇŠ–ÀŠ×à–ÁßÙàÈÅàÇ–æÒ–åÌâÃ²ÜÌæÁ–ÀàÌåÆ‹–ÃàÌ–ÎíÀÀßÉé ÔŠàÃÙ‹ÜÇ 2 –âË²Ü.

–åÅŠ–åÄ: ÛèÀÀàÌ–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–ÅàÇ–æÒ–ÅáÖèÍ–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–Ë–Óê–Óç–âÉê –ãÓŠÌ–ÇíÀ–â×´ÌÅáÖèÍ–ÑèÈ–ÖíÓ –âÑàß–×Šà ÑèÈ–ÖíÓ–åÆ‹–ÑßÖèÃ–

ÃàÌ–ÇÍ¡ÛàÇ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–Åß–ÉàÈ.

ÛèÀÀàÌ–ÉéÈ–É´Ã–ÅàÇ–æÒ 4

ÅàÇ–æÒ–Ë–É¡–ÄàÀÚ§–æÒ–ÅïŠ–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒË–Óê–Óç–âÉê –âÆÌ Éï‹–âÔèÌ, ÄèÀ–ÆèÀ–âÂ²ÜÃ, … É‹ÜÃ––åØ‹–ÅàÓàÈÁíÌ–Å³Ã–ÀáÖèÃ–

æÒ–ÔŠàÃÙ‹ÜÇËíÍ–âÂªÃÀáÖèÃ–ÀéÌ––åÌ–ÀàÌ–åÆ‹–ÃàÌ–ÎíÀÀßÉé. –åÌ–â×ÖàÀáÌíÈ ÁßÙàÈÅàÇ–æÒ––äÈÇ–ÀàÌÂéÈ–æÖŠÛìÌá–

åÆ‹–Éà–ÉßÖàÃ, –åØ‹ËíÍ–âÂªÃÂŠà–ÀáÖèÃ Ûì Àß–ãÅ Ë–ÖßÍî–åÌ–ÅßÛàÀÁÜÃ–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒÁ¹Ì.

Éí×–ÔŠàÃ 6.4 Éïò–âÔèÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ 80 W (ÝïÍ 49). ÅíÓÓîÈ–×Šà ÅàÇ–æÒ Ë¯–É¡–æÎ–åÅŠÚ§–æÒ 12 –ä×–Ì –Çà× 3 m, Ä³Ã–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–

ÁßÙàÈÅàÇ–æÒ Ë¯–ÝèÍ–ÎßÀèÌ–×Šà –ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÉíÀ–Í¡–âÀêÌ 0.5 V.

ãÀ‹

Éï‹âÔèÌÙŠ×ÇÙ±ÃÀéÌæÒ 80 W ãÉŠÓèÌÓêÓçâÉê ÅßÌÌÄßåÆ‹ÀáÖèÃ 2x80=160W åÌâ×Öà ÅßÉàÈ.

ÄàÀÉàÉßÖàÃ 6, ÅáÖèÍ 160 W âÓ²ÜÂ×àÓÇà× 3 ãÓèÈ ÄßÀíÃÀèÍÙ‹àÉèÈ 2.5 mm2.

ÉàÉßÖàÃ 6: ÀàÌÀáÌíÈÅàÇæÒÅáÖèÍÜîÎßÀÜÌË¯ÓêÓçâÉê

ÉàÉßÖàÃÅàÇæÒ ÓàÈÉßÊàÌ ÅáÖèÍÖßÍíÍæÒ 12 V (Metric)

Load Â×àÓÇà×ÅàÇæÒ âÎèÌ ãÓèÈ

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15W ÜáãÎ(A)


… …. .. .. ..

155 12.92 1.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 6 6 8 8 8 10 10 12 12 12160 13.33 1.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 6 6 8 8 8 10 10 12 12 12

Photovoltaic


77

Éí×–ÔŠàÃ 6.5 ÀáÌíÈÁßÙàÈÅàÇæÒÉ¡æÎÌ (ÌáåÆ‹ÉàÉßÖàÃÂŠàÆèÈâÄÌ Ûì ÀàÌÂéÈæÖŠ)

ËŠÜÌÅàÇæÒ æÖÇßâÊéÃÚ§

æÒ

ÂŠàÀáÖèÃ

W

ÂŠàÀß

ãÅ A

ÁßÙàÈÅàÇ,

mm2

Ö×ÓÅà

Ç

âÖìÜÀÅàÇ

ÓàÈÉßÊàÌ

ãÏŠÌãÅÃ (A+B) 3.5 120 10.00 2.10 2.5

ãÖÍÉÜÍ (C+B) 8.5 35 2.92 1.49 1.5

ÙŠ×ÇÂ×ÍÂîÓ-

Ú§æÒ (B)

0.5 155 12.92 3.59 4

åÅŠåÄ 1: ËŠÜÌÅàÇ B É‹ÜÃÝèÍÑàÖßÁíÌÅ³ÃÀáÖèÃæÒÏŠàÌÓàÄàÀãÏŠÌÎéÌãÅÃ ãÖßÏŠàÌæÎåØ‹ ãÖÍÉÜÍ.

ÅßÌÌ Ù‹àÉèÈ–ÁÜÃÅàÇ–æÒ––ËŠÜÌ–Ì¸ Ä±ÃÉ‹ÜÃ–Ö×ÓÄàÀÙ‹àÉèÈÁÜÃÅàÇ–æÒ–ÄàÀ–ãÏŠÌ–ÝèÍ–ãÅÃ–ãÖß–ÅàÇ–æÒ–æÎ–ÅïŠ–

ãÖÍ–ÉÜÍ Ä±ÃÝèÍÎßÀèÌ×Šà ãÝÃÈèÌÉíÀÍ¡âÀêÌÂŠàËÀáÌíÈåØ‹ (0.5 ä×Ì).

–åÅŠ–åÄ 2: –åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–Ù‹àÉèÈ–Åà–Ç–æÒ–ÁÜÃ–ãÉŠ–Öß–ËŠÜÌ –åØ‹–Êì–âÜíà–Â×àÓ–Çà×–ÄàÀ–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–Ì´Ìƒ –âÊéÃÚ§–æÒ,

Éí×–ÔŠàÃ Â×àÓ–Çà×ÄàÀ–ãÏŠÌ–ÝèÍ–ãÅÃ––âÊéÃÚ§–æÒ âË³à–ÀèÍ A+B=3+0.5=4.5 m –

Photovoltaic

78


ÍíÈ–ÐëÀ–ØèÈ 20 ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–Â×àÓ–Çà×–ÅàÇ–æÒ Çà×–ÅîÈ Ë¯–ÅàÓàÈ–åÆ‹–åÌ–Éí×–ÔŠàÃ–É¡–æÎ–Ì¸

ÀáÖèÃ,W Àß–ãÅ, A ÅàÇ–æÒ Â×àÓ–Çà×–ÅïÃ–ÅîÈ (–åÆ‹–Éà–ÉßÖàÃ–ÓàÈ–ÉßÊàÌ)

24 24/12=2 A 1.5

ÍíÈ–ÐëÀ–ØèÈ 21 ÀáÌíÈ–ÁßÙàÈÅàÇ–æÒ–ÅáÖèÍ–×íÃ–ÄÜÌ–É¡–æÎ–Ì¸

ËŠÜÌ–ÅàÇ Â×àÓ–Çà×, m ÂŠà W ÂŠà A ÅàÇ–æÒ–ÆèÈ–âÄÌ Ö×ÓÅàÇ ÅàÇ–ÓàÈ–

ÉßÊàÌ

–ãÏŠÌ-Ú§–æÒ

ÈÜÀ–æÒ-Ú§–æÒ

ÄèÀ–ØÇéÍ–âÂ²ÜÃ-Ú§–

æÒ

ÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ-Ú§–

æÒ

–åÅŠ–åÄ: ÄèÀ–ØÇéÍ–âÂ²ÜÃ–Óê–Óç–âÉê æÒÒ‹à

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7 ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ

7.1 Åß–âÙê

ÀàÌ–ÉéÈ–É´ÃÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ –ãÓŠÌ–âÑ²ÜÀàÌÌá–åÆ‹–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ–ÉŠàÃƒ. ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ–

ãÓŠÌ–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–æÒÒ‹à –âÆÌ ÈÜÀ–æÒ, Éï‹–âÔèÌ, –âÂ²ÜÃÛμÌ ×ê–Èê––äÜ, –âÂ²ÜÃÛéÌÅÞÃ, ×éËßÇî, ÄèÀ–ÅïÍ–ÌŸ, –ãÖß–âÂ²ÜÃ–Óì–

æÒÒ‹à–Ü²Ìƒ Æ±Ã–âÚàßÅíÓ–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–åÆ‹–ÃàÌ–ÀèÍ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ.

–åÌ–â×Öà–ÜÜÀ–ãÍÍ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ, ÁßÙàÈÁÜÃ–ÖßÍíÍ–É‹ÜÃ–åØ‹–âÚàßÅíÓ–ÀèÍÜî Îß–ÀÜÌ–

Ë–Äß–åÆ‹. Ê‹à––âÀêÈÓê–Â×àÓÄá–âÎèÌ–É‹ÜÃ––âÑÓ–ÄáÌ×Ì ÛìÀáÖèÃÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ–âÁ¿à–æÎ–åÌ–Öß ÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–

â×èÌ–Ë–ÉéÈ–É´Ã–ÀŠÜÌãÖ‹×–Ì´Ì, –âÝíà–ÜàÈ–É‹ÜÃ–ÉéÈ–É´Ã–ãÏŠÌ–ÝèÍ–ãÅÃ––ãÖßÚ§–æÒâÑÓåÅŠ ÜêÀ. Ê‹à–Í¡–È¨Ã–Ì´Ì –æÒ–Ë–ÏßÖéÈ–

ÜÜÀ–Óà–äÈÇ–ãÏŠÌ–ÝèÍ–ãÅÃ–âÀ³à –ÜàÈ–Í¡–ÑÞÃ–Ñç Ë–Äß–ÅàÀÚ§–æÒ–åØ‹–âÉèÓ –ãÖß–ÅßÌÌ ÜàÇî–åÆ‹–ÃàÌ–ÁÜÃÚ§–æÒ–À¡–Äß–

Å´ÌÖíÃ.

ÀàÌ–ÉéÈ–É´ÃÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ Ë–Óê–ÖàÂà–ÊìÀ –ãÉŠ–ÀéÌ–æÒÛàÇ ÓèÀ–Äß–Í¡–Âî‹Ó–ÂŠà–åÌ–æÖ–Çß–Çà× Ê‹à–ËÞÍ–åÅŠ–

ÀàÌ–ÉéÈ–É´Ã–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌÀéÌ–æÒ–Ë–Óê–ÖàÂà–ãÑÃ–ãÉŠ–ÀéÌ–æÒÙ‹ÜÇ.

7.2 ÈÜÀ–æÒÒ‹à

ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–Ë–ãÏŠÛàÇ–åÌ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ –ãÓŠÌ ÈÜÀ–æÒÒ‹à. ÈÜÀ–æÒÒ‹à–Óê–ÅÜÃ–ÆßÌéÈ–È‹×Ç–

ÀèÌ: ÈÜÀ–ÁíÈÖ×È– (ÓèÀâÜ¸ÌÀèÌ×Šà ÈÜÀÎ‹ÜÓ) ãÖß–ÈÜÀ–ÌêÜÜÌ (ÛÜÈæÒ). ÈÜÀ–ÁíÈ Ö×ÈËá–ÃàÌ– –âÓ²Ü–Àß–

ãÅ–æÒ–ãÖŠÌ–ÏŠàÌ–ÁíÈÖ×ÈÂ×àÓ–É‹àÌ–ÅïÃ, ÁíÈÖ×È–Äß–Ý‹ÜÌ–Á¹Ì–ãÖß–ÝîŠÃ–âÎèÌ–ãÅÃ (ÝïÍ 61, a). ÈÜÀ–æÒ–ÆßÌéÈ–Ì¸

ÀéÌ–æÒÒ‹àÛàÇ –ãÉŠ–Óê–ÖàÂà–ÊìÀ.

(a) (b)

ÝïÍ 61: ÈÜÀ–æÒ–ÁíÈÖ×È (a) –ãÖß–ÈÜÀ–ÌêÜÜÌ (b)

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ÈÜÀ–ÌêÜÜÌÓê–Â×àÓ–ÅèÍ–ÅíÌÛàÇÀŠ×à –åÌ–ÀàÌ–Ëá–ÃàÌ –ãÉŠ–åØ‹–ãÅÃ–ÅßØ×ŠàÃ ÝîŠÃ–ãÄ‹Ã–ÀŠ×à È–ÜÀ–æÒ–

ÁíÈÖ×È–âÊéÃ–ÅÜÃ–âË²Ü– äÈÇ–åÆ‹–ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–æÒÒ‹à–åÌ–ÎßÖéÓàÌ–âË³àƒ–ÀèÌ. ÈÜÀ–æÒ–ÌêÜÜÌÅá ÖèÍ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–

ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ Äß–ÀéÌ–––æÒ–Àß–ãÅ–ÀíÃÄàÀÚ‹–æÒ.

–åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÉéÈ–É´Ã–æÒ–ãÅÃ–ÅßØ×ŠàÃ, Â×Ì––É‹ÜÃÉéÈ–É´Ã–åÅŠ–åÀ‹–ÄîÈË–É‹ÜÃÀàÌ–ãÅÃ–ÅßØ×ŠàÃËÅîÈ, ãÉŠÍ¡–

ãÓŠÌ–Äß–ÉéÈ–É´ÃÉàÓ–Â×àÓ–ÅßÈ×À (åØ‹âÍªÃÉí×ÔŠàÃåÌÝïÍ 62). Éí×–ÔŠàÃ, Ê‹àÔàÀÉéÈ–É´ÃÈÜÀ–æÒ–åÅŠ–åÌ–Ø‹ÜÃ–

åÈÙ±Ã, ÄîÈ–âÂªÃÀàÃ–ÁÜÃ–âÑÈàÌâÎèÌ–ÄîÈ–âÚàßÅíÓ–ÀŠ×àÚïŠ.

ÝïÍ 62: ×éËê–ÀàÌ–ÉéÈ–É´ÃÈÜÀ–æÒ–Ë¯–âÚàßÅíÓ–ÀèÍ–Â×àÓ–É‹ÜÃÀàÌ–ãÅÃ–ÅßØ×ŠàÃ

ÇàÓ–åÈ–À¡––åÅŠ–åÄ–ÛèÀÀàÌË×Šà ÅàÇ–æÒ–É‹ÜÃ––Å´Ì–âË³à–Ë–âÎèÌ–æÎ–æÈ‹.

7.3 Éï‹–âÔèÌ

âÝíàÅàÓàÈÌáåÆ‹Éï‹âÔèÌÌ‹ÜÇÎßÅéÈ–ËéÑà–ÍÅïÃ ËåÆ‹åÌÖßÍíÍæÒ AC Óà–åÆ‹–ÀèÍ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒ DC ––äÈÇ–

ÏŠàÌ–ÖßÍíÍ–ÇíÀ–æÒ ÜéÌ–â×èÀ–âÉê. –ãÉŠ–ÔŠà–Öì–Ó×Šà –åÌ–ÜéÌ–â×èÀ–âÉê–À¡–Óê–ÀàÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ (ÅïÌ–âÅ–Ç–æÒ). ÅßÌÌ,

ÀàÌÉéÈÉÃÉï‹âÔèÌÅßâÑàßÖßÍíÍæÒ DC ÄßÈê–ÀŠ×à –âÑàß–ÀéÌ–æÒÙ‹ÜÇÀŠ×à –ãÉŠ–ÖàÂà–Á‹ÜÌ–Á‹àÃ–ãÑÃ–ãÖß–Øà–

ÇàÀ. ÅªÃ–ÅáÂèÌ Â×Ì–ÅíÓ–ËÞÍ–È‹àÌ–ÓïÌ–ÂŠà–æÖ–Çß–Çà× ÖßØ×ŠàÃ Éï‹–âÔèÌ DC ÀéÌ–æÒÙ‹ÜÇ–ãÉŠ–Öß–Âà–ãÑÃ–ÀŠ×à

ÀèÍ–Éï‹–âÔèÌ AC, ÖàÂà–ÊìÀ–ÀŠ×à Øà–æÈ‹–ÃŠàÇ–ÀŠ×à –ãÉŠ–ÀéÌ–æÒÛàÇÀŠ×à, Æ±Ã–É‹ÜÃ–åÅŠ–ãÏŠÌÎéÌ–ãÅÃ––ãÖßÚ§–æÒåØÇŠ–

Á¹Ì, ËèÃ–É‹ÜÃ–Æº–âÂ²ÜÃ–ÇíÀ–ÎŠÞÌ–æÒ (ÜéÌ–â×èÀ–âÉê).

Éï‹–âÔèÌÙŠ×ÇÙ±ÃÅàÓàÈ–ÀéÌ–æÒ–åÌ–ÎßÖéÓàÌ– âË³à–ËÞÓ–ÀèÍÈÜÀ–æÒ 12 ÈÜÀ Ë–åÆ‹–×èÌ–Öß 4 Æ³×–äÓÃ.

Ê‹à–ÔàÀ–É²Ó–âÉêÓ–Éï‹–âÔèÌ–âÁíà–æÎ–åÌ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ–Ë–Óê–ÔïŠ–ãÖ‹×–Ì´Ì ÀŠÜÌ–Ü²ÌÉ‹ÜÃ–åØŠ–ãÌŠ–åÄ–âÅ–ÇÀÜŠÌ×Šà –

ãÏŠÌ–ÝèÍ–ãÅÃ–ãÖß–ØÓ§–æÒÄß–ÑÞÃ–ÑçÛìÍç –âÑàß–×Šà Éï‹–âÔèÌ–âÎèÌ–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–Ë–ÀéÌ–æÒ–Á‹ÜÌ–Á‹àÃÛàÇ.

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ÝïÍ 63: ÀáÖèÃ–æÒ–ÁÜÃ–Éï‹–âÔèÌ–ÛàÇÀŠ×àÈ–ÜÀ–æÒÛàÇ–âË²Ü

7.4 Éï‹–ãÆŠ

Éï‹–ãÆŠ–åØ‹–ÜîÌØßÑïÓ–ÉœÛàÇÅßÌÌÄ±Ã–ÇªÃ–É‹ÜÃÀàÌ–ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–æÒÒ‹àÛàÇ. ÀàÌ–ãÆŠ––––ãÁÃÌŸ Ûì ÜàØàÌ–

ÄßÉ‹ÜÃÀàÌ–ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–æÒÒ‹àÛàÇÀŠ×à–Àç–Öß–ÌêÑÞÃ–ãÉŠ–ãÆŠ–åØ‹–âÔèÌ–âË³à–Ì´Ì, ÚàÇÂ×àÓ–×Šà É‹ÜÃÀàÌ–ÄáÌ×Ì–

ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–ãÖß–ØÓ§–æÒÛàÇÁ¹Ì. –â×¿à–Ö×Ó– –âÓ²Ü–ËÞÍ–ÀèÍ–Éï‹–âÔèÌ–ÁßÙàÈÍèÌÄî–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ Éï‹–ãÆŠ–É‹ÜÃÀàÌ–ÄáÌ×Ì–

ãÏŠÌ–ÝèÍ–ãÅÃ–ãÖßÚ§–æÒÛàÇÀŠ×à–ÅÜÃ–âË²Ü.

ÝïÍ 64: Éï‹–ãÆŠ (Freezer)

7.5 –âÂ²ÜÃÛéòÌ×ê–Èê–äÜ–ãÖß–ËçÖß–ËèÈ

–âÊéÃ–×Šà ––âÑªÌ–æÈ‹–ÏßÖéÈ–âÂ²ÜÃÛμÌ×ê–Èê–äÜ–ãÖß–ËçÖß–ËèÈ Ë–ÅàÓàÈ–åÆ‹–åÌ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ–äÈÇ–

ÀíÃ –ãÉŠ–À¡–Í¡Øà–æÈ‹–ÃŠàÇ–ãÖß–ÖàÂà–À¡–Á‹ÜÌ–Á‹àÃ––ãÑÃ–ÀŠ×à. ÈÃ–Ì´Ì ––Ä±Ã–É‹ÜÃ–Óê–âÂ²ÜÃ–ÇíÀ–æÒ–âÑ²Ü–ÎŠÞÌ–æÒ DC –ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–

Éœ –åØ‹–âÎèÌ–æÒ AC È‹×Ç–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÅïÃ–ÀŠ×à –âÑ²Ü–åØ‹–ÅàÓàÈ–åÆ‹–ÃàÌ–ÀèÍ–âÂ²ÜÃ*éÌ×ê–Èê–äÜ Ûì ËçÖß–ËèÈ–Ë³×–æÎ–æÈ‹. –

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âÂ²ÜÃ–ÎŠÞÌ–æÒ (ÂÜÌ–â×èÀ–âÉê), Æ±ÃÉàÓ–âÂêÇ–ÓèÀ–âÜÌ×Šà –âÂ²ÜÃ–ÈëÃ–æÒ (ÜéÌ–â×èÀ–âÉê) –âÎèÌ–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–Á‹ÜÌ–Á‹àÃ–Óê–

ÖàÂà–ãÑÃ –ãÖß–ÇèÃ–ÀéÌ–æÒ–ÜêÀ–åÌ–â×Öà–åÆ‹–ÃàÌ. –âÂ²ÜÃ–ÎŠÞÌ–æÒ–É‹ÜÃ–âÖìÜÀ–åØ‹–âÚàßÅíÓ–ÀèÍ–ÁßÙàÈÀéÌ–æÒ–ÁÜÃ–

ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ Ä±Ã–Äß–åÆ‹–ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–ÄàÀ––ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–ÔŠàÃ–Óê–ÎßÅéÈËé–ÏíÌ –ãÖß–É‹ÜÃ–æ×‹–åÌ–âÓ²Ü–ÔîÈ–åÆ‹–ÃàÌ.

ÝïÍ 65: ËçÖß–ËèÈ

7.6 ×éËßÇî–ãÖß–âÂ²ÜÃÛμÌÅÞÃ

×éËßÇî–ãÖß–âÂ²ÜÃ–Åß–âÉÕê–äÜ ÅàÓàÈ–åÆ‹–ÃàÌ–ÀèÍ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ–äÈÇ–ÀíÃ–æÈ‹. Ê‹à–Ìá–

åÆ‹ÆßÌéÈ–ÀéÌ–æÒ AC Ë³×–æÎ Äá–âÎèÌ–É‹ÜÃ–Óê–âÂ²ÜÃ–ÎŠÞÌ––ãÝÃ–ÈèÌæÒ. Ê‹à–âÎèÌ–ÆßÌéÈ–ÀéÌ–æÒÄàÀ–ÎéÌ (–æÒ DC)–

ãÖßÇèÃ–Óê–Øí×ÎðèÀÅáÖèÍ–æÒ DC –â×Öà–Ì´Ì ÜàÈ–É‹ÜÃ–Óê–âÂ²ÜÃ–ÎñÞÌ–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ DC-DC, –âÑàß–×Šà ÎíÀÀßÉé –âÂ²ÜÃ–

ÖèÀÅßÌß–È¨Ã–ÀŠà×–Äß–ÀéÌ–æÒ– 6 –ä×–Ì (–âË³à–ÀèÍ ÎéÌ 1.5Vx4).

×éËßÇî–ãÖß–Åß–âÉÕê–äÜÁßÙàÈ–Óì–Êì ÀéÌ–æÒÑ¡–ÀèÍ–ÈÜÀ–æÒ 1 ÈÜÀ Ûì Ù‹ÜÇÀŠ×à. –âÂ²ÜÃ–Ë–åØÇŠ–ÀŠ×à

ÜàÈ–ÀéÌ–æÒ––âË³à–ÀèÍ–ÈÜÀ–æÒ–ÅÜÃ-ÅàÓ–ÈÜÀ ÅßÌÌ Ä±Ã–Óê–Â×àÓ–Äá–âÎèÌ–É‹ÜÃ–ÉéÈ–É´Ã–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–âÑÓ.

ÝïÍ 66: ×éËßÇî–ãÖß–Åß–âÉÕê–äÜ

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7.7 ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–Ü²Ìƒ

–âÂ²ÜÃ–âÄàß–æÒÒ‹à (Electric drills), ÑèÈ–ÖíÓ –ãÖß–ÄèÀ–ÅïÍ–ÌŸ–ÁßÙàÈÌ‹ÜÇ À¡–âÎèÌ–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ Ë–

ÅàÓàÈ–åÆ‹–ÀèÍ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ–æÈ‹ –ãÉŠ–Äá–É‹ÜÃ–Óê–âÂ²ÜÃ–ÎŠÞÌ–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–æÒ.

––âÉíà–ÖêÈ–Åß–âÑàß–åÆ‹–ÃàÌ–ÀèÍ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ–À¡–ÜàÈ–Øà–æÈ‹ –ãÉŠ ÓèÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ–Á‹ÜÌ–Á‹àÃÛàÇ,

ÅßÌÌ Ä±Ã–É‹ÜÃ–ÉéÈ–É´Ã–ãÏŠÌ–ÝèÍ–ãÅÃ–ÛàÇ–Á¹Ì –ãÖßÚ§–æÒ–åØÇŠÁ¹Ì.

ÝïÍ 67: ÑèÈ–ÖíÓ

–â×¿à–Ö×Ó Í¡–×Šà–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–æÒÒ‹à––åÈ À¡–ÅàÓàÈ–åÆ‹–ÃàÌ–ÀèÍ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ–æÈ‹ ÑÞÃ–ãÉŠ–×Šà

ÖßÍíÍ–É‹ÜÃ–Óê–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–åØÇŠ–Ñç–Ë–Äß–ÅßÙÜÃÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–åØ‹–ÑÞÃ–Ñç–ÀèÍ–Â×àÓ–É‹ÜÃÀàÌ. –âÌ²ÜÃ–ÄàÀ–×Šà –ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–

ãÅÃ–ãÖßÚ§–æÒ–âÎèÌ–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–Ë–Óê–ÖàÂà–ãÑÃ, ÅßÌÌ –âÑªÌ–Ä±Ã–Í¡–ÂŠÜÇ–åÆ‹ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–Ë–ÀéÌ–æÒÒ‹àÛàÇ –âÆÌ –âÂ²ÜÃ–

ÎèÍ–ÜàÀàÈ, –âÂ²ÜÃ–ÄèÀ–ÖêÈ–âÂ²ÜÃ–ÜàÇ–ÌŸ –ãÖß–âÂ²ÜÃ–ØîÃ–É¿Ó–æÒÒ‹à –åÌ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ.

ÅßÛî‡Í

–åÌ–àÌ–âÖìÜÀ–ÎßÀÜÍ–âÂ²ÜÃ–åÆ‹–æÒÒ‹à–åØ‹–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ Èê–Ë–ÅîÈ–Â×Ì–âÖìÜÀ–ÜèÌ–åÈ–Ë–ÜÜÀ–

ãÍÍ–ÓàÅß–âÑàß–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌÀ –ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÁÜÃ–âÂ²ÜÃ–ÀéÌ–æÒ–É‹ÜÃ–åØ‹–âÚàßÀèÍ–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÖßÍíÍ

Ê‹à–Í¡–È¨Ã–Ì´Ì Äß–É‹ÜÃ–ÉéÈ–É´Ã–âÂ²ÜÃ–ÎŠÞÌ–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–æÒ–åÅŠ–È‹×Ç. Í¡–Â×Ì–É²Ó–âÉêÓ–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ–åÚŠ–åÅŠ–ÖßÍíÍ Ê‹à–Í¡––

ÉéÈ–ÉéÈÉÃ–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–âÑÓ––åÅŠ–ÀŠÜÌ –ãÖß–ÎŠÞÌÁßÙàÈÁÜÃÚ§–æÒ–åØ‹–ÅàÓàÈ–âÀèÍ–æÒÑÞÃ–Ñç–ÀèÍ–×à–ÓÉ‹ÜÃÀàÌ.

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8 ÀàÌ–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–ÁßÙàÈÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ

8.1 Åß–âÙê

–âÑ²Ü–Äß–åØ‹–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×–Ìè–åÆ‹–ÃàÌ–æÈ‹–Èê, ÁßÙàÈÁÜÃ–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–ãÖßÚ§–æÒ–É‹ÜÃ––

åØ‹ÅÜÀ–ÂŠÜÃ–ÀèÍ–ÎßÖéÓàÌÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ Ë–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ–É‹ÜÃÀàÌ. –âÌ²ÜÃ–ÄàÀ–×Šà–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–ãÖßÚ§–æÒ –âÎèÌ–

ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–Ë–Á‹ÜÌ–Á‹àÃ–ãÑÃ, ÅßÌÌ –âÑ²Ü–ÔàÀÎß–ÔèÈ–É¿ÌËëÌ ÛàÇÂíÌ–Ä±Ã–Óê–ãÌ×–Ì–äÌ‹ÓÉéÈ–É´Ã–ãÏŠÌ Ûì Ú§–æÒ

Ì‹ÜÇ––ÀŠ×à–Â×àÓ–Äá–âÎèÌ. ÑëÈÉé–Àá–ÖèÀÅßÌß–Ì¸ ÅŠ×ÌÛàÇÄßÍ¡––âÎèÌ–ÀàÌ–Îß–ÔèÈ–âÃéÌ –âÑàß–×Šà –ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–Ì‹ÜÇ–

âÀêÌ–æÎ Äß–Í¡–ÅàÓàÈ–ÅßÙÜÃ–æÒ–ÑÞÃ–Ñç–ÀèÍ–Â×àÓ–É‹ÜÃÀàÌ ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ–Ëá–ÃàÌ–Í¡–ÎíÀÀßÉé –ãÖßÄß–É‹ÜÃ–

æÈ‹–ÎŠÞÌÚ§–æÒ–ÔïŠ–âÖºÜÇ–ƒâÑàß–×ŠàÜàÇî–åÆ‹–ÃàÌÚ§–æÒÅÌÖíÃ–Ç‹ÜÌ–ÅàÀ–æÒ–Í¡–âÉèÓ.

ÀàÌ–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–ÜÜÀ–ãÍÍ–ÉéÈ–É´ÃÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ–Ë–ÊìÀ–É‹ÜÃ–ÜàÈ–Ö×ÓÈ‹×Ç–Á´ÌÉÜÌ–É¡–æÎ–Ì¸ (–âÍªÃ–

Áß–Í×ÌÀàÌ–Ö×ÓÔïŠ–åÌ âÜÀß–ÅàÌ–Æ‹ÜÌ–Ë‹àÇ 4):

• ÀàÌ–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–ÁßÙàÈ–ãÏŠÌ

• ÀàÌ–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–ÁßÙàÈÚ§–æÒ

• ÀàÌ–ÂéÈ–æÖŠÁßÙàÈÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ

• ÀàÌ–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–ÁßÙàÈÅàÇ–æÒ

8.2 ÀàÌ–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–ÁßÙàÈ–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ

ÍèÌÈà–ÜîÎßÀÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ–åÆ‹ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ Æ±Ã–×èÈ–âÎèÌ–Øí×ÙŠ×Ç ×è×È-–äÓÃ (Wh) –ãÖß–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–À¡–

ÏßÖé–ÈÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–ÜÜÀ–Óà–âÎèÌ Wh –âÚìÜÌÀèÌ. –åÌ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ, Ê‹à–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–Óê–ÁßÙàÈÌ‹ÜÇ–

âÀêÌ–æÎ ÓèÌ–Í¡–ÅàÓàÈ–ÏßÖéÈ–æÒ–åØ‹–ÑÞÃ–Ñç–ÀèÍ–Â×àÓ–É‹ÜÃÀàÌ–ÅàÀÚ§–æÒ–åÌ–ãÉŠ–ÖßÓº, Ó§–æÒ–À¡–Äß–Óê–ÜàÇî–åÆ‹–ÃàÌ–

Å´ÌÖíÃ –âÓ²Ü–ËÞÍ–ÀèÍ–ÖßÍíÍ Ë–Óê–ÁßÙàÈ–ãÏŠÌ–ÑÞÃ–Ñç.

8.2.1 ÀàÌ–ÅïÌ–âÅ–ÇÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–æÒÒ‹à

–åÌ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×–èÌÅŠ×ÌÛàÇ, ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–æÒÒ‹àÄàÀ–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃÄß–ÊìÀ–âÀèÍ–Ë‹ÜÌ–æ×‹–åÌÚ§–

æÒÀŠÜÌ–Äß–Å³Ã–åØ‹–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ. ÅßÌÌ Ä±Ã–É‹ÜÃ–Óê–ÀàÌ–ÅïÌ–âÅ–ÇÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–åÌ–ÁßÌß–âÀèÍ–æ×‹Ú§–æÒ. ÑßÖèÃ–

ÃàÌ–Ë––ãÏŠÌ–Å³Ã–Óà–åØ‹–ãÖßâÅ–Ç–æÎ–Ì´Ì Í¡–Óê–äÜÀàÈ–æÎ–ÝÜÈ–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ–âÖêÇ. ÌÜÀ–ÄàÀ–Ì´Ì, ÇèÃ–ÓêÑßÖèÃ–

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85

ÃàÌÄáÌ×ÌØ–Ì‹ÜÇÙ±ÃÅï–Ì–âÅ–Ç–æÎ–åÌÁßÌß–ÏŠàÌ–ÅàÇ–æÒ–ãÖßÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ –äÈÇ–Í¡–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–×ŠàÅàÇ–æÒ–Ì´Ì–ÊìÀ–

ÜÜÍ–ãÍÍ–Óà–ÔŠàÃÈê–ãÖß–Éí×–Â×Í–ÂîÓ–åÆ‹–ÃàÌ–æÈ‹–Èê.

• ÀàÌ–ÅïÌ–âÅ–Ç–åÌÀàÌ–ÁíÌ–Å³Ã–ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ (ÅàÇ–æÒ) –âÓ²Ü–ÀáÌíÈ–ÁßÙàÈÅàÇ–æÒ –âÝíà–É‹ÜÃÚèÌ–åÄ–×Šà ÀàÌ–ÅïÌ–

âÅ–Ç–æÒ–åÌ–ÅàÇ–æÒ–ÅïÃ–ÅîÈ–Í¡âÀê–Ì 4%. ÌÌÚàÇÂ×àÓ–×Šà ––æÒ–ÄàÀ–ãÏŠÌ–ÝèÍ–ãÅÃ–ÄßÇèÃ–âÛìÜÔïŠ 94% (Éí×–

ÎßÀÜÍ–ÀàÌ–ÅïÌ–âÅ–Ç–æÒ–åÌ–ÅàÇ–Å³Ã Vl=0,94)

• ÀàÌ–ÅïÌ–âÅ–Ç–åÌ–Áß–Í×ÌÀàÌ–ãÎ–ÝïÍ–ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ. –åÌ–Áß–Í×ÌÀàÌ–ãÎ–ÝïÍ–ÑßÖèÃ–Ãà–Éí×–ÄéÃ, –âÆÌÔïŠ–åÌÚ§–æÒ,

ÄàÀ–ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–æÒÒ‹à–ÎŠÞÌ–ãÎÃ–âÎèÌ–ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–âÂÓê –ãÖ‹×–À¡–ÎŠÞÌ–ãÎ–âÎèÌ–æÒÒ‹à–Âì–Ì, ÇŠÜÓ–Äß–Óê–ÀàÌ–ÅïÌ–âÅ–

ÇÔïŠ–Åß–âÚê. –åÌ–Éí×–ÄéÃ ÀàÌ–ÅïÌ–âÅ–Ç–Ë–ÇÜÓ–ÝèÍ–æÈ‹åÌ–Áß–Í×ÌÀàÌ–ãÎ–ÝïÍ–ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–ÉŠàÃƒ ÓêÎßÓàÌ

10%. ÚàÇÂ×àÓ×Šà –æÒ–ÄàÀ–ãÏŠÌ–Äß–ÊìÀÛî‡ÈÖíÃ–äÈÇ–ÎèÈ–åÄ–Ì¸ÜêÀ (Vc=0,90).

• ÀàÌ–ÅïÌ–âÅ–Ç–âÌ²ÜÃÄàÀ–ÀàÌ–ÁàÈ–âÂ²ÜÌ–åÌ–ÖßÍíÍ. ÀàÌ–ÅïÌ–âÅ–Ç–âÎèÌ–ÏíÌ–Óà–ÄàÀ–ÀàÌ–ÎŠÞÌ–ãÎÃ–ÖßÈèÍ–

ÁÜÃãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–åÌ–ÆŠ×Ã–åÆ‹–ÃàÌ. Éí×–ÔŠàÃ, –ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÁÜÃÚ§–æÒ–Á¹ÌÀèÍÜîÌØßÑïÓ–ãÖß–ÅßÑàÍÀà–ÌÍèÌ–Äî–æÒ Ò‹à.

Ì´ÌÚàÇÂ×àÓ–×Šà –ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃÓèÀ–Äß–ÁàÈ–âÂ²ÜÌ–ÄàÀ–âÁÈ–âÃ²ÜÌ–æÁ–ÀáÖèÃ–æÒ–ÅïÃ–ÅîÈÁÜÃ–ÉíÌ, –âÆÌ–ÈÞ×–ÀèÌ–

ÀèÍÀàÌÎŠÞÌ–ãÎÃ–Á–ãÃ–ÖèÃÅê–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ–æÎ–ÉàÓ–â×Öà–ãÖß–ÜîÌØßÑïÓ–Ìá–ÜêÀ. ÀàÌ–ãÎ–ÎŠÞÌ–ÁÜÃ–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–È¨Ã–

Ì¸ Äß–Ñà–åØ‹–âÀêÈ–ÀàÌ–ÅïÌ–âÅ–ÇÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–æÎ–ÎßÓàÌ 10%. ÅßÌÌÉí×–ÎßÀÜÍ–ÀàÌ–ÅïÌ–âÅ–ÇÑßÖèÃ–

ÃàÌÙ±ÃÜêÀ–ãÓŠÌ Vm=0,90.

Éí×–Îß––ÀÜÍÖ×Ó ÀàÌ–ÅïÌ–âÅ–ÇÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ:

0.96 0.9 0.9l c mV V V V= × × = × × = 0.76; 8.1

ÅßÌÌ ÜàÈ–â×¿à–æÈ‹–×Šà ––âÑ²Ü–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ–Äß–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ ã–ÉŠ–Öß 100 Wh, –ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–É‹ÜÃ–ÏßÖéÈ–ÜÜÀ–

ÓàÔŠàÃ–Ù‹ÜÇ 130 Wh. ÅŠ×Ì 30 Wh ÇèÃ–âÛìÜÌÌ –ãÓŠÌ–ÅïÌ–âÅ–Ç–æÎ–åÌ–ÖßÍíÍ –âÆÌ ÅàÇ–æÒ, ÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ,

Ú§–æÒ, …

8.2.2 Éí×–ÎßÀÜÍ–ÀàÌ–ÏßÖéÈ–æÒ–ÁÜÃ–ãÎŠ–Ì

Éí×–ÎßÀÜÍ–ÀàÌÏßÖéÈ–æÒ–ÁÜÃ–ãÏŠÌ (Panel generation factor- PGF)

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86


–åÌ–Îß–âËÈ–È‹ÜÇ–ÑèÈËßÌà ÊàÌÁ§‹ÓïÌ–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ–Í¡–ÂŠÜÇ–Äß–ÂíÍ–Ê‹×Ì. –âÑ²Ü–Äß–ÂàÈ–Âß–âÌ–

Â×àÓ–ÜàÈ–ÅàÓàÈ–ÏßÖéÈ–æÒ–ÜÜÀÓà–ÁÜÃ–ãÏŠÌ–ÝèÍ–ãÅÃ ÜàÈ––åÆ‹–Éí×–ÎßÀÜÍÙ±Ã Æ±Ã–Åß–ãÈÃ–âÊéÃ–Â×àÓ–ÜàÈ–

ÅàÓàÈ–ÏßÖéÈ–æÒÒ‹àÁÜÃ–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–åÌ–âÃ²ÜÌ–æÁ–ÈéÌ–Ò‹à–ÜàÀàÈ–åÈÙ±Ã, –âÜÌ×Šà Éí×–ÎßÀÜÍ–ÀàÌ–ÏßÖéÈ–æÒ–

ÁÜÃ–ãÏŠÌ (PGF): –âÎèÌÂ×àÓ–ÅàÓàÈ–ÁÜÃ 1 Wp Ë–Äß–ÏßÖéÈ–ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ æÒÒ‹à–åÌ–ÓºÙ±Ãƒ ÅáÖèÍ–âÃ²ÜÌ–æÁ–ÈéÌ–

Ò‹à–ÜàÀàÈ–åÈÙ±Ã (UNESCO manual). PGF ÂáÌëÃ–âÊéÃ ÎèÈ–åÄ–ÉŠàÃƒ–Ë–ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–ÏßÖéÈ–æÒ–ÁÜÃ–ãÏŠÌ–ÝèÍ–

ãÅÃ (–âÆÌ Â×àÓ–ÜŠÞÃÁÜÃ–ãÏŠÌ, ÅßÑàÍ–ÐîŠÌÐÜÇ–ÄèÍ–ÉéÈÙ‹à–ãÏŠÌ, ÎèÈ–åÄ–ËàÃ–ÜîÌØßÑïÓ–ÁÜÃ–ãÏŠÌ) –ãÖß ÎèÈ–

åÄ–ËàÃ–ÈéÌ–Ò‹à–ÜàÀàÈ–ÁÜÃ–Ë‹ÜÃ–ÊªÌ (–ãÅÃ–ãÈÈ).

–äÈÇ–ÎßÓàÌ–ãÖ‹× PGF ÅàÓàÈ–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–æÈòÉàÓ–ÅïÈ–É¡–æÎ–Ì¸:

(%) ÁÜÃãÏñÌÎßÅéÈËéÑàÍ×= )LDSR(kWh/mPGF 2 8.25

–åÌ–Ì´Ì, LDSR –âÎèÌ–ÎßÖéÓàÌ–ÖèÃÅê–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌÉ¡–ÓºÉœ–ÅîÈ–åÌ–Îê (ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ–Ë–ÉíÀÖíÃ–ÅïŠ–âÌºÜË 1 Éà–

ãÓèÈÑàÇ–åÌÙ±ÃÓº, Øí×ÙŠ×Ç×èÈ–ãËÀ kWh/m2/Óº) ÔïŠ–Ë‹ÜÃ–ÊªÌÌÌƒ. Éí×–ÔŠàÃ, LDSR=4.58 kWh/m2/Óº

ÅáÖèÍ–ÌßÂÜÌÛ×Ã×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ ÁÜÃ ÅÎÎ Öà× Æ±Ã–âÎèÌ–âÈìÜÌ 8.

ÎßÅéÈËéÑàÍ–ÁÜÃ–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–Ë–åÆ‹–ÀèÌ–ÛàÇÎßÓàÌ 64% (–âÍªÃÉà–ÉßÖàÃ 7).

Éà–ÉßÖàÃ 7: ÎßÅéÈËéÑàÍ–ÁÜÃ–ãÏŠÌ PV (Dolbelman, 2007)

–âÁÈ–ÎŠÞÌ–ãÎÃ(%) ÂŠà–âÎèÌ–æÎ–Î–æÈ‹ (%)

ËŠà–ÜŠÞÃÍ¡–âÚàßÅíÓ 5-10 5

Óê–ÐîŠÌÎíÀ–ÂîÓ–ãÏŠÌ–ÝèÍ–ãÅÃ 5-10 5

ÏíÌ–ÀßËíÍ–ÄàÀ–ÜîÌØßÑïÓ 0-20 16 (ÔïŠ 60oC)

Â×àÓ–ÁàÈ–âÂ²ÜÌ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÖßÍîÂîÌ–ÅíÓÍèÈ 5-15 10

Ö×ÓÀàÌ–ÅïÌ–âÅ–ÇÄàÀ–ãÏŠÌ 36%

ÎßÅéÈ–ËéÑà–ÍÁÜÃ–ãÏŠÌ 64%

ÅßÌÌ, ÅáÖèÍ–ÌßÂÜÌÛ×Ã×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ:

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87

PGF=4.58 x 64% = 2.93

ÚàÇÂ×àÓ–×Šà: 1 Wp ÁÜÃ–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ ÔïŠ–ÌßÂÜÌÛ×Ã×ÞÃ–ÄèÌÅàÓàÈÏßÖéÈ–ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌæÒÒ‹à–æÈ‹ ÔŠàÃÙ‹ÜÇ

2.93 Wh É¡–Óº.

–åÌ–Éà–ÉßÖàÃ 8 Åß–ãÈÃ–ÀàÌ–ÌéÇàÓ–ÂŠà PGF ÅáÖèÍ–ÍàÃ–âÁÈ–ÈéÌ–Ò‹à–ÜàÀàÈ.

Éà–ÉßÖàÃ 8: ÀàÌ–ÌéÇàÓ–âÁÈ–ÑïÓ–ÜàÀàÈ–ãÖß–ÂŠà PGF (UNESCO manual 2001)

ÆßÌéÈ–ÑïÓ–ÜàÀàÈ ÖèÀÅßÌß–äÈÈ–âÈ¨Ì PGF

I –Óê–ãÅÃ–ãÈÈ–Èê–ÀŠ×à–âÁÈ–ãÂÓ–Ëß–âÖ–âÁÈ–Ý‹ÜÌ, ÅŠ×ÌÛàÇ–âÎèÌ–ÓºË‹ÜÃ–Ò‹à–ÎÜÈ–äÎŠ–Ã –ãÖß–ÍàÃ–ÓºÓê–

âÐºÜ –ãÉŠ––ãÀŠ–Çà×– Í¡–âÀêÌ 4 Óº ÖÞÌ–ÉéÈ

3,86

II –âÁÈ–ãÂÓ–Ëß–âÖ–âÁÈ–Ý‹ÜÌ ÅŠ×ÌÛàÇ–âÎèÌ–ÓºÓê–âÓÀ–ÍàÃ–ÅŠ×Ì. Óº–âÓÀ–ÎíÀ–ÂîÓÙà–ãÙ‹Ì

ÖÞÌÉéÈÌàÌÍ¡–âÀêÌ 5 Óº

3,43

III ÆŠ×Ã–Óº–âÓÀ–ÎíÀ–ÂîÓ–ãÉŠ 5 Óº –âÊéÃ 7 Óº –âÀêÈ–Á¹ÌÔïŠ–âÖºÜÇƒ –ãÉŠÊèÈÄàÀÌÌ –âÎèÌÓº–ãÈÈ–Èê–Ë‹ÜÃ–Ò‹à–

ÎÜÈ–äÎŠ–Ã ãÀŠ–Çà× ÅàÓ–Óº Á¹Ì–æÎ

3,00

IV ÓºÓê–âÓÀ–ÎíÀ–ÂîÓ–ãÀŠ–Çà×–âÊéÃ 10 Óº Ûì ÌàÌ–ÀŠ×à –âÀêÈ–Á¹Ì–âÎèÌ–ÎßÄá –ãÖß–Óº–ãÈÈ–Èê–Ë‹ÜÃ–Ò‹à–ÎÜÈ–

äÎŠ–Ã Í¡–ÂŠÜÍÑíÍ–âØèÌ.

2,57

ÅßÛ‡îÍ

–ãÏŠÌ PV –ãÓŠÌ–ÜÜÀ–ãÍÍ–âÑ²Ü–åØ‹–ÅàÓàÈ–ÅßÙÜÃÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–ÉàÓ–Â×àÓ–É‹ÜÃÀàÌ E (kWh/Óº), Æ±Ã–

Ñí×ÑèÌ–ÀèÍ––ÀàÌ–ÏßÖéÈ–æÒ–Ò‹àÁÜÃ–ãÏŠÌ (PPV) ÈÃ–É¡–æÎ–Ì¸:

PVEP

PGF V=

×; 8.3

–äÈÇ–Ýï‹–×Šà V = 0.76 –ãÖß 1 / V = 1.3

1,3PV

EPPGF×

= ; 8.4

–åÌÉà–ÉßÖàÃ 8 ÖÞÃ–Á´ÌÉÜÌ–ÀàÌ–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–ÜÜÀ–ãÍÍ–ãÏŠÌ PV, ÍíÌ–ÑìÌ–ÊàÌÀÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹Éí×–ÎßÀÜÍ PGF. Éí×–

ÔŠàÃ 6 Åß–ãÈÃÏíÌ–ÀàÌ–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–Â×àÓ–É‹ÜÃÀàÌ–ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÖíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ–ãØŠÃÙ±Ã

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88


8.2.3 ÀàÌ–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–ÁßÙàÈ –ãÏŠÌ PV

Éà–ÉßÖàÃ 9 Åß–ãÈÃ– 5 Á´ÌÉÜÌ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–ÁßÙàÈ–ãÏŠÌ PV.

Éà–ÉßÖàÃ 9: Ø‹à–Á´ÌÉÜÌ–åÌ–Áß–Í×ÌÀàÌ–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–ÁßÙàÈ PV (ÈèÈ–Óà–ÄàÀ UNESCO 2001)

Á´ÌÉÜÌ 1 ÂéÈ–æÖŠÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ Wh É¡–Óº ÅáÖèÍ–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ãÉŠ–Öß–ÜèÌ

Á´ÌÉÜÌ 2 Ö×ÓÂŠà Wh ÁÜÃ–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ËèÃÚíÈ–âÁ¿à–È‹×Ç–ÀèÌ Äß–æÈ‹–ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ Ë–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ–

ËèÃÚíÈÉòÜÃ–ÀàÌ–åÌÙ±ÃÓº

Á´ÌÉÜÌ 3 ÂïÌ–ÏíÌÖ×Ó Wh ÄàÀ–Á´ÌÉÜÌ–Ëê 2 –åØ‹–Éí×–ÂïÌ 1,3 Äß–æÈ‹–ÏíÌ–Ö×Ó Wh Ë–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–

ãÅÃ–É‹ÜÃ–ÏßÖéÈ–ÜÜÀ–Óà–åØ‹–æÈ‹–åÌ–ãÉŠ–ÖßÓº

Á´ÌÉÜÌ 4 ØàÌ–ÏíÌ–Ö×Ó Wh –ÄàÀ–Á´ÌÉÜÌ 3 –åØ‹–ÂŠà PGF ÁÜÃ–Ë‹ÜÃ–ÊªÌ–ÀŠÞ×Á‹ÜÃ Äß–æÈ‹–

ÁßÙàÈ–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–ËèÃÚíÈË–É‹ÜÃÀàÌ

Á´ÌÉÜÌ 5 ØàÌ–ÏíÌÖ×ÓÂŠà WP ËèÃØ–ÓíÈ–åØ‹ÂŠà–ÀáÖèÃ–æÒ–ÁÜÃ–ãÏŠÌ–Ë–âÝíà–Óê (Wp) –ãÖ‹×–âÑÓ––âÎèÌ–

ÄáÌ×Ì–Ê‹×Ì––ÊèÈÁ¹Ì–æÎ Äß–æÈ‹–ÄáÌ×Ì–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–ÁßÙàÈÈÃ–ÀŠà× ÉàÓ–Ë–É‹ÜÃÀàÌ

ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–ÎßÖéÓàÌ–ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–Ë¯–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ–É‹ÜÃÀàÌ–åÌ–ãÉŠ–ÖßÓº

–âÑ²Ü–ÔàÀ–Ýï‹–×Šà –åÌ–ãÉŠ–ÖßÓº–ãÏŠÌ–Äß–É‹ÜÃ–ÏßÖéÈ–ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–æÒÒ‹à–ÜÜÀ–Óà–âË³à–åÈ, ÀŠÜÌ–Ü²Ì–âÝíà–É‹ÜÃ–

ÂéÈ–æÖŠÄáÌ×Ì Wh Ë–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–É‹ÜÃÀàÌ–åÌ–ãÉŠ–ÖßÓº. ÛèÃÄàÀ–Ì´Ì Ö×ÓÅŠ×Ì–Ë–ÜàÈ–ÅïÌ–âÅ–Ç–æÎ–åÌ–ÖßÍíÍ –âÝíà–

Äß–æÈ‹–ÎßÖéÓàÌ–ÑßÖèÃ–Ë–ÊìÀ–Å³Ã–Óà–âÊéÃ–Éí×–ÀéÌ–æÒ.

Éí×–ÔŠàÃ 6 ÜÜÀ–ãÍÍÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ Ë¯–Óê–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–É¡–æÎ–Ì¸

Photovoltaic


89

Á´ÌÉÜÌ 1: ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ (Wh) Ë–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ–ãÉŠ–Öß–ÜèÌ–Äß–åÆ‹–åÌ–ãÉŠ–ÖßÓº

ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ

(–äØÖÈ)

–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ

(V)

ÀáÖèÃ

(W)

–â×Öà–åÆ‹–É¡–

Óº (ÆÓ)

ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌË–åÆ‹–É¡–Óº

(Wh = ÀáÖèÃ x ÆÓ)

ÚàÇ–âØÈ

ÈÜÀ–æÒ 12 6 4 24

TV 12 48 5 240

×éËßÇî/Åß–âÉÕê–äÜ 12 20 3 60

…… …. …. …. ….

Á´ÌÉÜÌ 2: Ö×Ó– 74 W 324 Wh

Á´ÌÉÜÌ 3 ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌËèÃ–ÓíÈ Ëê–ãÏŠÌ–É‹ÜÃ–ÏßÖéÈ–ÜÜÀ–Óà (Wh) = ÏíÌÁÌÉÜÌ 2 x 1.3

421 Wh

Á´ÌÉÜÌ 4 ÀáÖèÃ–æÒ–ËèÃ–ØÓíÈ (Wp) ÁÜÃ–ãÏŠÌ PV Ë–É‹ÜÃÀàÌ = ÏíÌÁÌÉÜÌ 3 / PGF (–âÎèÌ Wp)

Éí×–ÔŠàÃÅáÖèÍ–×ÞÃ–ÄèÌ: PGF=2.93 144 Wp

Á´ÌÉÜÌ 5 ÄáÌ×Ì–ãÏŠÌ PV Ë–É‹ÜÃÀàÌ= ÏíÌÁÌÉÜÌ 4 / ÁßÙàÈØí×ÙŠ×Ç–ãÏŠÌ–Ë¯–Óê

ÎèÈ–ÏíÌâÎèÌ–ÄáÌ×Ì–Ê‹×Ì–ÊèÈÁ¹Ì–æÎ Äß–æÈ‹–ÄáÌ×Ì–ãÏŠÌ–ÉàÓ–Â×àÓ–É‹ÜÃÀàÌ

2.88 3 –ãÏŠÌ x 50 Wp =150 Wp Ê‹à–âÖìÜÀ–åÆ‹–ãÏŠÌ 50 Wp

Ê‹à–âÖìÜÀ–åÆ‹–ãÏŠÌ 75 Wp 1.92 2 –ãÏŠÌ x 75 Wp = 150 Wp

8.3 ÀàÌ–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–ÁßÙàÈÚ§–æÒ

–åÌ–ÖßÍíÍ–Óê–Â×àÓ–É‹ÜÃÀàÌ–åÆ‹Ú§–æÒ À¡–âÑàß–×Šà Éí×–ÀéÌ–æÒ–É‹ÜÃÀàÌ–ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–åÌ–â×Öà–ãÖß–ÜèÈÉà

Æ±Ã–ÉŠàÃ–ÄàÀ–ÅªÃ–Ë–ãÏŠÌ–ÏßÖéÈ–ÜÜÀ–Óà. –âÑ²Ü–ÔàÀ–åØ‹–ÖßÍíÍ–Ëá–ÃàÌ–æÈ‹–Èê, Ú§–æÒ–É‹ÜÃ–âÎèÌ–ÆßÌéÈ–ÝÜÍ–åÆ‹–ÃàÌ–ÅïÃ –

Photovoltaic

90


ãÖß–åØÇŠ–Ñç–Ë–ÅàÓàÈ–Åß–ÅíÓÑÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–ÑÞÃ–Ñç–ÅáÖèÍ–Â×àÓ–É‹ÜÃÀàÌ–ÁÜÃ–Éí×–ÀéÌ–æÒ–åÌ–ÉÜÌ–Âœ–ãÖß–åÌ–ÓºÍ¡–Óê–

ãÈÈ–Ìá–ÜêÀ. –åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–ÁßÙàÈÁÜÃÚ§–æÒ, É‹ÜÃ–åØ‹–ãÌŠ–åÄ–×Šà Ú§–æÒ–ÅàÓàÈ–ÅßÙÜÃÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–ÑÞÃ–Ñç–åÌ–

ÆŠ×Ã–â×Öà ÔŠàÃ–Éœ 5 Óº –äÈÇ–Í¡–Óê–ÀàÌ–ÅàÀ–âÑÓ, –äÈÇ–Åß–âÑàß–åÌ–ÆŠ×Ã–Ò‹à–ÍíÈ ÐíÌ–ÉíÀ.

ÀàÌ–ÂéÈ–æÖŠÁßÙàÈÁÜÃÚ§–æÒ ÅáÖèÍ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ Åß–ãÈÃ––âÎèÌ–Á´ÌÉÜÌ åÌ–Éà–ÉßÖàÃ

11.

Éà–ÉßÖàÃ 10: ÅÁ´ÌÉÜÌ –åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–ÁßÙàÈÁÜÃÚ§–æÒ (UNESCO 2001)

Á´ÌÉÜÌ 1 ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–Ë–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ––ãÉŠ–Öß–ÜèÌÉ‹ÜÃÀàÌ–åÌÙ±ÃÓº

Á´ÌÉÜÌ 2. Ö×Ó Wh ÁÜÃ–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ËèÃÚíÈ

Á´ÌÉÜÌ 3 ÎßÖéÓàÌ–ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–Ë–É‹ÜÃ–âÀèÍ–Ë‹ÜÌ–åÌÚ§–æÒ –âË³à–ÀèÍÏíÌÂïÌÎßÖéÓàÌ–ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–ËèÃÚíÈ

(Wh) ÄàÀ–Á´ÌÉÜÌ 2 åØ‹–ÀèÍ 5 ÅáÖèÍÚ§–æÒÝÜÍ–åÆ‹–ÃàÌ–ÅïÃ, Ûì ÀèÍ 7.5 ÅáÖèÍ–ØÓ§–æÒ–ÎéÈ–

ãÄÍ "ÎèÈ–Åß–ÄàÀ–ÀàÌ–ÍáÖîÃ–ÝèÀÅà" Ûì ÂïÌ–ÀèÍ 10 ÅáÖèÍÚ§–æÒ–ÖíÈ–Ë³×–æÎ

Á´ÌÉÜÌ 4 ØàÌ–ÏíÌ–ÄàÀ–Á´ÌÉÜÌ 3 –åØ‹–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÖßÍíÍ (Éí×–ÔŠàÃ 12 V). ÏíÌ–ÜÜÀ–Óà–Äß–âÎèÌ

ÂŠàÂ×àÓ–Äî–ÁÜÃÚ§–æÒ –âÎèÌÜá–ãÎ-–äÓÃ (Ah) –åÌ–ÜèÈÉà–ÀàÌ–ÄŠàÇ–æÒ C10. Ê‹àÔàÀ–Ýï‹–ÍçÖé–ÓàÈ–

ÍèÌÄî–ÁÜÃÚ§–æÒ–åÌ–ÜèÈÉà–ÀàÌ–ÄŠàÇ–æÒ C100, Äß–É‹ÜÃ–ÂïÌ–ÏíÌ–È¨Ã–ÀŠà×–åØ‹–ÀèÍ 1.5–.

Ê‹à–ØàÌ–ÏíÌ–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ –åØ‹–ÁßÙàÈÚ§–æÒ–Øí×Ø–ÌŠ×ÇË–Óê –ãÖ‹×–ÎèÈ–ÂŠà–âÅÈ–ÅŠ×ÌâÎèÌ–ÄáÌ×Ì–Ê‹×Ì–

ÊèÈÁ¹Ì–æÎ Äß–æÈ‹–ÄáÌ×ÌÚ§–æÒ–È¨Ã–ÀŠà× ÉàÓ–Ë–É‹ÜÃÀàÌ.

Éí×–ÔŠàÃ 7. Ä³Ã–Ìá–åÆ‹–Á§–ÓïÌ–åÌ–Éí×–ÔŠàÃ 6 –âÑ²Ü–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–ÁßÙàÈÁÜÃÚ§–æÒ.

Photovoltaic


91

Á´ÌÉÜÌ 1: ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ (Wh) É¡–Óº Ë–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–É‹ÜÃÀàÌ

ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ –ãÝÃ–

ÈèÌ(V)

ÀáÖèÃ(W) –â×Öà–åÆ‹

(ÆÓ)

ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌË–É‹ÜÃÀàÌ

ÚàÇ–âØÈ

–ãÅÃ–ÅßØ×ŠàÃ 12 6 4 24

TV 12 48 5 240

Radio/stereo 12 20 3 60

…… …. …. …. ….

Á´ÌÉÜÌ 2: Ö×Ó ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ 74 W 324 Wh

Á´ÌÉÜÌ 3: ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌÖ×Ó Ë–É‹ÜÃ–âÀèÍ–Ë‹ÜÌ–æ×‹–åÌÚ§–æÒ (Wh) –âÑ²Ü–åØ‹–ÑÞÃ–Ñç–åÆ‹–åÌ 5 Óº –äÈÇ–ÂáÌëÃ–

âÊéÃÎß–âÑÈ–Ø–Ó§–æÒ (Ah=Wh /–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÁÜÃÖßÍíÍ):

3240 Wh 270 Ah

2430 Wh 203 Ah

Ú§–æÒ–ÖíÈ–Ë³×–æÎ: Á´ÌÉÜÌ 2 x 10

Ú§–æÒÎéÈ––ãÄÍ–Ñé–âÅÈ: Á´ÌÉÜÌ 2 x 7.5

Ú§–æÒ–ÝÜÍ–åÆ‹Ãà–ÌÅïÃ: Á´ÌÉÜÌ 2 x 5 3240 Wh 135 Ah

Á´ÌÉÜÌ 4: ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–ÄáÌ×ÌÚ§–æÒ–Ë–É‹ÜÃÀàÌ: –âÜíà–ÏíÌÁÌÉÜÌ 3 /ÁßÙàÈÚ§–æÒË¯–Óê (Ah). ÎèÈ–Á¹Ì–âÎèÌ–

ÄáÌ×Ì–Ê‹×Ì–ÊèÈÁ¹Ì–æÎ. ÏíÌ–ÜÜÀ–Óà–âÎèÌ–ÄáÌ×Ì–Ó§–æÒ–åÌ–ÜèÈÉà–ÀàÌ–ÄŠàÇ–æÒ C10

1.80 2 x 150 Ah

1.69 2 x 120 Ah

Ú§–æÒ–ÖíÈ–Ë³×–æÎ: 150 Ah

Ú§–æÒ–ÎéÈ–ãÄÍÑé–âÅÈ: 120 Ah

Ú§–æÒ–ÝÜÍ––åÆ‹–ÃàÌÅïÃ: 150Ah Ûì 75Ah 0.90 1 x 150 Ah Ûì 2 x 75Ah

Photovoltaic

92


8.4 ÀàÌ–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–ÁßÙàÈÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ

ÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ–É‹ÜÃ–ÓêÂŠà–Àß–ãÅ–ÅïÃ–Ñç–Ë–Äß–ÝÜÃ–ÝèÍ–ÂŠà–Àß–ãÅ–æÒ–ÅïÃ–ÅîÈ Ë–Óà–ÄàÀ–ãÏŠÌ–ÝèÍ–ãÅÃ–ãÖß–Ë–

ÄŠàÇ–æÎ–åØ‹–Éí×–ÀéÌ–æÒ–ÉŠàÃƒ. Àß–ãÅ––æÒÅàÀ–ÅïÃ–ÅîÈ ÅàÓàÈ–ÂàÈ–Âß–âÌ–æÈ‹–äÈÇ–ÀàÌ–ØàÌ–ÀáÖèÃ–æÒ–ÅïÃ–ÅîÈ–ÁÜÃ–

ãÏŠÌ (Wp) –åØ‹–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÖßÍíÍ (Éí×–ÔŠàÃ 12V).

ÅßÌÌ, åÌÉí×–ÔŠàÃÌ ÙŠ×ÇÂ×ÍÂîÓ ÊìÀÉ¡ÓÅŠÀèÍÆîÈãÏŠÌÎéÌãÏŠÌÁßÙàÈ 150 Wp ÅßÌÌ

Ä±ÃÉ‹ÜÃÅàÓàÈÝÜÃÝèÍÀßãÅæÒÅïÃÅîÈæÈ‹ 150/12 = 12.50 A.

åÌâ×ÖàÅßÉàÈ ÍèÌÈàÜîÎßÀÜÌÀéÌæÒÅŠ×ÌÛàÇÄßÀéÌæÒ ÛàÇÀŠ×àÀàÌåÆ‹ÃàÌÎíÀ ÀßÉé.

äÈÇÅßâÑàß ÓçâÉêæÒÒ‹à ÄßÉ‹ÜÃÀàÌÀßãÅæÒÅßÉàÈ âË³àÅàÓâË²ÜÁÜÃÀßãÅ åÆ‹ÃàÌ ÎíÀÀßÉé. ÅßÌÌ

ÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ–À¡–É‹ÜÃ–ÅàÓàÈ–ÝÜÃ–ÝèÍ–Àß–ãÅ–æÒ–ÅîïÃÅîÈ–ÄàÀ–Éí×–ÀéÌ–æÒ–æÈ‹ ÌèÍ–ËèÃ–Àß–ãÅ–æÒ–Ë–âÑÓ–Á¹Ì–åÌ–â×Öà–Åß–

ÉàÈ–âÂ²ÜÃ.

ÛèÀÀàÌ–ÎßÉéÍèÈ

ÖßÍíÍ–Ë–Í¡–Óê–Óç–âÉê–æÒÒ‹à É‹ÜÃ–ÓêÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ Ë–ÅàÓàÈ–ÝÜÃ–ÝèÍ–Àß–ãÅ–æÒ –âË³à–ÀèÍ 1.5 –âË²Ü–ÁÜÃ–Àß–ãÅ–åÆ‹–ÃàÌ–

ÎíÀÀßÉéÁÜÃ–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ËîÀ–ÜèÌ

ÅáÖèÍ–ÖßÍíÍ–Ë–Óê–Óç–âÉê–æÒÒ‹à, ØÌŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ–ÅàÓàÈ–ÝÜÃ–ÝèÍÀß–ãÅ–æÒ–ÅïÃ–ÅîÈ– Ë–âË³à–ÀèÍ 3 –âË²Ü–Àß–ãÅ–åÆ‹–ÃàÌ–

ÎíÀÀßÉé

–åÌ–Éí×–ÔŠàÃ–Á‹àÃ–âËéÃ, ÀáÖèÃ–æÒ–Ö×Ó–âË³à–ÀèÍ 48W+6W+20W=74W (–âÍªÃ–åÌ ÁÌÉÜÌ 1), Æ±Ã ÚàÇÂ×àÓ×Šà

ÀßãÅåÆ‹ÃàÌÎíÀÀßÉéâË³àÀèÍ 74/12= 6.17 A. åÌÖßÍíÍÈÃÀŠà× Í¡ÓêÜîÎß ÀÜÌ ËÓêÓçâÉêæÒÒ‹à ÅßÌÌ,

ÌŠ×ÇÂ×ÍÂîÓÀàÌÄŠàÇæÒ É‹ÜÃÅàÓàÈÕèÍÀßãÅÅîÃÅîÈ 6.17 X 1.5 = 9.25 A ÄàÀÐŠàÇÜîÎßÀÜÌÀéÌæÒ.

Photovoltaic


93

III. ÀàÌÂéÈæÖŠÁßÙàÈÙŠ×ÇÂ×ÍÂîÓ

ãÝ×ÈèÌ ×è×È(W) Àß–ãÅ(A) Àß–ãÅ–ÅïÃ–ÅîÈ

È‹àÌ–ÅàÀ–æÒ 12 150 12.50 A 12.5 A

È‹àÌ–ÄŠàÇ–æÒ 12 74 6.17 A 9.25 A (=6.17 x 1.5)

ÅßÌÌ –åÌ–Àç–Öß–ÌêÌ¸ ÅàÓàÈ–ÉéÈ–É´ÃÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ–ÓàÈ–ÉßÊàÌ 15/15

8.5 ÀàÌ–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–ÁßÙàÈÅàÇ–æÒ

ÅíÓÓîÈ–âÝíàÉ‹ÜÃ–ÉéÈ–É´Ã––ÖßÍíÍÈÃ–åÌ–ÝïÍ–ÖîŠÓ–Ì¸: ÁßÙàÈ–ãÏŠÌ–ÝèÍ–ãÅÃ150 Wp

IV: ÀàÌ–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–ÁßÙàÇÅàÇ–æÒ

ËŠÜÌ–ÅàÇ–æÒ Â×àÓ–

Çà×, m

ÂŠà W Imax

(A)

ÁßÙàÈÆèÈ–

âÄÌ mm2

Ö×ÓÅàÇ

mm2

ÓàÈ–Éß

ÊàÌ mm2

–ãÏŠÌ-Ú§–æÒ 3 150 12.50 3.70 4

ÈÜÀ–æÒ-Ú§–æÒ 4 6 0.50 0.19 1.5

TV & Radio 3 68 5.67 1.68 2.5

ÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ-

Ú§–æÒ (B)

1 224 18.67 5.57 6

–åÅŠ–åÄ:

Photovoltaic

94


• ÆŠ×Ã–ÅàÇ B Äß–É‹ÜÃ–ÁíÌ–Å³Ã– ËèÃÀß–ãÅ––æÒ–ÅàÀ–ÄàÀ–ãÏŠÌ–ÝèÍ–ãÅÃ–ãÖß–ËèÃ–Àß–ãÅ–æÎ–åØ‹–Éí×–ÀéÌ–æÒ, Æ±Ã–ÜàÈ–

âÀêÈÁ¹ÌÑ‹ÜÓƒ–ÀèÌ. ÅßÌÌ, Ù‹àÉèÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÅàÇ–æÒ–åÌ–ËŠÜÌ–Ì¸ Ä±Ã–Ö×ÓÙ‹àÉèÈ–ÁÜÃ–ÍèÌÈà–ÅàÇ–æÒ–È¨Ã–ÀŠà×–åÅŠ–

ÀèÌ

ÛèÀÀàÌ–ÎßÉéÍèÈ

• Àß–ãÅ–æÒ–ÅïÃ–ÅîÈ–ÄàÀ–ãÏŠÌÎéÌ–ãÅÃ. ÅŠ×ÌÛàÇ Àß–ãÅ–æÒ–ÅïÃ–ÅîÈÄß–ÊìÀ–ÖßÍî–æ×‹–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÅßÛàÀÁÜÃ–ãÏŠÌ–ãÅÃ –

âÎèÌ–Àß–ãÅ–ÖèÈ–×íÃ–ÄÜÌ (Is–.c.). Ê‹à–Í¡–Ýï‹ À¡–åØ‹–Äá–æ×‹–×Šà ÀáÖèÃ–æÒ –âË³à–ÀèÍ–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÂïÌ–ÀèÍ–Àß–ãÅ–æÒ

• ÅàÇ–æÒ–ÅáÖèÍ–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–Ë¯–Óê–Óç–âÉê. ÅàÇ–æÒ–Ë–É¡–åÅŠ–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–Ë–Óê–Óç–âÉê (–âÆÌ Éï‹–âÔèÌ, ÄèÀ–ÅïÍ–ÌŸ) É‹ÜÃ–

ÓêÙ‹àÉèÈ–ÔŠàÃ–Éœ –åØÇŠ–ËíÍ–âÂªÃ –Ù‹àÉèÈ–ÅàÇ–æÒ ÅáÖèÍ–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–Ë–Í¡–Óê–Óç–âÉê. Á§–Ì¸ ÇíÀ–â×´ÌÅáÖèÍ–Óç–âÉê–ÑèÈ–ÖíÓ.

ÍíÈ–ÐëÀ–ØèÈ 22 ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–ÁßÙàÈÁÜÃ–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ, Ú§–æÒ–ãÖßØ–ÌŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ ÅáÖèÍ–ÖßÍíÍ Ë¯–Óê–ÜíÃ–ÎßÀÜÍ–É¡–

æÎ–Ì¸:

8.6 ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹ ÜéÌ–â×èÀ–âÉê

ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ–ãÏŠÛàÇ–åÌ–Ë‹ÜÃ–ÉßÛàÈ ÅŠ×ÌÛàÇÄß–ÀéÌ–æÒ ÄàÀ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒ–Åß–ÖèÍ AC ÅßÌÌ

Ä±ÃÍ¡–ÅàÓàÈ–åÆ‹–ÃàÌ–ÀèÍ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ–æÈ‹ –ãÖß–Äß–É‹ÜÃ–Ìá–åÆ‹–âÂ²ÜÃ–ÎŠÞÌ–æÒ ÜéÌ–â×èÀ–âÉê. Ê‹à–ÜîÎß–

ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ–Óê–Øí×ÎÖèÀ–ÅáÖèÍ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÀß–ãÅ–ÀíÃ DC Äß–É‹ÜÃ–åÆ‹–âÂ²ÜÃ–ÎŠÞÌ–ãÎÃ–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ DC-DC (ÝïÍ 68-

69)

Photovoltaic


95

ÝïÍ 68: ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à PV Ë¯–åÆ‹ converter

–åÌ–Áß–Í×ÌÀàÌÀàÌ–ÎŠÞÌ–ãÎÃ–È¨Ã–ÀŠà× ÇŠÜÓ–Äß–âÀêÈ–Óê–ÀàÌ–ÅïÌ–âÅ–ÇÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–ãÖß–ÌÜÀ–ÄàÀ–Ì´Ì, –æÒ–

Ë–æÈ‹––ÓàÌÌ ÜàÈ–Óê–ÂîÌ–ÌßÑà–ÍÉœ.

ÝïÍ 69: –âÂ²ÜÃ Inverter Óì–Êì (200 W)

ÄîÈ–ÜŠÜÌÉ¿Ì–Éç–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹–ÜéÌ–â×èÀ–âÉê –ãÓŠÌ–É‹ÜÃ–åÆ‹–ÀáÖèÃ–æÒÒ‹à–ÅïÃ–Á¹Ì Ê‹à–ËÞÍ–ÀèÍ–ÖßÍíÍ–ÀéÌ–æÒ

DC ÅßÌÌ Ä±Ã–É‹ÜÃ–åÅŠ–ãÏŠÌ–ãÖßÚ§–æÒ–åØÇŠ–Á¹Ì–æÎ–È‹×Ç.

ÜéÌ–â×èÀ–âÉê–É‹ÜÃ–åØ‹–âÚàßÅíÓ–ÀèÍ–ÀáÖèÃ–ÁÜÃ–Éí×–ÀéÌ–æÒ –ãÖß–É‹ÜÃ–ÓÜÈ–ËèÌ–Ëê Ñ‹ÜÓƒ–ÀèÌ–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–ÔîÈ–åÆ‹–

ÃàÌ–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ.

ÍíÈ–ÐëÀ–ØèÈ 23 Ä³Ã–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–ÁßÙàÈÁÜÃ–ÖßÍíÍ –äÈÇ–Óê–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ–ãÖß–â×Öà–åÆ‹–ÃàÌ–É¡–æÎ–Ì¸, –äÈÇ–åÅŠ–åÄ–×Šà –

åÌ–Ì¸ É‹ÜÃ–æÈ‹–åÆ‹ –âÂ²ÜÃ–ÎŠÞÌ–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–æÒ (ÂÜÌ–â×èÀ–âÉê)

Photovoltaic

96


9 ÀàÌ–ÉéÈ–É´ÃÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ

9.1 ÀàÌ–Ìá–åÆ‹–âÂ²ÜÃ–Óì

–åÌ–Éà–ÉßÖàÃ–ÖîŠÓ–Ì¸ Åß–ãÈÃ–ÖàÇ–ÀàÌ–âÂ²ÜÃ–Óì Ë–ÜàÈ–É‹ÜÃ–æÈ‹–åÆ‹ –åÌ–â×Öà–ÉéÈ–É´ÃÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–

â×èÌÅáÖèÍ–ÂÜÍ–Âí× (Éà–ÉßÖàÃ 11).

Éà–ÉßÖàÃ 11: –âÂ²ÜÃ–Óì–ÅáÂèÌ–ÅáÖèÍ–ÃàÌ–ÉéÈ–ÉèÃ–ÖßÍíÍæÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ

–âÂ²ÜÃ–Óì Ù‹àË ÝïÍ–ÊŠàÇ/–ãÉ‹Ó

–âÂ²ÜÃ–ÉèÈ–ÅàÇ–æÒ Àß–ÀÞÓÅàÇ–æÒ: ÉèÈ, ÎÜÀ

–âÂ²ÜÃÎÜÀÅàÇ–æÒ ÎÜÀÅßÙ×ÌÀèÌ–æÒ

–âÂ²ÜÃ–×èÈ–ãËÀ–Üß–

âÌÀÎßÅíÃ

×Èè–ãËÀ–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ, Àß–ãÅ–ãÖß–Â×àÓ–

É‹àÌ

–æÁ–Â×Ã

(Øí×–Äî‹Ó –ãÖß–ãÎ)

ØèÌ–ÌÜŒÈ

–âÁèÓËéÈ ÀáÌíÈ–ËŠà–É´ÃÁÜÃ–ãÏŠÌ

9.2 ÀàÌ–ÉéÈ–É´Ã–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ

ÀàÌ–ÉéÈ–É´Ã–ãÏŠÌ

ÅáÖèÍ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ÅáÖèÍ–ÂÜÍ–Âí× Ë–ÉéÈ–É´Ã–æ×‹ÂíÃ–Ë

Photovoltaic


97

• –ãÏŠÌ–É‹ÜÃ–Óê–ÁÜÍ–ãÏŠÌ –âÑ²Ü–ÝèÍ–ÎßÀèÌ–ÀàÌ–ÔëÈ–ãÏŠÌ–åØ‹–ãÙ‹Ì–ãÀŠÌ

• –ãÏŠÌ–ÝèÍ–ãÅÃ–É‹ÜÃÉéÈ–É´Ã–åÅŠÖßÍíÍ–ÂëÃ–ÂŸ Ë–ÀèÌÚ‹ÞÃ–æÈ‹–ãÖß–ÔëÈ–ãØÌ‹–Ì. ÖßÍíÍ–ÂëÃ–ÂŸ–ÁÜÃ–ãÏŠÌ PV É‹ÜÃ–

ÅàÓàÈ–ÝÜÃ–ÝèÍ–ãÝÃ–Àß–ãËÀ–ÁÜÃ–ÖíÓ –Ë–Óê–Â×àÓ–æ×–ÁÜÃ–ÖíÓ–âÊéÃ 160 km/ÆÓ –äÈÇ–Í¡–åØ‹–âÎ–âÑ–âÅ–ÇØàÇ

• –äÂÃ–ÝÜÃ–ÝèÍÉ‹ÜÃ–É´ÃÃŠÞÃ–âÎèÌ–ÓîÓ–ãÌŠ–ÌÜÌ–åÈÙ±Ã –åØ‹–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ÖèÃÅê–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÅïÃ–ÅîÈÅáÖèÍ–ÆŠ×Ã–â×Öà–

ËÜÜÀ–ãÍÍ–åÅŠ (–âÆÌ Æ×ŠÃ–âÈìÜÌ Ë–Óê–ÖèÃÅê–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ–Éœ–ÅîÈ). ÓîÓ–ÓàÈ–ÉßÊàÌ–ÅáÖèÍ–Îß–âËÈ–Öà× –

ãÓŠÌ–åÌ–ÖßØ×ŠàÃ 15-25 ÌèÍ–ÄàÀÙ‹àÑÞÃ –ãÖß–åØ‹–ãÏŠÌ–ÜŠ×àÇÙ‹à–æÎ–ËéÈ–åÉ‹ (ÂŠà–Éœ–ÀŠ×à –ãÓŠÌ–ÅáÖèÍ–

âÁÈ–ÑàÀ–ÀàÃÉÜÌ–ÃŠà–Ã–ÖíÃÑàÀ–åÉ‹ –ãÖß–ÂŠà–ÅïÃ–ÀŠ×à –ãÓŠÌ ÅáÖèÍ–ÑàÀ–ÀàÃ–ÉÜÌ––âËéÃÁ¹Ì–æÎØà–

ÑàÀâÙìÜ)1

• –ÀàÌ–ÉÃãÏŠÌ–åÅŠÛèÃÂà–ãÖß–åÅŠ–ÎàÇâÅíà. –åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÉéÈ–ÉÃãÏñÌÎéÌ–ãÅÃ––åÅŠÛèÃÂà–âÝìÜÌ ÌŒÜÈÄèÍ–É‹ÜÃ–âÎèÌ–

ÆßÌéÈ–Æß–âÉèÌ–âÖÈ –ãÖß–Ä³Ã–ÆŠ×Ã–×Šà–Ã ØŠàÃ–ÄàÀÛèÃÂà ÔŠàÃ–Éœ 10 ÆèÃ–Éê–ãÓèÈ. –åÌ–Àç–Öß–ÌêÉÃ–åÅŠ–ÎàÇ–âÅíà–

ÐèÃ–ÖíÃ–ÈéÌ ÜàÈ–åÆ‹–âÅíà–âÛèÀ, –âÍ–ÉíÃ Ûì –æÓ‹ (–âÅÌÏŠà–ÀàÃ–ÉàÓ–ÀáÌíÈ 20 cm), –ãÏŠÌ–É‹ÜÃ–ÉéÈ–ÉÃ–åÅŠ–ÎàÇ–

âÅíà. –Å¿Ì–ÖîŠÓ–ÁÜÃ–ãÏŠÌ–É‹ÜÃ–ØŠàÃ–ÄàÀÙ‹àÈéÌ–ÔŠàÃ–Éœ 3.5 m. –ÉéÌâÅíà–âË––âÍ–ÉíÃ Ûì ÈéÌÙÞ×ÜèÈ–ãÙ‹Ì

ÔŠàÃÙ‹ÜÇ–âÖéÀ–ÖíÃ–ÈéÌ 150 cm

ÀàÌ–É¡–ãÏŠÌ

ÀàÌ–É¡–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ–Óê–Â×àÓ–Åá–ÂèÌÛàÇ. –ãÏŠÌ–ãÅÃ–ÅŠ×ÌÛàÇÄß–Óê–Øí×ÌŒÜÈØèÌ ÅáÖèÍ–É¡–ÅàÇ–

æÒ–åÅŠ–åØ‹–ãÙ‹ÌÈê. –ãÉŠ–×Šà, Ì‹ÜÈÉŠàÃƒ–À¡–ÜàÈÛíÓÉàÓ–×èÌ–â×Öà–ÏŠàÌ–æÎ, ÅßÌÌ Ä±Ã–É‹ÜÃ–Ëá–Â×àÓ–ÅßÜàÈ–Á§–É¡,

ØèÌ–ÌŒÜÈ–åØ‹–ãÙ‹Ì ÔŠàÃÙ‹ÜÇ Îê–ÖßÂÃ.

9.3 ÀàÌ–ÉéÈ–É´ÃÅàÇ–æÒ

ÀàÌ–É¡–ÅàÇ–æÒ

ÈàÌ–É¡–ÅàÇ–æÒ–åÌ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌÉ‹ÜÃ–åØ‹–ÖßÜÞÈ–Èê ––âÑ²Ü–åØ‹–Àß–ãÅ–æÒ–æÎ–ÏŠàÌ–ÔŠàÃ–ÅßÍàÇ–

ãÖß––åØ‹ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÉíÀâÝŠ–Ç–åÌ–Á§–É¡Éœ–ÅîÈ. –åÌ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒ AC Ëá–Óß–Èà –ãÝ–ÃÈèÌ–ÜàÈ–ÅïÃ–ÀŠà×–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–

â×èÌ –âÊéÃ 10-15 –âË²Ü. ÅßÌÌ, ÀàÌ–É¡–ÅàÇ–æÒ Ë–åÆ‹–ÃàÌ–æÈ‹–Èê –åÌ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒ AC ÜàÈ–Í¡–âÚàßÅíÓ–åÌ–ÖßÍíÍ –

1 The worst solar insolation month in Laos is August, where noon solar altitude across Laos is be-tween 85-90o. In this meaning, panel slop for Cambodia should be around 5o towards the south (as-suming that the worst sunny month of Cambodia is also August)

Photovoltaic

98


æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ (ÝïÍ 70). ÀàÌ–É¡–ÅàÇ–æÒ––äÈÇ–ÀàÌ–ØèÌ–ÍéÈ–Å¿Ì–ÅàÇ –åÅŠ–ÀèÌ Í¡–ÜàÈ–åÆ‹–åÌ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–

Éà–â×èÌ, –âÑàß–×ŠàÓèÌ–Äß–ÂŠÜÇÓàÇÜÜÀ–ãÖß–âÎèÌÚ‹ÞÃ, –ãÖß–ãÖ‹×–ÅîÈ–Ë‹àÇ–À¡–âÝèÈ–åØ‹–Óê–Â×àÓ–É‹àÌ–ÅïÃ–ãÖß–ãÝÃ–

ÈèÌ–ÅïÌ–âÅ–ÇÛàÇ.

ÝïÍ 70: ÀàÌ–É¡–ÅàÇ–åÌ–Ë¯–åÆ‹–ÀèÌ–åÌ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒ AC Í¡–ÅàÓàÈ–åÆ‹–ÃàÌ–åÌ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ–æÈ‹

(ÈèÈ–Óà–ÄàÀ UNESCO manual)

ÀàÌ–É¡–È‹×Ç–À³×–ÄÜÈ–âÆ²ÜÓåÅŠ–ÀèÌ Ûì– ãÍÍÙêÍÜàÈ–åÆ‹–ÃàÌ–æÈ‹–Èê –ãÉŠ –â×¿à–Ö×Ó ÔïŠ–âÁÈ–ÌÜÀ–ÖßÍíÍ–Í¡–

ÂŠÜÇ–Äß–âÚàßÅíÓ–âÑàß–Í¡–Óê–æÒÒ‹à, Äß–Øà–âÂ²ÜÃ–Óì–Ë–âÚàßÅíÓ–À¡–ÇàÀ.

ÅáÖèÍ–ÀàÌ–ÉéÈ–É´Ã–æÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ, ×éËê–ÀàÌ–É¡–ÅàÇ–ãÌŠ–ÌÜÌ–ãÓŠÌ––åÆ‹–Á§–É¡–ÆßÌéÈÀÞ×ØèÌ(–âÍªÃ ÝïÍ71).–

ÀÞ×–ÊìÀ–ØèÌ–åØ‹–ãÙ‹ÌÅßÌÌÄîÈ–âÆ²ÜÓ–É¡–Í¡–ÂŠÜÇ–âÀêÈÁ¸Ú‹ÞÃ–ãÖß–ÜàÈ––åÆ‹–ÃàÌ–æÈ‹–ÌàÌ. ÌÜÀ ÄàÀ– ÌÌ, ÀàÌ–Ëá–

Â×àÓ–ÅßÜàÈ–Á§–É¡–ÀÞ×À¡–ÃŠàÇ, ––ãÖß–âÊéÃ–×Šà–âÀêÈ–Á¸Ó‹ÞÃÀ¡–ÅàÓàÈ–ãÀ‹–æÁ–æÈ‹–ÃŠàÇ.

ÝïÍ 71: Á§–É¡–ÆßÌéÈ–ÀÞ×–ØèÌ–åÆ‹–ÃàÌ–æÈ‹–Èê–ÀŠ×à–ÅáÖèÍ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ

Photovoltaic


99

9.4 ÀàÌ–ÉéÈ–É´ÃÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ

ÅàÇ–æÒ–ÅáÖèÍ–É¡–åÅŠÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–Âî–ÓÉ‹ÜÃ–åØ‹–ÊìÀ–ÉàÓ–âÃ²ÜÌ–æÁ Ë–Ïï‹–ÏßÖéÈ––ãÌßÌá–åØ‹–åÆ‹. ÅªÃ–ÅáÂèÌ –

ãÓŠÌ–åØ‹–É¡–ÅàÇ–æÒ–åØ‹–ÊìÀÉà–ÓÁ‹×à–æÒ–Ë–ÀáÌíÈ (ÝïÍ 72). ÅàÇ–Í×À–ÄàÀÚ§–æÒ–É‹ÜÃ–ÊìÀ–É¡–åÅŠ–Á‹×àÍ×ÀÚ§–æÒ–åÌ–

ÙŠ×ÍÂ×Í–ÂîÓ. Ê‹à–É¡–ÅàÇ–æÒ–åÅŠÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ–ÏéÈ–Á‹×à ÓèÌ–Äß–Í¡–Ëá–ÃàÌ–ãÖßÚ§–æÒ–À¡–ÜàÈ–âÎŠ–âÑ–æÈ‹.

ÝïÍ 72: ÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ–ÁÜÃ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ–ÅáÖèÍ––Âí×–âÝìÜÌ

ÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–Â×Í–ÂîÓ–ÍàÃ–ÆßÌéÈ–Óê–Á§–ÍèÃÂèÍ–åØ‹–É¡Ú§–æÒ–åÅŠ–ÀŠÜÌ–ÀàÌ–É¡–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–åÅŠ. –âÊéÃ–ÔŠàÃ–åÈ–À¡–

ÉàÓ Â×Ì–ÜŠàÌ–Á§–ãÌßÌá–ÀàÌ–ÉéÈ–É´ÃÔŠàÃ–ÖßÜÞÈ–ÀŠÜÌ–ÖíÃ–Óì–ÎßÉéÍèÈ.

ÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ–É‹ÜÃ–ÊìÀ–ÔëÈÉéÈ–ãÙ‹Ì–åÅŠÍŠÜÌ–Ý³Ó–âÔèÌ Í¡–ÊìÀ–ãÈÈ–ÅŠÜÃ–äÈÇ–ÀíÃ –ãÖß–ÐíÌ–Ñß–åÅŠ –ãÉŠ–À¡–åÀ‹–

ÀèÍÚ§–æÒ–âË³à–Ë–âÎèÌ–æÎ–æÈ‹. ÀàÌ–É¡–ÅàÇ–æÒ–É‹ÜÃ–ÎßÉéÍèÈ–ÉàÓ–Á§–ãÌßÌá–ãÖß–åÆŠ–Á§–É¡–ÆßÌéÈ–ÀÞ×–ØèÌ–åØ‹–ãÙ‹Ì.

Ê‹à–ÅàÇ–æÒ–ÖßØ×ŠàÃÚ§–æÒ–ãÖßÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ–ØàÀ–Çà× ÜàÈ–À¡–åØ‹–âÀêÈ–ÍèÌØà –âÑàß–×Šà ÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–

ÂîÓ–Äß–Í¡–ÅàÓàÈÀ×È–ÅÜÍ–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÁÜÃÚ§–æÒ–æÈ‹–ÔŠàÃ–ãÓŠÌ–ÔáÄàÀ–æÖ–Çß–æÀ. Èê–Ë–ÅîÈ ÅàÇ–æÒ–ÖßØ×ŠàÃÚ§–æÒ–

ãÖßÙŠ×ÍÂ×Í–ÂîÓÍ¡–Â×Ì–åØ‹–Çà×–âÀêÌ 2 –ãÓèÈ–ãÖß–Å´ÌÀŠ×à 1 –ãÓ‹È–ãÓŠÌ–Èê–Ë–ÅîÈ.

Photovoltaic

100


9.5 ÀàÌ–ÉéÈ–É´ÃÚ§–æÒ

ÀàÌ–É¡ÅàÇ–æÒ–åÅŠÚ§–æÒ

ÀàÌ–É¡Ú§–æÒ–âÎèÌ–ÅªÃ–ÅáÂèÌÛàÇ –âÑàß–×Šà ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–Ë–ÏßÖéÈ–äÈÇ–ãÏŠÌ–ÝèÍ–ãÅÃ–ãÖ‹×–Å³Ã–æÎÊìÀâÀèÍ–

Ë‹ÜÌ–æ×‹–åÌÚ§–æÒ ––ãÖßÛèÃÄàÀ–Ì´Ì –ÄŠàÇÜÜÀ––åØ‹–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ Äß–ÏŠàÌ–Á§–É¡–ÁÜÃÚ§–æÒ.

Á§–É¡Ú§–æÒ–ÇàÓ–åÈ–À¡–âÎèÌ–ÆßÌéÈ–ÀÞ×–ØèÌ. Í¡–Â×Í–åÆ‹–ÆßÌéÈ–Óê–Æß–ÎÕéÃÂŸÔèÌ ÛìÀàÌ–ÂÞÌ–ÅàÇ–æÒ–

ÝÜÍÁ×ÌÚ§–æÒ (ÝïÍ 73).

(a) (b)

ÝïÍ 73: ÀàÌ–É¡Ú‹§–æÒË¯–ÏéÈ–ÑàÈ

ÀàÌ–É¡–Èê–Ë–ÅîÈ –ãÓŠÌ–ÆßÌéÈ–ÀÞ×–ØèÌ Ë––âÄàßÆÜÈ–ÏŠàÌØí×Á×ÌÁÜÃÚ§–æÒ (ÝïÍ 74, a). ÀàÌ–É¡–ãÍÍ–

ÂêÍ –ãÍÍ–Ë–âÂêÇ–åÆ‹–ÀèÌ–åÌÚ§–æÒ–ÖíÈÜàÈ–åÆ‹–ÃàÌ–Í¡–æÈ‹–Èê–åÌ–æÖ–Çß–Çà× –âÑàß–×Šà ÓèÌ–Äß–âÀêÈ–Á¸Ú‹ÞÃ–ãÖß–Äá–É‹ÜÃ–

Ëá–Â×àÓ–ÅßÜàÈ–ÔïŠ–âÖºÜÇƒ ÎßÓàÌ ÂÃÖß 6 –âÈìÜÌÄ±Ã–ÝèÍÎßÀèÌ–Í¡–åØ‹––ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÉíÀ–âÝŠ–ÇÛàÇ (ÝïÍ 74, b).

(a) (b)

ÝïÍ 74: Á´×ÌÉ¡Ú§–æÒ–Ë¯–åÆ‹–––ÀèÌãÏŠÛàÇ–åÌ–ÖíÈ–ÇíÌ

Photovoltaic


101

ÀéÌ–ÉéÈ–É´ÃÚ§–æÒ–åÚŠ

• –âÑ²ÜŠÄß–ÉéÈ–É´ÃÚ§–æÒ Ë–––åÅŠ–ÌŸ–ÀíÈ–Óà–Ñ‹ÜÓãÖ‹×, ÀŠÜÌ–Ü²Ì–åØ‹–À×È–ÅÜÍ–âÍªÃ–ÖßÈèÍ–ÌŸ–ÀíÈ×Šà–ÊìÀ–É‹ÜÃ–ãÖ‹×–Íç –

ãÖ‹×–À¡–ÑÞÃ–ãÉŠ–Èá–âÌêÌ–ÀàÌÉ¡Ú§–æÒ

• Ê‹àÚ§–æÒ–åÚŠÓà–âÊéÃ–ãÖß–åÅŠ–ÌŸ–ÀíÈ–Óà–Ñ‹ÜÓ–ãÖ‹×, –ãÉŠ–ÖßÈèÍ–ÌŸ–ÀíÈ–åÌ–ÆŠÜÃ–ãÆ–ÖÄáÌ×ÌÙ±ÃÍ¡–Éœ–ÀŠ×àÖß–

ÈèÍ–ÓàÈ–ÉßÊàÌ, É‹ÜÃÉÓ²ÓÌŸ–ÀíÈ–åÅŠ–åØ‹–æÈ‹–ÓàÈ–ÉßÊàÌ (Í¡–ãÓŠÌ–ÌŸ) ÀŠÜÌ–ÀàÌÉéÈ–É´ÃÚ§–æÒ–åÅŠ–ÖßÍíÍ–

æÒÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ

• Ê‹àÚ§–æÒ–åÚŠ –ãÉŠ–Í¡–ËèÌ–Óê–ÌŸ–ÀíÈ–, Äá–É‹ÜÃ–É²Ó–ÌŸ–ÀíÈ–åÅŠ–ËîÀ–ÆŠÜÃ–åØ‹–âÊéÃ–ÖßÈèÍ–ÀáÌíÈ. –âÌ²ÜÃ–ÄàÀ–×Šà ÌŸ–ÀíÈ–

ÜàÈ–Ò¿Ã–åÅŠ–âÂ²ÜÃ, ÙèÃ Ûì –Éà Ä±Ã–Â×Ì–ÖßÓèÈÖß×èÃ–âÎèÌ–Ñé–âÅÈ–åÌ–â×Öà–ÊÜÀ–ÌŸ–ÀíÈ–ÖíÃ–æÎ:

• ÊÜÀ–ÌŸ–ÀíÈ–ÔŠàÃ–Æ‹àƒ: åÌ–â×Öà–âË–ÌŸ–ÀíÈ–åÅŠ–ÆŠÜÃ–ãÆ–ÖÙ±Ãƒ Â×Ì–ÌèÍ–ãÉŠ 1 –âÊéÃ 30. ×éËê–Èê–Ë– Åî–È –ãÓŠÌ–

åØ‹–É²Ó–åÅŠ––âË²ÜÖßÙ‹ÜÇ–ãÖ‹×–Ç‹àÇ–æÎ–ãÆ–ÖÜ²Ì –ãÖ‹×–Ä±Ã–ÀèÍ–Óà–É²Ó–åÅŠ–ÜêÀ –ÄßÛêÀ–â×´ÌÀàÌÉ²Ó–ÌŸ–ÀíÈ–Ë–

æ×–âÀêÌ–æÎ

• –åÌ–ËîÀ–Àç–Öß–Ìê, É‹ÜÃ–Îß–ÎŠÜÇ–åØ‹Ú§–æÒ–ÅàÀ–æÒ–âÉèÓÄàÀ–ãÏŠÌ–ÝèÍ–ãÅÃ 2 Óì–ãÈÈ–Èê Ä±Ã–âÖ–Ó–åÆ‹ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–

æÒ.

Photovoltaic

102


10 ÀàÌ–ÍáÖîÃ–ÝèÀÅà–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ

10.1 Åß–âÙê

–âÝìÜÌ–ÆàÌ–, –âÝìÜ ÛìÀß–äÉ–âÝíà–âÜÃ Äß–åÆ‹–ÃàÌ–æÈ‹–ÌàÌÀŠ×à Ê‹à–ØàÀ–Óê–ÀàÌÈï–ãÖ–Å‹ÜÓ–ãÆÓ âÎèÌ–ÔŠàÃ–

Èê. ÀàÌ–Èï–ãÖ–ÝèÀÅà–ÔŠàÃ–É¡–âÌ²ÜÃÌ –âÜÌ×Šà ÀàÌ–ÍáÖîÃ–ÝèÀÅà. ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ–À¡–É‹ÜÃ–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ÀàÌ–ÍáÖîÃ–

ÝèÀÅà––âÚìÜÌÀèÌ.

–âÊéÃ–×Šà ÀàÌ–ÍáÖîÃ–ÝèÀÅà–ÜàÈ–ÌèÍÖ×ÓÓêËèÃ–ÀàÌÅ‹ÜÓ–ãÎÃ–æÎ–Ñ‹ÜÓ, –ãÉŠ–Äß–Èê–ÀŠ×àÊ‹à–ÝèÀÅà–åØ‹–

ÖßÍíÍ–Í¡ç–åØ‹–âÀêÈ–ÍèÌØà –ãËÌ–Ë–Äß––æÎ–Å‹ÜÓ–ÎÃ–ÅªÃ–Ë–âÎñ–âÑ. ÀàÌ–ÍáÖîÃ–ÝèÀÅà–ÖèÀÅßÌß–Ì¸ –âÜÌ×Šà ÀàÌ–ÍáÖîÃ–

ÝèÀÅà–Ì–âÑ²Ü–ÀèÌ–æ×‹ –ãÖß–Â×Ì–Äß–âÎèÌÂ×àÓÚàÇÅáÂèÌ–ÅáÖèÍ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ.

ÀàÌ–âÎ–âÑ–ÁÜÃ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ–âÀêÈ–Á¹ÌÔŠàÃ–Æ‹àƒ. ÀàÌ–ÍáÖîÃ–ÝèÀÅà–Ë–Í¡–Èê –âÎèÌ–ÏíÌ–âÝèÈ–åØ‹–

ÜàÇî–åÆ‹–ÃàÌ–ÁÜÃÚ§–æÒ–Å´ÌÖíÃ, –ãÉŠ–ØàÀ–Í¡–âÎèÌ–ÀàÌ–âÎñ–âÑËèÌ–Ëê–ËèÌ–åÈ.

10.2 Â×Ì–âÝèÈ–ØÇèÃ–åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÍáÖîÃ–ÝèÀÅàÎßÄá?

• Â×Ì–ÅÜÍ–ÊàÓ––âÄ¿à–ÁÜÃ–Ïï‹–åÆ‹–æÒ ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–Ëá–ÃàÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÖßÍíÍ ×ŠàÓê–ÍèÌÈà–åÈ––âÀêÈ–Á¹ÌÍç?

• À×È–Àà–ËîÀ–ÅŠ×Ì–ÎßÀÜÍ–ÁÜÃ–ÖßÍíÍ ÀŠÞ×–ÀèÍ–ÀàÌ–Ëá–ÃàÌ–ÎíÀÀßÉé, Â×àÓÅßÜàÈ–, Á§–É¡

• Ê‹à–âØèÌ–ÜíÃ–ÎßÀÜÍ–åÈ–Óê–ÍèÌØà –À¡–åØ‹–Å‹ÜÓ–ãÎÃ Ûì ÎŠÞÌ–ÜèÌ–åÚŠ

• À×È–âÍªÃ–×Šà Í¡–ÓêÀàÌ–É¡–âÉêÓ–åÈƒ–åÅŠ–ÖßÍíÍ –äÈÇË–Í¡–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ÜßÌîÇàÈ.

• ÍèÌËëÀ–ÏíÌ–ÀàÌ–À×È–ÅÜÍ Å‹ÜÓ–ãÎÃ–åÌ–ãÉŠ–ÖßÂèÃ –åØ‹–ÖßÜÞÈ

10.3 ÛèÀÀàÌ–ÅáÖèÍ–ÀàÌ–ÍáÖîÃ–ÝèÀÅà

–âÑ²Ü–Äß–åØ‹–âÀêÈ–Îß–äØÇ–È ÀàÌÍ–áÖîÃ–ÝèÀÅà–É‹ÜÃ–Èá–âÌêÌ–æÎ–ÔŠàÃ–âÎèÌ–ÎßÄá. Èê–Ë–ÅîÈ –åØ‹–Èá–âÌêÌ–ÀàÌ–

À×È–ÅÜÍÚ§–æÒ–âÈìÜÌ–ÖßÂÃ –ãÖß–À×È–ÅÜÍ–ËèÃÚíÈÖßÍíÍ ÂÃÖß 6 –âÈìÜÌ ÔŠàÃ–Éœ.

–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ

• À×È–Àà–âÍªÃ–ÄîÈ–ÔëÈ––ãÏŠÌ–×Šà–ÇèÃ–ãÁÃ–ãÀŠÌ–ÔïŠ–Íç

Photovoltaic


103

• À×È–ÅÜÍ–âÍªÃ–ÝÜÇ–ãÉÀ–ãØÃ–ÁÜÃ–ãÀ‹×–ÎíÀ–ãÏŠÌ;

• À×È–ÅÜÍ–ÀèÍ–Á§–É¡ ×Šà–ÅàÇ–æÒ–ÇèÃ–ãÙ‹ÌÈê–ÔïŠ–Íç? Æê–ÌÀèÌ–ÆìÓÇèÃ–Èê–ÔïŠ–Íç? (Éí×–ÔŠàÃ–åÌÝïÍ 75).

• À×È–âÍªÃ–×Šà Óê–ÅªÃ–åÈ–ÎéÈ–ÍèÃ–ãÏŠÌ ÜèÌ–âÌ²ÜÃ–Óà–ÄàÀ–É¿Ì–æÓ‹, ÅªÃ–ÎîÀ–Å‹àÃ–åÀ‹ÂÞÃ. Ê‹à–Óê À¡–Â×Ì–ÀáÄèÈ ÛìÍ¡–È¨Ã–

Ì´Ì À¡–Ç‹àÇ–ãÏŠÌ–æÎ–É´ÃÍŠÜÌ–åÚŠ (Àç–Öß–Ìê Ë–ÀáÄèÈ–ÅªÃ–ÖíÍ–À×Ì–Í¡–æÈ‹) (ÕïÍ 76).

ÝïÍ 75: ÍèÌØà Ë¯–âÀêÈ–ÀèÍ–ãÏŠÌ–ÝèÍãÅÃ

ÝïÍ 76: ÀàÌ–ÉéÈ–É´ÃË¯–ÏéÈ–ÑàÈ–ãÖß–ÀàÌ–ÁàÈ–ÀàÌ–ÍáÖîÃ–ÝèÀÅà (ÄàÀ–ÀàÌ–ÅáÛ×È–äÈÇ REEPRO)

ÅàÇ–æÒ

• À×È–ÄîÈ–ãÉÀ–ãØÃ Ûì ØèÀ

• À×È–ÅÜÍ–ÀàÌ–ÔëÈÅàÇ–æÒ–åÅŠ––äÉÜàÂàÌ –âÑ²Ü–åØ‹–ãÌŠ–åÄ–×Šà ÇèÃ–ãÙ‹ÌÙàÈê –ãÖß–Í¡–ÊìÀ–×èÈÊî–ãÛÓ ÂíÓ–åÈƒ–

ÅÞÈ–Åê–åÌ–ÇàÓ–ÖíÓ–ÑèÈ (ÝïÍ 77)

Photovoltaic

104


(a) (b)

ÝïÍ 77: ÀàÌ–É¡–ÅàÇ–æÒ––ãÖß––ÉéÈ–É´ÃÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–Ë¯–ÏéÈ–ÑàÈ

• À×È–âÍªÃ–ÀàÌ–É¡–âÉêÓ–Ë–Í¡–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ÜßÌîÇàÈ, À×È–âÍªÃ–ÁßÙàÈÅàÇ–æÒ, ÆßÌéÈ–ÅàÇ–æÒ–ËÊìÀ–É‹ÜÃ–ãÖß–ÄèÍ–

ãÙ‹Ì –åÅŠ–ÍŠÜÌ–åÚŠ

• Ê‹à–Óê–ÀàÌ–É¡–âÉêÓ–äÈÇ–Í¡–æÈ‹–ÝèÍ–ÜßÌîÇàÈ À¡–Â×Ì–ÎíÈ–ÜÜÀ

• À×È–ÅÜÍ–ÀàÌ–âÁ¿àÚ‹ÇÃ–åÌ–Á§–É¡–ãÖß–Â×àÓ–ãÙ‹Ì–ãÀŠÌ

ÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ

• À×È–ÅÜÍ–ÀàÌ–ÔëÈ–ãÙ‹ÌÁÜÃÙ×ŠÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ

• À×È–ÀàÂ×àÓ–ÅßÜàÈ–ÁÜÃØÌŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ

ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ

• –âÎêÈ–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ––âË²Ü–Öß–ÜèÌÑ‹ÜÓ–ËèÃ–À×È–ÅÜÍ–ÀàÌ–Ëá–ÃàÌÁÜÃ–ÓèÌ

• À×È–ÅÜÍ–ÀàÌ–ÔëÈ–ãÙ‹ÌÁÜÃÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒËîÀ–ÜèÌ (ÝïÍ 77, b)

• Ëá–Â×àÓ–ÅßÜàÈÅŠ×ÌË–Ñ¿Ì–ÜÜÀ–Óà–ÁÜÃ–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ

Ú§–æÒÆßÌéÈ–Í¡–É‹ÜÃÀàÌ–ÍáÖîÃ–ÝèÀÅà (Maintenance Free Battery)

• À×È–Àà–Â×àÓ–ãÙÌ‹Ì–ãÀŠÌ–ãÖß–Á¸Ú‹ÞÃÔïŠ–Á´×ÌÉ¡. Ëá–Â×àÓ–ÅßÜàÈ–ãÖß–ØèÌ–åØ‹–ãÙ‹ÌÉàÓ–Â×àÓ–âÎèÌ–ÄéÃ. –

âÜíà–ÌŸÓèÌ–Àà–ãÖèÈ–Ëà–ÎíÀ–Á´×ÌÚ§–æÒ. Í¡–Â×Ì–åØ‹ÙŸÓèÌ–Àà–ãÖèÈ–ÖàÓ–æÎ–åÅŠ–ÍŠÜÌ–Ü²ÌÁÜÃ Ú§–æÒ ÌÜÀ–ÄàÀ–

Á´×ÌÉ¡–æÒ.

• Ëá–Â×àÓ–ÅßÜàÈÚ§–æÒ–È‹×Ç–ÌŸ–ÅßÜàÈ–ãÖß–Ï‹à–âÅÈ

Photovoltaic


105

ØÓ§–æÒ–ÆßÌéÈ (Open Cell Type Battery)

• Ëá–Â×àÓ–ÅßÜàÈ–È‹àÌ–âËéÃ–ÁÜÃÚ§–æÒ (ÝïÍ 78). À×È–ÅÜÍ–Â×àÓ–ãÙ‹Ì–ãÀ–ÌŠÁÜÃ–Á´×Ì–É¡–ãÖß–Á¸Ú‹ÞÃ

• À×È–ÅÜÍ–Â×àÓ–âÁÓÁÜÃ–ÌŸ–ÀíÈ–åÌ–ãÉŠ–Öß––ãÆ–Ö –äÈÇ –âÂì–ÜŠÃ–æÝ–äÈÕÓéÈ–âÉê Ñ‹ÜÓ–ËèÃ–ÍèÌËëÀ–ÏíÌ–ÔŠàÃ–ÂèÀ–ãÌŠ.

• Ê‹à–ãÆ–Ö–åÈ–Óê–ÖßÈèÍ–ÌŸ–ÀíÈ–Éœ, À¡–åØ‹–É²Ó–ÌŸ–À¨Ì–ÖíÃ–æÎ–åØ‹–âÊéÃ–ÖßÈèÍ–Ë–ÀáÌíÈ. Ø‹àÓ–Í¡–åØ‹–É²Ó–âÉêÓ–ÌŸ–À¨Ì–ÖíÃ.

• Ê‹à–Ðà–ÜèÈ–ãÆ–Ö––åÈÙ±ÃØàÀ–ãÉÀ–ØèÀÀ¡–Â×Ì–ÎŠÞÌ, Ûì ÜàÈ–ÎéÈÆ³×–Âà×–È‹×Ç–ãÏŠÌ–ÔàÃ Ûì ÈÜÌ–ãÀ‹× –

ãÍÍÛíÓƒ ÄíÌ–ÀŠ×à–Äß–ÆÜÀ–Ðà–ÜèÈ–ÜèÌ–åÚŠË–ÊìÀ–É‹ÜÃ. Ø‹àÓ–ÜèÈ–È‹×Ç–âÄÇ, ÊŠàÌ, –ãÏŠÌÏ‹à Ûì –äÖØß

• Ëá–Â×àÓ–ÅßÜàÈ–Ó§–æÒ–È‹×Ç–ÌŸ–ÅßÜàÈ–ãÖß–Ï‹à––âÅÈ

ÝïÍ 78: ÀàÌ–ÉéÈ–É¡––ãÖß–ÀàÌ–ÍáÖîÃ–ÝèÀÅà–Í¡–ÊìÀ–×éËê

10.4 ÀàÌ–ÍèÌËëÀ–ÏíÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–ÍáÖîÃ–ÝèÀÅà

ÀàÌ–ÍèÌËëÀ–ÏíÌ–ÀàÌ–ÍáÖîÃ–ÝèÀÅà–ÜàÈ–ÓÜÃ–×Šà–Í¡–Óê–Â×àÓÚàÇ–åØÇŠÛ×ÃÜèÌ–åÈ ÄíÌ–ÀŠ×àÖß–ÍíÍÄß–âÖ–

ÓÓê–ÍèÌØà. –âÓ²Ü–À×È–Âì–Ì–âÍªÃ–ÀàÌ–ÍèÌËëÀ–ÏíÌ–ÀàÌ–ÍáÃÖîÃ–ÝèÀÅà–ãÉŠ–ÖßÂÃ –âÝíà–Äß–âØèÌæÈ‹–ÔŠàÃ–ÃŠàÇ–ÈàÇ ×Šà Óê–

ØÇèÃ–âÀêÈ–Á¹ÌÀèÍ–ÖßÍíÍ.

ÝïÍ 79: ÀàÌ–ÍèÌËëÀÏíÌ–ÁÜÃ–ÀàÌ–ÍáÃÖîÃ–ÝèÀ–Óê–Â×àÓ–ÅáÂèÌ

ÀàÌ–ÍèÌËëÀ–ÏíÌ–ÀàÌ–ÍáÖîÃ–ÝèÀÅàÇèÃ–âÎèÌ–ÅªÃ–Ô´ÃÔìÌ–×Šà ÖßÍíÍ–æÈ‹–ÊìÀ–Èï–ãÖ–ÝèÀÅà–Óà–ÔŠàÃ–åÈ.

Photovoltaic

106


11 ÀàÌãÀ‹ÍèÌØàãÖßÅ‹ÜÓãÎÃåÌÖßÍíÍæÒÒ‹àãÅÃÉàâ×èÌ

11.1 ÅßâÙê

ÖßÍíÍæÒÒ‹àãÅÃÉàâ×èÌåÈËÊìÀÜÜÀãÍÍãÖßÉéÈÉÃÓàâÎèÌÔŠàÃÈê, ËèÃÓêÀàÌÍáÖîÃ ÝèÀ ÅàËÈê

Äß–Ëá–ÃàÌ–ÔŠàÃ–âÆ²Ü–Êì–æÈ‹–ãÖß–Óê–ÜàÇî–åÆ‹–ÃàÌ–Çà×–ÌàÌ–Îà–Åß–ÄàÀÍèÌØà. Áß–Í×ÌÀàÌ–Ë–ÆÜÀ–Øà–Á§–ÍíÀ–ÏŠÜÃ–ãÖ‹×–

Øà–×éËê–ÀáÄèÈ –âÜÌ×Šà ÀàÌ–ãÀ‹–ÍèÌØà. Áß–Í×ÌÀàÌ–Ë–âÝíÈ–åØ‹–ÖßÍíÍ–åÆ‹–ÃàÌ–Âì–ÌÓà–æÈ‹–ÜêÀ –âÜÌ×Šà ÀàÌ–Å‹ÜÓ–

ãÎÃ.

11.2 Îß–âÑÈ–ÀàÌ–ÍíÀ–ÏŠÜÃ–åÌ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ

ÅáÖèÍ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ–ãÖ‹× Óê–ÅàÓ–Îß–âÑÈ–ÀàÌÍíÀ–ÏŠÜÃ–È¨Ã–É¡–æÎ–Ì¸:

ÀàÌ–ÍíÀ–ÏŠÜÃ–Îß–âÑÈ 1

ÖßÍíÍ–ÔîÈ–Ëá–ÃàÌ–ËèÃÚíÈ. Í¡–Óê–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ–åÈ–åÆ‹–ÃàÌ–æÈ‹–âÖêÇ.

ÀàÌ–ÍíÀ–ÏŠÜÃ–Îß–âÑÈ 2:

ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ–ÄáÌ×ÌÙ±ÃËá–ÃàÌÎíÀÀßÉé–Èê, –ãÉŠ–ÜêÀ–ÄáÌ×ÌÙ±ÃÍ¡–æÈ‹–Èê.

ÀàÌ–ÍíÀ–ÏŠÜÃ–Îß–âÑÈ 3:

ÖßÍíÍ–Ëá–ÃàÌ–ãÉŠ–åÆ‹–æÒÚíÈ–æ×–âÀê–Ì–æÎ

ÀàÌ–ÍíÀ–ÏŠÜÃ–ãÉŠ–Öß–Îß–âÑÈ–Óê–ÅàÇ–âØÈ––ãÉÀÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌãÖß–×éËê–ÀàÌ–ãÀ‹–ÍèÌØà–À¡ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ.

11.2.1 ÀàÌ–ÍíÀ–ÏŠÜÃ–Îß–âÑÈ 1: ÖßÍíÍ–ÔîÈ–Ëá–ÃàÌ–ËèÃÚíÈ

–äÈÇ–Ë³×–æÎ ÄßÓê–ÅàÇ–âØÈ–Ç‹ÜÌÅàÇ–æÒ–ÁàÈ, Á§–É¡Í¡–ãÙ‹ÌÈê Ûì ÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ–ÍíÀ–ÏŠÜÃ. ÀŠÜÌ–Ü²ÌÚíÈ–

åØ‹–À×È–Àà–âÍªÃ–ÖßÈèÍ–ÀàÌ–ÍèÌÄî–æÒÒ‹à–ÁÜÃÚ§–æÒ–äÈÇ–åÆ‹–âÂ²ÜÃ–×èÈ –æÝ–äÈÕÓéÈ–âÉê (–âÂ²ÜÃ–×èÈ–Â×àÓÙà–

ãÙ‹ÌÁÜÃ–ÌŸ) Ûì È‹×Ç–âÂ²ÜÃ–×èÈ–ä×–Ì. ÏíÌ–ÜÜÀ–Óà–ÜàÈ––âÎèÌ–È¨Ã–É¡–æÎ–Ì¸:

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107

–ÅàÇ–âØÈË¯–ÜàÈ–âÎèÌ–æÎ–

æÈ‹

–ÄßâÝèÈ–ãÌ×–åÈ ×éËê–ãÀ‹–æÁ

Ú§–æÒ–Í¡–Óê–æÒÒ‹à: ÅàÇ–âØÈ–ÜàÈ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÖßØ×ŠàÃÚ§–æÒ–ãÖß–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ Æ±Ã–ÜàÈ–ÌÜÌ–åÌ–Àç–Öß–ÌêÉ¡–æÎ–Ì¸

–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ ÛìÅàÇ–

æÒÉ¡–åÅŠ–ãÏŠÌ–ÍíÀ–ÏŠÜÃ

ÎíÈ–ÅàÇ–æÒ Ë–É¡–åÅŠ–ãÏŠÌ–ÝèÍ–ãÅÃ ÜÜÀ–ÄàÀÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–

ÂîÓ. À×È–Àà–âÍªÃ–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÔïŠ–Å¿Ì–ÅàÇ–æÒÓà–ÄàÀ–ãÏŠÌ–åÌ–

ÆŠ×Ã–Ë–Óê–ãÈÈ–Èê. Ê‹à–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ØàÀ–Éœ–ÀŠ×à 12V, ÍèÌØà–

Äß–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃÛìÅàÇ–æÒ–É¡Š–ãÏŠÌ.

–ãÇÀ–ÅàÇ–æÒ–É¡–ãÏŠÌ–

ÜÜÀ–ÄàÀ–ÀèÌ–ËèÃ–ÓíÈ–

ãÖ‹×–À×È–ÅÜÍ–ÀàÌ–Ëá–

ÃàÌ–ÁÜÃãÉŠ–Öß–ãÏŠÌ (–

ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–×íÃ–ÄÜÌ–âÎêÈ–

ãÖß–Àß–ãÅ–ÖèÈ–×íÃ–ÄÜÌ).

ÎŠÞÌ––åÚŠ ãÏŠÌ–åÈ–Ë–Í¡–Ëá–

ÃàÌ. Ëá–Â×àÓÅß ÜàÈ–

Á´×ÌÉ¡–ãÖß–ÅàÇ–æÒ. É¡–

ÅàÇ–æÒ–åÅŠ–ãÏŠÌ–Âì–Ì––ÊìÀ–

É‹ÜÃ

ØÌŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ–ÍíÀ–ÏŠÜÃ À×È–ÅÜÍ–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÔïŠ–Á´×ÌÉ¡–åÅŠÅàÇÚ§–æÒ (Ø‹àÓ–À×È–

ÅÜÍ–Àß–ãÅ ! ) –ãÖß––ãÝÃÈèÌ–ÔïŠ–É¡–åÅŠ–ÅàÇ–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ –

åÌÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ–åÌ–ÆŠ×Ã–Ë–ÇèÃ–Óê–ãÈÈ–ÅŠÜÃ–Èê. Ê‹à–ãÝÃ–

ÈèÌÔïŠ–Á´×ÙÉ¡–ÅàÇÚ§–æÒØàÀ–Éœ–ÀŠ×à 13.5V –ãÖß–ãÝÃ–

ÈèÌ–ÔïŠ–Á´×ÌÉ¡–ÅàÇ–ãÏŠÌ ØàÀ–ÅïÃ–ÀŠ×à 14V, –ãÓŠÌÚàÇ

Â×àÓ–×Šà ÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ–ÍíÀ–ÏŠÜÃ–

ÎŠÞÌÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ–åÚŠ

Óê–Â×àÓ–ÍíÀ–ÏŠÜÃ–ÔïŠÅàÇ–

æÒ–Öß Ø×ŠàÃÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–

ÂîÓ–ãÖßÚ§–æÒ

–âÎêÈ–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒÚíÈËîÀ–ÜèÌ. ×èÈ–ãËÀ–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÔïŠ–

Á´×ÌÉ¡–ÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓåÅŠ–ÅàÇÚ§–æÒ––ãÖß–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌÔïŠ–

Øí×Á×ÌÁÜÃØÓ§–æÒ–äÈÇ–ÀíÃ (Í¡–ãÓŠÌ–ÏŠàÌ–ÅàÇ–É¡). Ê‹à–

ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ–âÀêÌ–ÀŠ×à 0.5 –ä×–Ì –äÈÇ–ÔïŠ–

–ãÇÀ–ÅàÇ–æÒ–Ú§–æÒÜÜÀ–

ÄàÀ–ÀèÌ–ËèÃÚíÈ, ÎíÈ–Øí×–

Á§–É¡–ÜÜÀ–ÄàÀ–Øí×Á×ÌÚ§–

æÒ. Ëá–Â×àÓ–ÅßÜàÈ–Á§–

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108



æÈ‹


Á´×ÌÅàÇ–É¡Ú§–æÒ–ÁÜÃ–ÌŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓÓêÂŠà–Éœ–ÀŠ×à,

ÚàÇ–âÊéÃ–×Šà ÅàÇ–É¡Ú§–æÒ–Óê–ÍèÌØà

É¡–ãÖß–ÅàÇ–æÒ. É¡–ÅàÇ–

æÒ–åÅŠ–Á§–É¡Ú§–æÒ–ãÖß–åÌ

ÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ, ØèÌ–åØ‹–

ãÙ‹ÌÈê

Ú§–æÒ–ÍíÀ–ÏŠÜÃ –åÆ‹–æÝ–äÈÕÓéÈ–âÉêÀ×È–ÅÜÍ–ãÉŠ–Öß–ãÆ–ÖÁÜÃÚ§–æÒ. Ê‹à–

âØèÌ–×Šà Óê–ãÆ–Ö–åÈÙ±ÃÛìÛàÇ–ãÆ–Ö–åØ‹–ÂŠà–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌ

ÛàÇ, ÚàÇ–âÊéÃ–×Šà Ú§–æÒ–Óê–ÍèÌØà–ãÖ‹×. ÉàÓ–Ëá–Óß–Èà

––åÌãÆ–ÖË–ÍíÀ–ÏŠÜÃ(âÅ–ÇÂîÌ)ÌŸ–ÀíÈ–Äß–ÁîŠÌ Ûì Óê–

âÐºÜÅêÁà×ÒïÎíÀÙ‹à. Ê‹àãÆÖØàÀ

ÓêÂŠàåÀ‹ÂÞÃÀèÌãÉŠÉáÛàÇ, åØ‹É¡

Ú§æÒåÅŠÅàÇÓàÄàÀãÏŠÌÎéÌãÅÃäÈÇÀíÃ Îßæ×‹ 2-3

Óº âÑ²ÜâÍªÃ×Šà Ú§æÒÇèÃÅàÀæÒÔïŠÍç.Ê‹à–ÓèÌ–ÇèÃ–ÅàÀ–æÒ, –

åØ‹–É¡Ú§–æÒ–åÅŠ–ÖßÍíÍ–Âì–Ì–ãÖß–Ëá–ÀàÌ–À×È–ÅÜÍ–Âì–Ì ÜêÀ

ÎŠÞÌÚ§–æÒ–Ë–âÅ–ÇÂîÌ,

À×È–ÅÜÍ–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ,

ÙŠ×Ç Â×Í–ÂîÓ, ÅàÇ–æÒ–

ãÖß–ÎíÀ–ãÇÀ–ÜÜÀ, –Ëá–

Â×àÓ–ÅßÜàÈ –ãÖ‹×–É¡–

åÅŠ–Âì–Ì

Ú§–æÒ–Óê–æÒ: –âÓ²Ü–âØèÌ–×ŠàÚ§–æÒ–ÇèÃ–Óê–æÒ –ãÉŠ–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌÀéÌ–æÒ–Í¡–Ëá–ÃàÌ–ÄèÀ–ÜèÌ, Â×àÓ–ÍíÀ–ÏŠÜÃ–ãÓŠÌ–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÅàÇ–æÒ–

ÖßØ×ŠàÃÚ§–æÒ–ãÖß–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ–Ì´Ìƒ

Òé×Ûì–âÍÕÀ–âÀê ÁÜÃ–

ÖßÍíÍÁàÈ

À×È–ÅÜÍ–âÍªÃ–Òé×–ãÖß–âÍÕÀ–âÀêÁÜÃ×íÃ–ÄÜÌ–æÒÒ‹à. Ê‹à–

×íÃ–ÄÜÌ–âÎêÈ, –Åß–ãÈÃ–×Šà Óê–ÀàÌ–ÖèÈ–×íÃ–ÄÜÌ–ÔïŠ–ÄîÈ–

åÈÙ±ÃÔïŠ–ÅàÇ–æÒÛìÔïŠ–Éí×–ÀéÌ–æÒ–âÜÃ, –åØ‹–À×È–âÍªÃ–ÅàÇ–

æÒ–ãÖß–Éí×–ÀéÌ–æÒ–ËîÀ–ÜèÌ

–ãÀ‹–æÁ–ÅàÇ–æÒÛìÜîÎß–

ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ–Ë–Óê–ÍèÌ Øà,

ÎŠÞÌ–Òé×–åÚŠ–ãÖß–

É´ÃÂŠàÙŠ×ÇâÇÕÀâÀê

ÁÜÃ ×íÃÄÜÌÂìÌåÚŠ

ÓêÂ×àÓ–ÍíÀ–ÏŠÜÃåÌÅàÇ

æÒÖßØ×ŠàÃØÌŠ×ÇÂ×Í

À×ÈÅÜÍãÝÃÈèÌÔïŠÁ´×ÌÉ¡ÙŠ×ÇÂ×ÍÂîÓåÅŠÉí×ÀéÌæÒ.

Ê‹àÂŠà ãËÀæÈ‹ åÀ‹ÂÞÃÀèÍ ãÝÃÈèÌÚ§æÒ

Ëá–Â×àÓ–ÅßÜàÈ–Á§–É¡–

ÉŠàÃƒ, ÎŠÞÌ–ÅàÇ–æÒ–Ë–âÎŠ–

Photovoltaic


109


æÈ‹


ÂîÓ

ãÖßÜîÎßÀÜÌÀéÌæÒ

âÎèÌËãÌŠÌÜÌ×Šà ÀàÌÍíÀÏŠÜÃ ãÓŠÌÔïŠÖßØ×ŠàÃ

ÙŠ×ÇÂ×ÍÂîÓ ãÖß ÜîÎßÀÜÌÀéÌæÒ

âÑ Ûì Ë–Óê–Áß ÙàÈÍ¡–

âÚàßÅíÓÀèÍ–Â×àÓ–Çà×

ÅßØ×ê–È–æÒ–ÍíÀ–ÏŠÜÃ Ê‹à–ØàÀ–åÆ‹–ÅßØ×éÈ–æÒ–ÜèÌ–ÈÞ×–Â×Í–ÂîÓ–Éí×–ÀéÌ–æÒ–

ËèÃÚíÈ À¡–ÜàÈ––âÎèÌ–Éí×ÍèÌØà–æÈ‹. É¡–ÖèÈ–×íÃ–ÄÜÌ–ÅßØ×éÈ

–äÈÇ–åÆ‹–ÅàÇ–æÒ–Å´Ìƒ–. Ê‹à–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ–Ëá–ÃàÌ À¡–

ÓàÇ–Â×àÓ–×Šà ÅßØ×éÈ–æÒ–ÍíÀ–ÏŠÜÃ

ÎŠÞÌ–ÅßØ×éÈ–

ÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ–ÍíÀ–ÏŠÜÃ ×èÈ–ãËÀ–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÔïŠ–Á´×ÌÉ¡–ÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓåÅŠ–ÅàÇ–æÒ–Éí×–

ÀéÌ–æÒ –ãÖß–Á´×ÌÉ¡–åÅŠ–ÅàÇ–æÒ Ú§–æÒ. Ê‹à–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÔïŠ–

Á´×Ì6ç–åÅŠ–ÅàÇ–æÒ–Éí×–ÀéÌ––æÒ–ØàÀ–âË³à–ÅïÌ Ûì

ÓêÂŠàÉœÀŠ×à–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ Á×ÌÉ¡Ú§–æÒÛàÇ –ãÓŠÌ–Éí×–Â×Í–

ÂîÓ–ÀàÌ–ÄŠàÇ–æÒÜàÈ–Óê–ÍèÌØà

ÎŠÞÌÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ

11.2.2 ÀàÌ–ÍíÀ–ÏŠÜÃ–Îß–âÑÈ 2: ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ–ÄáÌ×ÌÙ±ÃËá–ÃàÌ –ãÉŠ–ÜêÀ–ÄáÌ×Ì–Ü²ÌÍ¡

ÀàÌ–ÍíÀ–ÏŠÜÃ–Îß–âÑÈ–Ì¸ÓèÀ–Äß–Óê–ÅàÇ–âØÈ–Óà–ÄàÀ–ãÏŠÌ–ÝèÍ–ãÅÃÛì Ú§–æÒ

ÅàÇ–âØÈ–Ë–ÜàÈ–

âÎèÌ–æÎ–æÈ‹

Äß–âÝèÈ–ãÌ×–åÈ? ××éËê–ãÀ‹–æÁ

ÜàÈ–Ç‹ÜÌ–

ÅßØ×éÈ–æÒ–ÍàÃ–

ÜèÌ–Í¡–Ëá–ÃàÌ

Ä³Ã–åÆ‹–ÅàÇ–æÒ–É¡–ÖèÈ–×íÃ–ÄÜÃ–ÁÜÃ–Åß–Ø×È–æÒ–åÈ–Ë–ÜîÎß–

ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ–Í¡–Ëá–ÃàÌ. Ê‹à–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–Ëá–ÃàÌ–Âì–Ì, Åß–ãÈÃ–

×Šà ÅßØ×éÈ–æÒ–ÍíÀ–ÏŠÜÃ

ÎŠÞÌ–ÅßØ×éÈ–æÒ–Ë–ÍíÀ–ÏŠÜÃ

ÀàÌ–É¡–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–

ÀéÌ–æÒ–ÜàÈ–ÏéÈ–

ÑàÈ

À×È–ÅÜÍ–âÍªÃÀàÌ–É¡–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ. –åØ‹–ãñÌ–åÄ–×à Á‹×à–

æÒ “+” ÁÜÃ–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ–É¡–åÅŠ–Á‹×àÍ–

×ÀÁÜÃÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ

É¡–ÅàÇ–æÒ–åØ‹–ÊìÀ–Á‹×à

Photovoltaic

110


ÅàÇ–âØÈ–Ë–ÜàÈ–

âÎèÌ–æÎ–æÈ‹

Äß–âÝèÈ–ãÌ×–åÈ? ××éËê–ãÀ‹–æÁ

ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ––

âÜÃÜàÈ–ÍíÀ–ÏŠÜÃ

À×ÈÅÜÍ–âÍªÃ–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÁÜÃÚ§–æÒ, Ê‹à–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌÚ§–æÒ–Éœ–,

ÌŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ–ÜàÈ–ÍíÀ–ÏŠÜÃ. Ê‹à–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌÚ§–æÒ–âË³à–

ÀèÍÛìÅïÃ–ÀŠ×à 12V, Ä³Ã–åÆ‹–ÅàÇ–æÒ–Ë–Óê–ÁßÙàÈ–âÚàßÅíÓ –

âÑ²Ü–É¡–ÖèÈ–×íÃ–ÄÜÌ ÄàÀ–Éí×–ÀéÌ–æÒ–åÅŠÚ§–æÒ–äÈÇ–ÀíÃ, Ê‹à–

ÓèÌ–ÇèÃ–Í¡–Ëá–ÃàÌ Åß–ãÈÃ–×Šà Éí×–ÀéÌ–æÒ–ÍíÀ–ÏŠÜÃ–âÜÃ.

Å‹ÜÓ–ãÎÃÛìÎŠÞÌ–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–

æÒ

ÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ–

ÀàÌ–ÄŠàÇ–æÒ–ÜàÈ–

Ëá–ÃàÌ–Í¡–æÈ‹–Èê

À×È–ÅÜÍ–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌÁÜÃÚ§–æÒ. Ê‹à–Éœ–ÀŠ×à 11V,

ÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ–ÀàÌ–ÄŠàÇ–ÜàÈ–Ëá–ÃàÌ–Í¡–æÈ‹–Èê

ÎŠÞÌ–ØÌŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ

ÅàÇ–æÒ–ÜàÈ–Óê–

ÁßÙàÈÌ‹ÜÇ–

âÀêÌ–æÎ Ûì ÜàÈ–

Çà×–âÀêÌ–æÎ

×èÈ–ãËÀ–Â×àÓ–Çà×–ÁÜÃ–ÅàÇ–æÒ –âÑ²ÜÀ×È–Âì–Ì–âÍªÃ–×Šà

ÅáÖèÍ–Â×àÓ–Çà×–ÌÌ ÅàÇ–æÒ–ÜàÈ Ù‹ÜÇ–âÀêÌ–æÎÛìÍç?

Ê‹àÙ‹ÜÇÛàÇ ÜàÈ–âÎèÌ–Éí×–Å‹àÃ–ÍèÌØà

ÎŠÞÌ–ÅàÇ–æÒ–åØ‹–ÊìÀ–ÁßÙàÈ

Á§–É¡ÛíÓÛì–âÎºÜÌ –ãÇÀ–ÅàÇ–æÒ–ÖßØ×ŠàÃ–ÌŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ–ãÖß–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–

æÒÜÜÀ–ÄàÀ–Á§–É¡–ËèÃÚíÈ, Ëá–Â×àÓ–ÅßÜàÈÅàÇ–æÒ–ãÖß–

Á§–É¡. ––É¡ÅàÇ–æÒÂì–Ì–ãÖß–ØèÌ––åØ‹–ãÙ‹Ì

11.2.3 ÀàÌ–ÍíÀ–ÏŠÜÃ–Îß–âÑÈ 3: ÖßÍíÍ–Ëá–ÃàÌ–ãÉŠ–åÆ‹–æÒÚíÈ–æ×–âÀêÌ–æÎ–

ÅªÃ–Ì¸–âÎèÌ–Ë–ãÏŠÛàÇÅáÖèÍ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ Æ±Ã–ÜàÈ–Óê–ÅàÇ–âØÈ–ÈÞ×Ûì*àÇÅàÇ–âØÈ–Ö×ÓÀèÌ.

ÀàÌ–ÍíÀ–ÏŠÜÃ–Îß–âÑÈ–Ì¸ Í³Ã–ÍÜÀ–âÊéÃ–×Šà Ú§–æÒ–Óê–æÒ–Í¡–ÑÞÃ–Ñç–ÀèÍ–Â×àÓ–É‹ÜÃÀàÌÁÜÃ–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ. ÅàÇ–âØÈ–

ÜàÈ–Óê–È¨Ã–É¡–æÎ–Ì¸

Photovoltaic


111

ÅàÇ–âØÈ–Ë¯–ÜàÈ–âÎèÌ–æÎ–æÈ‹ Äß–âÝèÈ––ãÌ×–åÈ? ×éËê–ãÀ‹–æÁ

–æÒ–ÜÜÀ–Óà–ÄàÀ–ãÏŠÌ–ØÌ‹ÜÇ–âÀêÌ–æÎ ÜàÈ–âÎèÌ–Ç‹ÜÌ–Óê–ÅªÃ–ÎéÈ–ÍèÃ–ãÏŠÌ, –ãÏŠÌ–âÅ–

ÇÂîÌ, ÅàÇ–æÒ–É¡–åÅŠ–ãÏŠÌ–ÜàÈ–Ì‹ÜÇ–âÀêÌ–æÎ

ÛìÇà×–âÀêÌ–æÎ, Á§–É¡ÛíÓ, –ãÏŠÌ–ÜŠ×àÇÙ‹à–

æÎ–ÏéÈ–ËéÈ–ËàÃ Ûì Óê–ÐîŠÌÄèÍ–ãÏŠÌÛàÇ

–ÀáÄèÈ–ÅªÃ–Àá–ÍèÃ–ãÏŠÌ Ûì

Ç‹àÇ–ãÏŠÌ–æÎ–É´Ã–åÅŠ–ÍŠÜÌ–

åÚŠ, ÉÃ–åØ‹–ÊìÀ–ËéÈ–ËàÃ,

ÎŠÞÌ–ãÏŠÌ–Ë–âÑ, ØèÌ–Á§–É¡–åØ‹–

ãÙ‹ÌÂì–Ì –Ûì Ëá–Â×àÓ–

ÅßÜàÈ–ãÏŠÌ–ÝèÍ–ãÅÃ

É²Ó–âÉêÓ–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ –åÌ–

ÄáÌ×ÌÛàÇ–âÀêÌ– Ûì Àá ÖèÃ–æÒ–åØÇŠ–

âÀêÌ–æÎ Ë–ÜÜÀ–ãÍÍ–Óà

ÀàÌ–åÆ‹–ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ–Äß–âÑÓ–Á¹ÌÛàÇÀ×Šà–Ë–

ÜÜÀ–ãÍÍ–Óà ÅßÌÌ Ä±Ã–âÝèÈ–åØ‹Ú§–æÒ–

ÄŠàÇ–æÒÚíÈ–æ×–âÀêÌ–æÎ

–âÑÓ–ÄáÌ×Ì–ãÏŠÌ––ãÖß–

ÁßÙàÈÂ×àÓ–Äî–ÁÜÃÚ§–

æÒ–Á¹Ì, Ûì

É‹ÜÃÛî‡ÈÏŠÜÌÀáÖèÃ–ÀéÌ–

æÒ –Ûì ÄáÌ×ÌÉí×–ÀéÌ–æÒ

–åÆ‹–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ–ÌàÌ–ÀŠ×àË–ÀàÌ–

ÜÜÀ–ãÍÍ–ÀáÌíÈ–æ×‹–åÌ–âÍºÜÃÉ¿Ì

ÅªÃ–Ì¸Äß–åÆ‹ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌ ÄàÀÚ§–

æÒÛàÇÀŠ×àÂ×àÓ–ÅàÓàÈ Ë–ÖßÍíÍÊìÀ–

ÜÜÀ–ãÍÍ–Óà

âÑÓ–ÄáÌ×Ì–ãÏŠÌ––ãÖß–

ÁßÙàÈÂ×àÓ–Äî–ÁÜÃÚ§–

æÒ–Á¹Ì, Ûì Ïï‹–åÆ‹–

É‹ÜÃÛî‡ÈÏŠÜÌ–â×Öà–ÀàÌ–

åÆ‹–æÒ –åØ‹–ÔïŠ–åÌ–ÁÜÍ–âÁÈ–

Ë–ÜÜÀ–ãÍÍ–Óà

ÀàÌ–É´ÃÂŠàÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ–Í¡–ÊìÀ–É‹ÜÃ ÅªÃ–Ì¸Äß–âÝèÈ–åØ‹Ú§–æÒ–Í¡–Óê–äÜÀàÈ–æÈ‹–ÅàÀ–

æÒ–âÉèÓ. Ê‹à–ØàÀ–Í¡–Óê–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌÀ×È–

ÅÜÍÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ–Åß–âÑàß–È ÜàÈ–Áç–åØ‹–

Ïï‹–åÆ‹–æÒ –â×´Ì×èÀÀàÌ–åÆ‹–æÒ–æ×‹–ÄèÀ 2-3 Óº–

ãÈÈ–Èê –âÑ²Ü––åØ‹–äÜÀàÈÚ§–æÒ–Äß–ÅàÀ–æÒ–

æÈ‹–âÉèÓ? ÀèÍ–Âì–ÌÓàÀ–×ÈÅÜÍ–âÍªÃ–ÖßÍíÍ–

ÎŠÞÌÙŠ×ÇÂ×ÍÂîÓ,

Å³ÃÌŠ×ÇâÀ³àæÎÅ‹ÜÓãÎÃ.

Photovoltaic

112



åÌ–ÉÜÌ–ÍŠàÇ–Óº–Ëê 3 –âÓ²Ü–ÇèÃ–Óê–ãÈÈ–. À×È–

ÅÜÍ–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌÚ§–æÒÔïŠ–Á´×ÌÉ¡–

ÁÜÃÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ–ãÖß–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÔïŠ–

Á´×ÌÉ¡ÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ–åÅŠ–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ. Ê‹à–

ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÅÜÃ–ÜèÌ–åÀ‹–ÂÞÃ–ÀèÌ–ãÖß–ÅîÃÀŠ×à

13V ÅáÖèÍ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒ 12V Ûì 26V

ÅáÖèÍ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒ 24V, –ãÓŠÌÚàÇÂ×àÓ–

×Šà ÌŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ–Ëá–ÃàÌ–Í¡–Èê. Ê‹à–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–

ãÏŠÌÅïÃ–ÀŠ×à–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌÚ§–æÒ 2-3 –ä×–Ì –

ãÖß–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌÚ§–æÒ–Éœ–ÀŠ×à 12.8V ÅáÖèÍ–

ÖßÍí–ÍæÒ 12V Ûì 25.6V

ÅáÖèÍÖßÍíÍæÒ 24V

ãÓŠÌÚàÇÂ×àÓ×Šà

ÙŠ×ÇÂ×ÍÂîÓÀàÌÅàÀ ÉèÈæÒÅàÀ

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ÄíÌÚ§æÒÍ¡ÓêäÜÀàÈæÈ‹ÅàÀæÒâÉèÓ

ÀàÌÉÃÂŠàÙŠ×ÇÂ×ÍÂîÓÓÀàÌÄŠàÇ–

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ÅªÃ–Ì¸–âÎèÌ–Åà–âØÈ–åØ‹–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒ–ÊìÀ–

ÉèÈ––ÄàÀÚ§–æÒ–æ×––âÀêÌ–æÎ. Ê‹à–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–

ÁÜÃÚ§–æÒ–Åß–ãÈÃ–ÂŠà–ÅïÃ–ÀŠ×à–âÂªÃÙ±ÃÁÜÃ

ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–æÒ–ÅàÀ –âÓ²Ü–Éí×–ÀéÌ–æÒ–ÊìÀ–ÉèÈ–

æÒ, ÚàÇÂ×àÓ–×Šà ÌŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ–ÀàÌ–

ÄŠàÇ–æÒ–ÊìÀ–É´ÃÂŠà–ÏéÈ–ÑàÈ

ÎŠÞÌÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ–ãÖß–

Å³ÃØ–ÌŠ×Ç–âÀ³à–æÎ––ãÎÃ

Ú§–æÒ–ÜŠÜÌ––ãÖ‹× ãÖß–Í¡–ÅàÓàÈ–âÀèÍ– ÅªÃ–Ì¸ÅàÓàÈÀáÌíÈ–æÈ‹–äÈÇ–ÀàÌ–ËíÈ–ÅÜÍ– ÎŠÞÌÚ§–æÒ–åÚŠ–ãÉŠ–

Photovoltaic


113


Ë‹ÜÌæÒ– åØ‹–ÑÞÃ–Ñç–ÀèÍ–Â×àÓ–É‹ÜÃ

ÀàÌ– ÁÜÃ–Éí×–ÀéÌ–æÒ

Â×àÓ–ÅàÓàÈ–ÍèÌÄî–ÁÜÃÚ§–æÒ–âÎèÌ Ah.

Ê‹à–ØàÀ–Óê–ãÆ–ÖÙ±ÃÛìÛàÇ–ãÆ–Ö–åØ‹–ÂŠà–×èÈ–

ãËÀ–ãÉÀ–ÉŠàÃ–ÀèÌÛàÇ ÛìÚ§–æÒ–ÊìÀåÆ‹–ÃàÌ–

Óà–ÌàÌ–ÀŠ×à 4 Îê–ãÖ‹×.

Ê‹àÚ§–æÒ–Óê–ÜàÇî–Éœ–ÀŠ×à 4 Îê, ÀàÌ–ÍíÀ–

ÏŠÜÃ–ÜàÈ––Ç‹ÜÌ–ÍèÌØà–Ü²Ì–åÌ–ÖßÍíÍ. –âÓ²Ü–

åÈ–ØàÀ–Äß–ÎŠÞÌÚ§–æÒ–Ë–Óê–ÜàÇî–Éœ–ÀŠ×à 4

Îê –åØ‹–À×È–Àà–âÍªÃÅŠ×Ì–Ü²Ìƒ–ÁÜÃ–ÖßÍíÍ–

ÔŠàÃ–ÖßÜÞÈ, –âÑ²Ü–åØ‹–ãÌŠ–åÄ–×Šà –Í¡–Óê–ÅªÃ–åÈ–

ÎéÈ–ÍèÃãÏŠÌ–åÌ–ÆŠ×Ã–ÉßÛÜÈÀàÃ–â×èÌ –ãÖß–

åØ‹–Ýï‹–×Šà–âÄ¿à–ÁÜÃ–Í¡–åÆ‹–æÒÛàÇ–âÀêÌ–ÀŠ×à–

ÀáÌíÈ. ÍèÌÈà–ÅªÃ–Ë–ÀŠà×–ÓàÌÌÄß–âÎèÌ–ÎèÈ–

åÄ–ÅáÂèÌ Ë–âÕíÈ–åØ‹Ú§–æÒ–Óê–ÜàÇî–

Å´ÌÖíÃÛàÇ –ãÖß–ÅßÌÌÄß–ÅëÍÉ¡–Ëá–

ÖàÇÚ§–æÒ–åÚŠË–Äß–Óà–ãËÌ

É‹ÜÃÀÉÈÉàÓ–ÀàÌ–åÆ‹–

ÃàÌ–ÔŠàÃ–ÖßÜÞÈ. Ê‹à–åÌ–

âÈìÜÌ–Ëá–ÜéÈ –âØèÌÚ§–æÒ–Óê–

ËŠà–ÜŠÞÃ×Šà–Äß–ÅßÙÜÃ–æÒ–

Í¡–ÑÞÃ–Ñç–âÚìÜÌ–âÈêÓ, ÜàÈ–

É‹ÜÃ–æÈ‹–ÆÜÀ–Øà–ÅàÇ–âØÈ–

Ü²Ìƒ ÈÃ–Ë–ÖßÍî–Óà–åÌ–Àç–

Öß–Ìê Á‹àÃ–âËéÃ–Ì´Ì Ä±Ã–Äß–

ÝèÍ–ÎßÀèÌ–×ŠàÚ§–æÒ–Äß–

ÅàÓàÈ–ÅßÙÜÃ–ÑßÖèÃ–

ÃàÌ–æÈ‹–Èê–Á¹Ì

Photovoltaic

114


âÜÀÅàÌ–Æ‹ÜÌ–Ë‹àÇ

–âÜÀß–ÅàÌ–Æ‹ÜÌ–Ë‹àÇ 1: Éà–ÉßÖàÃÅàÇ–æÒ (ÂŠà–ÆèÈ–âÄÌ) ÅáÖèÍ–ÀàÌ–ÀáÌíÈ–ÅàÇ–æÒ–åÌ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–

â×èÌ (ÖßÍíÍ–æÒ 12 V)

–äØÖ–È Ûì ÀáÖèÃ–ÁÜÃ–ãÏŠÌ Â×àÓ–Çà×–ÖßØ×ŠàÃÚ§–æÒ–ãÖß–Éí×–ÀéÌ–æÒ Ûì –ãÏŠÌ–ÝèÍ–ãÅÃ (–ãÓèÈ)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Wp Ûì W

–âÎèÌÜá–ãÎ A

ÂŠàÆèÈ–âÄÌÙ‹àÉèÈÅàÇ–æÒ (–âÎèÌ mm2) –âÑ²Ü–ÝèÍ–ÎßÀèÌ–Í¡–åØ‹–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÉíÀ–âÀêÌ 0.5 V

5 0.42 0.03 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.13 0.15 0.18 0.20 0.23 0.25 0.28 0.30 0.33 0.35 0.38 10 0.83 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 15 1.25 0.08 0.15 0.23 0.30 0.38 0.45 0.53 0.60 0.68 0.75 0.83 0.90 0.98 1.05 1.13 20 1.67 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 25 2.08 0.13 0.25 0.38 0.50 0.63 0.75 0.88 1.00 1.13 1.25 1.38 1.50 1.63 1.75 1.88 30 2.50 0.15 0.30 0.45 0.60 0.75 0.90 1.05 1.20 1.35 1.50 1.65 1.80 1.95 2.10 2.25 35 2.92 0.18 0.35 0.53 0.70 0.88 1.05 1.23 1.40 1.58 1.75 1.93 2.10 2.28 2.45 2.63 40 3.33 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.20 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00 45 3.75 0.23 0.45 0.68 0.90 1.13 1.35 1.58 1.80 2.03 2.25 2.48 2.70 2.93 3.15 3.38 50 4.17 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.25 3.50 3.75 55 4.58 0.28 0.55 0.83 1.10 1.38 1.65 1.93 2.20 2.48 2.75 3.03 3.30 3.58 3.85 4.13 60 5.00 0.30 0.60 0.90 1.20 1.50 1.80 2.10 2.40 2.70 3.00 3.30 3.60 3.90 4.20 4.50 65 5.42 0.33 0.65 0.98 1.30 1.63 1.95 2.28 2.60 2.93 3.25 3.58 3.90 4.23 4.55 4.88 70 5.83 0.35 0.70 1.05 1.40 1.75 2.10 2.45 2.80 3.15 3.50 3.85 4.20 4.55 4.90 5.25 75 6.25 0.38 0.75 1.13 1.50 1.88 2.25 2.63 3.00 3.38 3.75 4.13 4.50 4.88 5.25 5.63 80 6.67 0.40 0.80 1.20 1.60 2.00 2.40 2.80 3.20 3.60 4.00 4.40 4.80 5.20 5.60 6.00 85 7.08 0.43 0.85 1.28 1.70 2.13 2.55 2.98 3.40 3.83 4.25 4.68 5.10 5.53 5.95 6.38 90 7.50 0.45 0.90 1.35 1.80 2.25 2.70 3.15 3.60 4.05 4.50 4.95 5.40 5.85 6.30 6.75 95 7.92 0.48 0.95 1.43 1.90 2.38 2.85 3.33 3.80 4.28 4.75 5.23 5.70 6.18 6.65 7.13 100 8.33 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 105 8.75 0.53 1.05 1.58 2.10 2.63 3.15 3.68 4.20 4.73 5.25 5.78 6.30 6.83 7.35 7.88 110 9.17 0.55 1.10 1.65 2.20 2.75 3.30 3.85 4.40 4.95 5.50 6.05 6.60 7.15 7.70 8.25 115 9.58 0.58 1.15 1.73 2.30 2.88 3.45 4.03 4.60 5.18 5.75 6.33 6.90 7.48 8.05 8.63 120 10.00 0.60 1.20 1.80 2.40 3.00 3.60 4.20 4.80 5.40 6.00 6.60 7.20 7.80 8.40 9.00 125 10.42 0.63 1.25 1.88 2.50 3.13 3.75 4.38 5.00 5.63 6.25 6.88 7.50 8.13 8.75 9.38 130 10.83 0.65 1.30 1.95 2.60 3.25 3.90 4.55 5.20 5.85 6.50 7.15 7.80 8.45 9.10 9.75 135 11.25 0.68 1.35 2.03 2.70 3.38 4.05 4.73 5.40 6.08 6.75 7.43 8.10 8.78 9.45

10 13 140 11.67 0.70 1.40 2.10 2.80 3.50 4.20 4.90 5.60 6.30 7.00 7.70 8.40 9.10 9.80 10.50 145 12.08 0.73 1.45 2.18 2.90 3.63 4.35 5.08 5.80 6.53 7.25 7.98 8.70 9.43 0.15 10.88 150 12.50 0.75 1.50 2.25 3.00 3.75 4.50 5.25 6.00 6.75 7.50 8.25 9.00 9.75 10.50 11.25 155 12.92 0.78 1.55 2.33 3.10 3.88 4.65 5.43 6.20 6.98 7.75 8.53 9.30 10.08 10.85 11.63 160 13.33 0.80 1.60 2.40 3.20 4.00 4.80 5.60 6.40 7.20 8.00 8.80 9.60 10.40 11.20 12.00 165 13.75 0.83 1.65 2.48 3.30 4.13 4.95 5.78 6.60 7.43 8.25 9.08 9.90 10.73 11.55 12.38 170 14.17 0.85 1.70 2.55 3.40 4.25 5.10 5.95 6.80 7.65 8.50 9.35 10.20 11.05 11.90 12.75 175 14.58 0.88 1.75 2.63 3.50 4.38 5.25 6.13 7.00 7.88 8.75 9.63 10.50 11.38 12.25 13.13 180 15.00 0.90 1.80 2.70 3.60 4.50 5.40 6.30 7.20 8.10 9.00 9.90 10.80 11.70 12.60 13.50 185 15.42 0.93 1.85 2.78 3.70 4.63 5.55 6.48 7.40 8.33 9.25 10.18 11.10 12.03 12.95 13.88 190 15.83 0.95 1.90 2.85 3.80 4.75 5.70 6.65 7.60 8.55 9.50 10.45 11.40 12.35 13.30 14.25 195 16.25 0.98 1.95 2.93 3.90 4.88 5.85 6.83 7.80 8.78 9.75 10.73 11.70 12.68 13.65 14.63 200 16.67 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 205 17.08 1.03 2.05 3.08 4.10 5.13 6.15 7.18 8.20 9.23 10.25 11.28 12.30 13.33 14.35 15.38 210 17.50 1.05 2.10 3.15 4.20 5.25 6.30 7.35 8.40 9.45 10.50 11.55 12.60 13.65 14.70 15.75

–

Photovoltaic


115

âÜÀß–ÅàÌ–Æ‹ÜÌ–Ë‹àÇ 2: ÂŠà–ÅàÇ–ËÜÃ–âÛìÜÃ ÓàÈÉßÊàÌ ÅáÖèÍ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒ 12V


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Wp / W Üá–ãÎ A

ÂŠàÙ‹àÉèÈÅàÇ–æÒÓàÈ–ÉßÊàÌ (–âÎèÌ mm2) –âÑ²Ü–ÝèÍ–ÎßÀèÌ–Í¡–åØ‹–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÉíÀ–âÀêÌ 0.5 V –åÌ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒ 12 –ä×–Ì

5 0.42 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.510 0.83 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.515 1.25 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.520 1.67 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.525 2.08 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.530 2.50 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.535 2.92 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 440 3.33 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 445 3.75 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 4 450 4.17 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 4 4 455 4.58 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 4 4 4 660 5.00 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 4 4 4 6 665 5.42 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 670 5.83 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 675 6.25 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 680 6.67 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 685 7.08 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 890 7.50 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 8 895 7.92 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 8 8 8

100 8.33 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 8 8 8105 8.75 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 8 8 8 8110 9.17 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 8 8 10115 9.58 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 6 6 6 6 8 8 8 10 10120 10.00 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 6 6 6 6 8 8 8 10 10125 10.42 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 8 10 10 10130 10.83 1.5 1.5 2.5 4 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 8 10 10 10135 11.25 1.5 1.5 2.5 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 8 10 10 10 12140 11.67 1.5 1.5 2.5 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 8 10 10 10 12145 12.08 1.5 1.5 2.5 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 8 10 10 12 12150 12.50 1.5 1.5 2.5 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 10 10 10 12 12155 12.92 1.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 6 6 8 8 8 10 10 12 12 12160 13.33 1.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 6 6 8 8 8 10 10 12 12 12165 13.75 1.5 2.5 2.5 4 6 6 6 8 8 10 10 10 12 12 14170 14.17 1.5 2.5 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 10 10 12 12 12 14175 14.58 1.5 2.5 4 4 6 6 8 8 8 10 10 12 12 14 14180 15.00 1.5 2.5 4 4 6 6 8 8 10 10 10 12 12 14 14185 15.42 1.5 2.5 4 4 6 6 8 8 10 10 12 12 14 14 14190 15.83 1.5 2.5 4 4 6 6 8 8 10 10 12 12 14 14 16195 16.25 1.5 2.5 4 4 6 6 8 8 10 10 12 12 14 14 16200 16.67 1.5 2.5 4 4 6 6 8 8 10 10 12 12 14 14 16205 17.08 1.5 2.5 4 6 6 8 8 10 10 12 12 14 14 16 16210 17.50 1.5 2.5 4 6 6 8 8 10 10 12 12 14 14 16 16215 17.92 1.5 2.5 4 6 6 8 8 10 10 12 12 14 14 16 16220 18.33 1.5 2.5 4 6 6 8 8 10 10 12 14 14 16 16 16225 18.75 1.5 2.5 4 6 6 8 8 10 12 12 14 14 16 16 16230 19.17 1.5 2.5 4 6 6 8 10 10 12 12 14 14 16 16 16235 19.58 1.5 2.5 4 6 6 8 10 10 12 12 14 16 16 16 16

–

Photovoltaic

116


âÜÀß–ÅàÌ–Æ‹ÜÌ–Ë‹àÇ 3: ÂŠà–ÆèÈ–âÄÌ–ÁÜÃÅàÇ–æÒ –åÌ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒ 24V


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Wp Ûì W

Üá–ãÎ A

ÂŠàÆèÈ–âÄÌÙ‹àÉèÈÅàÇ–æÒ (–âÎèÌ mm2) –âÑ²Ü–ÝèÍ–ÎßÀèÌ–Í¡–åØ‹–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÉíÀ–âÀêÌ 1 V –åÌ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒ 24 –ä×–Ì

10 0.42 0.01 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.18 0.19

20 0.83 0.03 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.13 0.15 0.18 0.20 0.23 0.25 0.28 0.30 0.33 0.35 0.38

30 1.25 0.04 0.08 0.11 0.15 0.19 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34 0.38 0.41 0.45 0.49 0.53 0.56

40 1.67 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75

50 2.08 0.06 0.13 0.19 0.25 0.31 0.38 0.44 0.50 0.56 0.63 0.69 0.75 0.81 0.88 0.94

60 2.50 0.08 0.15 0.23 0.30 0.38 0.45 0.53 0.60 0.68 0.75 0.83 0.90 0.98 1.05 1.13

70 2.92 0.09 0.18 0.26 0.35 0.44 0.53 0.61 0.70 0.79 0.88 0.96 1.05 1.14 1.23 1.31

80 3.33 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50

90 3.75 0.11 0.23 0.34 0.45 0.56 0.68 0.79 0.90 1.01 1.13 1.24 1.35 1.46 1.58 1.69

100 4.17 0.13 0.25 0.38 0.50 0.63 0.75 0.88 1.00 1.13 1.25 1.38 1.50 1.63 1.75 1.88

150 6.25 0.19 0.38 0.56 0.75 0.94 1.13 1.31 1.50 1.69 1.88 2.06 2.25 2.44 2.63 2.81

200 8.33 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.25 3.50 3.75

250 10.42 0.31 0.63 0.94 1.25 1.56 1.88 2.19 2.50 2.81 3.13 3.44 3.75 4.06 4.38 4.69

300 12.50 0.38 0.75 1.13 1.50 1.88 2.25 2.63 3.00 3.38 3.75 4.13 4.50 4.88 5.25 5.63

350 14.58 0.44 0.88 1.31 1.75 2.19 2.63 3.06 3.50 3.94 4.38 4.81 5.25 5.69 6.13 6.56

400 16.67 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50

450 18.75 0.56 1.13 1.69 2.25 2.81 3.38 3.94 4.50 5.06 5.63 6.19 6.75 7.31 7.88 8.44

500 20.83 0.63 1.25 1.88 2.50 3.13 3.75 4.38 5.00 5.63 6.25 6.88 7.50 8.13 8.75 9.38

550 22.92 0.69 1.38 2.06 2.75 3.44 4.13 4.81 5.50 6.19 6.88 7.56 8.25 8.94 9.63 10.31

600 25.00 0.75 1.50 2.25 3.00 3.75 4.50 5.25 6.00 6.75 7.50 8.25 9.00 9.75 10.50 11.25

650 27.08 0.81 1.63 2.44 3.25 4.06 4.88 5.69 6.50 7.31 8.13 8.94 9.75 10.56 11.38 12.19

700 29.17 0.88 1.75 2.63 3.50 4.38 5.25 6.13 7.00 7.88 8.75 9.63 10.50 11.38 12.25 13.13

750 31.25 0.94 1.88 2.81 3.75 4.69 5.63 6.56 7.50 8.44 9.38 10.31 11.25 12.19 13.13 14.06

800 33.33 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00

850 35.42 1.06 2.13 3.19 4.25 5.31 6.38 7.44 8.50 9.56 10.63 11.69 12.75 13.81 14.88 15.94

900 37.50 1.13 2.25 3.38 4.50 5.63 6.75 7.88 9.00 10.13 11.25 12.38 13.50 14.63 15.75 16.88

950 39.58 1.19 2.38 3.56 4.75 5.94 7.13 8.31 9.50 10.69 11.88 13.06 14.25 15.44 16.63 17.81

1000 41.67 1.25 2.50 3.75 5.00 6.25 7.50 8.75 10.00 11.25 12.50 13.75 15.00 16.25 17.50 18.75

–

Photovoltaic


117

âÜÀß–ÅàÌ–Æ‹ÜÌ–Ë‹àÇ 3: ÂŠàÙ‹àÉèÈ–ÅàÇ–æÒ–ÓàÈ–ÉßÊàÌ ÅáÖ\èÍÖßÍíÍ–æÒ 24V

ÀáÖèÃ–ãÏŠÌÛì –äØÖ–È Â×àÓ–Çà×–ÖßØ×ŠàÃÚ§–æÒ–ãÖß–Éí×–ÀéÌ–æÒ Ûì –ãÏŠÌ–ÝèÍ–ãÅÃ (–ãÓèÈ)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Wp Ûì W

Üá–ãÎ A ÂŠàÙ‹àÉèÈÅàÇ–æÒÓàÈ–ÉßÊàÌ (–âÎèÌ mm2) –âÑ²Ü–ÝèÍ–ÎßÀèÌ–Í¡–åØ‹–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–ÉíÀ–âÀêÌ 1 V –åÌ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒ 24 –ä×–Ì

10 0.42 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

20 0.83 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

30 1.25 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

40 1.67 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

50 2.08 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

60 2.50 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

70 2.92 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

80 3.33 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

90 3.75 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5

100 4.17 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

150 6.25 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 4 4

200 8.33 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 4 4 4

250 10.42 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 4 4 6 6 6

300 12.50 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6

350 14.58 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 8 8

400 16.67 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 8 8 8

450 18.75 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 8 8 10

500 20.83 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 8 10 10 10

550 22.92 1.5 1.5 2.5 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 8 10 10 10 12

600 25.00 1.5 1.5 2.5 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 10 10 10 12 12

650 27.08 1.5 2.5 2.5 4 6 6 6 8 8 10 10 10 12 12 14

700 29.17 1.5 2.5 4 4 6 6 8 8 8 10 10 12 12 14 14

750 31.25 1.5 2.5 4 4 6 6 8 8 10 10 12 12 14 14 16

800 33.33 1.5 2.5 4 4 6 6 8 8 10 10 12 12 14 14 16

850 35.42 1.5 2.5 4 6 6 8 8 10 10 12 12 14 14 16 16

900 37.50 1.5 2.5 4 6 6 8 8 10 12 12 14 14 16 16 16

950 39.58 1.5 2.5 4 6 6 8 10 10 12 12 14 16 16 16 16

1000 41.67 1.5 2.5 4 6 8 8 10 10 12 14 14 16 16 16 16

Photovoltaic

118


âÜÀß–ÅàÌ–Æ‹ÜÌ–Ë‹àÇ 4: ÀàÌ–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–ÜÜÀ–ãÍÍ–ÖßÍíÍ–æÒÒ‹à–ãÅÃ–Éà–â×èÌ

I. ÀàÌ–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ Panels sizing

Á´ÌÉÜÌ 1: ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌÉ¡–Óº (Wh) ÅáÖèÍ–ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ–ÀéÌ–æÒãÉŠ–Öß–ÜèÌ Ë–Äß–åÆ‹

ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌÀéÌ–æÒ

(–äØÖ–È)

–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ (V) ÀáÖèÃ–æÒ

(W)

–â×Öà–åÆ‹–É¡–Óº

(ÆÓ)

ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌË–åÆ‹–É¡–Óº

(Wh=ÀáÖèÃ–æÒ x ÆÓ)

ÚàÇ–âØÈ

ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ 1

ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ 2

……………

Á´ÌÉÜÌ 2: ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌËèÃÚíÈ Wh

Á´ÌÉÜÌ 3 ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌËèÃÚíÈ Ë–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–Äß–É‹ÜÃ–ÏßÖéÈ–ÜÜÀ–Óà (Wh): Á´ÌÉÜÌ 2 x 1.3

ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌËèÃÚíÈÄàÀ–ãÏŠÌ –åÌ–ãÉŠ–ÖßÓº Wh

Á´ÌÉÜÌ 4 ÀáÖèÃ–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–ËèÃÚíÈË–É‹ÜÃÀàÌ: Á´ÌÉÜÌ 3 / PGF (–âÎèÌ Wp)

Éí×–ÎßÀÜÍ–ÏßÖéÈ–æÒ (PGF)= ……………….. Wp

Á´ÌÉÜÌ 5 ÄáÌ×Ì–ãÏŠÌ–ÎéÌ–ãÅÃ–ËèÃÚíÈË–É‹ÜÃÀàÌ: Á´ÌÉÜÌ 4 / ÁßÙàÈØí×ÙŠ×Ç Ë¯–Øà–æÈ‹. ÎèÈ–âÅÈÅŠ×Ì–âÎèÌ–ÄáÌ×Ì–

ÊèÈ–Á¹ÌæÎ

Ê‹à–åÆ‹–ãÏŠÌ–ÁßÙàÈ …….. Wp Äß–Óê–ÄáÌ×Ì

Ê‹à–åÆ‹–ãÏŠÌ–ÁßÙàÈ …….. Wp Äß–Óê–ÄáÌ×Ì

II. ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–ÁßÙàÈÚ§–æÒ Battery sizing

Á´ÌÉÜÌ 1 –ãÖß 2: –ÌáåÆ‹–Á§–ÓïÌ–ÄàÀ Á´ÌÉÜÌ 1-2 –åÌ–Éà–ÉßÖàÃÁ‹àÃ–âËéÃ

Á´ÌÉÜÌ 3: ÑßÖèÃ–ÃàÌËèÃÚíÈË–É‹ÜÃ–âÀèÍ–Ë‹ÜÌ––å×‹–åØ‹–Ñç–åÆ‹–åÌ–ÆŠ×Ã 5 Óº Í¡–Óê–ãÈÈ–ÖÞÌ–ÉéÈ –ãÖß–Á¹ÌÀèÍ–ÆßÌéÈÚ§–

æÒ–Ë–åÆ‹ (ÂŠà Ah= ÂŠà Wh / ãÝÃÈèÌÁÜÃÖßÍíÍ):

Ú§æÒÖíÈË³×æÎ: Á´ÌÉÜÌ 2 x 10 Wh Ah

Photovoltaic


119

Ú§æÒÎéÈãÄÍ (Í¡É²ÓÌŸÀ¨Ì): Á´ÌÉÜÌ 2 x 7.5 Wh Ah

Ú§æÒÝÜÍåÆ‹ÃàÌÅïÃ: Á´ÌÉÜÌ 2 x 5 Wh ` Ah

Á´ÌÉÜÌ 4: ÀáÌíÈÄáÌ×ÌÚ§æÒËÉ‹ÜÃÀàÌ: Á´ÌÉÜÌ 3 / ÁßÙàÈØí×ÌŠ×ÇË¯Óê×àÃÁàÇ (Ah).

ÎèÈâÅÈÅŠ×ÌÁ¹ÌâÎèÌÄáÌ×ÌÊ‹×ÌÊèÈæÎ. ÏíÌÜÜÀÓàãÓŠÌÀíÃÀèÍÜèÈÉàÄŠàÇæÒ C10.

Ê‹àåÆ‹Ú§æÒË³×æÎ ÁßÙàÈ:…….. Ah

Ê‹àåÆ‹Ú§æÒÎéÈãÄÍ ÁßÙàÈ: ……. Ah

Ê‹àåÆ‹Ú§æÒÝÜÍÅïÃ: ……..Ah

III. ÂéÈ–æÖ–ÁßÙàÈÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ– Controller sizing

–ãÝÃ–ÈèÌ–åÆ‹–ÃàÌ Ö×ÓÂŠà–ÀáÖèÃ–

æÒ (W)

Àß–ãÅ–æÒ–åÌ–

ÁßÌß –åÆ‹–ÃàÌ

Àß–ãÅ–æÒ–ÅïÃ–ÅîÈ Ë–

ÜàÈ–âÀêÈ–Á¹Ì––æÈ‹

È‹àÌ–ÅàÀ–æÒ

È‹àÌ–ÄŠàÇ

É‹ÜÃ–åÆ‹ÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓÁßÙàÈ…. ……(ÅàÀ)/……..…(ÄŠàÇ)

IV: ÀàÌ–ÂéÈ–æÖŠ–ÁßÙàÈÅàÇ–æÒ Sizing wires

ËŠÜÌ–ÅàÇ Â×àÓ–

Çà×, m

ÀáÖèÃ

W

Àß–ãÅ–ÅïÃ–

ÅîÈ

ÁßÙàÈÆèÈ–

âÄÌ mm2

Ö×ÓÁßÙàÈ

ÅàÇ–æÒ mm2

ÁßÙàÈÓàÈ–

ÉßÊàÌ mm2

–ãÏŠÌ-Ú§–æÒ

ÜîÎß–ÀÜÌ 1

ÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ

.....

ÙŠ×ÇÂ×Í–ÂîÓ-Ú§–

æÒ

1

Photovoltaic

120


Éà–ÉßÖàÃ–åÌ Excel

Download http://www.reepro.info/2458.0.html

REEPRO_tool_SHS_sizing.xls

REEPRO_tool_SHS_wire_sizing.xls

–âÜÀß–ÅàÌ–Ü‹àÃ–Üê–Ã

1. Herbert A. Wade. Solar Photovoltaic Technical Training Manual. UNESCO, 2002

2. DGS guide for installer, architects and engineers: Planning and installing PV systems.

2005

3. Dobelmann Jan K., REEPRO Solar guidebook, (2008)


LAO KHMER
















LAO KHMER

















































EIE-06-256 REEPRO

Promotion of the Efficient Use of

Renewable Energies in Developing Countries

ÀàÌÅ³ÃâÅêÓÌáåÆ‹ÑßÖèÃÃàÌËíÈãËÌÔŠàÃÓêÎßÅéÈËéÏíÌÔïŠÎßâËÈÑ×ÓÑèÈËßÌà

ÀàÌËíÈÖÜÃÀèÍÆîÈ leXsolar (ÆîÈÌ‹ÜÇ)

LeXsolar Experiments

äÈÇ

ÈÕ ÂáÑÜÌ ÌèÌËß×íÃ

LeXsolar


1

ÅàÖßÍàÌ

ÅßâÙêÀŠÞ×ÀèÍÆîÈâÂ²ÜÃËíÈÖÜÃ leXsolar ........................................................................................4

ÍíÈËê 1 ÀàÌÉ¡ãÆÖãÅÃÉàâ×èÌãÍÍÖÞÌãÖßÁßÙàÌÀèÌ .............................................................7

1.1 ÄîÈÎßÅíÃ ........................................................................................................................7

1.2 ÜîÎßÀÜÌËÄáâÎèÌ ...........................................................................................................7

1.3 ÀàÌÉéÈÉÃ ......................................................................................................................7

1.4 ÀàÌ×èÈãËÀ ...................................................................................................................8

1.5 ÂŠàË×èÈãËÀæÈ‹...............................................................................................................8

1.6 ãÏÌ×àÈ........................................................................................................................9

1.7 ÀàÌÎßâÓêÌÏíÌ ...............................................................................................................9

ÍíÈËê 2 ÀáÖèÃæÒÁÜÃãÆÖãÅÃÁ¹ÌÀèÍâÌºÜËÁÜÃÓèÌ...................................................................11

2.1 ÄîÈÎßÅíÃ ......................................................................................................................11

2.2 ÜîÎßÀÜÌËÄáâÎèÌ .........................................................................................................11

2.3 ÀàÌÉéÈÉÃ ....................................................................................................................11

2.4 ÀàÌ×èÈãËÀ .................................................................................................................11

2.5 ÂŠàË×èÈãËÀæÈ‹.............................................................................................................12

2.6 ãÏÌ×àÈ......................................................................................................................12

2.7 ÀàÌÎßâÓêÌÏíÌ .............................................................................................................13

ÍíÈËê 3 ÀáÖèÃæÒÁÜÃãÆÖãÅÃÁ¹ÌÀèÍÓîÓãÅÃÅŠÜÃ.....................................................................14

3.1 ÄîÈÎßÅíÃ ......................................................................................................................14

3.2 ÜîÎßÀÜÌËÄáâÎèÌ .........................................................................................................14

3.3 ÀàÌÉéÈÉÃ ....................................................................................................................14

3.4 ÀàÌ×èÈãËÀ .................................................................................................................15

LeXsolar

2


3.5 ÂŠàË×èÈãËÀæÈ‹ ............................................................................................................ 15

3.6 ãÏÌ×àÈÅßãÈÃ........................................................................................................... 16

3.7 ÀàÌÎßâÓêÌÏíÌ ............................................................................................................. 16

ÍíÈËê 4 ÖèÀÅßÌßâÎèÌæÈäÜÈ (Diode) ÁÜÃ ãÆÖãÅÃ-ËéÈËàÃÀíÃ ãÖß ÎμÌÀèÍ

åÌÂ×àÓÓìÈãÖßÓêãÅÃÅŠÜÃ ....................................................................................................... 17

4.1 ÄîÈÎßÅíÃ...................................................................................................................... 17

4.2 ÜîÎßÀÜÌËÄáâÎèÌ ........................................................................................................ 17

4.3 ÀàÌÉéÈÉÃ ................................................................................................................... 17

4.4 ÀàÌ×èÈãËÀ................................................................................................................. 17

4.5 ÂŠàË×èÈãËÀæÈ‹ ............................................................................................................ 18

4.6 ÀàÌÎßâÓêÌÏíÌ ............................................................................................................. 18

ÍíÈËê 5 âÃíàÍèÃãÆÖãÅÃËÉ¡ÖÞÌÀèÌ ......................................................................................... 19

5.1 ÄîÈÎßÅíÃ...................................................................................................................... 19

5.2 ÜîÎßÀÜÌËÄáâÎèÌ ........................................................................................................ 19

5.3 ÀàÌÉéÈÉÃ ................................................................................................................... 19

5.4 ÀàÌ×èÈãËÀ................................................................................................................. 19

5.5 ÂŠàË×èÈãËÀæÈ‹ ............................................................................................................ 20

5.6 ÀàÌÎßâÓêÌÏíÌ ............................................................................................................. 20

ÍíÈËê 6 âÃíàÍèÃãÆÖãÅÃËÉ¡ÁßÙàÌÀèÌ.................................................................................... 21

6.1 ÄîÈÎßÅíÃ...................................................................................................................... 21

6.2 ÜîÎßÀÜÌËÄáâÎèÌ ........................................................................................................ 21

6.3 ÀàÌÉéÈÉÃ ................................................................................................................... 21

6.4 ÀàÌ×èÈãËÀ................................................................................................................. 21

6.5 ÂŠàË×èÈãËÀæÈ‹ ............................................................................................................ 22

LeXsolar


3

6.6 ÀàÌÎßâÓêÌÏíÌ .............................................................................................................22

ÍíÈËê 7 ÀàÌÌáåÆ‹ãÆÖãÅÃâÎèÌÜîÎßÀÜÌ×èÈãËÀÂ×àÓäÎŠÃåÅ..................................................23

7.1 ÄîÈÎßÅíÃ ......................................................................................................................23

7.2 ÜîÎßÀÜÌËÄáâÎèÌ .........................................................................................................23

7.3 ÀàÌÉéÈÉÃ ....................................................................................................................23

7.4 ÀàÌ×èÈãËÀ .................................................................................................................23

7.5 ÂŠàË×èÈãËÀæÈ‹.............................................................................................................24

7.6 ÀàÌÎßâÓêÌÏíÌ .............................................................................................................24

âÜÀßÅàÌÜ‹àÃÜêÃ.......................................................................................................................24

ÖàÇ–ÀàÌ–ÝïÍ

Figure 1: –ãÏŠÌ–ãÓŠ––ÁÜÃ–ÆîÈ LeXsolar ...........................................................................................5

Figure 2: ÀàÌ–É¡–ãÏŠÌ–ãÍÍ–ÖÞÌ–ÀèÌ ................................................................................................5

Figure 3: ÀàÌ–É¡–ãÏŠÌ–ãÍÍ–ÖÞÌ.....................................................................................................6

Figure 4 –ãÏÌ–×àÈ–×íÃ–ÄÜÌ–æÒÒ‹à–ÁÜÃ–ãÏŠÌ–ãÓŠ...............................................................................6

ÖàÇ–ÀàÌ–Éà–ÉßÖàÃ

ÉàÉßÖàÃ 1: ÖàÇÆ²ÜîÎßÀÜÌËÎßÀÜÍåÌÆîÈ LeXsolar .................................................................4

LeXsolar

4


ÅßâÙêÀŠÞ×ÀèÍÆîÈâÂ²ÜÃËíÈÖÜÃ leXsolar • ÖàÇÀàÌâÂ²ÜÃËÓêåÌÆîÈ leXsolar (ÆîÈÌ‹ÜÇ)

ÉàÉßÖàÃ 1: ÖàÇÆ²ÜîÎßÀÜÌË¯ÎßÀÜÍåÌÆîÈ LeXsolar

No. ÅŠ×ÌÎßÀÜÍ ÖèÀÅßÌß ÄáÌ×ÌÉ¡ÆîÈ ÝïÍÉí×ÔŠàÃ

1 ãÏŠÌÝèÍãÅÃ ãÝÃÈèÌ 0,3 –-0,6V (ÁßÙàÈãÆÖ:

50x25mm)

3

2 ãÏŠÌÝèÍãÅÃ ãÝÃÈèÌ 0,3 - 0,6V (ÁßÙàÈãÆÖ:

50x50mm)

1

4 ÅàÇÎÖèÀ 2 ÅàÇãÈÃ ãÖß 2 ÅàÇÈáÅÌ,

Â×àÓÇà×: 15cm, 1

ÅàÇãÈÃãÖß1Èá Çà×, Â×àÓÇà×:

30cm

6

5 âÂ²ÜÃ×èÈÜßâÌÀÎßÅíÃ

Multimeter

AC, DC, R, A (max 10A), temp. 1

6 ãÏŠÌÉí×É‹àÌ 100 Ω 1

7 ãÏŠÌ æÈäÜÈ Diode 1

8 Øí×ÖáäÑÃ 1

9 ãÏŠÌãÓŠ LexSolar 290x150 cm 1

10 ãÏŠÌ×íÃÄÜÌæÒÒ‹à

LexSolar

290x150 cm 1

11 ÆîÈãÏŠÌÎíÀÎéÈãÆÖ ÁßÙàÈ: 30x30 mm, 4

12 ÆîÈãÏŠÌÎíÀÛàÇÅê

(ãÈÃ, âÛìÜÃ ãÖßÒ‹à)

ÁßÙàÈ: 50x50 mm 3

LeXsolar


5

• ÀàÌÌáåÆ‹ÆîÈ leXsolar

• ÖßÍíÍÎèÀÅÞÍ

ÑºÌÊàÌÁÜÃÆîÈËíÈÖÜÃ LeXsolar ãÓŠÌãÏŠÌãÓñ LeXsolar (ÝïÍ 1), Æ±ÃÅàÓàÈÉéÈÉÃ ãÏŠÌÝèÍ ãÅÃ

LeXsolar ÅàÓÜèÌÑ‹ÜÓƒÀèÌ. âÝíàÅàÓàÈÉ¡ãÏŠÌÝèÍãÅÃâÎèÌãÍÍÖÞÌÛìÁßÙàÌ äÈÇÁ¹ÌàèÍ ÀàÌÎðè-

ÀãÏŠÌÝèÍãÅÃÖíÃåÅŠãÏŠÌãÓ.Š

Figure 1: –ãÏŠÌ–ãÓŠ––ÁÜÃ–ÆîÈ LeXsolar

• ÀàÌ–ÉéÈ–É¡–ãÏŠÌ–ÝèÍ–ãÅÃ

–âÌ²ÜÃ–ÄàÀ–×éËêÀàÌ–ÄèÈ–ÖÞÌ–Ýï–ÎðèÀÅÞÍ–ÔïŠ–ãÏŠÌ–ãÓŠ –âÝíà–ÅàÓàÈ–ÎðèÀ–ãÏŠÌ–ÝèÍ–ãÅÃ––ÅàÓ–ÜèÌ– –æÈ‹ÛàÀÛàÇƒ–ãÍÍ

Figure 2: ÀàÌ–É¡–ãÏŠÌ–ãÍÍ–ÖÞÌ–ÀèÌ

LeXsolar

6


Figure 3: ÀàÌ–É¡–ãÏŠÌ–ãÍÍ–ÖÞÌ

Figure 4 –ãÏÌ–×àÈ–×íÃ–ÄÜÌ–æÒÒ‹à–ÁÜÃ–ãÏŠÌ–ãÓŠ

• ÀàÌ–ÎŠÞÌ–ãÎÃ–ÓîÓ–ÝÜÈ–ÁÜÃ–âÖíà–ãÅÃ

Óê–ÅÜÃ–×éËê–Èá–âÌêÌ–ÀàÌ–ËíÈ–ÖÜÃ––åÌ–ÀàÌ–ÎŠÞÌ–ãÎÃ–ÓîÓ–ÝÜÈ–ÁÜÃ–âÖíà–ãÅÃ ÈÃ–É¡–æÎ–Ì¸: ÀàÌ–ËíÈ–ÖÜÃ–ÔïŠ–ÌÜÀ–Ø‹ÜÃ–ËíÈ–

ÖÜÃ ÀèÍ–ãÅÃ–Ëá–Óß–ÆàÈ –ãÖß–ÀàÌ–ËíÈ–ÖÜÃ–åÌ–Ø‹ÜÃ–ÀèÍ–ãÅÃ–æÒ–ËÞÓ. –âÌ²ÜÃ–ÄàÀ––×Šà–åÌ––ÀàÌ–ËíÈ–ÖÜÃ–ÀèÍ–ãÅÃ–Ëá–

Óß–ÆàÈ âÝíà–Í¡–É‹ÜÃæÈ‹–ÂáÌëÃ–âÊéÃ–ÎèÈ–åÄ–ÖíÍ–À×Ì, –âÆÌ–ãÅÃË–ÓàÄàÀÈ‹àÌ–ÁòàÃ, ÅßÌÌ Èê–ãË‹–Ä±Ã–Â×Ì–Èá–âÌêÌ–

ÀàÌ–ËíÈ–ÖÜÃ–ÔïŠ––ÌÜÀØ‹ÜÃ–ËíÈ–ÖÜÃ.

LeXsolar


7

ÍíÈËê 1 ÀàÌÉ¡ãÆÖãÅÃÉàâ×èÌãÍÍÖÞÌãÖßÁßÙàÌÀèÌ

1.1 ÄîÈÎßÅíÃ

âÑ²ÜÀáÌíÈÂîÌÖèÀÅßÌßÁÜÃãÝÃÈèÌãÖßÀßãÅÖ×ÓÁÜÃÀàÌÉ¡ãÆÖãÅÃÉàâ×èÌ ãÍÍÖÞÌãÖß

ÁßÙàÌÀèÌ

1.2 ÜîÎßÀÜÌËÄáâÎèÌ

ãÏŠÌ leXsolar

ãÆÖãÅÃÉàâ×èÌÌ‹ÜÇ ÅàÓÜèÌ

1 âÂ²ÜÃ×èÈä×Ì

1 âÂ²ÜÃ×èÈÜáãÎ

1.3 ÀàÌÉéÈÉ´Ã

LeXsolar

8


1.4 ÀàÌ×èÈãËÀ

×èÈãËÀ ÂŠàÜáãÎ (Is.c.) ãÖß ãÝÃÈèÌ (Uo.c.) ÁÜÃ ãÆÖÙ±ÃÜèÌ (âÍªÃåÌãÏÌ×àÈ×íÃÄÜÌ)

Ä³ÃÎŠÞÌ×íÃÄÜÌÅáÖèÍ 2 ãÆÖ ãÖß 3 ãÆÖ äÈÇÉ¡ÖÞÌÀèÌ ËèÃ×èÈãËÀ Is.c., Uo.c. ÉàÓÖáÈèÍ

ÖÞÃÂŠàËãËÀæÈ‹ÖíÃåÌÉàÉßÖàÃÖîŠÓÌ

1.5 ÂŠàË×èÈãËÀæÈ‹

ÀàÌÉ¡ãÍÍÖÞÌ

1 ãÆÖ 2 ãÆÖ 3 ãÆÖ

Uo.c

Is.c

ÀàÌÉ¡ãÍÍÁßÙàÌ

1 ãÆÖ 2 ãÆÖ 3 ãÆÖ

Uo.c

Is.c

LeXsolar


9

1.6 ãÏÌ×àÈ

1.7 ÀàÌÎßâÓêÌÏíÌ

Ä³ÃãÉ‹ÓãÏÌ×àÈ I-n (n-ÄáÌ×ÌãÆÖãÅÃ) ÅáÖèÍÀàÌÉ¡ãÆÖãÅÃãÍÍÖÞÌ ãÖßãÍÍ ÁßÙàÌ.

ãÉ‹ÓâÅÌÅßãÈÃÅáÖèÍËèÃÅÜÃÀçÖßÌê

LeXsolar

10


Ä³ÃãÉ‹ÓãÏÌ×àÈ U-n ÅáÖèÍÀàÌÉ¡ãÆÖãÅÃãÍÍÖÞÌ ãÖßÁßÙàÌ, ËèÃãÉ‹ÓâÅÌÅßãÈÃ Ñ‹ÜÓ

Ä³ÃåØ‹ÂáÜßËéÍàÇåÅŠÉàÉßÖàÃÖîŠÓÌ

ÑëÈÉéÀáÁÜÃ

ãÝÃÈèÌ ÜáãÎ

ÀàÌÉ¡ãÍÍÖÞÌ

ÀàÌÉ¡ãÍÍÁßÙàÌ

LeXsolar


11

ÍíÈËê 2 ÀáÖèÃæÒÁÜÃãÆÖãÅÃÁ¹ÌÀèÍâÌºÜË¯ÁÜÃÓèÌ


×èÈãËÀãÝÃÈèÌ ãÖß ÂŠàÜáãÎ ãÖß ÀáÌíÈ×Šà ÀáÖèÃÁÜÃãÆÖãÅÃÁ¹ÌÀèÍâÌºÜËƒæÈ‹ÝèÍãÅÃ


ãÏŠÌ leXsolar

1 ãÆÖãÅÃÜèÌåØÇŠ



ãÏŠÌÎíÀÄáÌ×ÌÙ±Ã



Ä³ÃÉéÈÉÃ×íÃÄÜÌÈÃÅßãÈÃåÌãÏÌ×àÈÌ

×èÈãËÀ Uo.c ãÖß Is.c,

×èÈãËÀÆŸÂìÌ ÅáÖèÍãÆÖãÅÃ ËÊìÀÎíÀÎéÈ ¾, ½, ¼ ãÖß Í¡ÎíÀÎéÈ

LeXsolar

12



ãÆÖãÅÃË¯ÊìÀÎíÀÎéÈ

0 (Í¡ÎíÀÎéÈ) 1/4 1/2 3/4 1 (ÎíÀÎéÈËèÃÚíÈ)

Uo.c.

Is.c.

P (ÂéÈæÖŠ)

2.6 ãÏÌ×àÈ

LeXsolar


13


Ä³ÃÂéÈæÖŠÀáÖèÃæÒÒ‹àÁÜÃãÆÖãÅÃ ÉàÓÀàÌ×èÈãËÀÈÃÀŠà×

ãÉ‹ÓâÅÌÅßãÈÃ (ãÀÌ x: ÜèÈÉàÀàÌÎíÀÎéÈ 0, ¼, ½, ¾ ãÖß 1; ãÀÌ y: ÀáÖèÃæÒÒ‹à P), ÀßãÅ (I)

ãÖß ãÝÃÈèÌ(U))

ÊàÓ×Šà ÓêÀàÌÑí×ÑèÌÔŠàÃåÈÖßØ×ŠàÃ I ãÖßÀ¡ U ÀèÍÜèÈÉàÅŠ×ÌÌÀàÌÎíÀÎéÈãÆÖãÅÃ

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

ÅªÃÌÜßËéÍàÇæÈ‹È‹×ÇâØÈÏíÌåÈ?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

ÀàÌÑí×ÑèÌÖßØ×ŠàÃÀáÖèÃæÒãÖßÜèÈÉàÀàÌÎíÀÎéÈÁÜÃãÆÖãÅÃâÎèÌãÌ×åÈ?

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1.3.7 ¯ñ©--Ä¥ªö¸-μ ñ®μ ˜¤ .................................................................................................................13

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4 ¦È¸− -¯½¡º®-ì½®ö®-Á¡Ê¦§ó¸½-²¾®¢½Î¾©-− Éº¨.............................................................................17

4.1 ºÈ¾¤-ªˆ´ ......................................................................................................................................17

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4.3 ºÈ¾¤-®‰´ ......................................................................................................................................19

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Table 4: −ÕÎñ¡-¯¼¡-¢º¤-¸ñ©«÷-©ò®[Otto and Bidlingmaier 1997]......................................................11

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Table 7: ¡¾− -°½ìò©-Á¡Ê¦.....................................................................................................................27

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»ø® 4-2: êÒªˆ´ .....................................................................................................................................18

»ø® 4-3: ®Ò®‰´ («ñ¤-®‰´)...........................................................................................................................19

»ø® 4-4: «ñ¤-À¡ñ®-Á¡Ê¦ ..............................................................................................................................21

»ø® 4-5 -: ºÈ¾¤-ìí−....................................................................................................................................22

»ø® - 4-6: ±¾-¯ò©-ºÈ¾¤-ìí− ........................................................................................................................23

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»ñ¡¦¾-¦†-¤-Á¸©-ìÉº´.

©„¤− ˜−, -Àªñ¡-Â− -Âì-§ó-Á¡Ê¦§ó¸½-²¾¦¾-´¾©-¯½¡º®¦È¸−À¢í¾-Ã−-¡¾− -º÷-− ÷ìñ¡ -Áì½ ¡¾−-²ñ©ê½−¾,

«É¾ È¾-´ó-À¤õº−Ä¢-ÀÎ¾½-¦ö´. ÁªÈ- ñ− -¨ñ¤-»¼¡-»Éº¤-¡¾− -ìö¤êô− -¦ø¤ -Áì½ -À¤õº− -Ä¢-¹ì¾ -©É¾− -¨ñ¤- ó-¢Ó-

¥¿¡ñ©-¹ì¾¨.

-Ã−-¯½-Àê©-êó-¡¿ìñ¤-²ñ©ê½−¾, ó-¡¾− -²ö¸²ñ−-Â© -¡ö¤-ì½-¹È¸¾¤-®ñ− -¹¾-¡¾−-−¿-Ã§É-±÷È− -À£´ó Áì½

¡¾−¹ù÷©ÎÉº -ìö¤-¢º¤-¯È¾-Ä´É Éº− -£¸¾ -ªÉº¤¡¾− -Ä´É-³õ− -¦ø¤. μ øÈ-¹ì¾ -À¢--©§ö−−½®ö©, ¯½§¾§ö− -

©¿ìö¤-§ó ò©-ªò©-²ñ− -¡ñ®-¡¾− -−¿-Ã§É´ø− -¦ñ© -Áì½ -¦†-¤-À¦©-À¹ùõº -À²ˆº-À¯ñ− -À§œº-Ä³-ÁªÈ¤-μøÈ-£ö -¡ó-− Áì½ -

Ã¹É-£¸¾ -»Éº−.

§¾¸¡½¦ò¡º− -μ øÈ-¯½-Àê©-¡¿ìñ¤-²ñ©ê½−¾- ó-£¸¾ -ªÉº¤¡¾−-¦ø¤ ±÷È− -À£´ó À²ˆº--Ä©É-»ñ®-°ö− -°½ìò©¦ø¤.

ÁªÈ-¡ö¤¡ñ−¢É¾´ ñ¤- ó-§¾¸−¾-¹ù¾¨£ö−-¥ø©-±÷È− -£÷− -−½²¾-®©ó-«š´ êñ¤-Å-ê†-®Ò-¦¾´¾©-§œ±÷È− -À£´ó-´¾-Ã§É-Ä©É.

²Éº -− ˜− ±÷È− -£º¡-¨ñ¤-´ó-¦¾-º¾¹¾− À§„−: ê¾©-− ó-Âª-À¥−, -Â¯-ª¾-§¼´ -Áì½ ³ö©-¦³ð»ñ© ¦ø¤-À«ó¤ 8

Biogas


5

Àê‰¾ ê¼ -¡ñ®-¥¿−¸−-±÷È− -À£´ó-ê†-Ã§É-Ã− -¯½-Àê©-¡¿ìñ¤-¤²ñ©ê½−¾. Â© -¦½-À²¾½§¾ -¡½¦ò¡º− -

¢½Î¾©-− Éº¨ -ì½-®ö®-Á¡Ê¦§ó¸½-²¾®-ÀÏ¾½-¦ö´-ê†-¦÷© -À²ˆº-¦É¾¤-°ö− -¯½-Â¹ -©¦ø¤-¦÷© -À¯ñ−ªí−:

−º¡¥¾¡-²½ìñ¤¤¾−-ÁìÉ¸ ¦†-¤-À¦©-À¹ùõº ñ¤-¦¾´¾©-−¿-Ã§É-À¯ñ− -±÷È− -£º¡-£÷−-−½²¾-®©ó À²ˆº-®¿ì÷¤-©ó-−

Áì½ -À²† -°ö− -°½ìò©.

¡¾−-À²ó-´¢œ−¢º¤-ê¾©-º¾ -²ò©-À»õº− -Á¡É¸, ¡¾− -À²†´-¢œ−¡¾−-§ö´-Ã§É-−Õ Áì½ ´ö©-ì½-²ò©-−Õ, ¡¾−-

À§ˆº´-§ö -¢º¤-©ó-−, ¡¾−-£÷É´-£º¤-¢š-À¹-¨õº¨ê†-®Ò- ó-¯½¦ò©-êò©-°ö− Áì½ ¡¾− -À²†´-¢œ−¢º¤ È¾-À§ˆº´-

§ö´ −− -Á´È− -¦È¸− -Î¤¢º¤-¡¾−-²ñ©ê½−¾-Á®®-®Ò-¨õ− -¨ö¤-. Àªñ¡-Â− -Âì§ó-Á¡Ê¦§ó¸½-²¾® -Á´È− -À£õ-úº¤ õ-

ê†-¦¿£ñ− À²ˆº-Á¡É-Ä¢-ªÈ¾¤Å-ê†-¡È¸¾-´¾-¢É¾¤-Àêó-¤− ˜−.

1.2 ¡¾− Èº¨¦½ì¾¨¢º¤Á®¡êóÀÀì¨ ê†®ÒªÉº¤¡¾−ºö¡§ó (Anaerobic Degradation)

1.2.1 Á¡Ê¦§ó¸½-²¾® -Áì½ ¦È¸− -¯½¡º®-

Á¡¦þ§ó¸½²¾®À¡ò©´¾¥¾¡¡¾−¢½¹¨¾¨ªö¸ÁÜÃÀ®¡ÀªóÀì¨ (bacteria) ê†À¡ò©¥¾¡¡¾−ÀÙ‰¾

À¯ˆº¨¢º¤ê¾©ºö¤£½ê¾© Ã−À¤ˆº−Ä¢¦ø−¨¾¡¾© (®Ò´óº¾¡¾©). Á¡Ê¦§ó¸½-²¾®-¯½¡º®-ê¾©-

º¾ -©„¤− š: ê¾©- ó-Àê-− (CH4), ê¾©-¡¾¡-®º− -Ä©-ºö¡-Ä§ (CO2), ê¾©-ºˆ−Å ì¸´ ó Ä»-Â©ù-À¥−

(H2), -Ä»-Â©ù-À¥− §÷− -±ò© (H2S) Áì½ ê¾©-º¾ -º¾-Â´-− ó¨ñ¡ (NH4).

¦È¸−¯½ ¡º®¢º¤Á¡ü¦§ó¸½²¾®Á È−Ä©É¦½Á©¤Ã¹ÉÀ¹ñ−Ã−Table 1

Table 1: ¦È¸− -¯½¡º®-¢º¤-Á¡Ê¦§ó¸½-²¾®

¦È¸−¯½¡º® ì½©ñ® £È¾¦½Áìú¨

óÀê− 45 -Œ 70 Vol. % 52 Vol. %

£¾®º−Ä©ºº¡Ä§ 25 – 80 Vol. % 50 Vol. %

º¾¨−Õ (−Õ) 0- Œ10 Vol.% 3,1 Vol. %

Ä−ÂªÀ¥− 0,01 -Œ 5 Vol. % 1,0 Vol. %

ºº¡§óÀ¥− 0,01 - Œ 2 Vol. % 0,03 Vol. %

Ä»Â©À¥− 0 -Œ 1 Vol. % > 1 Vol. %

Ä»Â©À¥−§÷−Ä³ 0,01-Œ 2,5 mg/m3 0,7 mg/m3

º¿Â´Á−¨ 0,01 Œ -2,5 mg/m3 0,7 mg/m3

Biogas


¢½Î¾©Î¾Á¡ü¦´óÀê−Ã−Á¡ü¦§ó¸½²¾® ¢›−¡ñ® ñ©«÷ê†ªˆ´Ã¦ÈÃ−«ñ¤®‰´ ê¾©£¾Â®ÄëÀ©©

º¾© ¥½¡ÒÃ¹ÉÀ¡ó© ¡¾−®ñ−¥÷Á¡ü¦´óÀê−Ä©É ¯½´¾− 50% Ä¢´ñ−¯½´¾− 70% Áì½ Â¯ªó−

¯½´¾− 84% (v/v). Á¡Ê¦À´Àê−À¯ñ−¦¾−ê†¡ÒÃ¹ÉÀ¡ó©£¸¾´»Éº−Ã−¯½ìò´¾− 35900

¡óÂìμ ø− ªÒ£ò¸®ò¡Á´ñ©, 65% (v/v) ¢º¤Á¡ü¦ §ó¸½²¾® ¡ÒÃ¹ÉÀ¡ó©£¸¾´»Éº−Àê‰¾¡ñ® 23300

¡óÂìμ ø− ªÒ £ò¸®ò¡Á´ñ© ª¾´ì¿©ñ®. Ã− Table 2 ¦½Á©¤Ã¹ÉÀ¹ñ−¢½Î¾©®ñ−¥÷²½ìñ¤¤¾−

Ã−¹ö¸ÎÈ¸¨ê† Áª¡ ªÈ¾¤ ¡ñ− ¥¿ −¸− ¢º¤ Á¡ü¦§ó¸½ ²¾® Ã−ì½ ©ñ®¦ø¤¦÷©

¢›−¡ñ® ñ©«÷©ò®ê†ªˆ´, ¢½®¸− ¡¾−¢º¤Àªñ¡Â−Âì§ó Áì½ À¤º−Ä¢¢º¤¢½®¸−¡¾−,

¯½ìò´¾−£È¾¦½ÀìÈ¨¢º¤À¦¨ºö¤£½ê¾©(Á¹Èù¤ê†«õ¡Á¨¡) Á È−Áª¡ ªÈ¾¤ ¡ñ−¹õù®Ò£õ¡ñ−¥¾¡ 80

¹¾ 120 ¦½Áª−©¾©£ò¸®ò¡Á´ñ©ªÒ Âª−¢º¤−Õ¯¼¡ ¢º¤ ñ© «÷ ©ò® ê†ªˆ´. ªö¸μ È¾¤ 300 Œ

600 sm3 ªÒ Âª− ¢º¤ ºö¤£½ê¾©Á¢¤Á È−Ã§ÉÃ−Äì¨½À¸ì¾ Èº¨ ( ÀÎ‰¾À¯ˆº¨) ¯½´¾−

14 ´œ.

Table 2: ²½ìñ¤¤¾− -ê†- ó-μ øÈ-Ã−-Á¡Ê¦§ó¸½-²¾® -Áì½ -Á¡Ê¦ ó-Àê-−

¹ö¸ÎÈ¸ -²½ìñ¤¤¾− -Á¡Ê¦§ó¸½-²¾® (60% ó-Àê-−) -Á¡Ê¦ ó-Àê-−

MJ/m3 21,5 35,9

kWh/ m3 6,0 9,97

BTU/ m3 20 417 34 028

1.2.2 °ö− -¯½--Â¹ -©¢º¤-Á¡Ê¦§ó¸½-²¾®

-Á¡ü¦§ó¸½-²¾®-´ó-°ö−-¯½-Â¹ -©¹ì¾ -©É¾− À§„−:

©É¾−À¦©«½¡ò©:

• ¯½¹ ñ©£È¾Ã§É¥È¾¨¦¿ìñ®Ä´É±õ−

• ´óÀ¸ì¾À²ˆº§º¡¹¾ì¾¨Ä©ÉÀ²†´Àªó´

• »ñ¡¦¾£÷−−½²¾®©ó− Â©¨−¿Ã§É¡¾¡ìí−À¯ñ−³÷È−§ó¸½²¾® (À²†´£È¾ N,P,K)

• ¹ì÷©°Èº−¡¾−−¿Ã§É¯÷Ë¨À£´ó Â©¨Ã§É³÷È−§ó¸½²¾®Áê−

• ¹ì÷©°Èº−¡¾−Ã§É¥È¾¨Ã−¡¾− †−¯ö¸¦÷¢½²¾® Éº−®Ò´ó£¸−ê†¡ÒÀ¡ò©²½¨¾©

• ¦É¾¤¸¼¡À»ñ©¤¾−ê¿Ã¹É¯½§¾§ö−êÉº¤«†−

• §÷¡ øÉ²¾¡¦È¸−Àº¡½§ö−À¢í¾Ã−¡¾−°½ìò©¦ó−£É¾

• ²ñ©ê½−¾¢½ÁÎ¤¡¾−ìÉ¼¤¦ñ©

©É¾−¦¾ê¾ì½−½¦÷¡:

Biogas


7

• ¹ì÷©°Èº−²½¨¾©ê†À¡ó©¥¾¡£¸− ( ó−¹ö¸, À¥ñ®¹ö¸, ª¾Á©¤, ì½®ö®¹¾¨Ã¥ºñ¡À¦®

Áì½ º−Å)

• ¯ñ® ÷¤¦÷¢½º½−¾Ä´¢º¤£º®£ö¸ ¨Éº− È¾ ó¦É¸´«È¾¨ê†ªÒ¡ñì®ÒÁ¡¦þ§ó¸½²¾®

À»ñ©Ã¹É®Ò´ó¦†¤À œ−À¯óμ øÈª¾´À©ó−®É¾−

• ¹ì÷©°Èº−¡¾−À°ö¾ÃÏÉ

©É¾−¦†¤Á¸©ìÉº´:

• ¯ö¡ ñ¡»ñ¡¦¾ È¾Ä´É

• À²†´£÷−−½²¾®¢º¤©ó− ¨Éº−À²†´£È¾ NPK À§„−©¼¸¡ñ® −¿Ã§É¡¾¡ìí− Áì½

¦†¤À¦©À¹ùõº¡½¦ò¡¿ À§†¤ÁªÈ¡Èº−Á È−¥ø©«š´

• ¹ì÷©°Èº−ê¾©º¾¨°ò©À»õº−Á¡É¸ Â©¨¦½À²¾½ ê¾© óÀê− (À´ª¾−)

• ¯Éº¤¡¾−¡¾−À§ˆº´Â§´¢º¤©ó− Éº¨−¿Ã§É¯÷Ë¨À£´ó¹ì¾¨

©É¾−¦ñ¤£ö´:

• ´óÀ¸ì¾À²†´Àªó´¦¿ìñ®¸¼¤¾−¦ñ¤£ö´ªÈ¾¤Å

• ¯ñ® ÷¤£÷−−½²¾®¦…¤Á¸©ìÉº´¢º¤§÷´§ö−

• ¹ì÷©°Èº−¡¾−À»ñ©¸¼¡Îñ¡¢º¤Á È¨ó¤

• ´óÁ¦¤¦½¹ È¾¤ §È¸¨Ã−¸¼¡¤¾−¦ô¡¦¾ Áì½ ¸¼¡£º®£ö¸

• À²†´ºñ©ª¾¡¾−À¢í¾Â»¤»¼−¢º¤À©ñ¡− Éº¨ Éº¨ È¾®ÒÄ©ÉÄ¯À¡ñ®±õ−

1.3 ªö -¯ñ©-Ä¥-ªÈ¾¤Å

1.3.1 º÷−¹½²ø´

º÷−¹½²øÓ´ó°ö−¡½êö®μ È¾¤Á»¤ªÒ¡¾−À£ˆº−Ä¹¸¢º¤¥÷ÖòÌ§óê†°½ìò©º¾¨ óÀêÌ. º÷−¹½²ø´ê†©ó

¦¿ìñ®¢½®¸−¡¾−Ã−®Ò®‰´£¸−μ øÈì½¹ È¾¤ 35 ºö¤¦¾ C. ¥¿−¸−¢º¤Á¡¦þ§ó¸½²¾® ¥½¹ì÷©

ìö¤¹ì¾¨ «É¾ È¾º÷−¹½²ø´ªÔìö¤ Áì½ ¢½®¸−¡¾−ÀÎ‰¾À¯ˆº¨¥½μ÷©À§ö¾ «É¾º÷−¹½²ø´ªÔ¡È¸¾

10 ºö¤¦¾ C. º¾¨ óÀêÌ¥½À¡ó−¢œ− ª¾Óº÷−¹½²ø´ 3 ì½©ñ®ªÈ¾¤¡ñ−£õ:

1. Thermophilic

º÷−¹½²ø´Ã−®Ò®‰´¥½μøÈì½¹È¸¾¤ 45 Œ 60 ºö¤¦¾ C. ÊèÃ®‰´μ øÈº÷−¹½²ø´ì½©ñ®− š ¥½À»ñ©¸¼¡ μ øÈì½©ñ®©ó °ö−¦÷©êÉ¾¨Á È−Ä©É»ñ®º¾¨Á¡¦þ¹ì¾¨. ©„¤− ˜− ì½®ö®À»ñ©£¸¾´»Éº− Áì½

ªò©ª¤¦½Î¸−¡ñ−£¸¾´»Éº−Á´È− ó£¸¾´¥¿À ñ−. Ã−¡ðì½− ó ªÉº¤¡¾−−ÕÀ¦¨ê†ºº¡´¾−−

´ó£÷−−½²¾®©ó ¦½ÀÎóÃ¹ÉÃ§É®Ò¯½À²©− š ÁªÈ È¾ì¾£¾¡Ò¦É¾¤ Áì½ −¿Ã§ÉÁ´È−¦ø¤¹ì¾¨.

Biogas


2. Mesophilic

º÷−¹½²÷´μ øÈì½¹È¸¾¤ 10 ¹¾ 45 ºö¤¦¾ C. ÊèÃ®‰´− š¥½°½ìò©Á¡¦þμ øÈì½©ñ®¯¾−¡¾¤ ÁªÈªÔ¡È¸¾ thermophilic, ÁªÈ È¾ì¾£¾«ô¡¡È¸¾.

3. Psychrophilic

¯½À²©− šªÉº¤´ó¦¾−¥÷ìò§ó¦½À²¾½ À²ˆº−¿´¾Ã§É¡ñ®ÊèÃ®‰´ê†´óº÷−¹½²ø´ªÔ (ªÔ¡È¸¾ 10 ).

¯½¥÷®ñ−ÊèÃ®‰´¯½À²©−š²¸´©¿À− ó−¡¾−êö©ìº¤μøÈ. 4. º÷−¹½²ïÓº¾¡¾© (Ambient temperature)

º÷−¹½²ø´¢º¤ÊèÃ®‰´¥½ È¼−Á¯¤ª½¹ìº©À¸ì¾ª¾´¦½²¾®º÷−¹½²ø´º¾¡¾©ê¾¤−º¡ Áê−ê†

¥½»ñ¡¦¾£‰¤ê†, ¦÷©êÉ¾¨¡Ò´óìñ¡¦½−½ È¼−Á¯¤ª¾´ì½©ø¡¾−ªÈ¾¤Å. ÊèÃ¯½À²©− š − ò¨ö´Ã§É¹ì¾¨ Ã−ì½©ñ®£º®£ö¸ ¨Éº− È¾ óì¾£¾«õ¡ Áì½ −¿Ã§É¤È¾¨. μ øÈ¯½Àê©À¢©»Éº− ìñ¡¦½−½¢º¤ÊèÃ ê†¯È¼−Ä¯ª¾´º÷−¹½²ø´º¾¡¾©Á È−©óê†¦÷©.

ê¾©¥÷ìòÌ§óê†¢½¹¨¾¨ªö¸Ã−ÊèÃ psychophilic Á´È−Áª¡ªÈ¾¤¥¾¡¯½À²© thermophili, êñ¤

¦º¤− ˜−ºñ©ª¾¡¾−¢½¹¨¾¨ªö¸¢º¤¥÷ìòÌ§óÁ È−¢œ−¡ñ®º÷−¹½²ø´¹ì¾¨. º÷−¹½²ø´μ øÈì½ ¹ È¾¤

35 ºö¤¦¾ C Á´È−«õ È¾À ñ−£È¾¦ø¤¦÷©¢º¤¡¾−À»ñ©¸¼¡Ã−ì½©ñ® mesophilic. ¦È¸−¹ì¾¨

®ÒÁ¡¦þ§ó¸½²¾®μøÈ¯ßÀê©ì¾¸ À»ñ©¸¼¡μ øÈì½©ñ® mesophilic, Ï¾¨¸È¾ μ øÈì½¹È¸¾¤ 5 ¹¾ 45

ºö¤¦¾ C.

¢ÓãÌßÌáâ²º ÝèÀÅàÂ×àÓÝ‹ÜÌåÌ®ÒÁ¡¦þ§ó¸½²¾®Ã−ì½©øÎ¾¸:

1. ®ÒÁ¡¦þªÉº¤ªò©ª¤μ øÈ®Èº−ê†´óÁ¦¤Á©©ª½¹ìº© Áì½ ®ÒÃ¹É´ó¦…¤¡ó©¢¸¾¤Á¦¤Á©©.

2. £¸−»ñ¡¦¾¦…¤ê†®ö¡¹÷É´Àêó¤®ÒãÀÅõ óÂ×àÓÙàÎßÓàÌ 40 cm.

3. Àºö¾¡¾¡ÓïÌÅèÈ¹ùõ ø−¦ñ©º−Å ¯½¦ö´¡ñ®§ó¸½´¸−Á¹É¤ À§„−: À³õº¤, Ã®Ä ÉÁ¹É¤ Áì½

¦†¤À¦©À¹ùõº¡½¦ò¡¿º−Å ÁìÉ¸Àºö¾´¾ ö¡®Ò®‰´Ä É. £¸¾´Î¾¢º¤¡¾− ö¡− ˜− £¸−μ øÈ

ì½¹ È¾¤ 5 ¹¾ 10 cm Áì½ «É¾¢šÀ¹¨œº− ˜−«õ¡ ö¡©É¸¨¢šªö´ºó¡ ¥½À»ñ©Ã¹É ó

£¸¾´»Éº−Ã−À¸ì¾¢šÀ¹¨œº Èº¨¦½ì¾¨ º÷−¹½²ø´Ã−®Ò®‰´¡Ò«õ¡ ö¡ Éº¤Ä ÉÄ©É©óê†¦÷©

Áì½ À»ñ©Ã¹É°½ìò©Á¡¦þÄ©É¹ì¾¨Ã−ì½©øÎ¾¸.

4. À«ó¤Á´È− È¾®ÒÄ©ÉÀºö¾¢šÀ¹¨œº´¾ ö¡ ÁªÈ¡ÒªÉº¤§º¡Àºö¾ºñ−Ã©ºñ−Î‡¤´¾ ö¡®Ò®‰´

À²ˆº»ñ¡¦¾£¸¾´Ý‹ÜÌÃ−®Ò®‰´ Ã−ì½©øÎ¾¸.

5. ¯½¦ö´ ø−¦ñ©Áì½−ÕÁªÈªº−À§í¾ Áì½ ¯½ É¼−Ã¹É´ñ−´ó£¸¾´»Éº−»º©ªº−¦¸¨

ÁìÉ¸¥‡¤«º¡ìö¤®Ò ºñ−−š¡Ò¥½§È¸¨»ñ¡¦¾º÷−¹½²ø´Ã−®Ò®‰´À§„−©¼¸¡ñ−.

Biogas


9

Ê‹à¡¾− È¼−Á¯¤º÷−¹½²ø´Ã−®Ò®‰´Áª¡ªÈ¾¤¡ñ−¹ì¾¨ì½¹ È¾¤¥÷©ªÔ¦÷© Áì½ ¦ø¤¦÷© ÄßÅ³ÃÏíÌ ¡½êöÍºñ−®Ò©ó Áì½ À ñ−¦¾¨À¹©À»ñ©Ã¹É®ÒÁ¡¦þÀ»ñ©¸¼¡®ÒÄ©É©ó.

1.3.2 ¯½ìò´¾−-−Õ®ñ−¥÷ -Áì½ -Â£¤-¦É¾¤

£¸¾´§÷È´Áì½£¸¾´Î−£ö¤¢º¤»ø®»È¾¤¢º¤ ñ©«÷ê†ªˆ´Á È−´ó£¸¾´¥¿À ñ−ªÒ¡ñ®¢½®¸−¡¾− Èº

−¦½ì¾¨ Ã−Á®¡êóÀ-Àì¨ Ã−À¤ˆº−Ä¢ê†®ÒªÉº¤¡¾−º¾¡¾© êñ¤¦º¤ ñ©-Ä¥

Á´È−®Ò ó£¸¾´£É¾¨£õ¡ñ− ´ñ−¢ôû− ¡ñ® £¸¾´Áª¡ªÈ¾¤¢º¤§½−ò© ñ©«÷©ò®ê†−¿Ã§ÉÃ−ª´. Table

3 Á È−Ä©É¦½Á©¤ Ã¹ÉÀ¹ñ− ¢Ó ø− ¡È¼¸¡ñ®£¸¾´ÀÎ¾½¦ö´ ¢º¤ ñ©«÷©ò®ê†ªˆ´

¦¿ìñ®¢½®¸−¡¾−¯½ªò®ñ©ê¾¤©É¾−§ó¸½¦¾© À§ñú−: ¡¾−-ÀÎ‰¾-À¯ˆº -¢º¤²õ© Áì½

¡¾− Èº¨¦½ì¾¨¢º¤Á®¡êòÀì¨ Ã−¦½²¾® ¦ø−¨¾¡¾©.

Table 3: £¸¾ -ÀÏ¾½¦ö -¢º¤-¸ñ©«÷-©ó®-ªÈ¾¤Å À²º¦ñ¤-À£¾½-ê¾¤-©É¾− -§ó¸½-¸ò-ê½¨¾ [Bidlingmaier

2000]

¸ñ©«÷©ò® Â£¤¦É¾¤ £¸¾´§÷È´ £¸¾ -ÀÎ¾½-¦ö´¦¿ìñ®

¡¾−®Èº¨¦½Í¾¨

¦†¤À¦©ÀÍõº¥¾¡À»õº−£ö¸ ®Ò©ó ¦ø¤Í¾¨ ©ó

¦†¤À¦©ÀÍõº¥¾¡

ºö¤£½ê¾©(¯½À²©Á¨¡Ä©É)

©ó ¹¾ ®Ò©ó

¯¾−¡¾¤ ¹¾ ¦ø¤

¯¾−¡¾¤ ¹¾ ©ó

¦†¤À¦©ÀÍõº¥¾¡¦¸− ©ó ªÔ ¹¾ ¯¾−¡¾¤ ¯¾−¡¾¤ ¹¾ ®Ò©ó

¹ û¾ ®Ò©ó ¦ø¤Í¾¨¦÷© ©ó

MSW ©ó ¯¾−¾¤ ¯¾−¡¾¤ ¹¾ ®Ò©ó

º¾Â¥´¢º¤£ö ®Ò©ó ¦ø¤Í¾¨ ©ó

ª½¡º¥¾¡»Èº¤−ÕÀ¦¨ ®Ò©ó ¦ø¤Í¾¨ ©ó

´−ø¦ñ© ®Ò©ó ¯¾−−¡¾¤ ¯¾−¡¾¤

±÷È£º¡ ®Ò©ó ¦ø¤¦÷© ©ó

¹ö¸°ñ¡¡¾© ®Ò©ó ¯¾¡¾¤ ©ó

À³õº¤À¢í¾ Íõ ¹ ûû¾Á¹É¤ ®Ò©ó ªÔ ®Ò©ó

À õº¡¢º¤ª−íÄ û ®Ò©ó ¯¾¡¾¤ ¹¾ ªÔ ®Ò©ó

Biogas


¸ñ©«÷©ò® Â£¤¦É¾¤ £¸¾´§÷È´ £¸¾ -ÀÎ¾½-¦ö´¦¿ìñ®

¡¾−®Èº¨¦½Í¾¨

Ã®Ä û ¯¾¡¾¤ ¯¾−¡¾¤ ¹¾ ªÔ ®Ò©ó

²ô©−Õ ©ó ªÔ¦÷© ®Ò©ó

À¥É¨ ©ó ªÔ ®Ò©ó

º¾Ä¸¨½¸½ê¾¤

Ã−¢º¤¦ñ© ®Ò©ó ¯¾−¡¾¤ ¹¾ ¦ø¤ ©ó

¡¾¡²ô© Íõ ¦ñ© ê†ªí´ÁìÉ¸ ®Ò©ó ¦ø¤ ©ó

1.3.3 £È¾ pH

£È¾¢º¤ pH Á´È−¯ñ©Ã¥Î‡¤ê†¦¿£ñ−ªÒ¡ñ®¡¾−£ñ©Àìõº¡ ¦¿ìñ®¡÷È´¯½§¾¡º−¢º¤¥÷ìò−§ó ÁªÈì½Àºñ−Ä§¢º¤¡¾−À¡ó©¯½ªò¡òìòòò¨¾Á È−À»ñ©Ã¹É pH Áª¡ªÈ¾¤¡ñ− ¹õø§È¸¤ªÈ¾¤¡ñ−¡¾−¯È¼−Á¯¤ ¢º¤£È¾ pH ¦¾´¾© È¼−Á¯¤ª¾´¡¾−Á¨¡ªö¸¢º¤ÎÉ¾ê†¢º¤ enzyme Áì½ ¡¾−ÀÎ‰¾ À¯ˆº¨¢º¤ º¾¹¾−êñ¤¦º¤°ö− £È¾ pH ¢º¤¦¾−ì½ì¾¨ Á È−ªö¸§š®º¡£¸¾´ À¢˜´¢øÉ−¢º¤ºóºö¤ÄëÂ©À¥− Áì½®º¡Ã¹ÉëøÉ È¾ê¾©¯½¦ö´− ˜−À¯ñ−¡ö©¹õùÀ¯ñ−©É¾¤¹õùÀ¯ñ−¡¾¤. ê¾©¯½¦ö´ê†À¯ñ−©É¾¤−ñü−´ó£È¾ pH Àê‰¾¡ñ® 7, ê¾©¯½¦ö´ê†À¯ñ−©„¤¥½ ó£È¾ pH ¦ø¤¡ È¾ 7 Áì½ê¾©¯½¦ö´ê†À¯ñ−¡ö©´ó£È¾−Éº¨¡ È¾ 7 ¥÷ìò−§ó¦È¸−¹ù¾¨ ¥½ ó§ó ò©Áì½ ¢½¹¨¾¨ªö¸Ä©É Ã−ê¾©¯½¦ö´Á È−¥½´ó£È¾ pH Àê‰¾¡ñ−¡ñ® pH 6Œ8 ¹¾ 7.5 ÁªÈ È¾¥÷ìò−§óê†°½ìò©º¾¨ óÀê− ¥½¢½¹¨¾¨ªö¸Ä©ÉÃ−¦½²¾®Á¸©ìÉº´ª½¡º−ê†´ó£È¾ pH ÁªÈ 6.5 ¹¾ 8.5

1.3.4 ®ðìò-´¾©-Â£¤, −ÕÎñ¡ -Áì½ £¸¾ -ÎÉ¾-ÁÎÉ−

¢½Î¾©¢º¤£¸¾´¨¾¸ Áì½ ¡ É¾¤¢º¤−ÕÎñ¡ Á´È−´ó£¸¾´¦¿£ñ−ªÒ¡ñ®¢½Î¾©«ñ¤®ñ−¥÷.

À§…¤´ñ−¢›−¡ñ®£¸¾´Á¢¤Á»¤¥¾¡£¸¾´§÷´È¢º¤ ñ©«÷©ò®. ¢½Î¾©−ÕÎñ¡ ¢º¤ ñ©«÷Á´È−

®ÒÀ¯ñ−®ñ− ¹¾ªÒ¡ñ®¢½®¸− ¡¾− Èº¨¦½ì¾¨¢º¤Á®¡êóÀì¨ Ã−¦½²¾®¦ø−¨¾¡¾©.

Table 4 Á´È− ¦½Á©¤À«ò¤¢Ó´ø− ¡È¼¸¡ñ®−ÕÎñ¡¯¼¡¢º¤ ñ©«÷©ò® êóúÀÎ¾½¦ö´ ¦¿ìñ®¡¾− Èº¨

¦½ì¾¨¢º¤Á®¡êòÀì¨ Ã−¦½²¾®¦ø−¨¾¡¾©.

Biogas


11

Table 4: −ÕÎñ¡-¯¼¡-¢º¤-¸ñ©«÷-©ò®[Otto and Bidlingmaier 1997]

¸ñ©«÷©ò® §½−ò© −Õ Îñ¡¯¼¡ [Âª−/Á ñ©¡Éº−]

¦†¤À¦©ÀÍõº¥¾¡ºö¤ £½ê¾© ¦†¤À¦©ÀÍõº¥¾¡ÁÍÈ¤ºö¤ £½ê¾©ê†Á¨¡Ä©É 0,4- Œ 0,7

¦†¤À¦©ÀÍõº¥¾¡²ô© ¹ É¾ Ã®Ä ûÉ

0,4 0,2

MSW ¯½¦ö´ 0,1- Œ 0,3

¦†¤À¦©ÀÍõºº−Æ À¥É¨ Á¢¤/ À¥É¨ ª½¡º−¢º¤À¥É¨

μò© kieselguhr (£¸¾´§÷È´ 50%) ¡¾¡ê†ÀÍõº¥¾¡¡¾−£−Î¾¡º¾¤÷ú−

(£¸¾´§÷È´ 70%) ¡¾¡ê†ÀÍõº¥¾¡¡¾−£−Î¾¡-Ä É

¢šª½¡º−¥¾¡À®¨ ª½¡º¥¾¡−Õ ñ−²ô©

¢šÀÍí¾ À õº¡Î¾¡²É¾¸

castor-oil shell coarse

0,1- Œ 0,3 0,8 0,8

0,45

0,3 Œ -0,5 0,4 Œ -0,6 0,2 Œ -0,3

0,1 0,4 Œ -0,5 0,2- Œ 0,25

1.3.5 ¦È¸− -¯½¦ö -ºö¤£½-ê¾©

ÁÍÈ¤º¾¹¾−¢º¤¥÷ìò−§óÁ´È−Ä©É´¾¥¾¡¡¾−ª´ ñ©«÷©ò®À§†¤´ñ−¥½Ã¹É²½¤¾−ê†¥¿À ñ−ªÒ¡¾−®¿ì÷

¤»ñ¡¦¾§ó ò©ªÒ¡ñ®ÎÉ¾ê†¢º¤²¸¡ ñ−Ã−¡¾−¦É¾¤¥÷ìñ¤¢œ−ÃÏÈÀ§„−¡¾−¢½¹¨¾¨ªö¸¢º¤¥÷ìò−§ó.

®Ò²¼¤ÁªÈ À¤ˆº−Ä¢¦½²¾®¢É¾¤−º¡ªºÉ¤´ó£¸¾´ÀÎ¾½¦ö´ÁìÉ¸ ( º÷È−¹½²ø´, £È¾pH) Áì½

¦È¸−¯½¡º® ¢º¤ ñ©«÷©ò®¡ÒÀ§„−©¼¸´ó°ö−ªÒ¡¾−¢½¹¨¾¨ªö¸¢º¤¥÷ìò−§ó. «É¾¢¾© ñ©«÷©ò®ê…

¥¿À ñ−À§„−ê¾©£¾ ®º−, Ã−ÂªÀ¥−, ³ö©¦½³ðìñ¦ Áì½ ê¾©ê†´óÎÉº¨

Á´È−®Ò¦¾´¾©¢½¹¨¾¨ªö¸Ä©É, ©„¤− ˜− ¦È¸−¯½¡º®¢º¤ ñ©«÷©ò® ¥†¤´ó£¸¾´

¥¿À ñ−ªÒ¡¾−−¿Ã§É. ¦È¸−¯½¡º®¢º¤ ñ©«÷©ò® À ñ−¯ñ©Ã¥ ê†´òºò© êó²ö−ªÒ¢½®¸−¡¾−¢º¤

biocoenosis. ¸ñ©«÷©ò®ê†´óê¾© Ä¢´ñ−Í¾¨¥½¡ÒÃ¹ÉÀ¡ó©¡¾−À²š´ ¢œ−¢º¤¥÷ìó−§ó

§½− ò©ê†ÃÏÈ¢œ−Ã−ì½¹È¸¾¤¡¾− Èº¨¦½¹ì¾¨¢º¤ Á®¡êóÁì¨ê†®ÒªÉº¤¡¾− ºº¡§ó¢º¤

¢½®¸−¡¾− biocoenosis, À§†¤¦¾´¾©À»ñ©Ã¹ÉÄ¢´ñ−Áª¡ªö¸Ä©É Áì½ ¦¾´¾© Èº¨¦½Í¾¨

Ä¢´ñ−©„¤¡È¾¸.

Biogas


1.3.6 ê¾©-Á¢¤-®ñ−¥÷ -Áì½ −Õ®ñ−¥÷

ñ©«÷ê†®ñ−¥÷ê¾©Á¢¤Á È−ºÉ¾¤À«ó¤ê¾©Á¢¤¹ö¸ÎÈ¸¨(dm in % (w/w) or g/l), À§†¤´óºò©êó²ö−

ªÒ¡¾− Èº¨¦½Í¾¨¢º¤Á®¡êóÁì¨ê†®ÒªÉº¤¡¾−ºº¡§óÃ−«ñ¤Îñ¡. ñ©«÷ê†®ñ−¥÷ê¾©Á¢¤Í¾¨

Áì½ Î¼¸¥½ ó°ö−¡½êö®ªÒ¡¾−ÄÍ¢º¤ ñ©«÷ Áì½ ºñ©ª¾¡¾−À²š´¢œ−¢º¤®ðìó´¾©Ã−«ñ¤Îñ¡.

«É¾ ñ©«÷©ò® ó£¸¾´ Î¼¸Í¾¨Á È−À¡ó©¥¾¡¡¾−¯½¦ö´ê†®Òì½º¼©Ã−«ñ¤Îñ¡,

À§†¤¥½À»ñ©Ã¹ÉÁ®¡êóÁì¨ ó®Ò²¼¤²ð Ã−¡¾− Èº¨ ¦½Í¾¨ ñ©«÷©ò® À§„− °ö−ê†¥½À¡ó©²¾¨

Íñ¤Á È−À»ñ©Ã¹É¯½ìó´¾−¡¾− Èº¨¦½Í¾¨ÍÐ©ìö¤ Áì½ ¡¾−°½ìò©Á¡Ê¦¡ÒÍÐ©ìö¤À§„−©¼¸.

À§„−©¼¸¡ñ−¡ñ®°ö−¡½êö®ê†¯½¡ö© ¢œ−¥¾¡¯½ìó ´¾−¡¾−®ñ−¥÷ê¾© ºö¤£½ê¾©¹ù¾¨À¡ó−Ä¯

ê†«õ¡ Èº¨Â©¨Á®¡êóÁì¨.

ºò¤ª¾´¡¾−£í−£É¸¾Â©¨ Kapp (1984), ñ©«÷ê†®ñ−¥÷ê¾©Á¢¤À«ó¤ 10% (w/w) Ã−¡¾− Èº¨

¦½Í¾¨ Ã−«ñ¤Îñ¡À§†¤´ñ−®ð óºò©êó²ö−ªÒ¡¾−°½ìò©Á¡Ê¦¥¿À²¾½. ñ©«÷©ò®ê†®ñ−¥÷ê¾©Á¢¤¦ø¤

º¾©¥½À ñ−¦¾ À¹© Ã¹É¡¾−ÍÐ©ìö¤¢º¤¡¾−°½ìò©Á¡Ê¦¥¿À²¾½, À§†¤¦½Á©¤Ã−»ø® 3Œ2

A mixture of solid substance and water

Solid substance Water

Biogas


13

»ø® 1Œ-1-: ºñ©ª¾-°½ìò©-Á¡Ê¦¥¿-À²¾½ ¢œ−¡ñ®-¥¿−¸− -ê¾©-Á¢¤-Ã− -ºÈ¾¤-®‰´ [Böhnke et al. 1993]

1.3.7 ¯ñ©--Ä¥ªö -μ ñ®μ ˜¤

ñ©«÷©ò®Í¾¨¯½À²©º¾©À ñ−¡¾−μñ®μ ˜¤ ¹ùõ ÎÉ¾ê†À»ñ©¸¼¡¢º¤¢½®¸−¡¾− È¼−Á¯¤¡¾−¦ñ¤

À£¾½ ê¾©ÍÐ©ìö¤ªÒ¡ñ®¡¾−¢½¹¨¾¨ªö¸¢º¤¥÷ìó−§ó À§„− È¾ ñ©«÷©ò®º¾©À ñ−¡¾−ê¿ì¾¨ªÒ¡¾−

¢½¹¨¾¨ ªö¸¢º¤§−¥÷ìñ¤ Áì½ Â£¤¦É¾¤¢º¤¥÷ìó−§ó (À§„− −Õμ¾ìÉ¾¤¹Éº¤−Õ) Íõ Àºñ−Ä§ê†Ã§É

Ã−¢½®¸− ¡¾− È¼−Á¯¤ê¾¤¥÷ìñ¤Ã−ì½©ñ®²œ−«¾− ( ñ©«÷Îñ¡). °ö−À¦¨¹¾¨ ¢º¤ ñ©«÷©ò®

ÀÍ‰¾−šÁ´È−¢œ−¡ñ® Íñ¡ ¡¾−¢º¤£¸¾´À¢´¢÷É−¢º¤ ñ©«÷©ò®[Schlegel 1974],

¦†¤ê†´ó§ó ò©Ã− ñ©«÷©ò®º¾©®ÒÀ¯ñ−¦†¤ ê†²¾Ã¹ÉÀ¡ó©¡¾−μñ®μ ˜¤ Íœ Ä¯ê¿ì¾¨.

¦¾−μñ®μ ˜¤Ã− ñ©«÷©ò®ê†´ó°ö−¡½êö®ªÒ ¢½®¸−¡¾− Èº¨ ¦½Í¾¨ì¸´êñ¤ºº¡§óÀ¥−, §÷−À³ó,

¡ö©ºö¤£½ê¾©, Ä−ÂªÀ¥−, º¿Â´−¼´, Áì½ º¿Â´Á−¨ À§„−©¼¸¡ñ® ñ©«÷Îñ¡.

1.3.8 ¡¾−-ÀÎ‰¾-À¯ˆº -¢º¤-§ó¸½-´¸−

¡¾−À»ñ©¸¼©¢º¤§ó¸½´¸−Ã−ì½®ö®Á´È−¦¾´¾©À²š´¢œ−Ä©ÉÂ©¨À¸ì¾ê†À¯ˆº¨ÀÎ‰¾¢º¤§ó¸½´¸− Íõ À¯ñ−²½ìñ¤¤¾−ê†¦¾´¾©−¿´¾Ä§É£õ−ÃÏÈÄ©É. °ö−¯½Â¹¨©Íñ¡Á È−¡¾−ÍÐ©¯½ìó´¾−ê¾© ºö¤£½ê¾© Ä¸¢œ−. À§†¤À ñ−«ñ¤ê†´ó¢½Î¾©®ðìó´¾©ÎÉº¨«É¾¯¼®ê¼®¡ñ®«ñ¤Îñ¡Á®® øÉºº¡. ¡¾−À¯ˆº¨ÀÎ‰¾ ¢º¤§ó¸½´¸−Á È−À¡ó©¥¾¡¾− Èº¨¦½Í¾¨¢º¤¡÷È´Á®¡êóÁì¨ ê†μøÈÃ−¦½²¾® ê†®Ò´óº¾¡¾©Ã−«ñ¤Îñ¡Â©¨¡¾−ªò©ª¤À£º¤¢ö−¦‰¤ ñ©«÷©ò®(¡¾−¯Éº−º¾¹¾−),À§†¤¥÷ìó−§ó®Ò¦¾´¾©À£º−Ä¹¸. ¡¾−À¯ˆº¨ ÀÎ‰¾ ¢º¤§ó¸½´¸− Á´È−Ä©¯½ªó®ñ©À¢í¾Ã−Í¾¨¢½®¸−¡¾−. ©„¤− ˜−,

Biogas


ñ©«÷ê†®ñ−¥÷ê¾©Á¢¤ ¥¾¡¡¾− Èº¨ºº¡¥¾¡¡¾− Èº¨¦½Í¾¨Ã−«ñ¤Îñ¡Á´È−«õ¡ Á¨¡ºº¡ Áì½ «õ¡−¿À¢í¾´¾Ã§É£õ−Ã− «ñ¤Îñ¡.

2 Â£¤¡¾−-ªö¸-Á®®-Á¡Ê¦§ó¸½-²¾®-μøÈ ¦ ¯ ¯ ì¾¸

-À¯í¾Ï¾¨:

-À²ˆº-¨ö¡-ì½©ñ® òêó-¡¾− -©¿ìö¤-§ó ò© -Áì½ £÷− -−½²¾-®§ó ò©-¢º¤-£º®-£ö¸ μ øÈ-À¢©-§ö−−½®ö©, §¾¨ -

Áì½ ò¤, -Áì½ ì÷©°Èº−-°ö− -¡½êö®-¢º¤-¡¾−-−¿-Ã§û¦…¤-À¦©-ÀÍõº-Ã¹É-À¯ñ− -²½ìñ¤¤¾−-Ã− -¯½-Àê©-ì¾¸ -

Â© -°È¾− ¡¾−-²ñ©ê½−¾-®ÒÁ¡-¦§ó¸½-²¾®-²¾ -Ã−-¯½-Àê© êñ¤--Á®®ê†-À¯ñ− -¡¾− -£É¾ -Áì½ ê†®Ò-À¯ñ− -

¡¾−-£É¾

¥÷©¯½¦ö¤:

-À²ˆº-¦É¾¤®ñ−©¾¡ò©¥½¡¿ªö -Á®® ê†-À¯ñ− -²œ−«¾−-Ã¹É-Á¡È Â£¤¡¾−-¢½Î¾©-Ã¹È¨¡ È¾-À¡‰¾-Ã− -º¾−¾-

£ö© -À²ˆº-§È¸¨-¦‰¤-À¦ó´£¸¾ -À¯ñ− -Ä -Ä©É-ê¾¤-¡¾−-£É¾-¢º¤²¾¡¦È¸− -Á¡-¦§ó-¸½-²¾®-²¾ -Ã− -¯½-Àê©.

¥÷©¯½¦ö¤-¢º¤-ÁªÈ-ì½Îû¾¸¼¡:

Îû¾¸¼¡êó 1: ¸¼¡¤¾− - -Â£¦½−¾ãÖßâÏêÇãÏŠ

-À²ˆº¡½-ª÷É− Áì½ ¦É¾¤£¸¾ -»ñ®-»øÉ-À«ò¤-£÷− -¯½-Â¹ -© -Áì½ ø− -£È¾-¢º¤ -Á¡-¦§ó¸½-²¾®-²¾ -Ã− -¯½-

Àê© -Ã¹Éê÷¡-²¾¡¦È¸− --Áì½ -À²ˆºÀ ñ− -¡¾−À°ó -Á°È-Â£¤¡¾−.

Îû¾¸¼¡êó 2: ¸¼¡¤¾− -¡¾− -À¤ò−

-À²ˆºì÷©°Èº−-²¾ì½-ê¾¤-©É¾−-¡¾− -À¤ò− Áì½ -À²õ-úº-À²†´-ì½©ñ®-¡¾− -À¢í¾-À«ò¤- -À¤ò− -¡øÉ- -Áì½ ¡¾− -¥È¾ -

£õ− -À¤ò− -¡øÉ, -º¿−¸¨-£¸¾ -¦½©¸¡-Ã¹ÉÁ¡-¦§ó¸½-²¾ -²¾ -Ã− -¯½-Àê© -À²ˆº-¦É¾¤-£¸¾ -À¯ñ− -Ä¯-Ä©ÉÃ¹É-

Á¡È-ºö¤-¡º−Ã− -¡¾−¥ñ©ª¤¯½-ªò-®ñ©, -Â© -¦½-À²¾½-Á´È− -¦÷ -Ã¦È-°øÉ-ê†-ê÷¡-¨¾¡, -Á´È¨ò¤ -Áì½ ¡÷È´-

ê†Íû¾Íñ¤ ºõ-− ÈÅ.

Îû¾¸¼¡êó 3: ¸¼¡¤¾− -¡¾−¡Ò¦É¾¤ -Áì½ ¡¾−®ðìò¡¾−Íñ¤¡¾−-¢¾¨

-À²ˆº-º¿−¸ -£¸¾ -¦½©¸¡ -Ã¹É-Á¡È-¡¾−¡Ò¦É¾¤ -Áì½ ¦õ®ªÒ−¿-Ã§É-®Ò-Á¡-ü¦§ó¸½-²¾®-¥¿−¸− 6600

®Ò.

Îû¾¸¼¡êó 4: ¸¼¡¤¾− -¡¾− -£÷É´-£º¤-£÷− -−½²¾-®

-À²ˆº-¦É¾¤ ®Ò-Á¡-¦ê†-´ó-¯½¦ò©êò²¾®-¦ø¤-¦÷©-£÷É´-£È¾-¡¾−-ìö¤êô− Ã¹É-Á¡È-À¥í¾¢º¤-®Ò-Á¡-¦ -À²ˆº»ñ¡¦¾-

£¸¾ -À§ˆºÏ−¢º¤°øÉ-§ö´-Ã§É òê½¨¾-¡¾−Á¡-¦§ó¸½-²¾®-²¾ -Ã− -¯½-Àê©.

-Îû¾¸¼¡êó 5: ¸¼¡¤¾− -¡¾− -±ô¡-ºö®»ö´

Biogas


15

-À²ˆº-¦º− -êñ¡-¦½-Ã¹É-Á¡È − ñ¡ê÷ì½¡ò© -À²ˆº-©¿-À− ó− -ê÷ì½-¡ò©- -Á¡-¦§ó¸½-²¾®¢½Î¾©− Éº¨ -Áì½

¢½Î¾©¡¾¤ -Áì½ °øÉ-§ö -Ã§É-Á¡-¦§ó¸½-²¾® -Ã¹É-´ó-£¸¾ -¦¾´¾©-−¿-Ã§É®Ò-Á¡¦ ¢º¤-ªö− -μÈ¾¤-´ó-

¯½¦ò©-êò°ö− -.

3 –Â£¤¡¾−-Á¡Ê¦§ó¸½-²¾®-Á¹È¤-§¾© μøÈ ¡¿ ø-À¥¨

-Â£¤¡¾− -Á¡Ê¦§ó¸½-²¾®-Á¹È¤-§¾© (NBP) Á È− -Â£¤¡¾−-»È¸´-´õ-ì½-¹È¸¾¤-¡½§¸¤-¡½¦ò¡¿, È¾-Ä´É

Áì½ -¡¾− -¯½´ö¤ ¯½-Àê©-¡¿ ø-À¥¨ -Áì½ ºö¤¡¾− -²ñ©ê½−¾-¯½-Àê©-À− -Àêó-Áì− SNV. Äì¨½-êö©-

ìº¤-Àì†-´-ÁªÈ-¯ó 2005 À«ó¤ 2009 μ øÈ-®ñ−©¾-Á¢¤-ê†-´ó-À¤õº− -Ä¢-ÀÏ¾½-¦ö´-ê†-¦÷©. «É¾-°ö− -¢º¤-¡¾−¥ñ©ª¤-

Â£¤¡¾− μøÈ-ì½©ñ®-£¸¾ -À²†¤-²ð-Ã¥, -Â£¤¡¾−-¦¾´¾©-¢½¹¨¾ --Ä¯-ê÷¡Å-Á¢¤-Ã−-Äì-¨½-êó-¦º¤.

¥÷©¯½¦ö¤-Äì-¨½-ê¿-ºò©--Á´È− -À°ó¨-Á°Èì½®ö®-Á¡Ê¦-§ó¸½-²¾®-¢½Î¾©-− Éº¨ -À²ˆº-¦½Îº¤-²½ìñ¤¤¾−-

ê†-¦½º¾© -Áì½ ó-−¨ö¤ -Â© -¦‰¤-À¦ó´-Ã¹É´ó-¡¾−-®ðìò¡¾−-Á®®-À¯ñ− -¡¾−-£É¾, ª¾ -£¸¾ -ªÉº¤¡¾−-

ª½¹ì¾© -Ã− -®¾¤-Á¢¸¤ ¢º¤-¯½-Àê©-¡¿ ø-À¥¨. MAFF Ä©É-´º®-Ã¹É¡ö -¯½¦÷-©¦ñ© -Áì½ ¡¾− -

°½ìò© -À¯ñ− -ê†-¯ô¡¦¾-Áì½°øÉ-¯½¦¾−-¤¾− -Â£¤¡¾−, ºö¤¡¾− SNV ¦½Îº¤- ò§¾-¡¾− Â© -Ä©É»ñ®-

êô− -§È¸¨-À¹ùõº¥¾¡-¡½§¸¤-¡¾−-ªÈ¾¤¯½-Àê©-¢º¤-¯½-Àê©-À− -Àêó-Áì− ²¾ -Ãª-Á°− -¤¾−-Á¡Ê¦§ó¸½-²¾®-

º¾§ó.

¥÷©-¯½¦ö¤-¦½-À²¾½ ê†-¦½Îñ®¦½Îø− -À¯í¾Ï¾ -ì¸´¢º¤-Â£¤¡¾−-´ó-©„¤− š:

• ¢½¹¨¾ -¥¿−¸− -£º®£ö -−¿-Ã§É-Á¡Ê¦§ó¸½-²¾®-Ã− -Á¢¸¤-À¯í¾-Ï¾ -Ã¹É-Ä©É 17,500

¹ö¸ÎÈ¸¨.

• »ñ®¯½¡ñ− -Ã¹É-®Ò-Á¡Ê¦§ó¸½-²¾®-ê†-ªò©ª¤-ÁìÉ -¦¾´¾©-−¿-Ã§É-Ä©É-μ È¾¤-´ó-¯½¦ò©êò-°ö−

• -¦É¾¤--Ã¹É-®Ò-Á¡Ê¦§ó¸½-²¾®-´ó-¯½-Â¹ -©¦ø¤-¦÷©

• ¦É¾¤-£¸¾ -À¢„´-Á¢¤-Ã¹É-Á¡È-¡¾−-Â£¦½−¾-Áì½-®ðìò¡¾− -©É¾−- ò§¾-¡¾−¢º¤-Àº¡½-§ö− À²ˆº-

¦¾´¾©¢½¹¨¾ --Àªñ¡-Â− -Âì-§ó-Á¡Ê¦§ó¸½-²¾®-μ øÈ¡¿- ø-À¥-¨.

• ¦É¾¤-£¸¾ -À¢„´-Á¢¤-Ã¹É-Á¡È-¢½-ÁÎ¤-¡¾− À²ˆº-¦¾´¾©-£÷É´-£º¤-Áì½-²ñ©ê½−¾-Á¡Ê¦§ó¸½-

²¾®-Á®®-¨õ− -¨ö¤.

-Â£¤¡¾− - ó-®ñ−©¾-¡ò©¥½¡¿-ªÈ¾¤Å À§„− -: -Â£¦½−¾ -Áì½ ¡¾− -ª½¹ì¾©, ¡Ò¦É¾¤, ¦Éº -Á¯¤ -Áì½

®ö -ì½-®ñ©-»ñ¡¦¾, ¡¸©¡¾-£÷− -−½²¾-®, £í−£É¸¾-Áì½-²ñ©ê½−¾, ±ô¡-ºö®»ö´, ¦‰¤-À¦ó -−¿-Ã§É-±÷È− -

§ó¸½-²¾®, ªò©ª¾´ -Áì½ ¯½-À´ó− -°ö−.

Biogas


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17

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4 ¦È¸−-¯½¡º®-ì½®ö®-Á¡Ê¦§ó¸½-²¾®¢½Î¾©-−Éº¨

Â£¤-¦É¾¤-Á®®-¥¿ìº¤-¢º¤-Á¡Ê¦§ó¸½-²¾®-Ã− -¯½-Àê©-ì¾ -Á È− -Ä©É-«õ¡-©ñ©-Á¡É-´¾-¥¾¡-¯½-Àê©-Àμ¨ì½-´ñ− -- -Áì½ -Àªñ¡-Â− -Âì-§ó-¢º¤-¯½-¥ó− Áì½ ó-¡¾−-¯¼®ê¼®¡ñ®-Á®®-¥¿ìº¤-Ã−-ºó− -À©¨ -Áì½ − ó¯¾− -. ¦È¸− -¯½-¡º®-¢º¤-ì½®ö®-®Ò-Á¡Ê¦§ó¸½-²¾®-Ã−-£ö -À»õº− -Á´È− - ó 6 ²¾¡¦È¸− -ªí−ªð-£õ: ®Èº− -ªˆ´ (ì½®ö®-¯½¦ö´), ¦¿ìñ®-ªˆ´- ø− -¤ö¸ -Áì½ £º¡-¦ñ©-¦¿ìñ®Ïø, ®Ò®‰´ («ñ¤-®‰´), «ñ¤-®ñ−¥÷-Á¡Ê¦ (-À¡ñ®-»ñ¡¦¾-Á¡Ê¦), ê¾¤-ºº¡-¢º¤-¡¾¡-´ø− -¦ñ©(®Èº− -«È¾ -Àê), ì½®ö®-¦‰¤-Á¡Ê¦ -Áì½ ¡¾¡- ø− -¦ñ©. ê¾©-¯½¦ö -¢º¤ ø− -¦ñ© -Áì½ −Õ (¯½¦ö´-μ øÈ-ºÈ¾¤-¯½¦ö´) Íõ ø− -Ïøê†-´¾-¥¾¡-£º¡-¥½-ÄÍ-À¢í¾-¦øÈ-®Ò®‰´-Â© -°È¾−-êÒªˆ´. ê¾©-¯½¦ö´-− ˜−¥½-°½ìò©-Á¡Ê¦-Â© -°È¾−-¢½-®¸−¡¾−-¦ñ¤-À£¾½-Ã¹É-ÀÎ‰¾-À¯ˆº¨ -Áì½ -Á¡Ê¦ê†-À¡ó©-¢œ− -Á´È− -«õ¡-À¡ñ®-»ñ¡¦¾-Ä É-Ã− -«ñ¤-®ñ−¥÷-Á¡Ê¦ (©É¾− -Àêó-¤¢º¤-»ø®À£†¤ Îú¸¨--´ö−). ¡¾¡-´ø− -¦ñ©-ê†-ÀÎ‰¾-À¯ˆº -ÁìÉ -¥½-ÄÍ-ºº¡-¥¾¡-®Ò-®‰´¹¾-ºÈ¾¤-®ñ−¥÷-¡¾¡-´ø− -¦ñ©-¡. Á¡Ê¦¥½-«õ¡¦‰¤-Ä¯-¹¾-À»õº−£ö -Â© -°È¾−-êÒ-¦‰¤. ®Ò-Á¡Ê¦§ó¸½-²¾®-Á®®-ì¾ -Á´È−-«õ¡-©ñ©-Á¯¤-¥¾¡-Á®® GGC ¯½¡º®-©É¸¨-¦È¸− -ªÈ¾¤Æ-©„¤− š:

4.1 ºÈ¾¤-ªˆ´

ºÈ¾¤-ªˆ´ («ñ¤-¯½¦ö´) Á È−©É¸¨-§ó-À´ñ− -£º− -£ù© -À§†¤- À¯ñ− -®Èº− ¦¿ìñ®-ªˆ -´ø− -¤ö¸ -Áì½ £º¡-¦ñ©-¦¿ìñ®Ïø ê¾©-¯½¦ö -¢º¤ ø− -¦ñ© -Áì½ −Õ (¯½¦ö´-μ øÈ-ºÈ¾¤-¯½¦ö´) Íõ ´ø− -Ïøê†-´¾-¥¾¡-£º¡-¥½-ÄÍ-À¢í¾-¦øÈ-®Ò®‰´-Â© -°È¾−-êÒªˆ´. ¢−ªº−-¢º¤-¡¾−-¡Ò-ºÈ¾¤-ªˆ´-¯½-ªó-®ñ©-©„¤− š; ñ®²œÃ¹É²¼¤ Áì½ ª¿Ã¹É

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ÁÎÉ−©ó ÁìÉ¸ ¡Ò«¾²œÀ¯ñ»ø® ¥ñ©ª÷ìñ©, ¢½Î¾© 1x1 Á ñ©, ¦ø¤ 40 §ñ¤ªóÁ´ñ©, Àê²œ−¢º¤«¾−²œ− ºÈ¾¤ª´-À§†¤ ¯¾¡êÒªˆ´ªÉº¤¦ø¤¡È¸¾ Èº¤ìíºº¡¢º¤¡¾¡ ø¦ñ© μÈ¾¤ªÔ 15 §ñ¤ªóÁ´ñ©. ¹ùñ¤¥¾¡ −− ¡Ò«ñ¤ ö, ìñ©¦½Ïó Àê‰¾¡ñ® 30 §ñ¤ªóÁ´ñ©, ¦ø¤ 40 §ñ¤ªóÁ´ñ©. Â®¡©É¾Ã©É¾º¡, Î¾ 1,5 §ñ¤ªóÁ´ñ© Áì½ ºñ©ª¾¦È¸ 1:3 «É¾ ªÒ¡ñ®¹Éº¤−Õ: êÒªˆ´£¸¤¼¤®Ò¡È¾¨ 30 ºö¤¦¾ ¹¾¤¥¾¡À¦¡¾¤¹ùñ¡, ì½©ñ®¢º¤¦É¸´ «È¾¨¦ø¤ ¡È¸¾ ²œ−ªÔ¦÷© 25 §ñ¤ªóÁ´ñ©.

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4.2 êÒ-ªˆ´

À´ˆº-¡Ò-±¾-Ä©É-£¸¾ -¦ø¤ 35 §ñ¤-ªó-Á´ñ© ªÉº¤-¸¾¤-ªÒ-ªˆ´ 2 êÒ À§†¤--À¯ñ− -êÒ PVC ê†-´ó-¢½Î¾© 100 ò− -− ó-Á´© -Áì½ £¸¾ -¨¾¤ 2 Á´ñ© -À§†¤ ¦í−¦÷©¢º¤êÒªˆ´Á È− «õ¡À§º´ ªÒ¡ñ® ºÈ¾¤ ª´ Áì½ ªÒ¡ñ®±¾©É¾− Ã− ¢º¤ ®Ò®‰´ ¦¿ìñ®-ªˆ -´ø− -¦ñ© -Áì½ ºò¡êÒ-Î¤-Á´È− -À§ˆº´-ªÒ-À¢í¾-¡ñ®-ºÈ¾¤-−Õ-. êñ¤-¦º¤-êÒ-− š-Á´È− -ªÉº¤-¸¾¤-Ã¡É-¡ñ− -Àê‰¾-ê†-¥½-À¯ñ− -Ä¯-Ä©É Áì½ ¸¾¤-Ã¹É-¡ö¤¡ñ−¢É¾´¡ñ®-¯Èº¤-ê¾¤-ºº¡-®Ò-ìí−, ó-£¸¾ -¤ú¼¤ªÔ-¦÷© 45 ºö¤¦¾-ê¼®¡ñ®-²œ−©ó-−.

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Biogas


19

4.3 ºÈ¾¤-®‰´

®ð-®‰´- ó-ìñ¡-§½−½-»ø®--À£†¤ÎÈ¸¨´ö− Íõ »ø®-À£†¤-ÎÈ¸¨-Ä¢È À§†¤-À¯ñ− -®Èº− -Îñ¡-ê¾©-´ø− -¢º¤-¦ñ©. ¡¾−-¡Ò-±¾-®Ò-®‰´-Á´È− -¡Ò©É¸¨-¡Éº− -©ó-−¥† -Áì½ --©É¸¨-¯ø−§ò-´ñ¤-À§†¤-¡¾−-Â®¡-±¾-®Ò®‰´-Á´È−Â®¡©É¸¨-¡¾− -¯½¦ö -ì½-¹È¸¾¤-¯ø− Áì½ §¾¨. −º¡¥¾¡¡¾−-¡Ò-±¾-¢º¤-®Ò-®‰´- ñ¤-¦¾´¾©-Ã§É-¹ó− -±¾-−¿-´¾-Ã§É-Áê− -©ó-−¥†-Ä©É-À§†¤-´ñ− -¢œ−¡ñ®-¦½«¾−-ê† ê†-¦¾´¾©-¹¾-Ä©É-¤È¾¨ -Áì½ ´ñ−-¨ñ¤-´ó-ì¾£¾-«õ¡-¡‰ -¡Éº− -©ó-−¥†. ¡¾−-¡Ò¦É¾¤-®Ò-®‰´-Á È− -ªÉº¤-ªº¡-Íñ¡-Ã¦È-¥÷©-Ã¥¡¾¤-¢º¤- ö¤´ö− Áì½ -Àºö¾-À¦˜−ìñ©¦½Ïó-ê†-¡¼´-Ä É-− ˜−−¿-´¾-Ä§É£õ−. Ã−-À¸ì¾-¡Ò¦É¾¤-®Ò-®‰ -ªÉº¤-¯½ªò®ñ©-ª¾ -¢˜−ªº− -− š; ¡Èº− -ºˆ− -Á§È-¡Éº− -©ó-−¥†-Ã¦È-−Õ-Ä É-¯½´¾− 5 ¹¾10 −¾êó-¡Èº−¥½-−¿-Àºö¾-Ä --Ã§É, ¦È¸− -¯½¦ö´-¯ø− -À²º-¡Ò-±¾-®ð-®‰´-ª¾ -Ã− -ºñ©ª¾-¦È¸− 1:3 (§ó ñ¤ 1 ¦È¸− Áì½ §¾¨ 3 ¦È¸−). μøÈ¥÷©-Ã¥¡¾¤-¢º¤-²œ−£¸− -Ã§É-Ä´É Íõ ÀÍñ¡-À¦˜− Íõ-êÒ-μ¾¤-ê†-´ó-¢½Î¾© 0-.5 ª¤-Ã¹É-¦¾¡-¡ñ®-²œ− Áì½ -Àºö¾- ñ©«÷-ê†-Îñ¡-Àªñ¤-ªó− -Íñ¡-Ä É-À²ˆº-®Ò-Ã¹É-Îò¤ªó¤. ¡¸© £õ− -À²ˆº-»ñ®¯½¡ñ− - È¾-Íñ¡-À¦ö¾-− ˜−ª¤«õ¡ªÉº¤ -Áì½ ¦¾¡ ¡ñ®-²œ− -ÁêÉ. Íñ¤-¥¾¡-− ˜−¡¿Îö©-À¦˜−ìñ©¦½Ïó-¢º¤-±¾§− -Ã− -²œ−©É¸ -À§õº¡ Íõ -À¦˜−ì¸© ê†-´ñ©-ªò©-¡ñ®-Íñ¡-À¦˜−¡¾¤. ©ó-−¥† Íõ- ¹ó− -±¾-ÁªÈ-ì½-¡Éº−f-ªÉº¤-¸¾¤-Ã¹É-¢½Î¾− -¡ñ−-Ä¯-ª¾ -À¦˜− -À− „¤-ê†μ ô©-Ã¦È-¡ñ®-À¦ö¾ -Áì½ ¥÷©-ªÒ-ì½-¹È¸¾¤-¡Éº− -©ó-−¥†-ªÉº¤-Ã¹É-ÁÎÉ− -©ó.

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4.4 «ñ¤-À¡ñ®-Á¡Ê¦ (Storage Chamber)

¡Èº− -¥½-«ö´-©ó-−ìö¤-®Ò-®‰´ -À²ˆº-À»ñ©-À¯ñ− -»ø®-À£†¤-ÎÈ¸¨-´ö− - ªÉº¤-«ö´-©ó-−ì¼®-¢É¾¤-−º¡-¢º¤-®Ò-®‰´-Ã¹É-ÁÎÉ− -©ó-¡Èº−. «É¾-«ö -®Ò-©ó-¥½-À»ñ©-Ã¹É-±¾-ºÉº´-¢É¾¤-−º¡-¢º¤-®Ò-®‰´-Áª¡-Á¹¤-Ä©É-¨Éº− - È¾-´ó-£¸¾´©ñ− -¥¾¡-©ó-−©É¾−-Ã−-¢º¤-®Ò-®‰´-ê†-«ö´-ìö¤-À²º-À»ñ©-Á´È-Á®®-À£†¤-ÎÈ¸¨-´ö−. −º¡¥¾¡-− ˜−©ó-−ê†-Ä©É-´¾-¥¾¡-

Biogas


¡¾−-¢÷©-¢÷´-¨ñ¤-¦¾´¾©-Ã§É-«ö´-®ðìò-À¸−ºÈ¾¤-ªˆ´, ®Ò-ìí− Áì½ «ö´-Àêó-¤»ø®-À£†¤-ÎÈ¸¨-´ö−. Íñ¤-¥¾¡-− ˜− ñ¡-Íñ¡-ºñ−-Î¤ê†-´ó-£¸¾ -¨¾ -¯½´¾− 2 Á´ñ© --À§†¤-´ó-À¦˜−°È¾-Ã¥¡¾¤ 0.5” Ã¦È-¥÷©-Ã¥¡¾¤¢º¤- ö¤´ö− -Áì½ «ö´-©ó-−ìö¤-Ã¦È-¥ö− -¦¸©-À¯ñ− -»ø®-À£†¤-ÎÈ¸¨-´ö−. Íñ¤-¥¾¡-«ö´-©ó-−¦¿-Àìñ©-ÁìÉ -Àºö¾-Á´È-Á®®-Â£¤-ÀÍñ¡-

ö¤´ö− -−¿-´¾-Ã§É-À²º-¯ñ®²œ−°ò -¢º¤-©ó-− -Ã¹É-À¯ñ− -»ø®-À£†¤-ÎÈ¸¨-´ö−. ²œ−°ò -¢º¤-»ø®-À£†¤-ÎÈ¸¨-´ö− -ªÉº¤-º½−¾-Ä´-Ã¹É-¦½º¾©-À¸ì¾-¸¾¤-Â£¤-ÀÍñ¡-ìö¤ -Áì½ -À¸ì¾-ê†-Àºö¤-Â£¤-ÀÍñ¡-¯†-−ºÉº´-Â−− -ªÉº¤-¡¸©-À®†-¤ È¾- ñ−ª˜¤¦¾¡-ÁêÉ, ²Éº´-¡ñ−−− ÎÉ¾-¡ö¤-¢º¤-Â£¤-ÀÍñ¡-− ˜−ªÉº¤-ªò©-¡ñ®-©ó-−ª½Íº©-À¸ì¾. ©ó-−ê†-«ö´-À»ñ©-À¯ñ− -Á®®-À£†¤-ÎÈ¸¨-´ö− -ªÉº¤-ªó-Ã¹É-ÁÎÉ− -©ó«É¾-¹¾¡-®Ò-ÁÎÉ− -¡Ò-¥½-À»ñ©-Ã¹É-©ó-−¨÷®-ªö -ìö¤-Ä©É -Áì½ -À¸ì¾-Àê-£º− -¡ùò©-ÁìÉ -¥½-À»ñ©-Ã¹É-«ñ¤-®ñ−¥÷-Á¡Ê¦-Áª¡-Á¹¤-Ä©É. «É¾- ñ®²œ−°ò -¢º¤-»ø®-À£†¤-ÎÈ¸¨-´ö− -»¼®»Éº -ÁìÉ -Ã¹É-Àºö¾-§¾¨ Íõ ©ó-−−¿-´¾-Â»¨-Ã¦È-Ã¹É-ê‰ -²œ−°ò -¢º¤-»ø®-À£†¤-ÎÈ¸¨-´ö− -− ˜−. §¾¨ Íõ ©ó-− ê†-ªö¡-¥¾¡-Â−− -ìö¤-¦øÈ-¢º®-¢÷´-ªº¤-Ä©É-¡¸©-ºº¡-Ã¹É-Ïö©. Íñ¤-¥¾¡-− ˜− ¡Ò-¹ö©-−Õ-Àìñ¡-ÎÉº -À²ˆºÀ»ñ©-Ã¹É-©ó-−§÷È´ -Áì½ -À²ˆº-À»ñ©-®Ò-Ã¹É-©ó-− -Á¹É¤-À²¾½ È¾-À¸ì¾-Àê-£º− -¡ùò©©ó-−¥½-©ø©-§õ´-Àºö¾-−Õ-Ä¯-Ïö©. ¦½−− ¡Èº− -¥½-Àê-£º− -¡ùò©ªÉº¤-¡¼´-Á»¤-¤¾− -Áì½ -À£ˆº¤´õ-º÷¯½¡º−-Ã¹É-£ö®-«É¸− -À§„−: ¹ó−, §¾¨, §ó´ñ¤ -Áì½ −Õ. -À¸ì¾-Àê-£º− -¡ùò©ªÉº¤-À»ñ©-μ È¾¤-¦½ÏÔ¦½-ÀÏó, ¯½¦ö´-¯ø− -ªÉº¤-À»ñ©-μ È¾¤-ªÒ-À− ˆº¤. ®Ò£¸− -¯½-Ä É-Ã¹É-©ö− -À¡ó− 30 −¾êó. ¦È¸− -¯½¦ö -¢º¤-¯ø− -Á È− 1 : 2 : 3 (§ó´ñ¤ 1 ¦È¸−, §¾¨ 2 ¦È¸− -Áì½ ¹ó− 3 ¦È¸−). -ÁªÈªÉº¤-Ä©É-´ó-¡¾− -ì½ ñ©ì½ ñ¤-À¯ñ− -²ó-À¦©ªÒ-¡ñ®-£¸¾ -Î¾-¢º¤-¡¾− -Àê-£º− -¡ùò© -À§†¤-£¸¾ -Ï¾-±¾-¯ö¡-μ øÈ-©É¾−-ì÷È´ Íõ -Àºš− È¾-ªó− -£¸− -Î¾-¡È¸¾-μøÈ-¥º´-À®œº¤-Àêó-¤. ¦¿ìñ®-®Ò-Á¡Ê¦§ó¸½-²¾®-ê†- ó-¢½Î¾© 4, 6, 8 -Áì½ 40 -Á´ñ©-¡ºÉ− £¸¾ -Î¾-μ øÈ-ªó− -«ñ¤-Á È− 25 §ñ¤-ªó-Á´ñ© -ÁªÈ-£¸¾ -Î¾-μøÈ-¥º -Á´È− 7 §ñ¤-ªó-Á´ñ©. -À§„− -©¼ -¡ñ− -¡ñ® ®Ò-Á¡Ê¦§ó¸½-²¾ -¢½Î¾© 15 -Áì½ 20 -Á´ñ©-¡Éº−-£¸¾ -Î¾-μ øÈ-¥º -«ñ¤-¯½´¾− 8 ¹¾ 9 §ñ¤-ªó-Á ñ© ª¾ -ì¿©ñ® --À§†¤-£¸¾ -Î¾-μ øÈ-ªó− -«ñ¤-Á È− 25 §ñ¤-ªó-Á´ñ©. Íñ¤-¥¾¡-Àê-Â©-´ Íõ «ñ¤-¯ö¡-»ø®-À£†¤-ÎÈ¸¨-´ö− -ÁìÉ¸ ¯½´¾− 3 ¹¾ 4 ñ− «É¾-À¹ñ− - È¾-£º− -¡ùò©-Á¢¤-ªö -©ó-ÁìÉ -À»ö¾-¡Ò-¦¾´¾©-Àºö¾-©ó-−ºº¡-¥¾¡-®Ò-®‰´-Ä©É-Â© -ê¾¤-¯½ªø-ºº¡-¢º¤-¡¾¡-´ø− -¦ñ©. ©„¤− ˜−Íñ¤-¥¾¡ Àºö¾-©ó-−ºº¡-ÁìÉ¸²œ−°ò -©É¾−-Ã− -¢º¤±¾-¯ö¡-®Ò-®‰´-ªÉº¤-Ä©É-´ó-¡¾−-º½−¾-Ä´-©É¸¨-−Õ -Áì½ «ø-©É¸¨- ø-ìö©-ÀÍñ¡-μ È¾¤-Á»¤¡ºÈ−¥½-Â®¡-«ñ¤-®ñ−¥÷-Á¡Ê¦©É¾−-Ã− -ªÉº¤-º½−¾-Ä´-Ã¹É-¦¾-º¾©-©ó -Áì½ ¯½-ªó-®ñ©-¡¾− -Â®¡-ª¾ -¢˜−ªº− -ªÒ-Ä -− š: (¢−ªº−-¡¾−Â®¡«ñ¤-®ñ−¥÷-Á¡Ê¦´ó 5 §−)

§˜−êó 1: ê¾−Õ¯½¦ö´¦ó´ñ¤ Íõ Àºš− È¾ ø−À£ñ´ (¦È¸− -¯½¦ö´ §ó´ñ¤ 1 ¦È¸−, −Õ 3Œ5 ¦È¸−)Â©¨Ã§É³º¨ê¾

§˜−êó 2 : Â®¡©É¸¨ ø−¯½¦ö´Ï¾¯½´¾− 10 ´´ (¦È¸− -¯½¦ö´ §ó´ñ¤ 1 ¦È¸−, §¾¨ 3 ¦È¸−) Â© -Ã§É¡¼¤-ÀÍñ¡ Íõ õ-¯½ê¾¨

§˜−êó 3 : -Â®¡-Á®®-®¾¤Æ-Î¾-¯½´¾− 3-5 ´´, ©É¸¨-¯ø− -¯½¦ö´ (¦È¸− -¯½¦ö´ §ó´ñ¤ 1 ¦È¸−, §¾¨ 3 ¦È¸−) Â© -Ã§É-´õ-¯½ê¾¨

Biogas


21

§˜−êó 4 : -Â®¡-©É¸¨-¦È¸− -¯½¦ö´-ì½-¹È¸¾¤-§ó´ñ¤ -Áì½ ¦ó-¡ñ− -§õ´(acrylic emulsion paint) ¦È¸− -¯½¦ö´(¦¾−-¡ñ− -§õ´ 1 ¦È¸−, §ó´ñ¤ 10 Œ 12 ¦È¸− Íõ ¦ó-¡ñ− -§õ´ 0.6 ìò© -Áì½ §ó´ñ¤ 8 ¡ó-Âì) À§†¤-Â®¡-Î¾-¯½´¾− 3 ´´ -Â© -Ã§É-¡¼¤-ÀÍñ¡ Íõ ´õ-¯½ê¾¨. §˜−êó 5 : ê¾-©É¸¨-−Õ-¯½¦ö´-ì½-¹È¸¾¤ §ó´ñ¤ -Áì½ ¦ó-¡ñ− -§õ´ (acrylic emulsion paint) ¦È¸− -¯½¦ö -´ó ¦ó-¡ñ− -§õ´ 1 ¦È¸−, §ò- ñ¤ 2 ¦È¸− (¦ó-¡ñ− -§õ´ 0.4 ìò© -Áì½ §ó´ñ¤ 0.8 ¡ó-Âì) Â© -Ã§É-Á¯¤-ê¾¦ó-ê†-´ó-¢½Î¾©-¡É¸¾¤ 10 §ñ¤-ªó-Á´ñ©.

Â®¡-ÁªÈ-ì½§−ªÉº¤-¹È¾¤-¡ñ− -´œÎ¤, -À¸ì¾-Â®¡-§˜−ªÈ¾¤Æ-ªºÉ¤-À»ñ©-μ È¾¤-ì½´ñ©ì½ ñ¤ -Áì½ ®Ò-Ã¹É-´ó-¦†-¤ìö®-¡¸−. -ÁªÈ-ì½§−¢º¤-¡¾−-Â®¡-ªÉº¤-À»ñ©-Ã¹É-ì½º¼© -Áì½ ¥ö®¤¾ -©ó, ¡Èº−¥½-Â®¡-§˜−ºˆ− -ªÉº¤-Ã¹É-§˜−ê†-²¸´-À»ñ©-ÁìÉ -Á¹É¤-©ó¦½-¡Èº−. ®Ò-Á¡Ê¦§ó¸½-²¾®-ê†-¥½-Ã§É-¸¼¡-Ä©É-©ó-Á´È− -¢œ−¡ñ®-£¸¾ -ÁÎÉ− -Ï¾-¢º¤-«ñ¤-®ñ−¥÷-Á¡Ê¦ ¦½− ˜−¸¼¡-Â®¡-ÁªÈ-ì½§−ªÉº¤-À»ñ©-μ È¾¤-ì½º¼© -Áì½ -Ã¹É-Ä©É-£÷− -−½²¾-®´¾©ª¾-«¾−.

»ø® 4-4: «ñ¤-À¡ñ®-Á¡Ê¦

4.5 ºÈ¾¤-ìí− (Displacement Chamber)

£½−½ê†À»ö¾ìð«É¾Àºö¾©ò−ºº¡¥¾¡®Òìí−− ˜−À»ö¾£¸−Àìš´¡ÒÀ¦ö¾¹÷É´êÒ¦‰¤Á¡ü¦À²ˆº Éº¤¡ñ−êÒ¦‰¤Á¡ü¦

¥¾¡¾¡−¡½êö®ªÈ¾¤Å. ²Éº´¡ñ−−−À²ˆº»ñ®¯½¡ñ− ®ÒÃ¹É´óÁ¡ü¦»‰¸ºº¡ ¥¾¡¥÷© ªÒ¡ñ− ì½¹ È¾¤

êÒ¦‰¤ Á¡û¦ Áì½«ñ¤®ñ−¥÷Á¡ü¦. À¦ö¾ Éº¤¡ñ−−š´ó¢½Î¾© 30 x 30 §ñ¤ªóÁ´ñ© Áì½ ¦ø¤ 40

§ñ¤ªóÁ ñ© ¹ñù¤¥¾¡¡ÒÁìÉ¸Á´È−Â®¡²Éº´ À§…¤´ó£¸¾´Î¾ 1,5 §ñ¤ªóÁ´ñ©.

À²ˆº¡Ò¦É¾¤ºÈ¾¤ìí−¹õùÀºš− È¾ ºÈ¾¤êö© Áê− ¡Èº−ºˆ−ªÉº¤¢÷©¢÷´À¦¨¡Èº−

¢÷´©„¤¡È¾¸ªÉº¤μ øÈ©É¾−¹ñù¤¢º¤¯½ªøºº¡ ¡Èº−¥½ìö¤´õ¡Ò±¾ ¢º¤

ºÈ¾¤ìí−ªÉº¤Ä©É´ó¡¾−£¿−¸−À®…¤¢½Î¾©¢º¤ºÈ¾¤μ È¾¤£ñ¡Á− È. À§…¤¦½Á©¤μ øÈÃ−Á°− ¸¾©¡¾−

Biogas


¡Ò¦É¾¤ Áì½ ¯½ªò®ñ©ª¾´¢−ªº−©„¤− š: £¸¾´Àìò¡¢º¤¢÷´ê†À»ö¾£¸−¢÷© −−Àê‰¾¡ñ®£¸¾´

Àìò¡ ¢º¤ºÈ¾¤ ®¸¡¡ñ®£¸¾´Î¾¢º¤²œ− (£¸¾´Àìò¡©É¾−Ã−+1.2+7.5§ñ¤ªóÁ´ñ©).

¯ñ®²œ−ºÈ¾¤Ã¹ÉÁÎÉ−Î¾ Áì½ ²¼¤©ó ¡Ò±¾¢É¾¤ºÈ¾¤ì™−ê†´ó£¸¾´¨¾¸ (A), £¸¾´¡ É¾¤ (B)

Áì½£¸¾´Àìò¡¢º¤ºÈ¾¤ (D+15). ¹ñù¤¥¾¡− ˜−, Â®¡±¾©É¾−Ã−¢º¤ºÈ¾¤ì™− Áì½

¯½ªøºº¡¢º¤¡¾¡ ø−¦ñ©©É¸¨¦È¸−¯½¦ö´ 1:3 Áì½ Î¾¯½´¾− 1.5 §ñ¤ªóÁ´ñ©.

¦÷©êÉ¾¨Àê²œ−ºÈ¾¤ì™− Áì½ ²œ−¢º¤¯½ªøºº¡¢º¤¡¾¡ ø−¦ñ© ©É¸¨ ¦È¸− ¯½¦ö´ 1:2:3

Áì½Î¾¯½´¾− 7.5 §ñ¤ªóÁ´ñ©,

»ø® 4-5 -: ºÈ¾¤-ìí−

• ¹ùñ¤¥¾¡-¢÷©-¢ø´¦¿-Àìñ©, -Àì†-´-Àê-£º− -¡ùó©²œ−ª¾ -¢½Î¾©μ È¾¤-«õ¡-ªÉº¤, ©É¸¨-ºñ©ª¾-¦È¸−

1:2:3 (§ó-´ñ¤:§¾¨:¹ó−). ÎÉ¾²¼¤-¢º¤-²œ−ªÉº¤-²¼¤-©ó Áì½ ì½º¼©-¥ö®-¤¾´. Àê†-¤«¾−²œ−−š

«É¾-£º− -¡ùó©-Á¹É¤-©ó-ÁìÉ¸, -Àì†-´¡Ò-±¾-¢º¤-−º¡-¢º¤-ºÈ¾¤-ìí− -Àìó¨. ¢½Î¾©©É¾− -Ã−-¢º¤-ºÈ¾¤-

ìí− Ä©É-¦½-Á©¤-Ã−-Á°− -¸¾© (ì¸¤-¡û¸¾¤ -Áì½ ì¸¤-¨¾¸). £¸¾´Î¾¢º¤±¾-Â®¡ ®Ò-Ã¹É-

¡È¾¨ 2,5 cm (êñ¤-¦º¤-©É¾−). ø§˜−ê¿-ºò©-©É¸¨-¯ø− - (§ó- ñ¤ 1: §¾¨ 3) ¹ùñ¤¥¾¡-− ˜− ¥ˆ-¤¡Ò-

±¾-¢É¾¤, ¸¾¤-©óë¥†-Ã¦È- 4 ´ø´¢º¤-ºÈ¾¤ -À²ˆº-¡Ò-¦É¾¤-¤È¾¨, ±¾-¢É¾¤-ªÉº¤ª¤-Ã¹É-§ˆ -Áì½ ì¼®-©ó.

¦È¸−¯½¦ö -¢º¤-¯ø− -Â®¡-Á´È− 1:3 (§ó-´ñ¤ 1: §¾¨ 3). ±¾-¢É¾¤-−º¡-ªÉº¤-Ä©É-ª¿-Ã¹É-ÁÎÉ−©ó

À²ˆº Éº¤-¡ñ−¡¾−-Áª¡-Á¹¤ -À¸ì¾-´ó-¡¾− -´ø− -¦ñ©.

• -À¸ì¾-¡Ò-±¾-¢É¾¤-¢º¤-ºÈ¾¤-ìí−, ªÉº¤-¥‰¤-¯Èº¤-ìí−¢º¤-¡¾¡-´ø− -¦ñ©-μ øÈ-±¾-¡ö¤-¢É¾ -¡ñ®-¯½-ªø-ºº¡.

¯Èº¤-©„¤-¡È¾ -£¸− -μ øÈ-¦ø¤-¡È¾ -²œ−©ó-− ¯½´¾− 10 cm À²º¹ùó¡-À¸−¡¾−-Ä¹ -¡ñ®-¢º¤-−Õ. -

• À²ˆº-¯½-¹ ñ©--À¸ì¾ -Áì½ ñ©-¦½-©÷-¡Ò¦É¾¤ -À¸ì¾-À»ö¾-Àê-«ñ¤-®ñ−¥÷-Á¡Ê¦, -À»ö¾-¦¾´¾©-¡½¡¼´ -

Áì½ -Àê-±¾-¯ò©-ºÈ¾¤-ìí− -Ä -²Éº´. ®Ò-Á¡Ê¦-¢½Î¾© 4 Á´ñ©-¡Éº− ªÉº¤¡¾−-±¾-¯ò© 3 Á°È−

À§†¤-ÁªÈì½-Á°È− -´ó-£¸¾ -¡É¸¾¤ 55 §ñ¤-ªó-Á´ñ© -Áì½ ¨¾¸ 145 §ñ¤-ªó-Á ñ©, ¦È¸− -®Ò-

Á¡Ê¦¢½Î¾© 6, 8- Áì½ 10 Á´ñ©-¡Éº− ªÉº¤¡¾− ±¾-¯ò© 4 Á°È− À§†¤-´ó-¢½-Î¾©-ªÈ¾¤-

¡ñ− À®†-¤-Àº¡½¦¾−-§Éº− -êÉ¾¨. ±¾-¯ò©-ÁªÈ-ì½-ºñ− ªÉº¤-´ó-ª¾-Î¾-¤-À¹ùñ¡ -À§†¤-À¯ñ− -À¹ùñ¡-À¦˜−´ó-

Biogas


23

À¦˜−°È¾-−¦ø− -¡¾¤ 8 ´´ ¦¿¹ìñ® ®Ò-Á¡Ê¦¢½Î¾© 4 Á´ñ©-¡Éº−, -Áì½ 10 ´´ ¦¿-

¹ìñ® 6, 8 Áì½ 10 Á´ñ-©¡Éº−. ¢½Î¾©ªÈ¾¤Å-¢º¤±¾-¯ò© -Ä©É-¦½-Á©¤-Ã− - Table 5.

Table 5 : ¢½Î¾©¥º¤-±¾-¯ò©

¢½Î¾©-À ñ− cm ¢½Î¾©®Ò-

Á¡Ê¦ M3 ì¸¤¨¾¸ ì¸¤-¡É¸¾¤

¥¿−¸− -À¹ùñ¡-À¦− −ÕÎñ¡¢º¤-À¹ùñ¡ -À ñ− kg

4 145 55 3 8 10 6 145 58 3 8 12 8 155 65 3 8 13.5

10 155 68 3 8 15 ¦¿-¹ìñ®-ê÷¡-Á°-ú−:

£¸¾´Î¾: 5 to 7.5 cm (2-3”)

¢º® (©É¾−-ì÷È´): 2-2.5 cm (1”)

ª¾Î¾¤-À¹ùñ¡©É¾− -¨¾¸: 15 cm (6”)

ª¾Î¾¤-À¹ùñ¡©É¾− -¡É¸¾¤: 30 cm (12”)

ºñ©ª¾-¦È¸− -¯½¦ö´: 1 §ó- ñ¤, 2 §¾¨ -Áì½ 4 ¹ó−

-À¸ì¾-Á»¤-ªö¸: 5 œ

»ø® - -4-6: ±¾-¯ò©-ºÈ¾¤-ìí−

Biogas


4.6 ¢÷´-À¡ñ®-¡¾¡-´ø− -¦ñ©

ºÈ¾¤À¡ñ®¡¾¡´ø−¦ñ©Á È−²¾¡¦È¸−Î‡¤¢º¤®ÒÁ¡ü¦§ó¸½²¾®, «ñ¤®ÒÁ¡ü¦§ó¸½²¾®®Ò´óºÈ¾¤À¡ñ®¡¾¡ ´ø−¦ñ© «õ È¾ ñ¤®Òêñ−¦ö´®ø−Àêºμ È¾¤ÎÉº¨¦÷©ªÉº¤´ó 2 ºÈ¾¤À¡ñ®, ÁªÈ È¾ μ È¾¤ÎÉº¨ªÉº¤ óÄì¨½ ¹È¾¤¯½´¾− 100 §ñ¤-ªó-Á´ñ© ¥¾¡±¾¢º¤®Òì™− À²ˆº¹óù¡ì¼¤¡¾− À¯À²È¢º¤±¾ºÈ¾¤®Òì™−. ºÈ¾¤À¡ñ® ¡¾¡ ø−¦ñ©− š£¸− Ã§É¦½ ìñ®¡ñ− À²ˆºÀ¡ñ®¡¾¡´ø−¦ñ©ê†ºº¡´¾¥¾¡ ®ÒÁ¡ü¦ Œ ®ðìò´¾© ¢º¤ ®ÒÁ¡ü¦ £¸¾´Àìò¡¢º¤ºÈ¾¤À¡ñ® ´ó¯½´¾− 1 Á´ñ©, Äì¨½¹È¾¤ì½¹ È¾¤ ¦º¤ºÈ¾¤ − šÁ´È−¹ù¾¨¡ È¾ 50 §ñ¤ªóÁ ñ©, £¸¾´¡ É¾¤ Áì½¨¾¸ ªÉº¤¹ù¾¨¡ È¾£¸¾´¡ É¾¤ Áì½£¸¾´¨¾¸ ¢º¤²œ− Áì½À»ñ© À ñ−£ø¢ôû−ª´ ¦ø¤¯½´¾− 10 §ñ¤ªóÁ ñ©À²ˆº®ÒÃ¹É−Õ±ö−Ä¹ùìö¤ºÈ¾¤©„¤ ¡È¾¸.À²ºÃ¹É´ó ø−£È¾À²™´¢›− Áì½ −¿Ã§ÉÀ¯ñ−±÷È−®‰´Á®®¦½©¸¡¦½®¾¨£¸−¯½¦ö´¡¾¡ ø−¦ñ©¡ñ®¦…¤À¦©À¹õùº ¡½¦ò¡¿º−Å. ¢ðÁ−½−¿ À»ñ©¦…¤ Éº¤¡ñ− À²ˆº®Ò Ã¹ÉÁ¦¤ Á©©¦Èº¤Ã¦ÈºÈ¾¤ À¡ñ®− š À²ˆºÀ»ñ©¦…¤ Éº¤¡ñ−º¾© ¯ø¡ªí−Ä´ÉººÉ´ ®ðìòÀ¸−©„¤¡È¾¸.

5 ¡¾−-−¿--Ã§É-Á¡Ê¦§ò-¸½-²¾®

¡¾−-−¿--Ã§É-Á¡Ê¦§ò-¸½-²¾®¦¾´¾©-−¿-´¾-Ã§É-Ã− 3 ¥÷©¯½¦ö¤¹ùñ¡£õ: • -Ã§É-À¢í¾-Ã− -¡¾−ÁªÈ¤-¡ó-− • -Ã§ÉÀ¯ñ− -Á¦¤-¦½-¹È¸¾¤ • -Ã§É-ÁìÈ− -À£ˆº¤-¥ñ¡-À²ˆº°½ìò©Ä³³É¾

Â© -ê„ -Ä¯-ÁìÉ -Àªö¾-Á¡Ê¦¹ö¸©¼¸¥½-ªÉº¤¡¾−-¯½ìò´¾−-Á¡Ê¦ê†-Ã§û-ÁªÈ¤-¡ó-− -¯½´¾−350 ¹¾ 400 ìò© ªÒ §‰ -Â´¤. −º¡¥¾¡-− š 10 ¡ó-Âì¡ù¾´ ¢º¤-´ø− -¦ñ©-¨ñ¤-¦¾´¾©-²¼¤²ð-ªÒ-¡¾−-°½ìò©-Á¡Ê¦-¦¿-ìñ©-Àªö¾-Á¡Ê¦¹ö¸©¼ -Ã− -§‰ -Â´¤-Î¤. ¡¾− -−¿-Ã§É-©º¡-Ä³-Á¡Ê¦-Á´È− -ªÉº¤¡¾−Ã§ Á¡Ê¦ÎÉº -¡È ¾-À£†¤-Î¤¢º¤ ¯½ìò´¾−-ê†-ªÉº¤¡¾−¦¿ìñ®-Àªö¾-Á¡Ê¦¹ö¸©¼¸ (150 ¹¾ 175 ìò© ªÒ §‰ -Â´¤). ¡¾−êö©Áê− -©É¾−-²½ìñ¤¤¾−Â©¨ê¼®--¯½ìò´¾−-¢º¤-Á¡Ê¦§ó¸½-²¾®-Ã− 1 Á ñ©-¡Éº−:

• 5 kg ¢º¤Ä É³õ− • 1.6 kg ¢º¤«È¾−

• 0.75 ìò©¢º¤-À¡ó-Âì-§ó-−

• 0.45 kg ¢º¤ -Á¡Ê¦ LPG

• 1.6 to 1.7 Kwh ¢º¤-Ä³³É¾

Biogas


25

5.1 ¡¾−−¿Ã§É -À²ˆº£ö¸¡ó−

Á¡Ê¦ê†°½ìò©Ã−®ÒÁ¡Ê¦Á´È−«õ¡−¿Ä¯Ã§ÉÀ¢í¾Ã−¡¾−À°ö¾ÃÏÉ¹ö¸Àªö¾.

¡¾−ÄÍ¢º¤Á¡Ê¦À¢í¾¹¾Àªö¾ Á¡Ê¦Á È− ¢œ−¡ñ®£¸¾´©ñ−¢É¾¤Ã−¢º¤®ÒÁ¡Ê¦. Ã−-Àªö¾-Á¡Ê¦-Á´È−´óñ-¸¾ -¯ò©-À¯ó©- Á¡Ê¦ ê†-êÒ-À§ˆº´-ªÒ-¡ñ®-¹ö -Á¡Ê¦-À§†¤-´ó 2 »ø ê†-´ó-¢½Î¾©-À¦˜−°È¾-¦ø− -¡¾¤-Àê‰¾-¡ñ® 8 ´ó−ìó-Á´ñ© À²º-§ È¨--À»ñ©-Ã¹É-Á¡Ê¦´ó-£¸¾ -»Éº− -²¼¤²ð-¦¿ìñ®-¡¾− -−¿Ã§É. ¡Èº−-¥½-ªò©-Ä³-ªÉº¤-À¯ó©-¸¾ -Á¡Ê¦£Èº¨Æ Áì½ -À¯ó©-¸¾ -º¾¡¾©-ê†μ øÈ-Ã¡É-¡ñ®-¸¾ -Á¡Ê¦− ˜−.

»ø® 5-1: ¡¾− -−¿-Ã§É-Á¡Ê¦§ó¸½-²¾®-À²ºÁªÈ¤-μ øÈ£ö¸-¡ó-−

5.2 -Ã§ÉÀ¯ñ− -Á¦¤¦½-¹È¸¾¤

Á¡Ê¦§ó¸½-²¾®−º¡¥¾¡-Ã§É-¦¿ìñ®-Áª¤-μ øÈ-£ö -¡ó-− -ÁìÉ -¨ñ¤-¦¾´¾©-Ã§É-À¯ñ− -Á¦¤-¦½-¹È¸¾¤-Ä©É-ºó¡-Â© -Ã§É-¡ñ®-©º¡-Ä³-Á¡Ê¦. ©º¡-Ä³-´ó-Í¾ -¯½-À²©-ê†-Áª¡-ªÈ¾¤-¡ñ− Áì½ ¦¾´¾©§º¡-¹¾-Ä©É-ª¾ -ª½¹ì¾©-ê‰ -Ä¯. ©º¡-Ä³-ê†-−¿-´¾-Ã§É--¦È¸−¹ì¾ -Á´È− -−¿-´¾-¥¾¡-¯½-¥ó−. ¹ìñ¤-¥¾¡-ªò©ª¤©º¡-Ä³-Á¡Ê¦¦¿-Àìñ©-ÁìÉ -À¸ì¾-ªÉº¤¡¾−-−¿-Ã§É-©º¡-Ä³-Á¡Ê¦¡Èº− -ºˆ−-ªò©-Ä³-Ä É-¡Èº− -ÁìÉ -£Èº¨Æ -À¯ó©-¸¾¸-Á¡Ê¦Íñ¤-¥¾¡--Á¡Ê¦ªò©-Ä³-ÁìÉ -À»ö¾-¦¾´¾©-¯ñ®-¡½ Á¦-¢º¤-Á¡Ê¦-Ä©É-ª¾ -ê†-ªÉº¤¡¾−. ©º¡-Ä³-Á¡Ê¦®¾¤-¯½-À²©-¥½-´ó-¦½- ò¡-Ä³-´¾-²Éº´-¯½-À²©-− š-Á È− -´ó-£¸¾ -¦½©¸¡-Ã− -À¸ì¾-Ã§É ÁªÈªÉº¤-ªò©ª¤-Ä É-®Èº− -¯º©-Ä² -À§†¤ ©º¡-Ä³-Á¡Ê¦ªÉº¤¡¾− -Á¡Ê¦¯½´¾− 150 ¹¾ 175 ìò©-ªÒ-§‰ -Â´¤. ¡ðì½− ó-Ã¦É-©º¡-Ä³-¥ò¡-¢¾© Íõ »‰ -ªÉº¤-Ä©É-¯ú¼− -ÃÏÈ «É¾-®Ò-©„¤− ˜−¥½-®Ò-Ã§É-¤¾− -Ä©É-©ó.

Biogas


»ø® 5-2: ©º¡-Ä³-Á¡Ê¦

5.3 −¿Ã§ÉÀ¢í¾Ã−¡¾−ÁìÈ−À£ˆº¤¥ñ¡

®ÒÁ¡Ê¦§ó¸½-²¾®-Ã− -¢½Î¾©-£º®£ö -Á´È− -¨ñ¤-®Ò-êñ− -−¿-Ä¯-Ã§É À¢í¾Ã−¡¾−ÁìÈ−À£ˆº¤¥ñ¡-Àêº.

6 ¢½Î¾© -Áì½ ìñ¡¦½−½-¦½-À²¾½-¢º¤-®ÒÁ¡Ê¦§ó¸½-²¾®-¢½Î¾©£º®£ö¸

®Ò-Á¡Ê¦§ó¸½-²¾®-Á®®-©ñ©-Á¯¤ GGC -Á È− -Ä©É-»ñ®-êõ−¦½Îñ®¦½Îø− -¥¾¡-ìñ©«½®¾−-ì¾¸ -Â©¨¢œ−¡ñ®-Â£¤¡¾−-ªö -Á®®-®Ò-Á¡Ê¦§ó¸½-²¾®-μ øÈ-Ã− ¦ ¯ ¯ ì¾¸. ºó¤-ª¾´ª¾ª½ì¾¤ì÷ú´− šÁ´È−¦½Á©¤Ã¹É-À¹ñ−¢Ó- ø− -²œ−«¾−-ê†-´ó-¡¾− -²ö¸²ñ− -À«ó¤£¸¾´-Áª¡-ªÈ¾¤-¢º¤-¢½Î¾©-®Ò-Á¡Ê¦§ó¸½-²¾® Áì½ ¥¿−¸− -´ø− -¦ñ©-ê†-¥½-ªˆ´-Ã−-À®œº¤ªí− Áì½ -ÁªÈ-ì½ œ -ê†-Ä©É-«õ¡-−¿-¦½-ÀÎó-.

Table 6: ¯½ìò´¾− ø−¦ñ©ê†ªˆ´Ã−ÁªÈì½¸ñ−

¢½Î¾©¢º¤®ÒÁ¡Ê¦

¯½ìò´¾− ø−¦ñ©ê†ªˆ´Ã−À®œº¤ªí− (¢š¤ö¸, ¢šÏø

Íõ ¢š£¸¾¨)

´¾− ø−¦ñ©ê†ªˆ´Ã−ÁªÈì½ ñ−

(¡òÂì¡ù¾´)

¯½ìò´¾−−Õê†ªÉº¤¡¾−ÁªÈì

½ ñ− (ìò©)

À¸ì¾Ã§ÉÀªö¾Á¡Ê¦©É¸¨Àªö¾Á¡Ê¦

¹ö¸©¼¸

(§‰¸Â´¤)

À¸ì¾Ã§©º¡

Ä³Á¡Ê (§‰¸Â´¤)

4 1500 20-40 20-40 3.5 - 4 8-10 6 2300 40-60 40-60 5.5 - 6 12-15 8 3000 60-80 60-80 7.5 - 8 16-20 10 3800 80-100 80-100 9.5 -10 21-25

Biogas


27

*¢½Î¾©-¨ñ− -¥÷-¢º¤-®Ò-Á¡Ê¦Ï¾ -À«ó¤¢½Î¾©-®ðìò-´¾©-¢º¤-«ñ¤-Á¡Ê¦ -Áì½ --Á¡Ê¦ê†-®ñ−¥÷-Ã−«ñ¤. ** £È¾¦½-ÀìÈ¨-À¸ì¾-¢º¤-¡¾− -Ïñ¡: 40 œ £º®£ö¸-ê†-ªÉº¤¡¾− -¦É¾¤-®Ò-Á¡-ü¦-Á È− -ªÉº¤- ó- ø− -¦ñ©-²¼¤²ð-ê†¹¾Ä©Éª¾ -¢½Î¾©-¢º¤-®Ò-Á¡Ê¦ê†-À»ñ¾-Àìõº¡-Â©¨ªó-ì¾£¾-£È¾-¦½-ÀìÈ¨-Ã−-¡¾− -−¿-Ã§É-Á¡Ê¦-ÁªÈ-ì½ œ: 0.33 Á ñ©-¡Éº− ªÒ ®÷¡£ö− ªÒ œ.

Table 7: ¡¾− -°½ìò©-Á¡Ê¦

¢½Î¾©¢º¤®ÒÁ¡Ê¦ -Á¡Ê¦ê†-°½ìò©-Ã−-ÁªÈ-ì½- ñ−

(Á ñ©-¡Éº−)

¢½Î¾©-¢º¤-£º®£ö¸ (£ö−)

4 Á´ñ©-¡Éº− 0.8 - 1.6 2 - 5

6 Á ñ©-¡Éº− 1.6 - 2.4 5 - 7

8 Á ñ©-¡Éº− 2.4 - 3.2 7 - 10

10 Á ñ©-¡Éº− 3.2 - 4.0 10 - 12

Note: -À¸ì¾-ªˆ´-ê¿-ºò©-£¸− -¯½¦ö -¡ñ®-¡¾¡-´ø− -¢º¤-®Ò-Á¡Ê¦º−ê†-μ øÈ-Ã¡É-£¼¤ ¯½´¾− (50-60kg)

7 ªö¸μÈ¾¤- ¡¾−-£ò©-ÄìÈ –Áì½ ºº¡Á®®®ÒÁ¡Ê¦§ó¸½²¾®¢½Î¾©£º®£ö¸

¥÷©Àìš´ªí−Ã−¡¾−ºº¡Á®®®ÒÁ¡Ê¦§ó¸½²¾® Á È−ºò¤Ã¦È¥¿−¸−´ø−¦ñ© (Ïø, ¤ö¸ Áì½ £¸¾¨) ¥¿À ñ−ªÉº¤»øÉ¥¿−¸− ø−¦ñ©ê†Á− È−º−ªö¸¥ó¤ê† óÀ§†¤¯½§¾§ö−ªÉº¤Ä©É´ó¡¾−ªò©ª¾´ Áì½ £ò©ÄìÈμ È¾¤ ì½ º¼© ¡Èº− -ê†-¥½-ªñ©-¦ó− -Ã¥- È¾-¥½-¦É¾¤-®Ò-Á¡Ê¦§ó¸½-²¾®-¢½Î¾©-Ã©. ¥¿−¸−-´ø− -¦ñ© = −ÕÎñ¡´ø−¦ñ© x ¥¿−¸− -¦ñ© x ´¸− -¦¾− -¥¿-À²¾½-¢º¤ ø− -¦ñ© (¡ó-Âì¡ù¾´ ªÒ ´œ) ª¾ -¯ö¡¡½-ªó-ÁìÉ¸ ´¸− -¦¾−-¥¿-À²¾½-¢º¤ ø−-¦ñ© -Á´È− -Àê‰¾-¡ñ− -¡ñ®-À¯ó-À§ñ− -−ÕÎñ¡-¢º¤-´ø− -¦ñ©-ªÒ- œ, -Ã−-»ø®Á®®¢º¤-−ÕÎñ¡¯¼¡, −ÕÎñ¡-Á¢¤-êñ¤-Ïö© Íõ −ÕÎñ¡-Á¢¤-ê†-ì½-À¹ó-¨º¾¨. £ò©-ÄìÈ-−ÕÎñ¡-´ø− -¦ñ©-ê†-ªˆ´-Ã−-ÁªÈ-ì½ œ (W). £¿−¸− -ºñ©ª¾-¦È¸− -°½ìò©-Á¡Ê¦ (G) Áì½ £ò©-ÄìÈ-¯½ìò´¾−-Á¡Ê¦°½ìò©-êñ¤-Ïö© (Gt). ©„¤− ˜−¯½ìò´¾−-ê†-°½ìò©-Á¡Ê¦êñ¤-Ïö©-Àê‰¾-¡ñ®-°ö− -£ø− -¢º¤-−ÕÎñ¡-´ø− -¦ñ©-Ã−-ÁªÈ-ì½´œ¡ñ®-ºñ©ª¾-¦È¸− -°½ìò©-Á¡Ê¦ªÒ-¹ö¸ÎÈ¸¨ (Gt = W x G). ª¾ª½ì¾¤-ì÷È´-− š¦½-Á©¤-ºñ©ª¾-¦È¸−°½ìò©-Á¡Ê¦ªÒ-¹ö¸ÎÈ¸¨¢º¤-ºö¤£½-ê¾©-¯½-À²©-ªÈ¾¤Æ

Biogas


Table 8: ¡¾− -°½ìò©-Á¡ü¦¢º¤-¢º¤-ÁªÈì½-¯½-À²©

§½− ò©-¸ñ©«÷-©ò® ºñ©ª¾-¦È¸−°½ìò©---Á¡Ê¦À ñ− (ìò©) Íõ (Á ñ©-¡Éº− ªÒ ¡ó-Âì)

¥¿−¸− - ø− -¦ñ©-ªÒ-¹ö¸-¦ñ© -Áì½ ªÒ- œ À ñ− (¡ó-Âì)

ø− -¤ö¸ 35 Œ 40 (0.035 Œ0.04) 10 Œ15

£¸¾¨ 35 Œ 40 (0.035 Œ0.035) 15 Œ20

Ïø 40 Œ 60 (0.04 Œ0.06) 2 Œ 4

¦ñ©-¯ó¡ 55 Œ 70 (0.055 Œ0.07) 0.02 Œ0.03

º¾¥ö -£ö− 40 Œ 50 (0.04 Œ0.05) 0.18 Œ 0.34

«É¾-¥¿−¸− -¯½ìò´¾−-´ø− -¦ñ©-Á¡Ê¦£ö¤-ê†-¦¾´¾©-£ò©-ÄìÈ-ªÒ-¹ö -£ö− - -Áì½ ¥¿−¸−-´ø− -¦ñ©-ê†-ªÉº¤¡¾−-Ä©É. Â© -ê‰ -Ä¯-ÁìÉ -¯½ìò´¾−-Á¡Ê¦ê†-ªÉº¤¡¾−-ªÒ-¹ö -£ö− -Á´È− 0.3 ¹¾ 0.4 Á ñ©-¡Éº−/ œ.

7.1 £ò©-ÄìÈ-¹¾¢½Î¾©-¢º¤-®Ò-Á¡Ê¦

¢½Î¾©-¢º¤-®Ò-Á¡Ê¦-Á È− -¢œ−¡ñ®-¥¿−¸− Áì½ ¯½¦ò©êò²¾®-¢º¤-´ø−-¦ñ©-ê†-¹¾-´¾-ªˆ -Ã− -ÁªÈ-ì½- ñ− Áì½ ¡Ò-¢œ−¡ñ®-º÷È− -¹½²ø´-¨Èº -¦½Í¾¨. ®ðìò-´¾©-¢º¤-«ñ¤-Á¡Ê¦ (Vd) ¦¾´¾©-£ò©-ÄìÈ¹¾-Äì¨½-À¸ì¾ê†-À¡ñ® (RT) -Áì½ ¯½ìò´¾−-´ø− -¦ñ©-ê†-ªˆ´ (Sd).

Vd = Sd x RT (-Á´ñ©-¡Éº−/ ´œ x ¥¿−¸− -ÁªÈì½-´œ)

´ø− -¦ñ©-ê†-ªˆ´-Ã−-ÁªÈ-ì½- ñ− -Á´È− -¢œ−¡ñ®- È¾-¯½ìò´¾−-−Õ-ê†-¥½−¿-´¾-¯½¦ö´-¡ñ®-´ø− -¦ñ©-Ã−-ºñ©ª¾-¦È¸− -Àê‰¾-Ã©-À²ˆº-Ã¹É-Ä©É-ê¾©-Á¢¤ 4 ¹¾ 8 %

´ø− -¦ñ©-ê†-ªˆ´- ÁªÈ-ì½- ñ− - = ´ø− -¦ñ©- + −Õ- (-Á´ñ©-¡Éº−/ ´œ)

• Ã− -¡¾− -−¿-Ã§É-®Ò-Á¡Ê¦§ó¸½-²¾®-À¢í¾-Ã− -¡¾− -¡½-À¦©, ºñ©ª¾-¦È¸− -ì½-¹È¸¾¤-¢š¦ñ© (¤ö¸/£¸¾¨ Íõ Ïø) Áì½ −Õ-μ øÈ-Ã− -ì½-¹È¸¾¤ 1 : 3 Áì½ 2 : 1

7.2 ¡¾−-£ò©-ÄìÈ-¡¾−-°½ìò©-Á¡Ê¦-Ã−-ÁªÈ-ì½- ñ−

¯½ìò´¾− -¡¾− -Ã§É-Á¡Ê¦-Ã− -ÁªÈ-ì½- ñ− (G, m3 gas / day), -Á´È− -«õ¡-£ò©-ÄìÈ-Ã− -ì½©ñ®-²œ−«¾− -¥¾¡-

°ö− -°½ìò©-Á¡Ê¦¥¿-À²¾½(Gy) Áì½ ´ø− -¦ñ©-ê†ªˆ´-Ã− -ÁªÈ-ì½- ñ− (Sd). ¡¾− -£ò©-ÄìÈ--¡¾− -°½ìò©-Á¡Ê¦-Ã− -ÁªÈ-ì½- ñ−¦¾´¾©-Ä©É-©„¤− š:

a./ ´¸− -¦¾− -Á¢¤-ê†-ì½-À¹ó-¨º¾ -Ä©É(The volatile solids content ) (VS)

G = kg VS- input x spec. Gy (solids)

Biogas


29

b./ The weight of the moist mass (´¸− -¦¾− -−ÕÎñ¡-¯¼¡)

G = kg biomass x spec. Gy (moist mass) (¡ó-Âì¡ù¾´ §ó¸½-´¸− x spec. Gy ) (´¸− -¦¾− -¯¼¡)

c./ Standard gas yield values per livestock unit (LSU)(¯½-ìó-´¾− -¦½-Áª− -©¾©-°ö− -°½ìò©-Á¡Ê¦) G = no. of LSU x spec. Gy (species)

7.3 £ò©-ÄìÈ-¢½Î¾©ªÈ¾¤Å-¢º¤-®Ò-Á¡Ê¦§ó¸½-²¾®

£¸¾ -¯º©-Ä² -Áì½ ¡¾− -»ñ®-¯½¡ñ− -¢º¤-®ð-Á¡Ê¦ -Á´È− -¢œ−¡ñ®-¡¾− -¡¿− -ö©¢½Î¾©ªÈ¾¤Å-¢º¤-®Ò-

Á¡Ê¦. ¯½ìò´¾− -Á¡Ê¦¥¿-À²¾½ (Gp), ¯½ìò´¾− -Á¡Ê¦°½ìò©-ÁªÈ-ì½´œ ªÒ-®ð-ìò-´¾©-®Ò-Á¡Ê¦ (Vd)

Áì½ ¥¿−¸− -ºÈ¾¤-®‰´-¦¾´¾©-®ñ−¥÷-Ä©É (Ld), -Â© -£ò©-Äì-ª¾´-¦ø© ©„¤-ì÷È´-− š:

Gp = G : Vd (m3 gas / m3 Vd x d)

Ld = TS (VS) input / m3 digester volume (kg TS (VS) / m3 Vd x d)

7.4 ¢½Î¾©-¢º¤-«ñ¤-À¡ñ®-Á¡Ê¦

¢½Î¾©¢º¤-«ñ¤-À¡ñ®-Á¡Ê¦ -À§˜− ®ðìò-´¾©-«ñ¤-Á¡Ê¦ (Vg), ¢œ−¡ñ®-¯½ìò´¾− -Á¡Ê¦ê†-°½ìò© -Áì½

§ö´-Ã§É. «ñ¤-À¡ñ®-Á¡Ê¦ªÉº¤-ºº¡-Á®®-Ã¹É-¡¸´-Àºö¾ ¯½ìò´¾− -Á¡Ê¦§ö´--Ã§É-¦ø¤-¦÷© (Vg1) Áì½ ®ðìò-

´¾© (Vg2).

Vg1 = gc, max x tc, max = vc, max

Vg2 = G x tz, max

Gc, max = maximum hourly gas consumption

Tc,max = time of maximum consumption (h)

Vc, max = maximum gas consumption (m3)

G = gas production (m3 / h)

Tz, max = maximum zero consumption time (h)

£È¾-¢º¤-®ðìò-´¾©- Vg (Vg1 ¹ùõ Vg2) À¯ñ−ªö -¡¿− ö©-¢½Î¾©¢º¤-«ñ¤-Á¡Ê¦. £È¾-£¸¾ -¯º©-Ä² μ øÈ-

ì½-¹È¸¾¤ 10 ¹¾ 20 %, ª¾´-¯½¦ö®-¡¾− -ªö -¥ó-¤®ðìò-´¾©-Á¡Ê¦¦¿ìº¤-Ä É-ÁªÈ-ì½- ñ− -¯½´¾− 40

¹¾ 60%. ºñ©ª¾-¦È¸− -®ðìò-´¾©-®Ò-Á¡Ê¦§ó¸½-²¾® ªÒ ®ðìò-´¾©-«ñ¤-Á¡Ê¦ (Vd:Vg).

Biogas


7.5 ªö¸μ È¾¤-¡¾−-£ò©-ÄìÈ

ªö¸μ È¾¤:

£º®£ö -Î¤´ó-Ïø 12 Âª À§†¤£º®£ö -− šªÉº¤¡¾− -Ã¹É-−¾ -§È¾¤-¡Ò¦É¾¤-®úð-Á¡Ê¦§ó¸½-²¾®-Ã¹É-Áú²¸¡-À¢ö¾. «¾´- È¾-¥½-¦É¾¤-®Ò-Á¡Ê¦¢½Î¾©-Ã©-¥†-¤-ÀÏ¾½-¦ö´-¡ñ®-Ïø 12 Âª? ²¸¡-À»ö¾-»øÉ-¡ñ− - È¾-Ïø Î¤Âª¦¾´¾©°½ìò©-¢š-Ä©É-À«ó¤ 2 Œ 4 ¡ó-Âì ªÒ ´œ . ´ñ− -¥†-¤£¿−¸− -Ä©É-À§„−: ¥¿−¸− -Ïø12 £ø− ¡ñ® 4 ¡ó-Âì ªÒ ´œ ¢º¤-Ïø-Î¤-Âª-ê†-°½ìò©-¢š-Ã− -ÁªÈ-ì½- ñ− Àê‰¾-¡ñ− -¡ñ® 24 ¡ó-Âì ªÒ ´œ ©„¤− ˜− ¢½Î¾©¢º¤-®Ò-Á¡-ü¦§ó¸½-²¾®-ê†--ÀÏ¾½-¦ö´-¦¿ìñ®-£º®£ö -− š-Á´È− 6 £ó¸®ó-¡-Á´ñ©.

Biogas


31

Àº¡-¡½¦¾-−ºÉ¾¤-ºó¤:

Bastioli, C.; Cerutti, A.; Guanella, I.; Romano, G.C.; Tosin, M. (1995): Physical State and Behaviour of Starch-Caprolactone Systems. Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation, 3 (2), pp. 81-95.

Bidlingmaier, W. (2000): Biologische Abfallverwertung. 1st Edn. Eugen Ulmer GmbH & Co. Stuttgart, Germany.

EPA (2002): U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - EPA. http://www.epa.gov

Yagi, T.; Irimajiri, T. (1997): Studies on Degradation of Polylactic Acid in Compost. Proc. of the International Conference on Organic Recovery and Biological Treatment into the Next Millennium ORBIT, Harrogate, UK. E.I. Stentiford (Ed.) Leeds, UK pp. 127-130.

Ghimire, Prakash C, Handbook for Domestic Biogas Construction, Vientiane, 2002


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ການສງເສມການນຳໃຊພະລງງານທດແທນຢາງມປະສດທພາບ

ໃນປະເທດທກຳລງພດທະນາ

ROCKET STOVES

ເຕາຣອກແກດ(ລະດບ 2)

ຜແຕງ

ແສງຣາຕຣ ກຖາວອນ, ມະຫາວທະຍາໄລແຫງຊາດລາວ

Rocket Stove


1

ສາລະບານ

1 ບດນຳກຽວກບເຕາຣອກແກດ...................................................................................................4

1.1 ເຕາຣອກແກດແມນເຕາແບບໃດ...........................................................................................4

1.2 ວທການແຕງຢຄວກນແບບດງເດມ........................................................................................5

2 ຫກການການອກແບບສຳລບເຕາຣອກແກດ ................................................................................6

3 ວດສະດທໃຊສຳລບການສາງເຕາ .............................................................................................7

4 ການກະກຽມດນຈ .................................................................................................................8

4.1 ສດສວນຂອງວດສະດທໃຊເຮດກອນດນຈ ..............................................................................8

4.1.1 ຂເລອຍ ແລະດນໜຽວ (ຫອາດຈະໃຊດນຈມປວກ) ...........................................................9

4.1.2 ບດຝກຫດ .............................................................................................................12

4.1.3 ບດຝກຫດສຳລບຄຳນວນຫາປະສດທພາບຂອງເຕາ........................................................12

4.2 ຂະໜາດຂອງກອນດນຈ ...................................................................................................14

5 ການສາງເຕາຣອກແກດ ........................................................................................................16

5.1 ການກະກຽມຖງໂລຫະ......................................................................................................16

5.2 ຖານສຳລບໃສເຊອໄຟ......................................................................................................17

5.3 ການຈດວາງດນຈສຳລບເຮດເຕາຊນທຳອດ. .........................................................................17

5.4 ການຈດວາງດນຈຊນທສອງ...............................................................................................18

5.5 ການຈດວາງດນຈຊນທສາມ ຫຊນສດທາຍ. ..........................................................................19

5.6 ຫອງເຜາໄໝ ..................................................................................................................19

5.7 ຍດສະໜວນໃສຊອງຫວາງຖງໂລຫະ ...................................................................................20

5.8 ຍດສະໜວນກນຄວາມຮອນໃສຊອງຫວາງລະຫວາງຫອງເຜາໄໝ ແລະຖງໂລຫະ ..........................20

5.9 ເອາຖານເຊອເພງຍດໃສຊອງຫວາງທເຈາະໄວຢເບອງລມຂອງເຕາ.............................................21

5.10 ເຕາຣອກແກດທສາງສຳເລດ ..............................................................................................21

6 ເຊອໄຟທໃຊສຳລບເຕາຣອກແກດ...........................................................................................22

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7 ຈດດ ................................................................................................................................23

7.1 ປະຢດເຊອໄຟ ................................................................................................................23

7.2 ເວລາດງໄຟໃນເຕານ ເກອບວາຈະບມຄວນ ..........................................................................23

7.3 ສະດວກສະບາຍໃນການໃຊງານ .........................................................................................23

7.4 ຂສະດວກ......................................................................................................................23

7.5 ປອດໄພເມອມການໃຊງານ ...............................................................................................23

7.6 ເປນມດກບສງແວດລອມ ..................................................................................................24

8 ເອກະສານອາງອງ ...............................................................................................................24

ລາຍການຕາຕະລາງ

ຕາຕະລາງ 1: ວດສະດທຈຳເປນສຳລບການສາງເຕາຣອກແກດ..............................................................7

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ລາຍການຮບ

ຮບ 1: ເຕາຣອກແກດທສາງໂດຍທມງານຂອງມະຫາວທະຍາໄລແຫງຊາດລາວ....................................5

ຮບ 2: ເຕາໄຟເປດກອນຫນສາມກອນ. .......................................................................................6

ຮບ 3: ຮບແບບຂອງເຕາຣອກແກດ.............................................................................................7

ຮບ 4: ວດສະດທໃຊໃນການເຮດດນຈ. .......................................................................................8

ຮບ 5: ທບດນໜຽວ ຫດນຈມປວກໃຫມນ. ...................................................................................9

ຮບ 6: ຮອນດນໜຽວ. ..............................................................................................................9

ຮບ 7: ປະສມດນໜຽວກບຂເລອຍ. ..........................................................................................10

ຮບ 8: ຕມນາລງໃສໃນສວນປະສມ(ຂເລອຍ ແລະດນໜຽວ). .........................................................10

ຮບ 9: ຄນສວນປະສມ...........................................................................................................10

ຮບ 10: ເທສວນປະສມລງໃນແມແບບໄມ....................................................................................11

ຮບ 11: ກອນດນຈສວຍສອງດານ ແລະສວຍດານດຽວ. ..................................................................11

ຮບ 12 ດນຈທເຜາພາຍໃຕອນຫະພມ 1000°C. ...............................................................................11

ຮບ 13: ດນຈກອນສນ ຈຳນວນ 5 ກອນ. ດນຈກອນຍາວ ຈຳນວນ 6 ກອນ ....................................14

ຮບ 14: ຂະໜາດຂອງກອນດນຈຂອງຕນສະບບ ແລະການຈດວາງມນ...............................................14

ຮບ 15: ດນຈທທມງານ ມຊ ໄດດດແກ, ຂະໜາດ ແລະການຈດວາງດນຈສຳລບເຮດເຕາ.......................15

ຮບ 16: ຖງໂລຫະຄວບຫອງເຜາໄໝ...........................................................................................16

ຮບ 17: ຖານສຳລບໃສເຊອໄຟ..................................................................................................17

ຮບ 18: ການຈດວາງດນຈຊນທຳອດ. .........................................................................................18

ຮບ 19: ການຈດວາງດນຈຊນທສອງ...........................................................................................18

ຮບ 20: ການຈດວາງດນຈຊນສດທາຍ ແລະຫອງເຜາໄໝ................................................................19

ຮບ 21: ຫອງເຜາໄໝວາງໄວດານໃນຂອງຖງໂລຫະ. ......................................................................19

ຮບ 22: ຍດສະໜວນກນຄວາມຮອນໃສຊອງຫວາງລະຫວາງຖງໂລຫະ ແລະຫອງເຜາໄໝ. .....................20

ຮບ 23: ແຕງໜາເຕາດວຍສວນປະສມຂອງຄອນກຣດ....................................................................20

ຮບ 24: ເອາຖານໃສເຊອໄຟ ສອດເຂາໄປໃນຊອງຫວາງທຢເບອງລມຂອງເຕາ. ...................................21

ຮບ 25: ເຕາຣອກແກດທສາງສຳເລດ. .........................................................................................22

ຮບ 26: ເຊອໄຟສຳລບເຕາຣອກແກດ. ........................................................................................22

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1 ບດນຳກຽວກບເຕາຣອກແກດ

ເຕາຣອກແກດແມນເຕາຊະນດທໃຊກບຊວະມວນທໄດຖກດດແກ. ຄວາມຕອງການເຊອໄຟຊວະມວນ

ສຳລບເຕາຣອກແກດຫດລງ ແລະປບປງຊວດການເປນຢຂອງຜທໃຊ ເມອປຽບທຽບກບເຕາໄຟທໃຊຫນສາມ

ກອນ. ເຕາຣອກແກດຈະສງຜນດຫກໆທງທາງດານເສດຖະກດ, ສງຄມ ແລະສງແວດລອມ. ເຕາໄຟດງກາວ ຈະ

ເຮດຜທນຳໃຊປະຢດທງເວລາ ແລະເງນ. ໃນເຂດຕວເມອງ, ໂດຍສະເພາະຜທໃຊເຕາຣອກແກດ ຈະປະຢດ

ຄາໃຊຈາຍໃນການຊຟນ ແລະຈະເຮດໃຫເວລາຂອງການຕອບແທນຄນຂອງຄາໃຊຈາຍສຳລບເຕາຣອກແກດສນ.

ສ ຳລບເຂດຊນນະບດ ຖານຳໃຊເຕາຣອກແກດກຈະເຮດໃຫຜທນຳໃຊບເສຍເວລາຫາຍໃນການຊອກຫາ

ຟນສຳລບແຕງຢຄວກນ, ມເວລາໃນການເບງແຍງດແລລກເຕາຫາຍຂນ ແລະສາມາດມລາຍຮບຈາກເຮດກດຈະ

ກຳອນໆນຳອກ.

ເຕາຣອກແກດມປະສດທພາບທາງຄວາມຮອນປະມານ 30% (ໂດຍສະເລຍ) ເມອທຽບກບເຕາໄຟໃຊ

ຫນສາມກອນແບບເປດ ຊງມປະສດທພາບທາງຄວາມຮອນພຽງແຕ 15.6%, (ໃຊການທດສອບໂດຍການຕມ

ນາ). ຈດປະສງຫກຂອງການພດທະນາເຕາໄຟຣອກແກດເພອເຮດໃຫເກດມການເຜາໄໝເຊອໄຟຊວະມວນທມ

ປະສດທພາບ ແລະມການຖາຍເທຄວາມຮອນສງສດລະຫວາງແປວໄຟກບໝທແຕງຢຄວກນ.

ເຕາໄຟຣອກແກດຈະຊວຍໃຫຜທນຳໃຊ ປະຢດເຊອໄຟໄດເຖງ 50 – 60 % ເມອປຽບທຽບໃສກບ ເຕາ

ໄຟທໃຊຫນສາມກອນແບບເປດ. ແລະອກຈດດຢາງໜງຂອງເຕາໄຟແບບນແມນສາມາດສາງໂດຍນຳໃຊວດສະດ

ທມຢໃນທອງຖນ ໂດຍມດນໜຽວ, ແລະຂເລອຍສຳລບສາງເປນຕວເຕາ ແລະສະໜວນກນຄວາມຮອນ ຊງໃຊຂ

ແກບເຜາ.

ເຕາໄຟຮອກແກດສາມາດສງຄວາມຮອນໃຫແກໝທໃຊແຕວຢຄວກນໄດຫາຍກວາ 90 % ຂອງຄວາມ

ຮອນທງໝດຈາກການເຜາໄໝເຊອໄຟ ເນອງຈາກວາບລເວນດານນອກຂອງຫອງເຜາໄໝມການຫມສະໜວນ

ກນຄວາມຮອນ.

1.1 ເຕາຣອກແກດແມນເຕາແບບໃດ

ເຕາຣອກເກດແມນເຕາທໃຊໃນການແຕງຢຄວກນແບບງາຍດາຍ ຊງປະກອບສາງຈາກຊນສວນສ ຳຄນບພເທາ

ໃດຊນສວນ, ເປນເຕາທມປະສດທພາບສງ ແລະປະຢດເຊອໄຟໄດດ, ເຕາຣອກແກດຖວາເປນເຕາທມປະສດທ

ພາບສງ ແລະບຊນເປອງຄາໃຊຈາຍໃນການຈດຊເຊອໄຟ, ເຕາໄຟຣອກແກດສາມາດນຳ ໃຊໃນທາງຄວາມຮອນ

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ຫເປນແຫງຄວາມຮອນສຳລບການແຕງຢຄວກນ ແລະສາມາດຕດຕງໄວນອກເຮອນໄດ. ເນອງຈາກວາເຕາໄຟ

ຣອກແກດໃຊຟນໜອຍກວາເຕາໄຟເປດແບບດງເດມ, ມນສາມາດນຳໃຊເຂາໃນການແຕງຢຄວກນໄດທງໃນ

ເຮອນ ແລະນອກເຮອນໄດ.

ຮບ 1: ເຕາຣອກແກດທສາງໂດຍທມງານຂອງມະຫາວທະຍາໄລແຫງຊາດລາວ.

1.2 ວທການແຕງຢຄວກນແບບດງເດມ

ເຕາໄຟຣອກແກດແມນສາງຂນເພອປຽນແທນເຕາໄຟເປດແບບດງເດມທເຄຍໃຊໃນການແຕງຢຄວກນ

ທສາງບນຫາໃຫກບສງແວດລອມ ເປນຕນແມນກຽວຂອງກບບນຫາມນພາວະຂອງອາກາດຢພາຍໃນເຮອນ.

ເວລາເຜາໄໝເຊອໄຟຈາກຊວະມວນຢໃນເຕາໄຟເປດແບບດງເດມຈະປອຍແກຊພດອອກສອາກາດຢາງຫວງ

ຫາຍ ແລະແກຊພດນຈະໝນວຽນວກວນຢໃນບານເຮອນ.

ອກຢາງໜງເຕາໄຟແບບດງເດມຈະເປນການຊມໃຊເຊອໄຟແບບບມປະສດທພາບ. ເຕາໄຟແບບດງເດມ

ຈະມປະສດທພາບດທສດໃນການເຮດໃຫຟນກາຍເປນພະລງງານ, ແຕວາຈະບມປະສດທພາບໃນການຖາຍເທ

ພະລງງານໄປສໝທໃຊໃນການແຕງຢຄວກນ. ພະລງງານຄວາມຮອນທແຜອອກ ສວນຫວງຫາຍຈະຖາຍເທໃຫ

ກບສງແວດລອມ ແຕບແມນຖາຍເທໃຫກບໝທຄາງຢເຕາໄຟ. ຈາກການຖາຍເທຄວາມຮອນທບມປະ ສດທພາບ

ເຕາໄຟແບບດງເດມຈງມຄວາມຕອງການການນຳໃຊຟນຫາຍ, ຊງຈະຕອງມຊອກຫາຟນຈາກປາໄມນນຈະເປນ

ສາຍເຫດຂອງການທຳລາຍສງແວດລອມ.

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ຂບກພອງອກຢາງໜງຂອງເຕາໄຟແບບດງເດມ ແມນມຄວາມອນຕະລາຍສຳລບເດກນອຍ. ເນອງຈາກ

ເປນເຕາໄຟແບບເປດ ແລະຕງຢພນເຮອນ ໂອກາດທເດກນອຍຈະລມໃສເຕາໄຟກອາດຈະເກດຂນໄດ ຊງເປນ

ອນຕະລາຍແກ ຊວດໄດ.

ຮບ 2: ເຕາໄຟເປດກອນຫນສາມກອນ.

2 ຫກການການອກແບບສຳລບເຕາຣອກແກດ

1. ການສາງເຕາຣອກແກດທດ ຈະຕອງເຮດໃຫມອາກາດໝນວຽນໄດດ. ດວຍເຫດນ ໃນການອອກແບບຈະຕອງເຮດໃຫມຊອງທາງເດນຂອງອາກາດ. ເພາະສະນນ ທງໂຕເຕາ, ຫອງເຜາໄໝ ແລະຂອບຂອງເຕາໄຟແບບນ ຈະຕອງນອນຢໃນເນອທໜາຕດດຽວກນ ຈງເຮດໃຫເກດມອາກາດຖາຍເທຄວາມຮອນທດ.

2. ປະລມານອອກຊເຈນທໝນວຽນພາຍໃນເຕາຕອງນອຍ, ແປວໄຟຈະບວກວນ. ໃນເວລາທສາງຫອງເຜາໄໝມຄວາມຈຳເປນທຈະຕອງໃຫມຖານສຳລບຮອງຮບເຊອເພງ. ອາກາດສດກຈະຖກດງຜານກອງຂອງຖານໃສເຊອເພງເຂາໄປໃນເຕາ.

3. ໂຕເຕາຈະຕອງສນ,ຊງຈະເຮດໃຫອາກາດຮອນໄຫຜານເຕາໄປຫາໝທຄາງຢເທງເຕາໄດຢາງວອງໄວ.

4. ຄວາມຮອນຈະແຜລງສອອກຈາກຫອງເຜາໄໝ ເພາະສະນນ ຈະຕອງຫມສະໜວນຮອບໆຫອງເຜາ ໄໝ.

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ຮບ 3: ຮບແບບຂອງເຕາຣອກແກດ.

3 ວດສະດທໃຊສຳລບການສາງເຕາ

ຕາຕະລາງລມນ ໄດສະແດງໃຫເຫນວດສະດທຈຳເປນໃຊໃນການສາງເຕາຣອກແກດ.

ຕາຕະລາງ 1: ວດສະດທຈຳເປນສຳລບການສາງເຕາຣອກແກດ.

ລ/ດ ວດສະດ ທາງເລອກ ປະລມານທໃຊ

1 ດນໜຽວ ດນຈມປວກ 10 ກໂລກຣາມ

2 ຂເລອຍ ແກບຮອນ

ຫຫຍາແຫງທຝກໃຫມນ

6 ກໂລກຣາມ

3 ນາ - 13 ລດ

4 ຊເມນ ດນໜຽວ 1 ກໂລກຣາມ

5 ດນຊາຍ - 0.500 ກໂລກຣາມ

6 ແຜນເຫກ (ເຫກແຜນໂຕນ)

ຖງນາມນພດ (20 ລດ)

ຫເຫກຄບສງກະສ, ໜາ

0.3 ມນລແມດ

ໜງແຜນ ຍາວປະມານ 1.2 ແມດ

ແລະກວາງ 0.38 ແມດ

7 ແກບເຜາ - 5 ກໂລກຣາມ

8 ເຫກເສນກມ - 3 ທອນ ທມເສນຜານສນກາງ 0.05ແມດ

ແລະຍາວ 0.40 ແມດ

ຖາຫາກວາຂະໜາດຂອງຖານໃສເຊອໄຟເໝາະສມຈະ ຊວຍຈຳກດອາ ກາດເຂາໄປໃນເຕາໄດ. ອາກາດເຢນເຂາໄປ ໃນເຕາ ຈະເຮດໃຫປະສດ ທພາບທາງຄວາມຮອນຂອງເຕາຫດລງ

ດານລມຂອງຖານໃສເຊອໄຟ ຈະເປນຊອງຫວາງສຳລບໃຫອາກາດ ຜານເຂາໄປໃນຫອງເຜາໄໝ.

ອາກາດທໄຫຜານດານລມຂອງຖານໃສເຊອໄຟ ຈະຖກເຮດໃຫຮອນ ຂນ ກອນຈະໄຫເຂາໄປໃນຫອງເຜາໄໝ.

ໂຕເຕາຈະເພມການເລງຂອງໄຟ. ຄວນຈະຖກສງຜານແປວໄຟ ແລະເຜາໄໝ.

ການຈດວາງຂອງໂດນຟນຈະຊວຍໃນການປບປງອດຕາສວນອາກາດກບຟນ. ຈະມແຕສວນປາຍຂອງໂດນຟນ ຖກເຜາໄໝ

ຖານໃສເຊອໄຟຈະເຮດໃຫຜຊມໃຊໄດໃຊເຊອໄຟຢາງປະຢດ. ຖາໃຊຟນໂດນນອຍ

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4 ການກະກຽມດນຈ

ທາງທມງານຈາກມະຫາວທະຍາໄລແຫງຊາດລາວໄດດດແກກອນດນຈທໃຊໃນການສາງເຕາ ຊງຈະ

ແມແບບໃນການເຮດດນຈແບບດຽວ ແຕມການດດປຽນສນດນຈໃຫເປນສວຍເປນສາມຫຽມ. ມນຈະງາຍສຳລບ

ການວາງກອນດນຈເພອສາງເຕາ, ມຄວາມແຂງແຮງ ແລະມແມແບບເປນແບບອະເນກປະສງ. ກອນດນຈທດດ

ແກນ ຈະມລວງຍາວດານຂາງລມ, ກວາງ ແລະໜາ ເໝອນກບກອນດນຈຂອງຕນສະບບທກຢາງ ມພຽງແຕລວງ

ດານເທງຂອງກອນດນຈທດດແກມຂະໜາດທແຕກຕາງກບຕນສະບບ ດງສະແດງໃນຮບ 13.

4.1 ສດສວນຂອງວດສະດທໃຊເຮດກອນດນຈ

ວດສະດແລະສດສວນຂອງມນທຕອງການ ສຳລບການເຮດດນຈທມນາໜກເບາແມນໄດສະແດງໃຫ

ເຫນຢລມນ:

ດນໜຽວ 900 ກຣາມ

ຂເລອຍ 500 ກຣາມ

ນາ 1.2 ລດ

ຮບ 4: ວດສະດທໃຊໃນການເຮດດນຈ.

ຂນຕອນການກະກຽມເຮດກອນດນຈ ຈະຂນຢກບການຄດເລອກວດສະດທໃຊ ຊງໄດອະທບາຍລມນ:

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4.1.1 ຂເລອຍ ແລະດນໜຽວ (ຫອາດຈະໃຊດນຈມປວກ)

• ທບດນໜຽວ (ຫດນຈມປວກ) ໃຫມນເປນເມດນອຍໆ, ຊງສາມາດຮອນຜານຕາເຂງທມຂະໜາດ 4 ມນລ

ແມດ ໄດ.

ຮບ 5: ທບດນໜຽວ ຫດນຈມປວກໃຫມນ.

ຮບ 6: ຮອນດນໜຽວ.

• ໃຊເຂງ, ສຳລບຫອນດນໜຽວ (ຫ ດນຈມປວກ) ເພອເຮດໃຫໄດຂະໜາດຕາມທຕອງການ. ແລະໃຊເຂງ ດງ

ກາວຫອນຂເລອຍ ເພອໃຫໄດຂະໜາດທເໝາະສມ.

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ຮບ 7: ປະສມດນໜຽວກບຂເລອຍ.

• ຄອຍໆຕມນາລງໃສສວນປະສມລະຫວາງດນໜຽວແລະຂເລອຍແລະນວດເພອໃຫຄກເຄາກນດ.

ຮບ 8: ຕມນາລງໃສໃນສວນປະສມ(ຂເລອຍ ແລະດນໜຽວ).

ຄນສວນປະສມດວຍມ.

ຮບ 9: ຄນສວນປະສມ.

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• ເທສວນປະສມລງໃສໃນແມແບບທເຮດດວຍໄມ.

ຮບ 10: ເທສວນປະສມລງໃນແມແບບໄມ.

ຮບ 11: ກອນດນຈສວຍສອງດານ ແລະສວຍດານດຽວ.

• ເອາດນຈທຕາກແດດແຫງດແລວ ເຜາໄຟທອນຫະພມ 1000 oC. ຄວາມໜາແໜນຂອງດນຈທເຜາໄຟແລວ

ຄວນຈະມຄາປະມານ 0.6 g/cc, ຊງສາມາດຟຢເທງນາໄດ.

ຮບ 12: ດນຈທເຜາພາຍໃຕອນຫະພມ 1000°C.

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4.1.2 ບດຝກຫດ

ຈງຄຳນວນຫາປະລມານຂອງດນໜຽວ, ຂເລອຍ ແລະນາທຈຳເປນສຳລບເຮດດນຈຈຳນວນ 5 ກອນ, 10 ກອນ,

25 ກອນ ແລະ 40 ກອນ, ຊງເຮາຮອດຕາສວນສຳລບການເຮດດນຈໜງກອນແມນໃຊ: ດນໜຽວ 900 ກຣາມ,

ຂເລອຍ 500 ກຣາມ ແລະນາ 1,2 ລດ.

ດນຈ ດນໜຽວ ຂເລອຍ ນາ

1 ກອນ 900 ກຣາມ 500 ກຣາມ 1.2 ລດ

5 ກອນ

10 ກອນ

25 ກອນ

40 ກອນ

4.1.3 ບດຝກຫດສຳລບຄຳນວນຫາປະສດທພາບຂອງເຕາ

ສດທໃຊສຳລບຄຳນວນຫາ ປະສດທພາບທາງຄວາມຮອນຂອງເຕາຣອກແກດ (ໃຊວທການທດສອບ ດວຍການຕມນາ)

ປະສດທພາບທາງຄວາມຮອນຂອງເຕາ= (ຄວາມຮອນທສງໃຫນາ/ຄວາມຮອນຈາກການເຜາໄໝຟນ)

x100(LHV)m

)T(TCmη

FF

iBPWW

⎥⎥⎦

⎤

⎢⎢⎣

⎡ −=

ໂດຍທ: η - ປະສດທພາບທາງຄວາມຮອນຂອງເຕາ,(%) mW-ມວນສານຂອງນາ,(kg) CPW- ຄວາມທອນຄວາມຮອນຂອງນ ຳ, (kJ/kg. °C) CPW= 4.187 kJ/kg. °C TB- ອນຫະພມຟດຂອງນ ຳທຄວາມດນບນຍາກາດ,(°C) TB= 100°C Ti- ອນຫະພມຂອງນ ຳດບ ຫອນຫະພມເບອງຕນຂອງນາ, (°C) mF- ມວນສານຂອງເຊອເພງ,(kg) (LHV)F- ຄາຄວາມຮອນຕ ຳ ຂອງເຊອເພງ, (kJ/kg) ຄາຄວາມຮອນຂອງຟນ ປະມານ 15000 kJ/kg

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ຄວາມໜາແໜນຂອງນາ 1,000 kg/m3 ∴ 1kg of water = 1 liter of water

ໝາຍເຫດ: ສ ຳລບການຫາປະສດທພາບຂອງເຕາທໃຊໃນການທດສອບໂດຍວທຕມນາແບບນ ທຳອດແມນຕອງ ຮວາ ປະລມານນາທເຮາເທໃສໝມຈກລດ ແລະຟນທເຮາຈະໃຊຕອງໄດຊງນາໜກເບງວ າ ມຈກກໂລກຣາມ. ຫງຈາກນາຟດແລວ ໃຫເອາໝຕມນາອອກຈາກເຕາໄຟເລຍ ແລະໃຫເອາຟນທຍງເຫອຊງນາໜກເບງວ າ ຍງເຫອ ເທາໃດ, ແລວເອາປະລມານຂອງຟນທຊງນາໜກໄວເບອງຕນລບອອກປະລມານຟນທຍງເຫອ ຈງແມນ ປະລ ມານຟນທໃຊໃນການຕມນາແທໆ ຫ mF.

ຕວຢາງ:

ເຕາຣອກແກດໜວຍໜງໃຊສຳລບຕມນາ 10 l (10 ລດ)ທຄວາມດນບນຍາກາດໃຫຟດ. ຮວາ ອນຫະ ພມເບອງຕນຂອງນາເທາກບ 25°C. ຈງຊອກຫາ ປະສດທພາບທາງຄວາມຮອນຂອງເຕາດງກາວ? ອນຫະພມ ຟດຂອງນາທຄວາມດນບນຍາກາດເທາກບ 100°C. ເຕາດງກາວ ໃຊຟນເປນເຊອເພງ ແລະໃຊໃນປະລມານ 2 kg ແລະຄາຄວາມຮອນຕຳ ຂອງມນແມນ 15,000 kJ/kg.

ແກ:

ຂມນທໃຫມາ: ຊອກຫາ:

mW= 10 liters =10 kg η=?

CPW= 4.187 kJ/kg°C

TB= 100°C at p= 1.01325 bar

Ti= 25°C

mF = 4 kg

(LHV)F = 15,000 kJ/kg.

ໂດຍການນຳໃຊ ສດ (1), ເຮາໄດ:

x100(LHV)m

)T(TCmη

FF

iBPWW

⎥⎥⎦

⎤

⎢⎢⎣

⎡ −=

η= 32.2% 100*kg/kJ000,15*kg65.0

)C25C100(*Ckg/kJ187.4*kg10=⎥

⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡ °−°°

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ບດຝກຫດ 1

ເຕາຣອກແກດໜວຍໜງມປະສດທພາບທາງຄວາມຮອນ 35% ແລະໃຊງາໄມເປນເຊອເພງ ເພອຕມນາປະລມານ 7 l (7 ລດ)ພາຍໃຕຄວາມດນບນຍາກາດ ແລະມອນຫະພມເລມ ຕນແມນ 20°C, ແລະເຊອເພງ ມຄາຄວາມຮອນຕຳ ປະມານ 13,500 kJ/kg. ຈງຄຳນວນຫາ ປະລມານຂອງງາໄມທໃຊໃນການຕມນາດງກາວ? ຮວາຫງຈາກຕມນາໄປໄລຍະໜງ ນາໃນໝ ຍງເຫອພຽງແຕ 3 l(3 ລດ). (ຕອບ: 0.35 kg)

ບດຝກຫດ 2

ຖາເຮານຳໃຊຂມນຕາງໆຈາກບດຝກຫດທ 1 ຍກເວນ ປະສດທພາບຂອງເຕາ. ຈງຄຳນວນຫາ ປະລມານຂອງງາໄມທໃຊໃນເຕາ? ຮວາ ປະສດທພາບຂອງເຕາດງກາວແມນ 16%. (ຕອບ: ≈ 1.1 kg)

4.2 ຂະໜາດຂອງກອນດນຈ

ຂະໜາດຂອງກອນດນຈຂອງຕນສະບບແມນສະແດງໃນຮບລມນ:

ຂະໜາດຂອງກອນດນຈ

ຮບ 13: ດນຈກອນສນ ຈຳນວນ 5 ກອນ. ດນຈກອນຍາວ ຈຳນວນ 6 ກອນ

ຮບ 14: ຂະໜາດຂອງກອນດນຈຂອງຕນສະບບ ແລະການຈດວາງມນ.

Rocket Stove


15

ສງທສຳຄນຂອງເຕາຣອກແກດຈະຕອງໄດຫມສະໜວນກນຄວາມຮອນບລເວນຮອບເຕາ. ເຕາຣອກ

ແກດທດດແກໂດຍທມງານຈາກມະຫາວທະຍາໄລແຫງຊາດລາວ ແມນສາງໂດຍປະກອບດວຍກອນດນຈນາ

ໜກເບາທມສນດຽວດານຂາງເປນຮບສາມແຈ ມມຕດ 45o ຈຳນວນ 2 ກອນ ແລະກອນດນຈນາໜກ ເບາທມ

ດານຂາງສອງສນ ດານຂາງເປນຮບສາມແຈ ຈຳນວນ 9 ກອນ ຊງມຂະໜາດດງສະແດງໃນຮບລມນ.

ຮບ 15: ດນຈທທມງານ ມຊ ໄດດດແກ, ຂະໜາດ ແລະການຈດວາງດນຈສຳລບເຮດເຕາ.

23cm

6.5cm 23cm

11.5 cm

10cm 16.5 cm

9 ກອນ

2 ກອນ

ຊນທຳອດ

ຊນຖດໄປ

ກອນສາມແຈທສາມາດຖອດອອກ-ເຂາໄດ

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16


5 ການສາງເຕາຣອກແກດ

ການຈດວາງກອນດນຈສຳລບແຕລະຊນແມນໄດສະແດງໃນຮບລມນ. ເຕາແມນມຄວາມສງ 30 ຊມ

ແລະມຊອງຫວາງຂອງຫອງເຜາໄໝ ທມຂະໜາດຄວາມກວາງ ແລະຍາວ 10 ຊມ X 10 ຊມ. ຫງຈາກນນ

ເອາຖງໂລຫະຂະໜາດບລມາດບນຈໄດ 30 ລດlitres ງວຳໃສດນຈທຈດວາງເປນຫອງເຜາໄໝ, ແລວເອາ ສະ

ໜວນກນຄວາມຮອນຍດໃສຊອງຫວາງລະຫວາງຜະໜງຂອງຫອງເຜາໄໝຂອງເຕາ ແລະຖງໂລຫະ(ແກບເຜາປະ

ສມກບດນໜຽວ ແລະນຳ), ແຕງໜາເຕາດວຍສວນປະສມຂອງຊເມນແລະນາ ແລະປອຍໃຫແຫງ. ເຖງແນວໃດ

ກຕາມ ຢາປະສມຊເມນກບນາໃຫປຽກເກນໄປ.

5.1 ການກະກຽມຖງໂລຫະ

ເອາແຜນໂລຫະມວນເປນຮບທກມ, ເຮດຊອງຫວາງສຳລບໃສຖານເຊອໄຟຢທາງກາງດານລມຂອງຖງ

ໂລຫະ (ຂະໜາດ 12 ຊມ x 10 ຊມ), ແລະ ເຈາະຮດານເທງຂອງຖງເພອສອດທອນໂລຫະທໃຊເປນໂຕຄາງໝ

ຈຳນວນ 3 ທອນ.

ຮບ 16: ຖງໂລຫະຄວບຫອງເຜາໄໝ.

12 cm

10 cm

31.2 cm

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17

5.2 ຖານສຳລບໃສເຊອໄຟ.

ຖານສຳລບໃສເຊອໄຟ: ແມນເຮດມາຈາກໂລຫະແຜນ ສຳລບເປນຖານສຳລບໃສເຊອໄຟ ແລະສຳລບ

ໃຫອາກາດໄຫຜານດານລມຂອງຖານດງກາວ ເຂາໄປໃນຫອງເຜາໄໝ.

ຮບ 17: ຖານສຳລບໃສເຊອໄຟ.

5.3 ການຈດວາງດນຈສຳລບເຮດເຕາຊນທຳອດ.

ການປະກອບສາງຊນທຳອດຫອງເຜາໄໝຂອງເຕາຣອກແກດແມນໃຊດນຈສວຍຂາງດຽວຈຳນວນ 2 ກອນ, ວາງ

ເປນຂາງຊາຍ ແລະຂາຍຂວາຂອງເຕາ ຊງໄລຍະຫາງລະຫວາງດນຈສອງກອນແມນ 10 ຊງຕແມດ, ຫງຈາກນນ

ເອາດນຈສວຍສອງເບອງມາວາງໃສດານຫງຂອງເຕາ ດງສະແດງໃນຮບ 17.

26 cm

10 cm

14 cm

3 cm

Rocket Stove

18


ຮບ 18: ການຈດວາງດນຈຊນທຳອດ.

5.4 ການຈດວາງດນຈຊນທສອງ.

ສຳລບການປະກອບສາງເຕາຊນທສອງ ແມນເອາດນຈສວຍສອງເບອງ ຈຳນວນ 4 ກອນວາງໃສດານໜາ, ດານ

ຫງ, ດານຊາຍ ແລະດານຂວາຂອງເຕາ ດານລະກອນ, ເບງຮບທ 19.

ຮບ 19: ການຈດວາງດນຈຊນທສອງ.

10 cm

10 cm

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19

5.5 ການຈດວາງດນຈຊນທສາມ ຫຊນສດທາຍ.

ການຈດວາງດນຈຊນທ 3 ຫຊນສດທາຍນນ ແມນໃຊດນຈຊະນດດຽວກບຊນທ 2 ແລະຈດວາງແບບດຽວກນ

ທກຢາງ.

ຮບ 20: ການຈດວາງດນຈຊນສດທາຍ ແລະຫອງເຜາໄໝ.

5.6 ຫອງເຜາໄໝ

ຮບທ 20 ແມນສະແດງໃຫເຫນຫອງເຜາໄໝຂອງເຕາ ແລະເປອກເຕາທເຮດດວຍໂລຫະ.

ຮບ 21: ຫອງເຜາໄໝວາງໄວດານໃນຂອງຖງໂລຫະ.

Rocket Stove

20


5.7 ຍດສະໜວນໃສຊອງຫວາງຖງໂລຫະ

ຍດສະໜວນໃສຊອງຫວາງລະຫວາງຖງໂລຫະ ແລະຫອງເຜາໄໝ, ຊງສະໜວນດງກາວແມນ ເຮດມາຈາກສວນ

ປະສມລະຫວາງແກບທເຜາແລວປນກບດນໜຽວ ແລະນາ. ລະວງບເຮດໃຫສວນປະສມດງກາວປຽກເກນໄປ.

ຮບ 22: ຍດສະໜວນກນຄວາມຮອນໃສຊອງຫວາງລະຫວາງຖງໂລຫະ ແລະຫອງເຜາໄໝ.

5.8 ຍດສະໜວນກນຄວາມຮອນໃສຊອງຫວາງລະຫວາງຫອງເຜາໄໝ ແລະຖງໂລຫະ

ຍດສະໜວນໃສຊອງຫວາງລະຫວາງຖງໂລຫະ ແລະຫອງເຜາໄໝ, ຊງສະໜວນດງກາວແມນ ເຮດມາຈາກສວນ

ປະສມລະຫວາງແກບທເຜາແລວປນກບດນໜຽວ ແລະນາ. ລະວງບເຮດໃຫສວນປະສມດງກາວປຽກເກນໄປ.

ຮບ 23: ແຕງໜາເຕາດວຍສວນປະສມຂອງຄອນກຣດ.

Rocket Stove


21

5.9 ເອາຖານເຊອເພງຍດໃສຊອງຫວາງທເຈາະໄວຢເບອງລມຂອງເຕາ.

ຊອງຫວາງຢກອງຂອງຖານໃສເຊອໄຟອອກແບບມາເພອອນອາກາດ ກອນທຈະເຂາໄປເຜາໄໝກບເຊອ ໄຟຢໃນຫອງເຜາໄໝ.

ຮບ 24: ເອາຖານໃສເຊອໄຟ ສອດເຂາໄປໃນຊອງຫວາງທຢເບອງລມຂອງເຕາ.

5.10 ເຕາຣອກແກດທສາງສຳເລດ

ເອາທອນໂລຫະ 3 ທອນ ສອດໃສຮຢດານເທງຂອງຖງໂລຫະ ຊງຮດງກາວຈະຢຕຳ ກວາຂອບດານເທງ

ຂອງຖງໂລຫະປະມານ 12 ຊມ. ສອດໄຂວກນເປນຮບສາມແຈ ເພອຊວຍໃນການລະບາຍອາກາດ.

ແນວທາງຫກໃນການປບປງປະສດທພາບຂອງການເຜາໄໝເຊອໄຟຂອງເຕາຣອກແກດແມນປບປງການ

ຖາຍເທຄວາມຮອນຈາກໄຟກບໝສຳລບຄວກນ. ສງສຳຄນ, ອາກາດຮອນ ແລະແກຊທປອຍອອກຈາກໄຟຈະ

ຕອງສຳພດກບຜວໝໃຫຫາຍເທາທຈະຫາຍໄດ. ເພາະສະນນ ໃນການອອກແບບຈງເຮດໃຫມຂອບຂອງຖງໂລ

ຫະສງກວາໜາເຕາ ເພອເຮດໃຫແປວໄຟທສງອອກມາຈາກເຕາໄຟໄດໄຫວກວນຢກບຜວດານຂາງຂອງ ໝ. ການ

ຖາຍເທຄວາມຮອນສາມາດເພມຂນໄດ ໂດຍການນຳໃຊໝທມກນກວາງ. ການເພມຄວາມໄວຂອງກະແສແປວ

30 cm

Rocket Stove

22


ໄຟໄຫວກວນຢບລເວນຮອບໆໝກສາມາດປບປງການຖາຍເທຄວາມຮອນໄດອກດວຍ.

ຮບ 25: ເຕາຣອກແກດທສາງສຳເລດ.

6 ເຊອໄຟທໃຊສຳລບເຕາຣອກແກດ

ຖາຈະທຽບໃສເຕາໄຟສຳລບແຕງກນແບບເປດທມການນຳໃຊກນຢາງຫວງຫາຍໃນໂລກ (ຫບາງເທອກ ເອນວາ ເຕາໄຟຫນສາມກອນ ຫຄຽງສາມຂາ), ເຕາຣອກແກດນ ຈະໃຊເຊອໄຟນອຍກວາເຕາໄຟແບບເປດ ເຄງໜງຂອງທເຄຍໃຊ, ແລະຈະສງຄວນອອກນອຍກວາ. ອກຢາງໜງ, ການອອກແບບເຕາຣອກແກດ ແມນນຳ ໃຊຟນທມຂະໜາດນອຍ ແລະສນ ຊງໂດຍທວໄປແມນໃຊກງໄມ ຫງາໄມເປນເຊອໄຟ. ເພາະສະນນ, ໃຊເວລານອຍໃນການຫາເຊອໄຟເພອສຳລບແຕງຢຄວກນໂດຍໃຊເຕາແບບນ, ບຈຳເປນຕອງໃຊເຄອງມທມລາ ຄາແພງ ແລະອາດຈະເວາໄດວາ ຈະບມການຕດໄມທຳລາຍປາ.

ຮບ 26: ເຊອໄຟສຳລບເຕາຣອກແກດ.

Pot skirt

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23

7 ຈດດ

7.1 ປະຢດເຊອໄຟ

ເຕາຣອກແກດໄດຮບການທດສອບ ແລະຢງຢນເຖງການນຳໃຊຟນຢາງປະຢດ, ໂດຍມປະສດທພາບ

ທາງຄວາມຮອນປະມານ 30% ເມອປຽບທຽບກບເຕາໄຟເປດໃຊຫນ 3 ກອນແບບດງເດມ ຊງມປະສດທພາບ

ພຽງແຕ 15.6%. ນໝາຍຄວາມວາ ການນຳໃຊເຕາຣອກແກດ, ຈະປະຢດພະລງງານທຖາຍອອກຈາກຟນຫາໝທ

ແຕງຢຄວກນ 2 ເທອເມອທຽບກບເຕາໄຟແບບດງເດມ.

7.2 ເວລາດງໄຟໃນເຕານ ເກອບວາຈະບມຄວນ

ເຕາສວນຫວງຫາຍ ເມອໃຊງານ ຈະປອຍຄວນຈາກການເຜາໄໝອອກສສງແວດລອມ. ສວນນອຍຂອງ

ຄວນຈະເກດຂນ ໃນເມອກະແສໄຟອອນ ຫຮວຍລງ.

7.3 ສະດວກສະບາຍໃນການໃຊງານ

ອກຢາງໜງ, ເຕາໄຟຈະຍງສບຕໃຫຄວາມຮອນຈນກວາຟນຈະບຖກປອນເຂາໄປໃນເຕາໄຟ. ບມການ

ນຳໃຊສງທຜກດນລມເຂາໄປໃນເຕາຄກບເຕາໄຟແບບດງເດມ ເພາະວາມຊອງຫວາງຢດານລມຂອງຖານໃສ

ເຊອໄຟສຳລບໃຫອາກາດໄຫເຂາໄປໃນເຕາ.

7.4 ຂສະດວກ

ເຕາຣອກແກດສາງໂດຍການນຳໃຊວດສະດທມຢໃນທອງຖນໄດ ຊງລວມເຖງດນຈມປວກ ຂເລອຍ ແລະຊາຍທໃ

ຊສຳລບເຮດໂຕເຕາ ແລະ vermiculite, ຂເລອຍ, pumice, ແລະອນໆ ໃຊສຳລບເປນສະໜວນກນຄວາມ

ຮອນ..

7.5 ປອດໄພເມອມການໃຊງານ

ເຕາໄຟແບບນແມນປອດໄພເມອມການນຳໃຊ. ຟນບແມນເປນທາດພດ ແລະຈະບມແປວໄຟແຮງ.

ເນອງຈາກແປວໄຟມສງກຳບງ ແລະເພາະສະນນ ເດກນອຍ ແລະຜທນຳໃຊຈະບຖກແປວໄຟໄໝໄດ.

Rocket Stove

24


7.6 ເປນມດກບສງແວດລອມ

ເຕາໄຟແບບນນຳໃຊຟນນອຍ ຊງຈະນຳໄປສການຫດຜອນອດຕາການທຳລາຍປາໄມ. ເຕາດງກາວ

ມມນລະພດນອຍ ເນອງຈາກວາ ການເຜາໄໝຟນເກອບວາຈະບມຄວນ ຍອນເຫດຜນທມຖານໃສເຊອໄຟທຢ

ດານລມຂອງຫອງເຜາໄໝ ຈະເຮດໃຫມຊອງຫວາງອາກາດເຂາໄປໃນເຕາ ແລະຈະຊວຍໃນການປບປງອດຕາ

ສວນລະຫວາງອາກາດ ກບເຊອໄຟ.

8 ເອກະສານອາງອງ

1. Available online: http://www.bioenergylists.org/en/designprinciples

2. Winiarski, Larry: The Institutional Rocket Stove. Cooking with less fuel: Breathing with less smoke. Available online: www.crest.org/discussiongroups/resources/stoves/apro/Institutional_Rocket.pdf

3.Scott Peter (2005): Stove Design and Performance Testing Workshop. Available online: www.who.int/indoorair/interventions/kampala41.pdf

Other useful Contact Sites

http://www.repp.org/discussiongroups/resources/stoves/Smith/Primer/Primer.html

http://www.repp.org/discussiongroups

4.Making light weight refractory ceramic from perlite and clay. Available online: http://www.repp.org/discussiongroups/resources/stoves/Ogle/Clay/MAKING LIGHT WEIGHT REFRACTORY CERAMIC.pdf

Rocket Stoves -Controlling Draft. Available online: http://www.repp.org/discussiongroups/resources/stoves/Ogle/DOStovetest.html

http://faculty.washington.edu/~yark/stoves.html

www.aprovecho.org

Documents

PV L2 TB NUOL Lao 09 04 28 - DGS · 2018. 10. 8. · Cover page Solar Energy English REEPROMANUAL LAO KHMER REEPRO MANUAL ÂïŠ–Óì REEPRO REEPRO Promotion of the Use of Renewable