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PureBiomass (AMK)
Biomass potential-workshop
Autumn 2012
Solja Helle, Jani Aarnio, Juho Kanerva
PURE BIOMASS- WORKSHOP
– BIOMASS POTENTIAL SURVEY OF SOUTHWEST- FINLAND
2
Pure Biomass (AMK) | ABSTRACT
TURKU UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES
Autumn 2012 | Total number of pages
Solja Helle, Jani Aarnio, Juho Kanerva
PURE BIOMASS WORKSHOP – BIOMASS POTENTIAL
SURVEY OF SOUTHWEST FINLAND
This report is part of the Pure Biomass project, which aims to raise awareness of the possibilities of biomass as energy source. The project sets out to examine biomass potential in research areas. Pure Biomass (Potential and Competitiveness of biomass as energy source in the Central Baltic Sea Region) project is carried out in co-operation between Finland and Latvia.
This report was made in the research workshop, which was attended by students of Energy technology and Sustainable development degree programmes in Turku University of Applied Sciences. The purpose of this report is to determine the potential of biomass as energy source in Southwest Finland region. Current utilization of biomass, advantages and disadvantages of different biomass as energy source, as well as restrictions to the use of biomass imposed by environmental protection and the law are also examined in the report. The data collection is based on previous research data and expert interviews.
The amount of renewable energy of total energy consumption in Southwest Finland was only 11 per cent in year 2007. Province aims to increase the use of renewable energy to 40 per cent by 2020. The objective can be seen challenging and its implementation requires diverse in energy utilization of biomasses. The newest technology must also be taken into use.
There is a great potential of bio-energy in Southwest Finland, which is only partly in effective utilization. Qquantitatively wood-biomasses have the highest energy potential. In addition to forest energy, also manure, field plants and nonagricultural biomasses and organic waste provides a major source of bioenergy, which can be exploited most effectively in local energy production. However, there can be some obstacles to increase energy use of biomasses, such as lack of information, economically unviable operations, and lack of appropriate technologies, attitudes and inadequate subsidies.
KEYWORDS: BIOMASS, ENERGY SOURCES, WOOD BIOMASS, WASTE, FIELD PLANTS AND NON AGRICULTURAL BIOMASS, COMMON REED, MANURE, SLUDGE, LESS VALUABLE FISH, PEAT, INDUSTRY FLOWS, FUTURE ENERGY SOURCES.
3
TABLE OF CONTENT
TABLE OF CONTENT 3
ABBREVATION USED 5
INTRODUCTION 6
1 WOOD BIOMASS 11
1.1 Wood gas 12
1.2 Refined wood fuels 12
1.3 Recycled wood 14
1.4 Wood chip 14
2 COMMUNAL WASTE AND WASTE PRODUCED BY INDUSTRY AND SERVICES16
2.1 Bio waste 16
2.2 Recycled fuel REF 17
2.3 Landfill gas 18
3 SLUDGE AND MANURE 19
3.1 Backround 19
3.2 Agricultural sludge and manure 19
3.4 Communal sludge 24
4 LOW-VALUED FISH 27
4.1 Fish farming 27
4.2 Maritime fishing 28
4.3 Inland fishing 30
5 FIELD PLANTS AND UNCULTIVATED BIOMASS 31
5.1 Grain and oilplants 31
5.2 Hemp 34
5.3 Reed canary grass (RCG) 35
5.4 Grass plants 35
5.5 Reed 37
5 PEAT 39
4
6 INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT AND ALCOHOL 41
7 FUTURE BIOMASSES 42
7.4 Alga 42
7.5 Microbe oils 42
8 REVIEW OF THE RESULTS 43
9 CONCLUSIONS 49
REFERENCES 51
5
ABBREVATION USED
CHP Combined Heat and Power
GWh Gigawatt hour, billion watt hours
L&T Lassila & Tikanoja
MMM Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
MTT Agrifood Research Finland
MWh Megawatt hour, million watt hours
RKTL Game and Fisheries Research
TSJ Turun Seudun Jätehuolto Oy
VALONIA Energy and Sustainable Development Service Center of Southwest-Finland
VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland
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PURE BIOMASS, TURUN AMK | Solja Helle, Jani Aarnio, Juho Kanerva
INTRODUCTION
In both national and regional level exist demand for major improvements in en-
ergy utilization of biomasses. Climate change, increasing energy demand,
questions concerning safety in energy production and in security in supply but
also limits set by existing fossil fuel supplies are arousing this demand.
Local utilization of biomasses is also justified by its positive impacts to local
employment.
Pure Biomass (Potential and competitiveness of biomass as energy source in
Central Baltic Sea Region) is cooperation project with associates both in Fin-
land and Lithuania. Purpose of the project is to increase knowledge on possibili-
ties of energy utilization of biomasses. In the project possible biomass potential
for energy utilization in the research areas is surveyed. In the survey availability
of biomasses, technical-economical point of view and environmental protection
is reviewed.
Associates of project include Kurzeme planning area, University of Ventsplis,
City Council of Ventspils, Turku University of Applied Sciences and VALONIA.
This report is one part of the Pure Biomass- project. The report is performed by
students of Energy Technology and Sustainable Development working together
in the survey workshop. The purpose of the survey is to reveal possible bio-
mass potential for energy utilization in Southwest-Finland. In the research also
current utilization of biomasses, advantages and disadvantages of utilization of
biomasses and environmental protection and limitations set by legislation is be-
ing revealed.
In picture 1 Region of Southwest-Finland is illustrated.
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PURE BIOMASS, TURUN AMK | Solja Helle, Jani Aarnio, Juho Kanerva
Picture 1. Southwest-Finland region (National Land Survey of Finland 2013)
By biomass in this report is meant organic matter possible to utilize in energy
production. Majority of biomasses are renewable energy sources such as wood
and field crops but also peat is included into biomasses even it is classified as a
non-renewable resource. Biomasses researched in this report are biomasses
including sludge and manure, low-valued fish, field crops and uncultivated bio-
mass, heap, waste, industry effluents and possible future biomasses.
Environment and Energy Policy set by European Union have set objective con-
cerning energy production within the Union area. The objective is that until year
2020 20 % of energy consumption in EU area should be based on renewable
energy sources and 10 % of fuels used in traffic should be biofuels. Compared
to that Finland's objective is set higher hence Finnish energy consumption is
supposed to be based 38 % on renewable resources. (Simola & Kola 2010.)
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PURE BIOMASS, TURUN AMK | Solja Helle, Jani Aarnio, Juho Kanerva
Besides national also regional objectives on improving utilization of renewable
resources exist. An objective set in Energy Strategy of Southwest-Finland is
that at year 2020 40 % of energy consumed in the region should be based on
renewable resources. Regional energy production target is to utilize local ener-
gy sources in the limits of sustainability. (Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2010,
3.) Objective is quite a challenging and it requires both wide utilization of re-
newable energy sources but also adopting the newest technologies.
At the year 2010 primary energy consumption in Southwest-Finland were 26
000 Gwh. From the whole volume of used renewable sources share of biofuels
were 1 % and peat 3 % (Benviroc Oy 2012, 11-12). By some estimates energy
consumption will increase 17 % until year 2020 unless no savings are made.
Although current objective includes keeping consumption on the level of the
year 2007 allowing energy consumption to be maximum 25 000 Gwh at year
2020. (Picture 2). (Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2010, 16)
Picture 2. Primary energy sources in Southwest-Finland at year 2010 (Benviroc
Oy 2012, 12).
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PURE BIOMASS, TURUN AMK | Solja Helle, Jani Aarnio, Juho Kanerva
Picture 3. Energy consumption without energy saving actions. Objective is set
to the consumption of the year 2007. (Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2010, 16.)
Production based energy consumption in Southwest-Finland at the year 2010
was approximately 18 400 GWh. From that volume share of renewable energy
sources was 16 %. (Picture 4.) In Table 1 is presented shares of renewable en-
ergy sources from production based energy demand at the year 2010 and esti-
mates for the year 2020. The numbers of year 2020 include default that pro-
duced energy in Southwest-Finland at the year 2020 is remaining at the level of
the year 2010.
Table 1. Share of renewable energy sources of energy based energy consump-
tion at year 2010 and objective to year 2020.
Year 2010 2020
Production based energy demand, Gwh 18400 18400
Renowable energy sources 16% 40%
Renowable energy sources, Gwh 2944 7360
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PURE BIOMASS, TURUN AMK | Solja Helle, Jani Aarnio, Juho Kanerva
Picture 4. Production based energy sources at the year 2010 (Benviroc Oy
2012, 14).
In Southwest-Finland area exist significant biomass potential suitable for energy
utilization. Currently only marginal amount of biomass is used efficiently alt-
hough interest for biomass based energy production both in farm specific ener-
gy production and in larger scale energy plants already exist. Each of biomass-
es is being reviewed in chapters 3-10.
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PURE BIOMASS, TURUN AMK | Solja Helle, Jani Aarnio, Juho Kanerva
1 WOOD BIOMASS
Wood based energy production can be seen as a carbon neutral solution in en-
ergy production. Utilization of wood based fuels is already relatively efficient in
Southwest-Finland. Economical wood energy potential in the region is approxi-
mately 420 000 cubic meters from which approximately 240 000 cubic meters is
used by farms and heat producing facilities.
Wood based energy production has several benefits including regular and com-
petitive price, positive influence to areal economy, self-sufficiency and carbon
neutral fuel. (Somerpalo 2009.)
Picture 6. Share of solid wood fuels utilized at heating plants of Southwest-
Finland (Somerpalo 2009):
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PURE BIOMASS, TURUN AMK | Solja Helle, Jani Aarnio, Juho Kanerva
1.1 Wood gas
Wood gas holds energy value of approximately 5 Mj/m3 which is notable low
compared to the energy possible to achieve by bioreactor. Hence production of
wood gas with the existing technologies is not yet profitable. (Ek 2012, 32)
Wood gas is carbon monoxide aqueous gas which is produced by wood carbu-
rettor and it is usable for example as a vehicle fuel. (Wikipedia 2012)
1.2 Refined wood fuels
Refined wood fuels can be divided into two groups: pellets and briquettes. Pellet
is granular whereas briquette often is larger being similar with regular firewood.
Energy value of pellet is approximately 4,5-5 MWh/m3 when its humidity is 12-
15 %. (Puu energianlähteenä 2012). Briquette's energy value is lower, 4
MWh/m3 (Biomas 2012). At Southwest-Finland share of pellet and briquette
from wood fuels used in heat plants was only 1 % (4000 m3) at the year 2008.
(Somerpalo 2009).
Transporting food fuels for long distances is often unprofitable but transporting it
as refined briquettes and pellets is more efficient hence transporting density
grows and unusable matter is not needed to transport.
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PURE BIOMASS, TURUN AMK | Solja Helle, Jani Aarnio, Juho Kanerva
Picture 7. Briquettes Photo: Manu Hollmén).
Picture 8. Pellets (Photo: Iida Hollmén).
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PURE BIOMASS, TURUN AMK | Solja Helle, Jani Aarnio, Juho Kanerva
1.3 Recycled wood
Recycled wood is mainly leftover material collected from private actors and in-
dustrial sector. Usually clean matter is crushed and used as energy.
Share of recycled wood from wood fuels used by heat plants were 15 % (57 000
m3) at the year 2008. (Somerpalo 2009.) Because of its cheap price recycled
wood will have more significance in energy production in the future. If transport-
ing cost can be lowered also increasing prices of energy can encourage plants
and companies for independent energy usage of recycled wood.
1.4 Wood chip
Wood chip is material grinded by a machine from branches, logs or roots.
Share of wood chips from wood fuels used in Southwest-Finland were approxi-
mately 35 %. This volume may be even higher if wood chips produced in indust-
ry (5 %) and peel material (13%) are regarded affecting share of the wood chip
increase to 53 % (130 000 m3) of the used wood fuels. (Somerpalo 2009.)
Increasing utilization of wood chips is possible because at Southwest-Finland
wood potential have notably more volume than the current utilization. Most eco-
logical way would be the maximisation of utilization grade of industrial woods
chip waste. Currently transporting wood chips long distances is not profitable
but with grinding material before transport would increase its efficiency.
1.5 Chopped wood and log
Chopped firewood and log consist mostly of firewood used by town houses
where firewood is burned for heating. Instead of common believe small-size
furnaces may cause significant emissions of carbon dioxide and carbon monox-
ide if wood is burned defectively. (STTV 2008.)
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PURE BIOMASS, TURUN AMK | Solja Helle, Jani Aarnio, Juho Kanerva
At Southwest-Finland town houses burned 537 000 m3 firewood during the sea-
son 2007/2008. (Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2010.) If prices of energy will
rise also will burning in private properties increase.
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PURE BIOMASS, TURUN AMK | Solja Helle, Jani Aarnio, Juho Kanerva
2 COMMUNAL WASTE AND WASTE PRODUCED BY
INDUSTRY AND SERVICES
2.1 Biowaste
Bio waste is waste decomposing biologically either in oxygenated or non-
oxygenated circumstances. Biodegradable waste is for example garden waste
or waste produced by foodstuff industry, but also paper and cardboard can be
included into biodegradable waste.
Instead of dumbing biodegradable waste to landfills where it will produce me-
thane and carbon dioxide current trend is to direct it to be composted, digested
or utilized in energy production. (Knuutila 2012.)
By bio waste is commonly meant organic foodstuff and food waste. (Knuutila
2012.) Waste volume in Turku area was 50 467 tons at the year 2009 which in-
clude waste from industrial, private and public service and potential volume of
bio waste of households. (Aro-Heinilä 2012.)
Table 2. Utilization of biodegradable waste in Finland at the year 2007 (Ilmasto-
opas 2012).
At the Table 2 non utilized bio waste is reviewed. According to this table espe-
cially behalf of household’s unused potential exist. Because of low cost of bio
waste it would be good material for utilization. Since year 2010 share of organic
Waste, 1000 tons Material utilized % Energy utilized % Unutilized Total
Paper and cardboard 736 13 38 0 26 800
Woodwaste 76 95 25
Animal and burn-beaten area waste 397 7 9 0 51 457
Household and other mixed waste 87 2 150 2
Sludge 112 2 265 3 267 619
Total biodegradable 100 100
4 145 8 288 12 456
1 604 1 841
5 477 8 750 1 973 16 175
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PURE BIOMASS, TURUN AMK | Solja Helle, Jani Aarnio, Juho Kanerva
waste have decreased 10 % from the volume of 14 200 tons. (Stat 2010.)
2.2 Recycled fuel REF
Recycled fuel mainly consists of packaging waste (plastic or cardboard) and
building material due to its low quality unfit to material recycling. (Ympäristöy-
ritystysten liitto 2012.) Energy value of recycled fuel is approximately 20 MJ/kg.
(Finnsementti Oy, 2011, 21)
Waste consisting of packaging material, paper and plastic produced by trade
and industry form approximately 70-80 % of waste ending up to landfills. Using
biodegradable waste as a raw material or an energy source decreases methane
emissions and needed space in landfills. Also recycled fuel can replace non-
renewable fossil fuels and hence decrease carbon dioxide emissions.
(Ympäristöyritysten liitto 2012.)
Even utilization of recycled fuel is going to be increasing realistic total potential
is difficult to evaluate. In Finland 300 000 tons of waste is being burned of which
50 000 tons is burned in Turku by Oriketo waste burning plant. (Asplund ym.
2005.). Burning plants have disadvantage at being expensive and encouraging
usable material being wasted. Two third of the waste utilized in industry is used
in energy production and lasting one third as a raw material. Industry waste
used in energy production holds significant meaning to whole Finnish energy
production. (Motiva 2011.)
At the EU-level most strict waste regulatory in energy utilization currently is
concerning emissions and their supervision. Regulatory is considering limiting
heavy metal and dangerous toxin pollutions caused by waste burning and co-
incineration in member countries.
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PURE BIOMASS, TURUN AMK | Solja Helle, Jani Aarnio, Juho Kanerva
2.3 Landfill gas
Landfill gas is produced by organic waste dumped in landfills consisting mainly
of methane and carbon dioxide. At year 2011 already 35 landfills were collecting
landfill gas. In England, Spain and Italy landfill gas is mostly produced. (Alm
2011.)
Whole Finnish landfill gas potential was 0,7 TWh at the year 2003 whereas pro-
duction potential at least until year 2015 will keep the same level. Landfill gas
production is limited hence organic waste ending up in landfills is limited by EU
landfill directive. (Asplund ym. 2005)
Methane is greenhouse gas feeding effectively climate change so utilization of
landfill gas is not only preventing it from drifting to atmosphere but also provides
eco-friendly energy source. Methane is often burned in landfills by torches even
if it would be used in energy production. (Hirvonen 2010.)
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PURE BIOMASS, TURUN AMK | Solja Helle, Jani Aarnio, Juho Kanerva
3 SLUDGE AND MANURE
3.1 Backround
According to Pöyry Environment Oy whole volume of sludge produced in Fin-
land would be even 23 million tons including sludge from sparsely populated
area, farming, rural small-scale industry and wet slurry from foodstuff industry.
(Pöyry EnvironmentOy, 2007, 3)
3.2 Agricultural sludge and manure
EU Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development have introduced that bio-
gas production should be more encouraged hence its sustainability and envi-
ronmental benefits. (Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development, 2007)
The view have also adopted by the Finnish Government and taken into account
in national waste management planning. Some financial support (support for
investments and feeding tariff, etc.) for adopting biogas production already ex-
ists and some more are under preparation. Support would help to turn biogas
production into worthy and profitable method of producing energy. Currently bi-
ogas production hence all legislation would be too expensive for small-size pro-
ducer. (Simola & Kola 2010, 41)
Definition of sludge
Sludge can be defined as follows: sludge is mixture where fine solid matter is
dissolved into liquid with high concentration. (Tilastokeskus 2012.) Sludge is be-
ing produced as an effluent by farming, waste water facilities and foodstuff in-
dustry. (Pöyry Environment Oy 2007, 4.)
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PURE BIOMASS, TURUN AMK | Solja Helle, Jani Aarnio, Juho Kanerva
Definition of manure
Evira, Finnish Food Safety Authority have defined manure as an animal extract
or/and urine with or without dehumidifier agent. Manure can be either pro-
cessed or unprocessed. (Evira 2005.)
According to BioReg- project maximum annual field biomass potential of ma-
nure in Southwest-Finland could be 276 234 MWh in addition current potential
being only 4348 MWh due low interest of producers. Hence larger scale bio-
mass energy utilization would need governmental level direction like financial
support and legislation. In these calculations besides manure also field biomass
was included. (Simola, A & Kola, J)
It is estimated that majority of sludge in Finland is produced by agriculture. The
volume is still unknown but according to Pöyry Environment Oy it would be up
to 20 million annually. Considering this share of agricultural production from all
produced sludge (23 million tons) would be 93 %. (Pöyry Environment Oy, 38)
From this 20 million manure and sludge tons approximately 95 % is produced
by bovine and swine. (Pöyry Environment Oy 2007, 4). Utilization of horse ma-
nure may be limited by used dehumidifier agent. Normally 50-90 % of horse
manure consists of sawdust and out of all collected manure 60 % is processed
with dehumidifier agent. (Karunen, L. 2006, 11; Pöyry Environment Oy, 6) Nev-
ertheless if collecting horse manure turns to be profitable same methods as col-
lecting swine manure would be applied.
For example in Denmark and Germany exist cooperation between farms in
transporting manure to bio gas plants and produced byproduct back to farms. In
Finland specifically Southwest-Finland would be suitable area for that kind of
cooperation biomass potential of manure being in the region 81 %. This is due
to relatively short distances (profitable transport distances being up to 25 km)
and high volume in cattle stock within the area.
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PURE BIOMASS, TURUN AMK | Solja Helle, Jani Aarnio, Juho Kanerva
Manure would already be usable material in energy production even with the
current technology. (Simola, A & Kola, J 2010, 52, 58,64). Besides distances
manure utilization is limited hence profitable single transportable amount is 30
tons of manure. (Simola, A & Kola, J 2010, 46)
Sludge and manure based bio gas production would be relatively reliable raw-
material being available all over year. Of course customs of farms may affect to
availability: for example dairy cows pasture 3-4 months per year affecting only
70 % of manure to be easily collected. For larger scale bio mass utilization em-
ployable effect in transporting, adapting new technology etc. would be notable.
(Karunen, L. 2006, 5,12)
Table 3. Manure and sludge potential and farms within Southwest-Finland
(Maataloustilastot.fi 2011):
Limits of profitable farm specific CHP production behalf of dairy farms are 100
milking cows, piggeries 1000 swine’s and broiler hen houses 60 000 broilers. In
the calculations combined industry sludge and manure field biomass usage is
not included. These limits can exceed only few single farms but raw-material
demand can be encountered with inter-farm cooperation.
Annual tons Bovine Swine Poultry Horse Sheep and goat Total
Dry manure
Sludge - - -
Farms 534 445 325 333 140
368 900 400 392 92 412 28 868 15 994 906 566
504 900 626 247 1 131 147
1 777
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PURE BIOMASS, TURUN AMK | Solja Helle, Jani Aarnio, Juho Kanerva
Current utilization
At the year 2011 four farm specific heating plants were located in Southwest-
Finland which was either under construction or planning. Currently 90 % of ma-
nure is used as a fertilizer on fields. By farms with large livestock utilization of
manure as a fertilizer may exceed the soils absorption capacity. Biogas produc-
tion would decrease nutrition flows into water systems by dividing processed
manure to farms by their actual needs. Problems may also be aroused by lack
of time which affects that manure is not spread to fields, inadequacy of storage
or by other limitations. (Pöyry Environment Oy 2007, 6)
Because maximum profitable delivering distance of manure is 25 km coordina-
tion of deliveries is essential. Also coordination is needed to provide continuous
input to facility all over year. Notable is also that moisture of raw-material can
variate which may affect to bio gas process. (Pöyry Environment Oy 2007, 7)
By EU:s By-product regulation 1069/2009 hygienisation demands have men-
tioned affecting inter alia delivering vehicles especially if manure and processed
sludge is delivered by same vehicles. This may include risk for contamination.
Also winter time conditions have to be noted. (Pöyry Environment Oy, 7-8 )
Solids concentration of sludge produced by agriculture is commonly 6-8%. Due
to that used dehumidifier agent have to be used 2-4 times of sludge’s concen-
tration. Normally sludge is dried by screw press which produces over 30 % easi-
ly composting dry mass. Liquid produced from pressing (estimated 75 % from
the total sludge mass) is used either as a fertilizer on fields or on another ways.
Behalf of dry manure composting is commonly used processing method. Ac-
cording to Pöyry Environment Oy current trend is favoring dry manure systems.
3.3 Sludge of sparsely populated areas
Volume of sludge produced in sparsely populated areas is notable and legisla-
tion both in national and EU level exist. Property specific waste water treatment
system have to emptied at least once a year and sludge transported either to
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PURE BIOMASS, TURUN AMK | Solja Helle, Jani Aarnio, Juho Kanerva
waste water plant or to the prescribed place of receipt. (Kunnasvirta 2010, 2.) It
is highly possible that sludge received by places of receipt will be increasing at
least until year 2016 hence legislation.
At Southwest-Finland reception of sludge is commune specific arranged and
volume of sludge varieties by accessibility to communal drainage system. (Kun-
nasvirta, A. 2012, 2)
According to calculations of Annika Kunnasvirta sludge produced in Southwest-
Finland at the year 1010 by sparsely populated areas was 78 654 m3 behalf of
over-year households and 25 492 m3 behalf of summer houses. Overall annual
sludge volume was some over 104 000 cubic meters. (Kunnasvirta, A. 2010, 2)
At Southwest-Finland exist 11 places of receipt for sludge produced by sparsely
populated areas (Table 4: Places of receipt for sludge produced by sparsely
populated areas)
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PURE BIOMASS, TURUN AMK | Solja Helle, Jani Aarnio, Juho Kanerva
Table 4. Places of receipt for sludge produced by sparsely populated areas
(Kunnasvirta, A. 2010, 2)
Place of receipt Sludge collected (m3/a)
Biovakka (Turku) 30 676
Salon keskusjätevedenpuhdistamo (Salo) 19 851
Vakka-Suomen Vesi (Uusikaupunki) 15 180
Koski Tl 1 433
Taivassalo 2 033
Länsi-Turunmaa 9 370
Kemiönsaari 5 717
Pöytyä 4 244
Loimaa 6 181
Somero 5 227
Auran seutu 4 237
Total 104 149
Current utilization
Utilization of sludge produced by sparcely populated areas is reviewed with
communal sludge.
3.4 Communal sludge
According to survey made by Pöyry Environment Oy at year 2007 in Finland
approximately 840 000 tons of sludge was produced by water supply and waste
water plants. (Pöyry Environment Oy, 3.) In comparison Finnish Environmental
Adminstration have calculated volume of sludge being 1,1-1,2 million tons or
calculated by dry weight approximately 150 000-160 000 tons. (Ympäristö.fi
2010; Pöyry Environment Oy, 4) Share of sludge produced by waste water
plants from all produced sludge is only 4 %. (Pöyry Environment Oy, 38)
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PURE BIOMASS, TURUN AMK | Solja Helle, Jani Aarnio, Juho Kanerva
At the year 2005 bioenergy potential of organic communal waste in Finland was
95 039 MWh annual from which only 1% (24 Mwh) was used. (Simola & Kola
2010.) This mass of raw material may be potentially used with communal
sludge. At the year 2005 non utilized sludge produced by waste water plants
were 6673 MWh and non-utilized 444 MWh annual. (Simola & Kola 2010.)
In the future waste waters of Southwest—Finland will be treated only by few fa-
cilities including waste water plants of Turku, Salo, Uusikaupunki and Loimaa.
Communal sludge of Southwest-Finland has been processed by Vapo Oy in
Turku and by Turun seudun Jätehuolto Oy in Raisio. Sludge produced by Kako-
la waste water plant will be processed by Biovakka Oy in combined digestion
plant which capacity will be expanded from 75 000 to 240 000-360 000 tons.
(Länsi-Suomen ympäristökeskus 2008, 13; Huttunen & Huittinen 2011, 26-29;
BIOvakka Oy 2012.)
Centralization of water treatment may ease building new facilities when volume
of sludge is increasing and regular. Profitable transportation distances behalf of
communal sludge is 150-250 km (Pöyry Environment Oy, 8)
Communal waste water plants have potential to process besides sludge also
industrial sludge, garden waste, manure and bio waste. Also sludge from fish
farms and sparsely populated area may be processed. (Pöyry Environment Oy
2007, 5; Länsi-Suomen Ympäristökeskus 2008, 6).
Current utilization
Currently sludge of scarcely populated areas and communal sludge have been
used in landscaping, coverage material in landfills and by agriculture but also in
soil producing. Also sludge have been dumbed to landfills and composted.
(Pöyry Environment Oy, 6.)
Utilization of sludge in agriculture have decreased since the peak of year 1996
(49 000 tons) to only 4200-4600 tons at years 2005-2006. Heavy metals like
kadmiun, mercury or chrome contained by sludge sets limitations for its usabil-
ity. Year 2016 have been set as the target in the National Waste Management
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PURE BIOMASS, TURUN AMK | Solja Helle, Jani Aarnio, Juho Kanerva
Plan when all communal sludge should be used either as energy or used as a
soil improvement material instead of dumbing it to landfills. (Länsi-Suomen
ympäristökeskus 2008, 1)
At the waste water plants sludge is thickened and mechanically dried by centri-
fuge. Small facilities may dry sludge in sludge platforms or using peat impregna-
tion platform method. Mass produced in digestion is dried mechanically. (Pöyry
Environment Oy, 5). Besides digestion sludge can also be treated by compost-
ing that being currently most common method but also lime stabilization, ther-
mal drying, burning and storage are used. (Pöyry Environment Oy, 6).
At the year 2005 30 % of waste water plants processed sludge within the area
of the plant and 50 % transported it to be processed within 15 km. Only one fifth
transported sludge over distances of 15 km. (Pöyry Environment Oy, 8)
3.5 Sludge produced by foodstuff industry
Sludge of foodstuff industry rich with organic matter are potential raw material
for digestion. Profitable transportation distance behalf of waste of foodstuff in-
dustry is the very same with communal sludge (150-250km). Also waste pro-
duced by breweries and bakeries and companies producing soft drinks, grease,
feed or starch may offer potential material for biogas production. (Pöyry Envi-
ronment Oy, 6-7)
Utilizing flows of foodstuff industry may be seasonal. Some part of waste water
produced by foodstuff industry is treated by communal waste water plants af-
fecting that exact volumes are difficult to calculate (Pöyry Environment Oy, 4)
but according to Pöyry Environment Oy sludge produced in Finland by foodstuff
industry may be approximately 67 000 ton per year.
Sludge and waste produced by foodstuff industry may be used in local bio gas
plants with sludge’s from agriculture and waste water plants. Some waste may
need to be pretreated before feeding it to digestion. (Pöyry Environment Oy
2007, 6.)
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PURE BIOMASS, TURUN AMK | Solja Helle, Jani Aarnio, Juho Kanerva
4 LOW-VALUED FISH
According to Finnish Game and Fisheries Research trapping potential of only
cyprinid fish would be at the coastal waters 5-10 million kilos. In addition effluent
from fish processing would be 20 million kilos of which is currently mostly uti-
lized as a feed for fur. (Järvinen 2012, 7)
In this chapter estimated volumes are rough estimates because of lack of real
information on the behalf of the numbers of fish waste.
4.1 Fish farming
Uncleaned fish was produced in the Varsinais-Suomi region 3408 tons at the
year 2011, solely in maritime areas. Feeding farms were 61 and naturally feed-
ed bonds 22. (RKTL 2012a, 16.) Fish produced at maritime areas consist most-
ly of salmon (90 %), whitefish (10%) and trout (0,3 %). (RKTLa, 14)
Table 4. Fish farms and potential annual fish waste (Lounaispaikka 2012).
Because 10-20 % of fish is after cleaning waste in Southwest-Finland theoreti-
cally approximately 650 tons of waste is produced annually by fish farms.
Municipality Fish farms Fish waste (tons)
Kemiönsaari 19 104
Kustavi 27 143
Naantali 17 91
Parainen 45 234
Pyhäranta 1 6
Taivassalo 1 6
Uusikaupunki 13 71
Total 123 656
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PURE BIOMASS, TURUN AMK | Solja Helle, Jani Aarnio, Juho Kanerva
For utilizing fish material some limits exist. Fish farms are located relatively long
distances from each other and from bio gas facilities. For example Parainen be-
ing municipality with many scattered islands at the archipelago distances are
long even numerically within it exist most of the fish farms in the area of South-
west-Finland. Also potential may be overestimated because all the fish may not
be cleaned by the fish farms.
Fish farming have been accused being small-sized due to all legislation. One
existing possibility would be increasing management of fish with cooperation of
fishermen in order to directly increase available volume of low-valued fish, bal-
ance nutrient flows and increase sizes of farms. (RKTL 2008.)
4.2 Maritime fishing
At the year 2011 in Southwest-Finland 168 professional fishermen (over 30 %
of income from fishing) and 429 part-time fishermen (under 30 % of income
from fishing) existed. (PX-tilastotietokannat 2012). At the same year 51 382
tons of fish was catched in the region which from 80 % was Baltic herring.
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PURE BIOMASS, TURUN AMK | Solja Helle, Jani Aarnio, Juho Kanerva
Table 5. Professional fishermen and potential annual fish waste in Southwest-
Finland (Lounaispaikka 2012).
Potentially 10276 tons of fish waste would be produced in Southwest-Finland
but again it is unlikely that all the cleaning is done by the fishermen.
Municipality Professional fishermen Waste fish (tons)
Parainen 96
Uusikaupunki 82
Naantali 46
Taivassalo 44
Keimönsaari 30 802
Turku 20 534
Kustavi 13 347
Maksu 13 347
Kaarina 11 347
Pyhäranta 7 187
Mynämäki 5 134
Sauvo 5 134
Raisio 4 107
Lieto 2 53
Pöytyä 2 53
Nousiainen 1 27
Paimio 1 27
Salo 1 27
Tarvasjoki 1 27
Vehmaa 1 27
Total 385
2 563
2 189
1 228
1 130
10 290
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PURE BIOMASS, TURUN AMK | Solja Helle, Jani Aarnio, Juho Kanerva
4.3 Inland fishing
In Southwest-Finland no fish farming is practiced at inland. By the Finnish
Game and Fishery Research 24 professional fishermen existed in the region.
(RKTL 2012b, 14).
Overall catch in the inland area of the region was 642 tons of fish and 401 000
signal crayfish. (RKTL 2012c, 15). Vendace and smelt both were fished little
over 20 % from overall catch but also roach and perch were catched notable
amount.
Overall catch of inland fishing in Finland was 3 435 tons. 1119 tons was result
of fish management. While catch of inland fish management in Finland was one
fourth of all catch according to same ratio in Southwest-Finland volume would
be 160 tons of fish available straight to bio gas production.
So combined inland management of fish and waste material from professional
fishing would be 290 tons. A disadvantage for bio gas production is that catch
and waste material is relatively in low volume especially when average catch
per day is 1,7 tons of fish in whole area. If fish is not produced in relatively small
area transporting waste would not be profitable.
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PURE BIOMASS, TURUN AMK | Solja Helle, Jani Aarnio, Juho Kanerva
5 FIELD PLANTS AND UNCULTIVATED BIOMASS
Field plants and uncultivated biomass can be used as an energy in forms of sol-
id, liquid and gas. (Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2010, 23.)
Foodstuff production and energy plant production are competing from the same
resources. Currently total field area in Southwest-Finland is approximately 299
000 hectares which of according to MTT 52 000 hectares would be available for
energy production purposes. Average energy value of harvest per hectare
would be 20-30 MWh. (Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2010, 24.)
Hence 1040 000-1560 000 MWh would be available for energy utilization at the
year 2020.
Currently utilization of field biomass is relatively marginal but it holds significant
potential. Maximum biomass energy potential of Southwest-Finland would an-
nually be 276 234 MWh technical-economical potential being 224 655 MWh.
(Simola & Kola 2010, 51)
According to the results of W-fuel bio methane production is profitable and ma-
jority biogas production potential lies especially in agricultural biomasses. Pro-
duction cost of bio methane based on agricultural material is under 96 € per
MWh which would be profitable if wider demand for bio methane arouses. Also
production would have positive affluence to local employment. (Ahonen ym.
2012, 3.)
5.1 Grain and oilplants
Grain
Utilization of grain in energy production is currently marginal. Although due to
low market prices and soaring prices of oil interest for farm specific energy pro-
duction based on grain have increased. (Vrsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2010,
24-25.)
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PURE BIOMASS, TURUN AMK | Solja Helle, Jani Aarnio, Juho Kanerva
Grain can be burned as such in pellet burners. Especially oats is suitable to be
burned as a solid fuel because of its high hask ratio. Energy value of oats (15,7
MJ/kg) is comparable to firewood.
Energy value of oats is 63 GJ per hectare crops being 4 tons per hectare. (Jok-
inen & Lampinen 2006, 106.)
Grain can also be used as a raw material in bioethanol production combined for
example with sugar beet. In Southwest-Finland 191 000 hectares of field were
used for farming grain in the year 2011. Estimated volume of grain based etha-
nol in Finland would be approximately 0,9-1,0 tons per hectare (24-27 GJ per
hectare) when barley is used as a raw material. (Jokinen & Lampinen 2006,
106.)
Suitable for energy production are low quality batches, batches unfit to trade or
grain intently cultivated for energy production. (Jokinen & Lampinen 2006, 106.)
European Commission have introduced that after year 2020 energy utilization of
raw material suitable for food production should not be supported. (Turun
Sanomat 18.10.2012, 17.)
Straw
Also utilization of straw is yet marginal due to challenges during harvest, stor-
age and transport but also during burning process. High concentration of ash
and nitrogen in the material has set limits to wider straw based energy produc-
tion. Problems are aroused to harvest by lack of suitable machinery and short
season optimal to harvest. (Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2010, 24-25.)
Despite foregoing high existing field volume and availability of straw can provide
potential energy source. 4 tons of straw can be harvested from single hectare.
When energy value of straw is 17 GJ per ton straw can provide energy approx-
imately 68 GJ per hectare. At the year 2011 in Southwest-Finland existed 191
00 hectares of grain field area. (Maataloustilastot 2012a). Hence maximum
straw potential was at the year 2011 764 00 tons which is equivalent to 52 000
TJ.
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PURE BIOMASS, TURUN AMK | Solja Helle, Jani Aarnio, Juho Kanerva
In straw utilization lie disadvantages due to small energy density and high ash
content. Also high density in chlorine may arouse problems when burning in
boilers especially designed for wood burning so straw can only be burned as a
mixture material in 5-10 % concentrations. (Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus
2010, 24-25.)
In Finland technology designed especially for straw burning is rare compared to
many other countries such as Denmark. (Jokinen & Lampinen 2006, 97.) Straw
based heating boilers are common heating method in Denmark especially by
farms and industry. (Turun Sanomat 19.11.2012, 8.)
Besides burning straw can also be reproduced by gasing or used as a raw ma-
terial for ethanol and bio-oil production. Also digestion would be alternative
method for straw utilization. (Jokinen & Lampinen 2006, 98.)
Compared to bioenergy plants energy demand of straw in is low in energy pro-
duction because straw is produced as a by-product from grain cultivation.
Hence energy used during cultivation is not included to production costs alt-
hough harvest and transport produce emissions during straws life cycle. Nutri-
ents are extracted from fields when straw is collected so ash produced during
the burning process should be returned to the fields. (Jokinen & Laminen 2006,
98.)
Oil plants
Oilseed can be utilized as a raw-material in production of burning oil which can
again be reprocessed to a biodiesel. Oilseed based biodiesel can be used in all
diesel engines and machines using fossil oil as a fuel. (Jokinen & Lampinen
2006, 103.)
Two third of oilseed is exported and used inter alia as a raw material in bio die-
sel production.
Only few farms in Southwest-Finland are producing oilseed based biodiesel. At
the year 2010 Neste Oil Oyj and Raisio Oyj made agreement to do cooperation
in biodiesel production. (Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2010, 25)
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PURE BIOMASS, TURUN AMK | Solja Helle, Jani Aarnio, Juho Kanerva
At the year 2011 field area of 13 700 hectares for oilseed and 6500 hectares for
rape existed in Southwest-Finland. (Maataloustilastot 2012a.) Average crop for
oilseed is 1,75 tons per hectare energy value being 23 GJ per hectare. Besides
seeds containing oil also straw of oilseed plant can be utilized increasing energy
efficiently of the plant notably. (Jokinen & Lampinen 2006, 102.) Also by-product
resulted from oil squeezing process can be used as a feed. (Varsinais-Suomen
ELY-keskus 2010, 25.)
5.2 Hemp
Harvest of hemp calculated in solids is approximately 10 tons per hectare but
also harvests of 14 tons per hectare can be achieved. Energy value of hemp is
4,8 MWh per ton and 35-70 MWh per hectare. This value is equivalent to heat-
ing demand of 1-3 town houses. (HempEnergy 2012a.)
Disadvantage of hemp is its high transporting costs but briquetting or pelleting
the material would lower the costs (Yle Uutiset Lounais-Suomi 2012). Also pro-
ducing and utilizing of hemp should be located relatively within short distances.
Hemp is usable also as a raw material in biogas production. (HempEnergy
2012a).
Potential for energy utilization of hemp exist even without major improvements
hence hemp can burned by almost all kinds of appliances. Also hemp is suitable
for crop ration cultivation and interest for it have shown by farmers. (M. Neuvo,
henkilökohtainen tiedonanto 1.11.2012)
Farming hemp for only energy production is not profitable but burnable pellets
can be made from effluents of material left from fibre and food production. (N.
Norokytö, henkilökohtainen tiedonanto 8.11.2012) For fibre hemp already two
different types of support system exist. (Maa-ja metsätalousministerö 201).
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PURE BIOMASS, TURUN AMK | Solja Helle, Jani Aarnio, Juho Kanerva
5.3 Reed canary grass (RCG)
Reed canary grass is the most cultivated energy plant but in Southwest-Finland
its volume is not yet remarkable. At the year 2009 RCG were cultivated in the
region with the volume of approximately 400 hectares and until the year 2011
volume has decreased to 300 hectares. (Maataloustilastot 2010a, Varsinais-
Suomen ELY-keskus 2010, 24).
Annual harvest of reed canary grass calculated in solids is 6-8 tons per hectare.
Maximum potential in Southwest-Finland according to the current cultivation is
31 500-42 000 GJ RCG's energy value being 17,5 GJ per ton. Reed canary
grass can be utilized as a fuel in heat production by farms or large-scale cen-
tralized burning plants. Also material can be processed to pellets affecting stor-
age and transportation to become more profitable. It can also used as a raw
material for ethanol or electricity production. (Jokinen & Lampinen 2006, 93-
94.)
RCG can be burned mixed with wood and peat but burning it alone may cause
problems especially in facilities designed only for wood burning. Because of
high moisture percentage of the material also high temperatures may set limits
for some boilers. In Finnish trade heat boilers designed only for burning RCG
and straw not yet exist even they are common abroad. (Jokinen & Lampinen
2006, 94.)
5.4 Grass plants
Grass plants is mostly cultivated for cattle feed and its cultivation can be inte-
grated to cultivation rotation. In South-Finland supply of grass exceed the de-
mand so grass feed have potential to be utilized also in biogas production. Even
quality of batch may variate which instead of animal feed usage have no effect
to biogas production. (Kässi ym. 2011)
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PURE BIOMASS, TURUN AMK | Solja Helle, Jani Aarnio, Juho Kanerva
Biogas plants using grass have yet mainly been small-sized and used also an-
other raw materials. Harvest of grass plants in the area of hectare variates be-
tween 5430 kg and 5540 kg but even from these estimates volume may variate
due to different properties of growing ground. (Niemeläinen & Virkkunen 2011.)
Grass can also be utilized as a raw material for cellulose based ethanol. Grass
is significantly cheaper raw-material compared to grain which would affect grass
to be important raw-material in ethanol production. Alas lack of knowledge and
information currently set limits to grass utilization in ethanol production. (Jokinen
& Lampinen 2006, 109.)
Grass plants can also be burned in CHP-plants. Although grass would be cli-
mate friendly burning fuel it has negative impacts to eutrofication and acidifica-
tion. (Jokinen & Lampinen 2006, 109-110.)
Table 6. Production numbers of biomethane gas and production potentials of
electricity (Jokinen & Lampinen 2006, 109)
At the year 2011 grass cultivation volume in Southwest-Finland was approxi-
mately 38 900 hectares including all subtypes: meadows, green manure usage
etc.. Energy value of grass is approximately 16 GJ per ton but harvest per hec-
tare may significantly variate whenever field is being fertilized or not.
Material (1 ton) Solids (%) Electricity (kWh)
Grass silage 15-25 45-75 110-340
Green grass 20-25 60-75 150-340
Straw, RCG 70-85 180-260 450-1170
Manure 5–12 4–23 10–100
Swine manure 3–8 4–26 10–120
Methane (Nm3)
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PURE BIOMASS, TURUN AMK | Solja Helle, Jani Aarnio, Juho Kanerva
5.5 Reed
Harvest of reed varieties annually not only hence growing circumstances but
also due to strong winds and ice which may decrease harvest volume. Winds
effects to reed by lawing and moving ice can break the stalk. Besides quality of
material, location, ownership of area also views in environmental protecting may
set limit for utilization.
Changes in pastural usage at the waterside areas and eutrophication have af-
fected volume of reed significantly increase. Strong reeding has negative afflu-
ent to biodiversity, flow-ability of water and to landscape and recreation values.
Reed has significant bioenergy potential and its utilization actively researched.
In the South-Finland reed harvest can be 5 tons per hectare average but also
30 ton per hectare calculated in solids can be harvested. (Komulainen ym.
2008, 19). Energy value of winter harvested reed is approximately 15 MJ/kg or
4,3 MWh per ton. According to this area of hectare can provide 21 MWh energy
equivalents for annual heating demand of a single average town house. (Silen
2007, 22.)
Burning features of reed are quite similar with RCG. Wintertime harvested reed
can be utilized as a mixed fuel with wood chips or peat by combustion plants
and by farm specific boilers. Summertime harvested green reed can be used
combined with manure in biogas production. (Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus
2010, 25.) Harvest of green reed is 10-15 ton per hectare (Alho 2012).
At Southwest-Finland volume of reed areas varieties. Best availability is on
shallow and sheltered bays especially near mainland. (Pitkänen 2006, 14).
Approximately 15 000 hectares of reed areas exist in the region which of almost
half (6 000 hectares) being valuable for harvesting. (Varsinais-Suomen ELY-
keskus 2010, 25.)
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PURE BIOMASS, TURUN AMK | Solja Helle, Jani Aarnio, Juho Kanerva
Picture 10. Reed areas of Southwest-Finland (Lounais-Suomen
ympäristökeskus 2007):
Again also reed can be processed by pelleting it with peat or oil plants in order
to increase energy value of the material and making its utilization more profita-
ble. (Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2010, 24.)
Also shredding, transport and storage would not yet be profitable without proper
machinery which currently is expensive. (Turun Sanomat 29.8.2012.)
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PURE BIOMASS, TURUN AMK | Solja Helle, Jani Aarnio, Juho Kanerva
5 PEAT
Peat is included to biomasses while by European Union it is categorized as a
non-renewable resource hence its slow renewability. Emissions caused by peat
burning are calculated into emission trading and into country specific green-
house gas inventory. Despite this peat utilization have been encouraged by
Finnish authorities due to its value as a domestic fuel and affluent to security in
supply. (Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2010, 18.)
Peat's greenhouse gas emission can be compared to coal and its utilization
should be combined with carbon neutral biomasses. Mixture of peat and renew-
able biomass could replace fossil fuel usage and hence achieve emission re-
duction although emissions of peat decrease benefits of carbon neutral masses.
(Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2010, 18.) Peat has advantage improving burn-
ing features of biomasses holding low moisture percentage.
405 swamps exist in Southwest-Finland combined area being approximately 40
000 hectares (Virtanen ym. 2000, 18) average swamp depth being 2,5 meters.
Hence total volume of peat is approximately 940 million cubic meters (Herranen
ym. 2000, 66). In the region exist 20 000 hectares of swamp technically usable
for energy production. Estimate does not include possible environmental im-
pacts, land ownership or profitable transporting distances. (Varsinais-Suomen
ELY-keskus 2010, 18.)
Table 7. Average features of peat in Southwest-Finland (Herranen ym. 2000,
56).
Average features of peat in the Southwest-Finland
Heat value MJ/kg
Surface layer peat 70 18,7 0,368
Middle layer peat 64 19,2 0,34
Bottom layer peat 83 20,8 0,481
Solids (kg/m3) Energy value Mwh/m3
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PURE BIOMASS, TURUN AMK | Solja Helle, Jani Aarnio, Juho Kanerva
Most of the peat utilized in Southwest-Finland is used in Salo by Voimavasu Oy.
Also Turku Energia is using peat at Oriketo as well as few small-size plants.
(Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2010, 19.)
Supplies of peat in Southwest-Finland will last maximum one hundred years if
utilization rate will maintain current volume. However according to VTT heat uti-
lization will double within decade from 255 GWh to 500 GWh. At the year 2005
energy peat production in the region did not exist although environmental peat
was produced at the volume of approximately 500 hectares. Energy peat has
been brought from other regions. Most of the used peat most likely will be exte-
rior also in the future but interest for regional energy peat production have
aroused. (Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2010, 18-19.)
According to Pöyry Environment Oy utilization of peat will decrease within next
10-15 years due to current support and tax politics. Instead of using peat coal
and wood would be used. (Turun Sanomat 2012.)
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PURE BIOMASS, TURUN AMK | Solja Helle, Jani Aarnio, Juho Kanerva
6 INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT AND ALCOHOL
Industrial effluent can provide notable source of biomass which utilized would
enable environmental friendly energy production and decrease material flow
ending up to landfills. Industrial effluent can be burned or reprocessed into gas
or carbohydrates. (Tuuttila 2010, 2 &5.)
Alcohol based fuels can be used as a fuel for vehicles. First generation of alco-
hol fuels are already at the commercial use. Second generation fuels are still
rare but actively researched. Second generation fuels can be produced from
raw materials unfit to food production. (Tuuttila 2012, 2.)
According to scenario made by MTT at the year 2020 annually 2000 tons of in-
dustrial biomass waste would be produced in Turku and 1300 tons in Salo suit-
able for biogas production.
Several sawmill exist in the region but not a single paper and cellulose factory
although large amount of wood material is being transported to another regions.
(Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2012.)
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PURE BIOMASS, TURUN AMK | Solja Helle, Jani Aarnio, Juho Kanerva
7 FUTURE BIOMASSES
Climate change, depletion of fossil resources, availability of energy and energy
safety are challenges which set demand for utilization of renewable and local
energy sources, more efficient technology and innovations on energy sector.
Energy systems will change towards energy efficiency and renewable sources
with low emission sources. Although change will be slow it can offer possibilities
for improving energy technologies and for pioneers working on the field. (VTT
2009a.)
7.4 Algae
Algae may be potential energy source in the future. Algae can exceed produc-
tivity of terrestrial plants multiple times and can be used for example photosyn-
thesising carbon emissions produced by industry. (Itämeriportaali 2010.) Tech-
nology in processing and cultivation of photosynthesising algae is still at the ini-
tial phase. Many potential species exist from which only few have been re-
searched for biofuel production. Selection of suitable species and gene tech-
nology may help algae based biofuel production to achieve commercial scale.
Biofuel based on alga may be available in commercial production already at the
year 2020. (Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2010, 27.)
7.5 Microbe oils
Oil producing microbes can be raised in bioreactors which are already used for
example in brewery and biotechnology industry. Raw-material should be cheap
with high volume and availability which can be found for example from agricul-
tural and industrial effluents. In Finland for example Neste Oil Oyj have intro-
duced pilot plant producing microbe oils in Porvoo and and research in coopera-
tion with Aalto University since 2007. Microbe oil may be commercially pro-
duced at the year 2015. (Turun Sanomat 27.10.2012, Neste Oil 2012.)
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PURE BIOMASS, TURUN AMK | Solja Helle, Jani Aarnio, Juho Kanerva
8 REVIEW OF THE RESULTS
From all the biomasses widest utilization potential in Southwest-Finland exist in
wood biomass. Although biomass based energy production will most likely con-
centrate solely in exploiting wood biomasses also field crops, uncultivated bio-
mass, sludge and manure are significant bioenergy source in the region. Be-
cause of the alignments of the EU Commission all potential energy plants are
not going to be used in energy production. By the Commission crops suitable
for food production are not legitimate for financial support intended for energy
plants cultivation after year 2020. (Turun Sanomat 18.10.2012, 17.)
It is most likely that different types of biomasses classified currently as a waste
will be utilized more in energy production. For example sludge, manure, bio
waste and industrial effluent are eco-friendly fuels.
Utilization of renewable sources decreases environmental load and amount of
matter ending to landfills. Although waste is economically significant energy
source first of all recycling and prevention of waste should be promoted. Waste
unfit to recycling should be energy used. In future also alga and microbe oils
may offer profitable, economic and eco-friendly opportunity to energy produc-
tion.
Question in accessibility and storage of biomasses affects utilization of manifold
biomass types be more efficient compared to a single mass based production.
For example field plants can be harvested annually during only couple of
months. Manure, sludge, etc. Would instead be available all over year. Also
combining different types of masses may improve burning features, more effi-
cient biogas production process and pellets with better texture and burning fea-
tures.
Storage of biomasses demands vast capacity and transportation for long dis-
tances would not be economically efficient due to low energy intensity of mass-
es. Efficiency in storage and transportation can often be improved by pro-
cessing material into pellets. Also efficiency is often increased by utilizing mate-
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PURE BIOMASS, TURUN AMK | Solja Helle, Jani Aarnio, Juho Kanerva
rial in local energy production. Regional biomass utilization decreases environ-
mental load affected by transportation and increases local employment.
According a rough estimation maximum annual biomass potential of Southwest-
Finland would approximately be 6 200 GWh. (Table 8). In estimation waste and
industrial effluent is not included. In reality technical-economically usable mass
potential would be significantly lower than the estimate.
Table 8. Biomass potential in Southwest-Finland
Especially share of peat in energy production will be significantly lower than its
maximum potential. Peat utilized in Southwest-Finland is transported from other
regions. (Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskus 2010, 18-19.) Notable is also that peat
is included to fossil fuels.
Maximum potential of renewable resources is by the calculations 4 300 GWh.
Objective of the Energy Strategy in Southwest-Finland is to achieve 40 % of the
energy to be renewable energy based until the target year 2020. If energy con-
sumption remains at the level of 2010, renewable fuels should produce 7 400
GWh at the year 2020.
Maximum potential
Annual volume Mwh/per annum
Wood biomass 636990 hectares
Waste Not available
Manure 2037700 tons
Sludge 140200 tons
Low-valued fish 11200 tons
52000 hectares
18000 hectares
Industrial effluent Not available
Total1) Unsed area from energy production
2) Peat supply of 100 years
2 890 194
815 080
308 440
11 200
Field plants and uncultivated biomass 1) 276 234
Peat 2) 1 920 000
6 221 148
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PURE BIOMASS, TURUN AMK | Solja Helle, Jani Aarnio, Juho Kanerva
Survey on the regional bio mass potential
MTT have estimated volumes of biomasses available for biogas production in
Turku and Salo regions at the year 2020. Biomass potential exist in the regions
approximately 720 000 tons in solids. Energy plants from whole biomass capac-
ity are behalf of Turku 94 % and Salo 98 %. (Ahonen ym. 2012, 12.)
Picture 7. Biogas survey at the Turku and Salo regions by MTT (Ahonen ym.
2011, 7).
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PURE BIOMASS, TURUN AMK | Solja Helle, Jani Aarnio, Juho Kanerva
Table 9. Volume of biomass suitable for bio gas production at year 2020 (Aho-
nen ym. 2012, 12).
MTT have surveyed areas possible for biogas production by location, volumes
and features of biomasses. Picture 8 illustrates methane potential denser of
Turku and Salo regions and Table 10 scenarios for bio masses, methane poten-
tial and number of possible bio gas plants (4 MW) within Turku and Salo region.
Ahonen ym. 2012, 13.)
Possible locations of biogas plants within the regions of Turku and Salo have in
turn been illustrated at the Picture 9. MTT has determined locations of biogas
plants by location of available biomasses. At Turku 76 % and at Salo 72 % of
potential biomasses would be used in biogas facilities. Most important raw ma-
terial would in all facilities be field biomass. (Ahonen ym. 2012, 14-15)
Table 10. Biomasses, methane potential and number of possible biogas plants
(Ahonen ym. 2012, 13).
Biomass
tTS/v Methanepotential
GWh/v Number of 4 MW bi-
ogas plants
Turku 402000 1030 32
Salo 319500 830 25
Biomassa Turku region (tTS/a) Salo region (tTS/a) Total (tTS/a)
Communal bio waste
Industrial bio waste
Communal and industrial waste water sludge
Manure
Energy plants
Agricultural effluent
Total
6 200 1 400 7 600
2 000 1 300 3 300
12 000 1 600 13 600
54 300 26 600 80 900
201 400 176 500 377 900
126 000 112 100 238 100
401 900 319 500 721 400
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PURE BIOMASS, TURUN AMK | Solja Helle, Jani Aarnio, Juho Kanerva
Picture 8. Methane potential is SW Finland (Ahonen ym. 2012, 13).
Picture 9. Locations of possible biogasplants (Ahonen ym. 2012, 14).
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PURE BIOMASS, TURUN AMK | Solja Helle, Jani Aarnio, Juho Kanerva
According preceding it is certain that biomasses can produce remarkable
amount of energy in Southwest-Finland. Although meeting objectives set to year
2020 also other renewable sources such as wind and solar energy should be
widely utilized and energy effiency and savings in all sectors should be im-
proved.
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PURE BIOMASS, TURUN AMK | Solja Helle, Jani Aarnio, Juho Kanerva
9 CONCLUSIONS
At Southwest-Finland exist yet only marginally utilized but vast biomass poten-
tial usable for energy production. Wood biomasses holds majority of biomass
potential but manure, sludge, field biomass, uncultivated biomass, industrial ef-
fluent and bio waste also form significant source of energy possible to utilize
more efficiently in energy production.
Among other things restraining climate change and greenhouse gasses, in-
creasing energy safety, local employment and security in supply encourage uti-
lizing more biomasses in energy production. European Commission will bridle
plants usable for food production available from energy production. In future fi-
nancial supports will be controlling which biomass will be utilized by energy pro-
duction. New alignments may significantly add utilization of for example reed,
RCG, different effluents, waste and alga.
Utilization stage of many biomasses is yet under development. Many practical
solutions are needed in order to increase wider scale energy utilization of bio-
masses. In Finland high availability of wood biomasses has led to situation
where demand of other biomasses has not existed. Also technology suitable for
different types of biomasses may not yet be widely available and financial sup-
port for biomass utilization is in equate. In comparison Denmark lacking wood
masses has been supporting energy usage of straw.
At Southwest-Finland utilization of biomasses with high potential will most likely
increase. This requires adopting newest technologies and utilitarian support
system but also development in demand and supply of biomasses is essential.
This requires national level control and possible developing support (for exam-
ple feed-in tariff). Also lack of knowledge, economic profitability, lack of suitable
technology and prejudice and stance may set limits for biomass based energy
production.
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PURE BIOMASS, TURUN AMK | Solja Helle, Jani Aarnio, Juho Kanerva
Most economic and efficient biomass utilization may most likely be combined
process were biomass is first used as a raw material and only effluent of pro-
cesses and waste will be used in energy production.
Results have shown that biomass potential in Southwest-Finland holds potential
to produce majority of renewable sources based energy. Still major changes are
needed in energy sector in order to meet objective of 40 % renewable energy
based energy production. This requires adopting new technologies and other
renewable energy sources like wind and solar energy besides biomasses. Also
energy efficiency and savings holds major part meeting the objective.
This report has reviewed mainly maximum biomass potential. Nevertheless, to
the available volume of bioenergy not only maximum biomass potential influ-
ence but also technical-economical viewpoints, society and environmental pro-
tection have to be considered.
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PURE BIOMASS, TURUN AMK | Solja Helle, Jani Aarnio, Juho Kanerva
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