Psychology for Nurses Motivation By Dr. Hayder Al-hadrawi

Psychology for Nurses

Motivation

By

Dr. Hayder Al-hadrawi

University of Babylon, College of Nursing

2016 - 2017

SAt the end of this lecture, learners will be able to:

1. Understand the meaning of motivation.

2. Describe the process of motivation (the work of

motives)

3. Discuss the theories of motivation.

What is Motivation?

Motivation is the internal drive to accomplish a particular

goal.

Motivation: Psychological processes that cause the arousal

direction, and persistence of voluntary actions that are goal

directed.

Motivation is the set of internal and external factors that

energize our behaviors and direct them toward goals

What is Motivation?

The term “motivation” refers to the cause or why of

behavior.

e.g. What motivates a person to risk his life saving another?

A motivated person will engage in an activity more

energetically and more efficiently than an unmotivated

person .

Theories of Motivation

I. Instinct Theory of Motivation

(William McDougall, Sigmund Freud, and William James )

Instinct “is an innate biological force that predisposes the

person to act in a certain way”.

A person is at the mercy of innate forces, which determine or

motivate his/her actions

Examples of instinct motives (fear, anger, love, shame,

cleanliness, curiosity, and reproduction.

2. Content Theories of Motivation

Content theories focus on factors within the person that energize,

direct, sustain, and stop behavior.

They look at the specific needs that motivate people

Content Theories of Motivation Cont.

The basis of these theories is that individual need

deficiencies activate tensions within a person that

trigger a behavioral response.

When individuals are not receiving what they perceive

they need, they will attempt to satisfy that need.

Content Theories of Motivation

I. Maslow’s Needs Theory

Lower needs in Maslow's hierarchy take priority.

Priority needs must be fulfilled before the others are

activated.


II. Alderfer Theory (ERG Needs)

Existence Needs:

Include all material and physiological desires (e.g.,

food, water, air, clothing, safety, and affection).

Maslow's first two levels.

Relatedness Needs:

Social and external esteem; relationships with

significant others like family, friends, co-workers and

employers .

Relatedness needs means to be recognized and feel

secure as part of a group or family. Maslow's third and

fourth levels.

Alderfer Theory

Growth Needs:

Internal esteem and self actualization.

Growth needs drive a person to make creative or

productive effects on himself and the environment.

Growth needs include desires to be creative and

productive, and to complete meaningful tasks.

Alderfer Theory

Notes:

I. The priority of these needs differ from person to

another.


III. Herzberg’s Dual-Factor Theory:

Hygiene Factors or (Extrinsic motivators):

Elements of life or work that do not increase

satisfaction but that can lead to dissatisfaction if they

are missing.

Hygiene factors include security, pay, benefits (like

health insurance), company policies, interpersonal

relationships


III. Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory:

Motivator Factors or (Intrinsic motivators):

The absence of these factors does not lead to

dissatisfaction but when present they build levels of

motivation that result in good job performance.

Intrinsic motivators tend to represent less tangible, more

emotional needs

Intrinsic motivators include recognition, promotion

opportunities in work, and work responsibilities.


IV. . McClelland’s Acquired Needs Theory:

Need For Achievement: Desire to excel and accomplish

something difficult.

Achievement-motivated people prefer

tasks of moderate ability that they can achieve

situations in which their performance is due to their

own efforts

more feedback on their success and failures than do low

achievers


IV. . McClelland’s Motivational Needs Theory:

Need For Affiliation: Desire to spend time in social

relationships and activities.

Need For Power: Desire to control or influence others.

Motivation Theories

3. Process Theories of Motivation

Process theories provide a description and analysis of

how behavior is energized, directed, sustained and

stopped.

Four process theories are predominant: Reinforcement,

expectancy, equity, and goal setting.

Process Theories of Motivation

I. Reinforcement Theory (Operant Condition of Skinner )

Reinforcement theory describes the effects of the

consequences of a particular behavior on the future

occurrence of that behavior.


I. Reinforcement Theory (Operant Condition of Skinner )

There are four types of Operant Conditioning:

1. Positive reinforcement is the process of getting

goodies as a consequence of a behavior.

2. Negative reinforcement is the process of having a

stressor taken away as a consequence of a behavior.

3. Extinction is the process of getting no goodies when

do a good behavior.

4. Punishment An undesirable consequence of a

particular behavior (adding a negative consequence

or removing a positive consequence)


II. Expectancy Model

It explains how likely the performance and outcome will

occur.

An individual makes voluntary choices about:


III. Equity Theory

This theory hypothesizes that individuals are motivated

by a desire to be treated fairly at work.

This theory views as comparing the effort made and

resulting rewards of one person to another made the same

effort.


IV. Goal-Setting Theory (Stacey Adams)

This theory is based on the hypothesis that specific goals

lead to better performance than do vague goals.

Its implication is that getting employees to set and strive to

attain specific, relatively challenging goals can generate a

strong motivational force.

Classification of Motives

1. Biological Motives

2. Personal Motives

3. Social Motives

1. Biological Motives or Physiological Motives

♠ : Biological motives are triggered when there is imbalance

in the body.

♠ Biological motives apply to both animals & human beings.

♠ : The physiological motive are :

Regulation of body temperature

Hunger and Thirst

Need for oxygen

Need for sleep

Maternal drive

2. Personal Motives

Force of habits

Goals of life

Levels of aspirations

Attitudes and interests

3. Social Motives

♠ Social motives are learned in social groups as a result

of interaction with the family and society.

♠Social motives are specific only to human beings.

♠The common social motives are:

Achievement motive

Aggressive motive

Power motive

Acquisitive motive

The Work of Motives

Homeostasis: The body’s tendency to maintain a constant

internal environment.

Need represents physiological state of tissue as food,

water, oxygen, or avoidance of pain .

Drive refers to the psychological consequences of a need .

The Work of Motives

.

The Work of Motives

Example: Lack of food produces a certain chemical

changes in the blood, indicating a need for food, which in

turns create a drive state of arousal or tensions, The person

seeks to reduce this drive by doing something (finding food)

to satisfy the need.

Any Question

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Psychology for Nurses Motivation By Dr. Hayder Al-hadrawi