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Psychology of personality
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Chapter 1
The Psychology of Personality:
An Overview
Chapter 1The Psychology of Personality:
An Overview
List of Slides
1-1: Common Features of Definitions of Personality (Brief)1-2: Common Features of Definitions of Personality (Detailed)1-3; The Scope of the Study of Personality (Brief)1-4: The Scope of the Study of Personality (Detailed)1-5: Six Theoretical Viewpoints (Figure)1-6: Research Methods in Personality Psychology (Brief)1-7: Methods of the Clinical Approach (Detailed)1-8: Evaluation of the Clinical Approach (Brief)1-9: Evaluation of the Clinical Approach (Detailed)1-10: The Correlational Approach (Brief)1-11: The Correlational Approach (Detailed)1-12: Scatter Plot Illustrating a Correlational Relationship (Figure)1-13: Types of Correaltional Relationships (Detailed)1-14: Scatter Plot Illustrating a Positive Correaltional Relationship (Figure)1-15: Scatter Plot Illustrating a Negative Correlational Relationship (Figure)1-16: Scatter Plot Illustrating an Uncorrelated Relationship (Figure)1-17: Interpreting Correlational Relationships (Detailed)
Chapter 1The Psychology of Personality:
An Overview
List of Slides
1-18: Scatter Plots Illustrating the Strength of Various Correlational Relationships (Figure)
1-19: Scatter Plots Illustrating the Strength of Two Positive Correlational Relationships (Figure)
1-20: Scatter Plot Illustrating the Strength of an Uncorrelated Relationship (Figure)
1-21: Scatter Plots Illustrating the Strength of Two Negative Correlational Relationships (Figure)
1-22: Part 1: The Third-Variable Problem (Figure)
1-23: Part 2: The Third-Variable problem (Figure)
1-24: Evaluation of the Correlational Approach (Brief)
1-25: Evaluation of the Correlational Approach (Detailed)
1-26: Basic Principles of the Experimental Approach (Brief)
1-27: The Experimental Approach (Detailed)
1-28: Basic Principles of the Experimental Approach [Systematic Intervention] (Detailed)
1-29; Basic Principles of the Experimental Approach [Systematic Observation] (Detailed)
1-30: Basic Principles of the Experimental Approach [Experimental Control] (Detailed)
Chapter 1The Psychology of Personality:
An Overview
List of Slides
1-31: Evaluation of the Experimental Approach (Brief)
1-32: Evaluation of the Experimental Approach (Detailed)
1-33; Ethical Concerns (Brief)
1-34: Ethical Concerns (Detailed)
1-35; Solutions to Ethical Concerns (Brief)
1-36: Solutions to Ethical Concerns (Detailed)
Common Features of Definitions of Personality
• Uniqueness of the Individual
• Consistency of Behavior
• Content and Processes of Personality
1.1
Common Features of Definitions of Personality
Feature Description
Uniqueness of the Individual
Provides an explanation for what makes each individual’s personality unique
Consistency of Behavior
Accounts for the consistency of an individual’s behavior over time and across situations
Content and Process of Personality
Describes the underlying operational elements that serve to create a unique and consistent expression of the individual’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior
1.2
The Scope of the Study of Personality
• Theory Development
• Personality Research
• Personality Development
• Personality Assessment
• Applications in Personality Psychology
1.3
The Scope of the Study of Personality
Area of Study
Brief Description
Theory Development
The formulation of theories to help explain and predict various aspects of personality
Personality Research
Testing hypotheses based on a particular theory through systematic research
Personality Development
The investigation of the nature of personality development over the lifespan
Personality Assessment
The development and utilization of assessment techniques designed to measure different aspects personality
Applications of Personality Psychology
The utilization of personality psychology to address concerns in a variety of areas to help individuals and organizations
1.4
Explaining the same overt behavior from six theoretical viewpoints
1.5
Research Methods in Personality Psychology
• The Clinical Approach
• The Correlational Approach
• The Experimental Approach
1.6
Methods of the Clinical Approach
Clinical Method
Description of Method
Case Study A comprehensive investigation of past and present factors contributing to the behavior of an individual or limited group of individuals
Individual Interview
Obtaining personal and vital information about an individual by systematically asking the person questions
Analysis of PersonalDocuments
The study of an individual’s personality through the systematic analysis of information found in such personal documents as letters, diaries, speeches, or recordings
1.7
Evaluation of the Clinical Approach
Characteristics Strengths• In-depth Understanding of the Individual
• Study Developmental and Adjustment Processes Over Time
• Investigation of Extreme and Rare Events
Characteristic Limitations• Limited Generalizability
• Personal Biases
1.8
Evaluation of the Clinical Approach Characteristic Strengths
• Represents a number of techniques to study an individual or small groups of individuals in great detail.
• Provides an in-depth understanding of the developmental changes in the thoughts and behaviors of the individual
• Can be use to illustrate or document the existence of rare or unusual phenomena
Characteristic Limitations
• The use of relatively small sample sizes makes generalizing the findings to other groups difficult
• Biases associated with the selective reporting of information by participants and selective interpretation of this information by researchers
1.9
The Correlational Approach
• Correlational Research
• The Scatter Plot
• Correlational Relationships ▪ Positive Relationship ▪ Negative Relationship ▪ Uncorrelated Relationship• The Correlational Coefficient
• The Third-Variable Problem
1.10
The Correlational Approach
Basic Logic: The collection of data in an attempt to establish of the nature of the relationship between two variables
Scatter Plot: The arrangement of data points representing the corresponding values on two variables to create a graph illustrating the nature of relationship between the two variables
1.11
This scatter plot illustrates the correlational relationship between shyness and loneliness scores for these individuals.
1.12
Types of Correlational Relationships
Type Description
PositiveRelationship
As the value of one variable gets larger, the corresponding value of the second variable also increases
Negative Relationship
As the value of one variable gets larger, the corresponding value of the second variable shows a decrease
UncorrelatedRelationship
As the value of one variable changes, there is no corresponding pattern of systematic change in the second variable
1.13
This scatter plot illustrates a positive correlational relationship between loneliness and shyness scores for these individuals.
1.14
This scatter plot illustrates a negative correlational relationship between self-esteem and shyness for these individuals.
1.15
This scatter plot illustrates an uncorrelated relationship between sincerity and introversion scores for these individuals.
1.16
Interpreting Correlational Relationships
Concept Interpretation
CorrelationCofficient
The numerical value indicating the strength of association between the two variables
Index of theCorrelationCofficient (r)
The range of values for this index can vary from a value of r = +1.00 to r = 0.00 to r = -1.00
Strength of Association
The closer r is to +1.00 or -1.00, the stronger the association; the closer r is to 0.00, the weaker the association
Third-VariableProblem
The interpretation of a corrleational relationship may be influenced by another (i.e., third) variable not being considered
1.17
The greater the degree of spread in the points in a scatter plot, the weaker the strength of the correlational relationship.
1.18
Scatter plots illustrating the strength of two proposed positive correlational relationships
1.19
This scatter plot illustrates the strength of an uncorrelated relationship.
1.20
Scatter plots illustrating the strength of two proposed negative correlational relationships
1.21
Proposed correlational relationship between shyness and test anxiety without considering a third variable
Part 1: Third-Variable Problem
1.22
A proposed relationship between shyness, test anxiety, and the third variable of self-consciousness
Part 2: The Third-Variable Problem
1.23
Evaluation of the Correlational Approach
Characteristics Strengths• Identification of Relationships
• Ethical and Procedural Considerations
Characteristic Limitations
• The Third-Variable Problem
• Undetermined Causal Relationships
1.24
Evaluation of the Correlational Approach
Characteristic Strengths
• Potential for exploring and indentifying the nature of relationships between different variables
• Potential for investigating questions with sensitive ethical and procedural concerns
Characteristic Limitations
• Potential problems with the interpretation of correlational relationships due to the presence of a third variable
• Correlational relationships do not make possible statements of causal relationships between two variables
1.25
Basic Principles of the Experimental Approach
• Systematic Intervention ▪ Independent Variable
• Systematic Observation ▪ Dependent Variable
• Experimental Control ▪ Random Assignment ▪ Standardization of Procedures ▪ Control Group
1.26
The Experimental Approach
Basic Logic: To establish the causal relationship between two variables by systematically making changes in one variable to determine what effect these changes have on a second while controlling for the influence of outside factors on the second variable
1.27
Basic Principles of the Experimental Approach
Basic Principle Description
SystematicIntervention
Varying the level of exposure of one variable to determine its effect on a second variable
• Independent Variable
A factor that when varied is believed to cause changes in a second variable
1.28
Basic Principles of the Experimental Approach
Basic Principle Description
SystematicObservation
The measurement of changes in a second variable caused the influence of the independent variable
• Dependent Variable
The variable being affected by the changes in the independent variable
• Group Mean The average score for the dependent variable for a particular group
1.29
Basic Principles of the Experimental Approach
Basic Principle Description
ExperimentalControl
Attempts to eliminate the outside influence of other variable on the dependent variable
• Random Assignment
Each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any level of the independent variable
• Stanradard- ization of Procedures
The treatment of individuals at all levels of the independent variable in a similar manner
• Control Group
A comparison group of individuals not exposed to the independent variable
• Meta-Analysis Comparing findings across similar studies
1.30
Evaluation of the Experimental Approach
Characteristic Strengths• Controlled Observations• Causal Explanations
Characteristic Limitations• Group Means vs. the Individual-lost info• Limited Generalizability• Experimenter Bias
1.31
Evaluation of the Experimental Approach
Characteristic Strengths
• Exercise control over the environmental conditions
• Causal explanation possible due to controlling for the influence of outside variables
Characteristic Limitations
• Emphasis on “average response” over the response of the individuals
• Limited generalizability of findings from controlled environments to the real world
• Potential for experimenter bias by intentionally or unintentionally attempting to influence the research results
1.32
Ethical Concerns
• Inducing Stress
• Deception
• Justifying Research Procedures
1.33
Ethical Concerns
EthicalConcern Description
InducingStress
The research procedures causing physical and/or psychological distress to participants
Deception Deliberately misleading participants regarding the actual purpose of the research
Justificationof ResearchProcedures
Researchers exaggerating the importance of their research to justify the use of stress-inducing procedures
1.34
Solutions to Ethical Concerns
• Informed Consent
• Debriefing
• Ethical Guidelines ▪ Professional Organizations ▪ Ethics Review BoardsIRB Institutional review boards
1.35
Solutions to Ethical ConcernsSolution Description
InformedConsent
Participants can decide to participate in research based on a reasonable explanation of the procedures
Debriefing Participants are giving a complete explanation of the research after their participation
Ethical Guidelines
The establishment of standards for the treatment of research participants
▪ Professional Organizations
American Psychological Association has rules for how its members treat participants
▪ Ethics Review Boards
Individuals not affiliated with the research project evaluate its prodecures
1.36