Psychology 1000NA. Required text: Psychological Science Office hours: Mondays, 8:00 - 10:00 am Tests: Web CT Course Schedule Add/Drop by midnight tonight

Psychology 1000NA

Psychology 1000NA

Required text: Psychological ScienceOffice hours: Mondays, 8:00 - 10:00 amTests: Web CTCourse ScheduleAdd/Drop by midnight tonightLast Day to Drop Class No perfume/cologne please!!!

What do the following have in common?

telemarketersevangelistsdog trainersfitness instructorscounsellorscon mencasino designersadvertisers

Definitions Themes Origins Foundations Branches

Psychological Science

Mind Brain Behaviour



Definitions

Cumulative Biological Revolution Adaptive Levels of Analysis

Themes Origins Foundations Branches


Themes of Psychological Science

The principles of psychological science are cumulative.



A biological revolution is energizing research. Brain chemistry (neurotransmitters) Human genome project Brain imaging



A biological revolution is energizing research.

The mind is adaptive. Solving adaptive problems Modern minds in stone-age skulls



A biological revolution is energizing research.

The mind is adaptive.Psychological science crosses levels

of analysis.

W. W

. Nor

ton

Definitions Themes

Nature-Nuture Mind-Body Evolution

Origins Foundations Branches


Nature-Nurture Debate

Which are a result of “nature” and which are a result of “nurture?” obesity autism stuttering post traumatic stress disorder

Mind-Body Problem

Mind-Body Problem

Dualism

Mind-Body Problem

Dualism Parallel Interaction

Mind-Body Problem

Dualism Parallel Interaction Causal Relationship:

Mind-Body Problem


mental processes cause neurophysiological processes

Mind-Body Problem



neurophysiological processes cause mental processes

Mind-Body Problem



neurophysiological processes cause mental processes

Reductionism

Evolution

Natural Selection “all of an organism’s characteristics - its

structure, its coloration, its behaviour -have functional significance”

behaviour itself is not inherited - what is inherited is a brain that causes the behaviour to occur.

Evolution

Members of a species not all identical - some of differences exhibited are inherited by offspring

If the inherited characteristics permit it to reproduce more successfully, some of the individual’s offspring will inherit the favorable characteristics and will themselves produce more offspring

characteristic will become more prevalent

Evolution

Owl butterflyalbino - maladaptive traitfinches

W. W

. Nor

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Artificial Selection

Racehorsesshow dogsanimal breedersplant breeders

Definitions Themes Origins

Structuralism Functionalism GestaltPsychology

Unconsciousness Behaviourism CognitivePsychology

SocialPsychology

Foundations Branches


Structuralism

Titchener (1867-1927) “conscious experience can be broken down

into its underlying components or elements” introspection

“systematic examination of subjective mental experiences that required people to inspect and report on the content of their thoughts”

disadvantage and advantage to the technique:• subjectiveness

Functionalism

James (1842-1910) “the mind could not be broken down

into its elements because the mind was much more complex than its elements.”

“more concerned with how the mind operates than what the mind contains”

What is the purpose of the mind/behaviour?

Gestalt Psychology

Kohler (1887-1967) phenomenological approach the whole is greater than the sum of the

partsPerception is subjective - no two

people interpret the same context the same

Unconsciousness

Freud (1856-1939) “much of human behaviour is

determined by mental processes that operate below the level of conscious awareness, at the level of the unconscious.”

Psychoanalysis

Behaviourism

Watson (1878-1958) cannot focus on mental processes as not

scientific nature-nurture: “all behaviour was caused by

environmental factors”if understood environmental triggers/stimuli, then

could predict behaviour

Skinner (1904-1990) How was behaviour controlled/influenced by

the consequences?

Cognitive Psychology

higher-order mental functions intelligence thinking language memory decision-making

Social Psychology

Lewin (1890-1947) interplay between people and the social

environment

Determining your school of psychology



Branches

cognitive psychologist/cognitive neuroscientist

social psychologistgestalt psychologistspsychoanalysis behaviouristsneuropsychologists

Approaches

psychometrics (educational psychology)

Approaches


developmental psychology

Approaches


developmental psychologybehavioural psychologist

Approaches


developmental psychologybehavioural psychologistcognitive psychologist

skills/strategies

Approaches


developmental psychologybehavioural psychologistcognitive psychologistbiological psychologist

nutrition/chemical imbalances

Approaches


developmental psychologybehavioural psychologistcognitive psychologistbiological psychologistclinical psychologist

Approaches

psychometrics (educational psychology)developmental psychologybehavioural psychologistcognitive psychologistbiological psychologistclinical psychologistsocial psychologist

support system

Psychology is Used and Abused

human resource departmentsconflict resolutionsadvertisinglawyerspolitical spin doctorscoachesteachersmotivational speakers

Research in Everyday Life

“Recommended by 4 out of 5 dentists”


“Recommended by 4 out of 5 dentists” How did the surveyors select the

dentists?



dentists? How many dentists were surveyed?


“Recommended by 4 out of 5 dentists” How did the surveyors select the dentists? How many dentists were surveyed? Were there any toothpastes recommended by

5 out of 5 dentists?How many other toothpastes were recommended?Did the dentists just recommend one brand or did

they pick from, say, the top 3?Was there a list the dentists had to choose from



dentists? How many dentists were surveyed? Were there any toothpastes

recommended by 5 out of 5 dentists? Was the brand the first recommendation

for the 4 out of 5 dentists?


“Recommended by 4 out of 5 dentists” How did the surveyors select the dentists? How many dentists were surveyed? Were there any toothpastes recommended

by 5 out of 5 dentists? Was the brand the first recommendation

for the 4 out of 5 dentists? Do the dental records of Brand X users

support the claim?

Scientific Inquiry

Empirical Process

Goals: accuracy objectivity skepticism open-mindedness

W. W

. Nor

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Types of Studies

Differ according to amount of researcher control over the variables: Experimental Correlational Descriptive

Types of Studies

Experimental maximal control over situation typically one variable is manipulated

(independent variable) to see the effect on a second (dependent) variable

experimental conditionexperimental groupcontrol group

Types of Studies

ExperimentalCorrelational

variables are not manipulated cannot determine causation

Types of Studies

ExperimentalCorrelationalDescriptive

observational naturalistic observationparticipant observation

Methods of Data Collection

Observationself-reportcase studyresponse performance


Observation operational definition observable, quantifiable behaviours observer bias


Observationself-report

surveys interviews questionnaires


Observationself-reportcase study


Observationself-reportcase studyresponse performance

behavioural psychophysiological

Data Analysis

ReliabilityValidityDescriptive Statistics (“typical”

behaviour) mean median mode variability

Descriptive Statistics

80% 85%85% 80%75% 60%90% 75%70% 80%80% 70%80%

Mean = 78%


60% 80%70% 80%70% 80%75% 85% 75% 85%80% 90%80%

Mean = 78%

Median = 80%


60% 80%70% 80%70% 80%75% 85% 75% 85%80% 90%80%

Mean = 78%

Median = 80%

Mode = 80%

Correlation

How closely related are two variables?

Negative correlation when one variable increases in value,

the other decreases in valuePositive correlation

the variables increase or decrease together

Inferential Statistics

used to determine if the groups are different from each other

probability that the difference between the groups was not due to chance p < 0.05

Ethics

What are the benefits?What are the risks?How is participant confidentiality

maintained?Do you have informed consent?

W. W. Norton

Documents

Psychology 1000NA. Required text: Psychological Science Office hours: Mondays, 8:00 - 10:00 am Tests: Web CT Course Schedule Add/Drop by midnight tonight