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Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing, 5th EditionPsychiatric Mental Health Nursing, 5th Edition
Chapter 1Chapter 1
The Concept of Stress Adaptation
Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing, 5th EditionPsychiatric Mental Health Nursing, 5th Edition
Introduction
The word stress lacks a definitive definition. Adaptation is defined as restoration of homeostasis to the
internal environmental system. Adaptation includes responses directed at stabilizing
internal biological processes and psychological preservation of self-identity and self-esteem.
Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing, 5th EditionPsychiatric Mental Health Nursing, 5th Edition
Introduction (cont.)
Maladaptive responses are perceived as negative or unhealthy and occur when the integrity of the individual is disrupted.
Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing, 5th EditionPsychiatric Mental Health Nursing, 5th Edition
Stress as a Biological Response Hans Selye defined stress as “the state
manifested by a specific syndrome which consists of all the nonspecifically induced changes within a biologic system.”
“Fight-or flight” syndrome
Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing, 5th EditionPsychiatric Mental Health Nursing, 5th Edition
Stress as a Biological Response (cont.)
The Fight or Flight Syndrome– Initial stress response
– Sustained stress response
– Alarm reaction, Stage of resistance, Stage of exhaustion
Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing, 5th EditionPsychiatric Mental Health Nursing, 5th Edition
Stress as an Environmental Event
This concept defines stress as a “thing” or “event” that triggers the adaptive physiological and psychological responses in an individual.
The event is one that– Creates change in the life pattern of the
individual– Requires significant adjustment in lifestyle– Taxes available personal resources
Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing, 5th EditionPsychiatric Mental Health Nursing, 5th Edition
Stress as a Transaction Between the Individual and the Environment
This definition of stress emphasizes the relationship between the individual and the environment, which is appraised by the individual as taxing or exceeding his or her resources and endangering his or her well-being.
Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing, 5th EditionPsychiatric Mental Health Nursing, 5th Edition
Stress as a Transaction Between the Individual and the Environment (cont.)
Precipitating event – a stimulus arising from the internal or external environment and perceived by the individual in a specific manner
Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing, 5th EditionPsychiatric Mental Health Nursing, 5th Edition
Stress as a Transaction Between the Individual and the Environment (cont.) Individual’s perception of the event
– Primary appraisal – a judgment about the situation in one of the following ways:
• Irrelevant• Benign-positive• Stress appraisal
– Secondary appraisal – an assessment of skills, resources, and knowledge that the person possesses to deal with the situation
Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing, 5th EditionPsychiatric Mental Health Nursing, 5th Edition
Stress as a Transaction Between the Individual and the Environment (cont.) The interaction between the
primary appraisal of the event and the secondary appraisal of available coping strategies determines the individual’s quality of adaptation response to stress.
COPING vs CRISIS!
Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing, 5th EditionPsychiatric Mental Health Nursing, 5th Edition
Stress Management Stress management is the utilization of coping
strategies in the response to stressful situations. Adaptive coping strategies protect the individual from
harm and restore physical and psychological homeostasis.
Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing, 5th EditionPsychiatric Mental Health Nursing, 5th Edition
Stress Management (cont.) Coping strategies are considered maladaptive when the
conflict being experienced goes unresolved or intensifies. Some adaptive coping strategies include
– Awareness– Relaxation– Meditation– Interpersonal communication with caring other– Problem-solving– Pets– Music