Protozoa General characteristic of the Protozoa are : General characteristic of the Protozoa are :

1- Unicellular ( consist of one cell ) this cell performs all phsiological 1- Unicellular ( consist of one cell ) this cell performs all phsiological function ( activities ) of life such as locomation , reproduction , function ( activities ) of life such as locomation , reproduction , respiration , ingestion , digestion and excretion . respiration , ingestion , digestion and excretion .

2- They vary in size and shape some are visible while others require 2- They vary in size and shape some are visible while others require high magnification ( by microscope ) . high magnification ( by microscope ) .

3- 3- The majority of protozoa are free living but some are parasitic .

4- Both sexual and asexual reproduction occur in protozoa ( the majority of protozoa reproduce by asexual reproduction ) .

Class : Class : Mastigophora . .

Order:kinetoplastida

Family: trypanosomatidae

Genus:trypanosoma Disease:typansomiasis.

1- T.gambiense :cause African sleeping sickness in human. 2- T .crusi :cause chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis) in human and dog.3- T .evansi : cause surra disease of all domestic animals.4- T. equiperdum : cause Dourine disease in horse & donky .

Transmission or intermediet hosts (vector)Transmission or intermediet hosts (vector)-:-:

T .bruceiT .brucei T .gambienseT .gambiense tse tse fly tse tse fly

(glossina). (glossina). T .rhodesienseT .rhodesiense T .evansiT .evansi tabanus (horse fly). tabanus (horse fly). T .cruziT .cruzi kissing bug kissing bug

(panstrongylus).(panstrongylus). T.T. equiperdum transmition by coitus .equiperdum transmition by coitus . Trypanosoma are present in blood , lymph , Trypanosoma are present in blood , lymph , lymphnodes and cerebrospinal lymphnodes and cerebrospinal fluid .trypanosoma is multiply by fluid .trypanosoma is multiply by longitudinal binary fissionlongitudinal binary fission . .

Trypanosoma can be divided in to Trypanosoma can be divided in to two groupstwo groups-:-:

Salivaria groupsSalivaria groups stercoraria groupsstercoraria groups

T .bruceiT .brucei T.cruziT.cruzi

T .gambienseT .gambiense T.lewsiT.lewsi

T .rhodesienseT .rhodesiense T.theileriT.theileri

T .evansiT .evansi

T .equiperdumT .equiperdum

Morphology-: 1-trypanosmes is an elongated , spindle-shape

cell with a single nucleus near the middle of parasite.

2-it has kinetoplast.3-it has undulating membrane.

4-possess a slender-single flagella at the anterior end.

5-flagellum serve as organ of attachment and locomotion.

6-there are four stages in life cycle-: A –trypomastigote:- postnuclear

kinetoplast , flagellum start from anterior end with undulating membrane , found in vertebrate and insects.

B B ––epimastigote:-epimastigote:- kinetoplast anterior to kinetoplast anterior to nucleus flagellum emerging from the body and nucleus flagellum emerging from the body and continuing to the anterior end with short continuing to the anterior end with short undulating membraneundulating membrane..

C C ––promastigote:-promastigote:- kinetoplast at the kinetoplast at the anterior end. Flagellum emerging from anterior end. Flagellum emerging from anterior end of the body . there is no anterior end of the body . there is no undulating membraneundulating membrane..D–amastigote:- spherical or oval in shape without undulating membrane . flagellum not extend from outside the membrane , start from the kinetoplast.

DiagnosisDiagnosis-:-:

11..blood smear , trypanosomes found in bloodblood smear , trypanosomes found in blood..

22..Lymph smearLymph smear. .

33..Serological testSerological test. .

TrypomastigoteEpimastigotePromastigoteAmastigote

FORM

Trypanosoma cruzi. A, B, C: Trypomastigotes in blood; D, E: epimastigote (with short anterior

undulating membrane); F: amastigote colony in heart muscle .

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