Proto Type Design of Eco-Toiletcdn1.practicalaction.org/p/r/54157fdf-04b4-4de2-8289-1a470a0000b… · Engineer S.A. Abdullah Al Mamun, Project Manager, Practical Action Bangladesh

Unlocking Potentials in Sanitation in Difficult Areas of Bangladesh Adopting Ecological Approaches

(A GOB-UNICEF Project)

May 15, 2012

Submitted to

DPHE and UNICEF-Bangladesh

By

House 12/B, Road 4, Dhanmondi R/A,Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh ph. +880 2 8650439, 9675236, 9675243, Fax +880 2 9674340

Email: [email protected] Web : www.practicalaction.org.bd

In association with

SPACE

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Report of Ecotoilet Design 1

Team for preparation of the design report

Engineer Md Nurul Islam Khan, Project Director, GoB-Unicef Project, DPHE

Engineer Md Waliullah, Deputy Project Director (Urban), GoB-Unicef Project, DPHE

Md Monirul Alam, Programme Officer, WES Section, Unicef

Afroza Ahmed, PhD, Team Leader, Practical Action Bangladesh

Engineer S.A. Abdullah Al Mamun, Project Manager, Practical Action Bangladesh

Rafiul Islam, Coordinator-Technology Promotion, Practical Action Bangladesh

Engineer Raju Basak, Project Engineer, Practical Action Bangladesh

Engineer L.M. Sirajus Salekin, Technology Promotion Officer, Practical Action Bangladesh

Engineer A.K.M. Sayed Hossain Dip, Project Officer, Bangladesh Association for Social Advancement (BASA)


Content 1.0 Introduction 3

2.0 Objective 3

3.0 Eco-toilet 4 4.0 General Design Considerations 5

4.1.1 Structure

4.1.2 Site Selection

5.0 Typical design of Eco toilet 7 6.0 Basis of the Designs 8

7.0 Suitability of Proposed Options 9 8.0 Details engineering design and 3D views 10

8.1 Option 1: FCS Using Plastic Fiber Pan 11

8.2 Option 2: MDS Using Plastic Fiber Pan (Single Pan) 13

8.3 Option 3: MDS Using High Commode Pan 15

8.4 Option 4: FCS Using Modified Traditional Eco Pan 17

8.5 Option 5: MDS Using Traditional Eco Pan 19

8.6 Option 6: EMDS with RCC Column 21

8.7 Option 7: Single Pit UDT 23

8.8 Option 8: Single Offset Pit UDT 25

8.9 Option 9: Twin Pit UDT 27

8.10 Option 10: Waste Concern developed UD Pan 29

8.11 Option 11: Community Based UD toilet with Bio-gas Plant 31

8.12 Option 12: BARD Developed Traditional Pan 32

8.13 Option 13: Sulabh International Model Using UD Pan 34

8.14 Option 14: Oxfam-GB Developed Fixed Chamber Eco-toilet 36

8.15 Option 15: Oxfam-GB Developed Low Cost Eco-toilet 38

8.16 Option addressing women special need, disable issue and child friendly 39

9.0 Estimated cost of different designs 40

10.0 Work schedule of Eco toilet construction 41 11.0 Conclusion 41


1.0 Introduction The Sanitation, Hygiene Education and Water Supply in Bangladesh (SHEWA-B), GoB-UNICEF Project has been implementing both in urban and rural areas since 2007 to improve hygiene behavior and increase access to and use of sanitation and safe water facilities. The project is being implemented by DPHE with the financial and technical support from DFID and UNICEF respectively .From the very beginning, the project has been looking for most appropriate sanitation options based on geo-hydrological, physical, socio-economic, and cultural and gender aspects of Bangladesh. Considering the drawbacks of current sanitation technologies in Bangladesh (re: varying local conditions), ecological sanitation has an apparent strong potential to address gaps in sanitation and sustainable scaling-up. The concept of eco-sanitation has been developed to set up system(s) to human waste disposal, retrieve and re-use the nutrients from human waste, and reduces use of water. It is a three-step process dealing with human excreta, containment, sanitization and recycling. In practice, eco-sanitation includes options such as flush-free (and odor-free) urinals, separation toilets for urine and feces, dry and composting toilets, dehydration devices for composting of feces, use of feces or excreta for the generation of biogas, vacuum sewers and flush systems operating on minimal amounts of water etc. In this backdrop DPHE undertook a 16 months action research “Ecological Alternatives in Sanitation in Difficult Areas of Bangladesh”. Practical Action Bangladesh and its associates1 were engaged as technical agency for implementation of the project. The action research project was aiming to test the different eco-toilet options viability (re: varying local condition), costs, marketing and use, operation and maintenance of different eco-toilets and use of end products. Eleven (11) proto-types toilet design developed (endorsed by DPHE) and 107 toilets were built with community members in 16 clusters of four difficult geo-hydrological areas (urban slums, hills, flood-prone areas, Hoar and Barind tracks). A wide range of WASH institutions were involved (DPHE, UNICEF, Dhaka University) and most sector agencies were debriefed in Bangladesh. In Action research project, 7 proto type designs of eco-toilet were demonstrated in the 16 clusters of different districts. Higher construction cost of eco-toilet was the major challenge for promotion as well as make eco-toilet affordable for all. Based on the feedback from the community and other concerns who are working in ecological sanitation sector in Bangladesh, previous toilet options have been revised and another new four (04) proto-type designs have been incorporated giving focus to the low cost, more user friendly and suitable for different geo-physical locations (re: haor, hill, barind track, flood prone areas) of Bangladesh. This fifteen (15) toilet options will be demonstrated in 18 selected clusters of 7 districts under the project named “Unlocking potentials in sanitation in difficult areas of Bangladesh adopting ecological approaches”, funded by DPHE and Unicef and jointly implemented by Practical Action Bangladesh and its associates2.

2.0 Objective

Demystifying is one of the key elements for the dissemination of the Eco-toilet technology. The objectives of the design report are to:

To provide orientation on different eco-toilet options considering the suitability in different geo-

physical areas of Bangladesh

To give beneficiaries freedom to choice the appropriate option of eco-toilet

To provide technical know-how of eco-toilet for the mason and sub-assistant engineer

To disseminate the technologies to the local community, Government and private officials

1 SPACE, BASA and Commitment Consultant 2 SPACE, BASA and Commitment


3.0 Eco-Toilet

Eco-toilet is a kind of compost latrine which has been invented to ensure sustainable sanitation and supplying compost for the farming.

Eco-toilet has two pits or chambers and once a pit filled up then second one can use. The main feature of this toilet is, it has a separation and collection system of urine, faeces and anal cleansing water. Users have to use ash or saw dust which helps to dry up and composting the faeces and so that it is called composting latrine.

Crop production gets higher using the compost of Eco-toilet and helps to improve the soil fertility and subsequently reduces the chemical fertilizer use. Besides, the collected urine can use in crop filed directly of diluted with water with a highest ration of 1:10 as a substitute of urea fertilizer. In the following, the merits, demerits, construction materials, life span, maintenance and suitable area for Eco-toilet construction has described:

Merits - Odour free and can construct attached to the residence - Do not pollute ground and surface water - Source of quality compost - Hygienic and durable latrine - Safe - Flood proof - Have a scope of eco-compost marketing

Demerits - Construction cost Comparatively is high - Require specialized knowledge to construct the toilet - Requires practical training to use and maintenance - Requires training on eco-compost preparation and use - Comparatively low acceptance among the user as it is a new technology - It takes time to habituate with the new use procedure

Life Span

- 15-20 years

Construction Materials

- Brick, sand, chips and MS rod for chamber construction - Brick, sand and MS Bar for Brick made super-structure; or CI Sheet, Wood, hinge, nail,

Nut & Bolt for semi-built superstructure - Door: Wooden Plunk or Plain sheet, hinge, MS Bar - Urine Collection: Plastic barrel and pipe

Maintenance - Regular cleaning - Continuous consciousness that the water cannot enter into the faeces chamber - Use of urine in crop field after filled up the barrel

Suitable Area for Construction

- Location should be high and flood free, locality where there is a water scarcity. We can construct the toilet in all over the country, if make a high earthen base to protect the toilet from flood. Construction of Eco-toilet is more suitable for the hilly area by using local materials


4.0 General Design Considerations

The study considered the following conditions in the development of eco-toilet construction designs:

It could be constructed outside or inside the house.

Avoid places that are submerged by flood water.

The lower chamber or the substructure could be elevated to place the containers of excreta.

The lower chamber should be properly enclosed to minimize infestation of insects and prevent

the feces from getting wet.

It should be provided with enough ventilation.

It should be provided with access doors for easy retrieval of wastes and maintenance purposes

Reinforced concrete slab should be preferred. Any other form of flooring materials is also

acceptable.

Any available and appropriate materials could be used for the walls, doors, windows and roof

There should be a Urine-Diversion bowl and a provision for anal washing.

It should be wide enough to contain the necessary fixtures and facilities.

The space should be comfortable enough for the users.

There should be a separate container for urine and feces and provision for safe discharge of anal

cleansing

The ash/lime or any other absorbent materials should be always available inside or near the

toilet.

There should be a provision for hand washing inside or outside the toilet.

There should be design provisions to address the special needs of women, children, and disabled

people.


4.1.1 Structure

Superstructure

(i) Roofing:

• any impermeable material that could withstand wind and water pressures

• Rice/wheat straw

• C.I. sheets

• Concrete

(ii) Floor:

• concrete

• tiled floor

• epoxy painted concrete

• wood planks (should be properly secured and impermeable)

(iii) Walls:

• bamboo

• Rice/wheat straw

• Brick

• hollow blocks/cement block

• Concrete

• GI sheets

• fiber board

• wood of any material (as long as durable)

• reinforced concrete

4.1.2 Site selection The followings are major consideration for site selection

• Construct toilet near to house (preferable attached).

• Avoid places where it could be flooded.

• It should be provided with enough ventilation.

• Backside of the toilet should be at South direction

• The space should be comfortable enough

• should be a separate container for urine and faeces


5.0 Typical design of Eco toilet Eco toilet safely recycles excreta resources (plant nutrients and organic matter) to crop production in such a way that the use of non-renewable resources is minimised. Instead of polluting the environment, human urine and feces are used to improve soil structure and supply nutrients.

Vent Pipe

Roof

Ventilator

Door

User Manual

Maintenance Manual

Wall

Washing Water Collection Pipe

Soap Case

Stair

Evaporation Bed

Bucket

Figure: Outside View

Vent Pipe

Heat Panel

Anal Cleansing Place

Pedestal

Eco Plastic Fiber Pan

Faeces Collection Hole

Urine Diversion

Urine Collection Pipe

Urine Collection Tank

Figure: Internal Components


6.0 Design basics

The approach to developing designs has been Participatory Technology Development (PTD). In addition to our previous work experience in the area of eco-/sanitation, the (target) beneficiaries and stakeholder groups including the Local Government Institutions (LGIs), DPHE and UNICEF field staff were consulted to improve the understanding of local conditions and preferences of the potential users. Accordingly, 15 designs have been developed, particularly in consideration of the following factors:

A. For Hilly Areas:

Land Slide

Flash Flood

B. For Barind track:

Uneven land

Clayey soil

C. For Flood Prone area:

Flood level

Flood duration

Rail fall

Loamy soil

D. For Slum area:

Land Scarcity

Problem in use of EcoSan product

Problem in cost sharing

E. For Haor area:

Long time (6-9 months) water logging

Flood Level may be 4-5 feet.

Other criteria which have been also considered:

Individual site condition.

Material availability.

Cost sharing


7.0 Suitability of Proposed Options

Toilet Option Hilly Barind Track Flood Prone

Slum Haor

FCS Using Plastic Fiber Pan

MDS Using Plastic Fiber Pan (Single Pan)

MDS Using High Commode

FCS Using Modified Traditional Eco Pan

MDS Using Traditional Eco Pan

EMDS with RCC Column

Single Pit UD Toilet

Single Offset Pit Urine Diversion Toilet

Twin Pit UD Toilet

Waste Concern Model using UD Pan

Community Based UD Toilet with Biogas Plant

BARD Developed Traditional Pan

Sulabh International Model using UDT Pan

Oxfam-GB developed fixed chamber eco-toilet

Oxfam-GB developed low cost eco-toilet

Suitable option depending on site 14 14 10 11 10


8.0 Details Engineering Designs and 3D views

The fifteen prototype design has developed on the basis of different geo- hydrological needs:

Option 1 : Fixed Chamber System using Plastic Fiber Pan

Option 2 : Movable Drum System Using Plastic Fiber Pan (Single Pan)

Option 3 : Movable Drum System Using High Commode

Option 4 : Fixed Chamber System Using Modified Traditional Eco Pan

Option 5 : Fixed Chamber System Using Traditional Eco Pan

Option 6 : Movable Plastic Drum System Using Traditional Eco Pan

Option 7 : Elevated Movable Drum System with RCC Column

Option 8 : Single Pit Urine Diversion Toilet

Option 9 : Single Offset Pit Urine Diversion Toilet

Option 10 : Twin Pit Urine Diversion Toilet using Urine Diversion Pan

Option 11 : Waste Concern Model using Urine Diversion Pan

Option 12 : Community Based Urine Diversion

Option 13 : Sulabh International Model using Urine Diversion Pan

Option 14 : Oxfam-GB developed fixed chamber eco-toilet

Option 15 : Oxfam-GB developed low cost eco-toilet


8.1 Option 1: Fixed Chamber System Using Plastic Fiber Pan

Characteristics

Two plastic fiber ecopans (alternate use in six month interval), Ecopan separates the faeces, urine, and anal cleansing water

Two fixed chamber (brick made) for faeces storage Dark black painted GI sheet is used as the heat panel on back of the chamber, Heat panel facilitate

the drying of faeces and moisture reduction ensuring heat trapping from sunlight Two vent pipes from two corners are used to remove the odor from the toilet Require 33 square feet of area Substructure should be made of brick Construction cost BDT 16,980.00 for brick structure (substructure cost BDT 11,280.00) and

Cost BDT 14,130.00, if superstructure made by Bamboo.

Engineering Design of Option 1

Fig: Section A-A


3-D View of Option 1

3D view of Sub structure


8.2 Option 2: Movable Drum System Using Plastic Fiber Pan (Single Pan)

Characteristics

One plastic fiber ecopan is used (Ecopan will separate the faeces, urine and anal cleansing water) Two plastic drums are used instead of fixed chamber (alternate use in six month interval) Two vent pipes in two corners have been used to remove the odor from the toilet No heat panel is used as faeces store in drum A back door is provided for taking in and out of the plastic drum Require 30 square feet of area Bamboo/Mud or other available materials can be us for Substructure of the toilet Construction cost BDT 15,370.00 for brick structure (substructure cost BDT 9,775.00) and

Cost BDT 12,625.00, if superstructure made by Bamboo

Engineering Design of option 2

Fig: Section A-A


3D View of option 2

3D View of Super Structure


8.3 Option 3: Movable Drum System Using High Commode

Characteristics

Two special type of high commode is used. One commode uses to divert the urine and collect faeces on drum, another for anal cleansing

Two plastic drums are used instead of fixed chamber (alternate use in six month interval) Two vent pipes from two corners are used to remove the odor from the toilet No heat panel will be used as faeces store in drum A back door is provided for taking in and out of the plastic drum instead of heat panel Area required to construct is 25 sq feet Construction cost BDT 17,025.00 for brick structure (substructure cost BDT 11,325.00) and

Cost BDT 14,170.00, if superstructure made by Bamboo Bamboo/Mud or other available materials can be us for Substructure of the toilet

Engineering Design of option 3

Fig: Section A-A


3D view of Option 3

3D view of Substructure


8.4 Option 4: Fixed Chamber System Using Modified Traditional Eco Pan

Characteristics Option modified from traditional ecopan introduced by BARD Slab on PL (plinth level) constructed such a way which provides facilities for urinal separation and

faeces Anal cleansing facility is provided back instead of middle of the slab (it reduce the space requirement) Two pans and two fixed chamber is used Two vent pipes in two corners are used removing the odor from the toilet Dark black painted GI sheet is used as the heat panel on back of the chamber Option requires 33 square feet of area Substructure should be made on brick Construction cost BDT 14,700.00 for brick structure (substructure cost BDT 9,000.00) and



Fig: Section A-A


3D view of option 4

3D view of substructure


8.5 Option 5: Fixed Chamber System Using Traditional Eco-Pan Characteristics

Traditional eco-toilet Slab on PL (plinth level) constructed such a way which provides facilities for urinal separation and

faeces Anal cleansing facility is provided middle of the slab two pans and two fixed chamber is used Two vent pipes in two corners are used removing the odor from the toilet Dark black painted GI sheet is used as the heat panel on back of the chamber Option requires 35 square feet of area Substructure should be made on brick Construction cost BDT 15,620.00 for brick structure (substructure cost BDT 9,850.00) and



Fig: Section A-A


3D view of option 5

3D view of sub structure


8.6 Option 6: Movable Plastic Drum System Using Traditional Eco-Pan Characteristics

Option modified from traditional ecopan introduced by BARD Slab on PL (plinth level) constructed such a way which provides facilities for urinal separation and

faeces Anal cleansing facility is provided back instead of middle of the slab (it reduce the space requirement) Two pans and two movable drums are used Two vent pipes in two corners are used removing the odor from the toilet A back door is provided for taking in and out of the plastic drum instead of heat panel Option requires 19 square feet of area Construction cost BDT 15,475.00 for brick structure (substructure cost BDT 9,705.00) and

Cost BDT 12,555.00, if superstructure made by Bamboo Bamboo/Mud or other available materials can be us for Substructure of the toilet


Fig: Section A-A


3D view of option 6



8.7 Option 7: Elevated Movable Plastic Drum System with RCC Column Characteristics

Option specially designed for haor and flood prone area The toilet has an elevated platform by R.C.C column and slab One plastic fiber ecopan and two movable plastic drum is used One ladder is provided to reach the elevated platform from ground level No heat panel is used A back door provided for taking in and out of the plastic drum instead of heat panel This option requires 25 square feet of area Entire structure made by brick and concrete Construction cost BDT 21,250.00 for brick structure (substructure cost BDT 15,655.00) and



Fig: Section A-A Fig: Section B-B


3D View of option 7



8.8 Option 8: Single Pit Urine Diversion Toilet

Characteristics

By definition, it can not be said eco toilet Option specially designed with minimum cost for the poor people One urine diversion pan with water sealing component is used One special pan provides facilities for separation urine and faeces No body movement is needed for anal cleansing work

Faeces and anal cleansing water will go directly to the ring pit (05 nos) Vent is provided at the middle of the toilet Urine will go to the urine pot through separate pipeline This option requires 12 square feet of area Cost BDT 5,705.00 for bamboo made super-structure



3D view of Option 8



8.9 Option 9: Single Offset Pit Urine Diversion Toilet

Characteristics

For ease of emptying the pits, single offset pit urine diversion toilet has been developed so that super-structure will not be affected in time of emptying the pits

One urine diversion pan is used for this option No body movement is needed for anal cleansing work

Faeces and anal cleansing water will go directly to the ring pit

The area required to construct this option is 50 sq feet Construction cost BDT 8,590.00 for where super structure is made of GI Sheet



3D view of Option 9



8.10 Option 10: Twin Pit Urine Diversion Toilet

Characteristics

Popularly known as twin pit but little modification that is one special pan provides facilities for separation urine and faeces with water sealing component

One urine diversion pan is used for this option No body movement is needed for anal cleansing work

Faeces and anal cleansing water will go directly to the ring pit (10 nos) Two ring pits is used alternately in six month interval after filling of one The area required to construct this option is 25 sq feet Construction cost BDT 12,920.00 for brick structure (substructure cost BDT 8,290.00) and Cost BDT 9,910.00, if superstructure made by Bamboo



3D view of Option 10



8.11 Option 11: Waste Concern Model using Urine Diversion Pan

Characteristics

UNICEF designed implemented by waste concern Urine will go directly to the urine container by separate pipeline Faeces and anal cleansing water goes to the sub-structure chamber Anal cleansing water goes to soak pit through a filter media Faces will remain upon on the filter media Heat panel is used The area required to construct this option is 30 sq feet



8.12 Option 12: Community Based Urine Diversion Toilet with Biogas Plant

Characteristics Community based with biogas facilities Design consists of four urine diversion toilet Urine of all toilets goes to the underground urine tank by a common pipeline system Faces and anal cleansing water goes to the Biogas inlet chamber by common pipeline Decomposed sludge materials is deposited to the slurry pit A sock pit facility is also provided The area required to construct this option is 30 sq feet Construction cost BDT 1,18,950.00



Layout of Bio-gas Plant


8.13 Option 13: Sulabh International Model using Urine Diversion Pan Characteristics

Popularly known as twin pit but little modification that is one special pan provides facilities for separation of urine and faeces with water sealing component and pit of honeycomb brick works provides much water percolation through gaps

One urine diversion pan is used for this option No separate facilities for anal cleansing Faeces and anal cleansing water will go directly to the rectangular pit Two rectangular pit are used alternately in 2.5/3 years interval after filling of one When one pit is full, the incoming excreta is diverted into the second pit. In about three years, the

sludge gets digested and is almost dry and pathogen free, thus safe for handling as manure Digested sludge is odorless and is a good manure and soil-conditioner No vent pipe is needed since the gas gets absorbed in the soil facing the chamber, as the brick lining

inside is in lattice formation The area required to construct this option is 100 sq feet including toilet and pits Construction cost BDT 16,355.00 for brick structure (substructure cost BDT 10,680.00) and Cost BDT 16,355.00, if superstructure made by Bamboo



3D view of option 12


8.14 Option 14: Oxfam-GB Fixed Chamber Eco Toilet

Characteristics

Two fixed chamber are used for faeces collection. When one is full then another will be in use. Common anal washing place Urine will be collected in a jar, faeces in the chamber and anal cleansing water will go to the

evaporation pit. Around 6 months will take to fill the chamber with faeces After another 6 months later faeces gets digested and is almost dry and pathogen free, thus safe for

handling as manure Digested sludge is odorless and is a good manure and soil-conditioner Vent pipe is used to remove the gas from the chamber The area required to construct this option is 15 sq-feet Construction cost was around BDT 21,500.00 for brick structure





8.15 Option 15: Oxfam-GB Low Cost Eco Toilet

Characteristics

Twin pit toilet and both pits are constructed using 36” dia rings Two CC casted UDDT pan are used for this option Faeces go in the ring pit and anal cleansing water will go to the evaporation bed Alternatively two pits are used around 6/7 months interval after filling of one One pit used for 6/7 months then second one will be in use for 6/7 months. Then First pit’s faeces will

get 6/7 months to digested and will be almost dry and pathogen free, thus safe for handling as manure

Digested sludge is odorless and is a good manure and soil-conditioner Two vent pipes are used to remove the gas from the pits The area required to construct this option is 25 sq-ft The superstructure is made of GI sheet and construction cost was around BDT 12,265.00




Option addressing Women Special need, Disable issue and Child Friendly The stair of the toilet has been made sloppy with a railing instead of strip (tread and rise); it will reduce the probability of accident in time of access to the eco-toilet and also provide an access for wheel chair for disable people. There is a handle has been provided in the wall near of the pedestal to make easy movement for anal cleansing and urination. The pedestal size has been increased to 15 inch from 10 inch which will help for moving backward for anal cleansing. Women should use anal cleansing place for urination and anal washing during their menstrual period because this water will directly go to the evaporation bed which will make them free form shy feelings. The face of the women should be behind the door (that means turning to the back wall) in time of using the toilet during menstrual period. This type of criteria is applicable for all of the design options.


9.0 Estimated BoQ of different designs

SL No Name of Options Total Cost

(BDT)

1 Fixed Chamber System Using Plastic Fiber Pan 16,980.00

2 Movable Drum System Using Plastic Fiber Pan (Single Pan) 15,370.00

3 Movable Drum System Using High Commode (Single Pan) 17,025.00

4 Fixed Chamber System Using Modified Traditional Eco Pan 14,700.00

5 Fixed Chamber System Using Traditional Eco Pan 15,620.00

6 Movable Drum System Using Traditional Eco Pan 15,475.00

7 Elevated Movable Drum System with RCC Column 21,250.00

8 Single Pit Urine Diversion Toilet

5,705.00

9 Single Offset Pit Single Diversion Toilet

8,590.00

10 Twin Pit Urine Diversion Toilet using Urine 12,920.00

11 Waste Concern Model using Urine Diversion Pan -

12 Community Based Urine Diversion 1,18,950.00

13 Sulabh International Model using Urine Diversion Pan 16,355.00

14 Oxfam-GB Fixed Chamber Eco Toilet 21,440.00

15 Oxfam-GB Low Cost Eco Toilet 12,265.00


10.0 Working Schedule for Construction of Eco-Toilet

Works Day

Earthwork, C.C Casting and Brick Wall for Sub Structure 1

Plastering and Net Finishing at Sub- Structure, Stair and Evaporation Bed

1

Shattering, R.C.C Casting & Brick Wall for Super Structure up to 3 Feet

1

Brick Wall for Super Structure up to Roof Level 1

Plastering and Net Finishing at Inner & Outer Wall of Super Structure 1

Seven Days Interval for Proper Drying of Wall

Painting (White Cement), Tin and Door Fitting 1

Total 6 days

11.0 Conclusion

The all designs developed reflect inter/national experience, local conditions and (particularly) user preferences. The designs might require further modifications during demonstration to address any further condition/ need of the users. An eco toilet design catalogue (including actual BOQ) will be prepared after incorporating all the modifications/changes observed during demonstration at field level.

Documents

Proto Type Design of Eco-Toiletcdn1.practicalaction.org/p/r/54157fdf-04b4-4de2-8289-1a470a0000b… · Engineer S.A. Abdullah Al Mamun, Project Manager, Practical Action Bangladesh