15
Protein Folding 1 Goal: Understand relationship between Native (N) and Unfolded (U) state (Unfolded) (Native)

Protein Folding - Fitzkee Lab @ Mississippi State · 2020. 6. 4. · Why Study Protein Folding? 2 • Chemical interactions: Folding involves the many chemical interactions and allows

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    2

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Protein Folding - Fitzkee Lab @ Mississippi State · 2020. 6. 4. · Why Study Protein Folding? 2 • Chemical interactions: Folding involves the many chemical interactions and allows

Protein Folding

1

• Goal: Understand relationship between Native (N) and Unfolded (U) state

(Unfolded) (Native)

Page 2: Protein Folding - Fitzkee Lab @ Mississippi State · 2020. 6. 4. · Why Study Protein Folding? 2 • Chemical interactions: Folding involves the many chemical interactions and allows

Why Study Protein Folding?

2

• Chemical interactions: Folding involves the many chemical interactions and allows us to study how they work.

• Applications to disease: Some diseases (mad cow, cystic fibrosis, Alzheimer’s) are caused when proteins don’t fold correctly.

• Evolution & protein origins: Understanding folding allows us to understand the chemical basis of life’s origins.

Page 3: Protein Folding - Fitzkee Lab @ Mississippi State · 2020. 6. 4. · Why Study Protein Folding? 2 • Chemical interactions: Folding involves the many chemical interactions and allows

Protein Folding: Questions

3

• What are the important forces in protein folding?– Does our basic understanding of chemistry apply?

• Can we predict a fold from the amino acid sequence alone?– Can we predict binding and protein interactions?

• What is the mechanism of folding?– What are the relevant intermediates?

Page 4: Protein Folding - Fitzkee Lab @ Mississippi State · 2020. 6. 4. · Why Study Protein Folding? 2 • Chemical interactions: Folding involves the many chemical interactions and allows

Equilibrium Folding Transitions

4

• Many folding transitions can be fit with a two‐state thermodynamic model

Unfolded

Folded

Page 5: Protein Folding - Fitzkee Lab @ Mississippi State · 2020. 6. 4. · Why Study Protein Folding? 2 • Chemical interactions: Folding involves the many chemical interactions and allows

Kinetic Measurements

Chen, B. et al. (1989) Biochemistry. 28: 691. 5

• But, two state mechanism appears to apply:

Temperature jump will alwaysbe exponential.  (Why?)

Page 6: Protein Folding - Fitzkee Lab @ Mississippi State · 2020. 6. 4. · Why Study Protein Folding? 2 • Chemical interactions: Folding involves the many chemical interactions and allows

Two‐State Folding

6

• What are the implications?

(Unfolded?) (Native)

Page 7: Protein Folding - Fitzkee Lab @ Mississippi State · 2020. 6. 4. · Why Study Protein Folding? 2 • Chemical interactions: Folding involves the many chemical interactions and allows

When is Folding Not Two‐State?

Brems, D. N. et al. (1988) PNAS. 85: 3367. 7

• Case #1: Intermediates– On pathway: ↔ ↔– Off pathway:  ↔ ↔

FIG. 2. Equilibrium denaturation by Gdn-HCl. ●, Wild-type bGH; ○, mutant bGH. All measurements wereobtained at 230C. Denaturation was detected by CD at222 nm and 0.04 mg/ml. All samples were at pH 8.5and contained 50 mM ammonium bicarbonate, exceptthe size-exclusion HPLC, which contained 10 mM Tris(pH 8.0).

Page 8: Protein Folding - Fitzkee Lab @ Mississippi State · 2020. 6. 4. · Why Study Protein Folding? 2 • Chemical interactions: Folding involves the many chemical interactions and allows

When is Folding Not Two‐State?

Wedemeyer, W. J., et al. (2002) Biochemistry. 41: 14853. 8

• Case #2: Cis‐Trans Proline Isomerization– Proteins with cis‐Pro will generally have a second exponential phase for Pro isomerization ( 10‐20 sec‐1)

Other Amino Acids: >99%

Proline residues: 80‐90%

Other Amino Acids: <1%

Proline residues: 10‐20%

Page 9: Protein Folding - Fitzkee Lab @ Mississippi State · 2020. 6. 4. · Why Study Protein Folding? 2 • Chemical interactions: Folding involves the many chemical interactions and allows

When is Folding Not Two‐State?

Garel, J. and Baldwin, R. L. (1973) PNAS. 70: 3347. 9

• Case #2: Cis‐Trans Proline Isomerization– Proteins with cis‐Pro will generally have a second exponential phase for Pro isomerization ( 10‐20 sec‐1)

Page 10: Protein Folding - Fitzkee Lab @ Mississippi State · 2020. 6. 4. · Why Study Protein Folding? 2 • Chemical interactions: Folding involves the many chemical interactions and allows

How to Perturb Folding

10

• Chemical Environment:– Chemical denaturants destabilize proteins– Salt concentration screens electrostatic forces

• Temperature & Pressure:– Predictable effects on 

• Vary the Sequence (Mutate the DNA):– Introduce structural change in to the protein, e.g. 

Ala‐Pro‐Glu‐Glu Ala‐Ser‐Glu‐Glu

Page 11: Protein Folding - Fitzkee Lab @ Mississippi State · 2020. 6. 4. · Why Study Protein Folding? 2 • Chemical interactions: Folding involves the many chemical interactions and allows

Phi Value Analysis

11

• Idea: Vary the sequence at one site; measure change in  ‡ and 

Reaction Coordinate

Energy

ΔG

ΔG‡ΔG‡

TransitionState

Folded

Unfolded

Page 12: Protein Folding - Fitzkee Lab @ Mississippi State · 2020. 6. 4. · Why Study Protein Folding? 2 • Chemical interactions: Folding involves the many chemical interactions and allows

Phi Value Analysis

12

Reaction Coordinate

Energy

ΔΔG

ΔΔG‡ 0TransitionState

Folded

Unfolded

Extreme #1:Mutation only affects folded state

Mutation

“Wild Type” (No Mutation)

Page 13: Protein Folding - Fitzkee Lab @ Mississippi State · 2020. 6. 4. · Why Study Protein Folding? 2 • Chemical interactions: Folding involves the many chemical interactions and allows

Phi Value Analysis

13

Reaction Coordinate

Energy

ΔΔG‡ ΔΔ ̅

TransitionState

Folded

Unfolded

Extreme #2:Mutation affects both folded and transition states

Mutation

“Wild Type” (No Mutation) ΔΔG

Page 14: Protein Folding - Fitzkee Lab @ Mississippi State · 2020. 6. 4. · Why Study Protein Folding? 2 • Chemical interactions: Folding involves the many chemical interactions and allows

Phi Value: Definition

14

• First proposed by Sir Alan Fersht:‡

• Extreme cases:– : Residue in question is fully folded in transition state (both energies affected equally)

– : Residue in question is not folded in transition state ( ‡ unaffected)

– In between: ???

Page 15: Protein Folding - Fitzkee Lab @ Mississippi State · 2020. 6. 4. · Why Study Protein Folding? 2 • Chemical interactions: Folding involves the many chemical interactions and allows

Phi Values: Example

Bradley, C. M. and Barrick, D. (2006) Structure. 14: 1303.   15