Proposed construction of a 330 kV power line from the

Proposed construction of a 330 kV

power line from the Zambezi substation

to the Wanela/Sesheke border

Bird Impact Assessment Report

Prepared by: Prepared for:

African Conservation Services cc Enviro Dynamics cc

September 2013

September 2013

Specialist Study: Birds

EIA Study for the Proposed Zambezi – Wanela/Sesheke 330 kV Transmission Line ii

Name of Project: Proposed construction of a 330 kV

power line from the Zambezi substation

to the Wanela/Sesheke border

Principal Client: NamPower

Implementing Agent: Enviro Dynamics cc

Email: [email protected]

PO Box 200837, Windhoek, Namibia

Contact no: 061 223 336

Fax no: 061 307 437

Sub-Consultant: African Conservation Services cc

Email: [email protected]

PO Box 2604, Swakopmund, Namibia

Contact no: 064 404 866 / 081 284 5130

Names of Sub-consultant’s

representatives responsible for executing

the sub-contracted services:

Dr Ann Scott and Mike Scott

Timeframe for Sub-Consultancy: 6 September 2013

mailto:[email protected]

September 2013


EIA Study for the Proposed Zambezi – Wanela/Sesheke 330 kV Transmission Line iii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

NamPower intends to construct a new 330 kV transmission line from the Zambezi

substation near Katima Mulilo to the Wanela/Sesheke Border Post on the Namibia -

Zambia border. Enviro Dynamics cc has been commissioned to carry out an

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for the project. This Bird Impact Assessment

forms part of the EIA.

The proposed power line is estimated to be approximately 3 km long. The servitude

will be 80 m wide and, although only approximately 12 m width needs to be totally

cleared of tall vegetation, a corridor of 300 m wide is being assessed. The tower

structure will be either a guyed V or a self-supporting structure, or a combination. The

new line will run in parallel to an existing 220 kV power line with self-supported

structures.

The study area has a relatively high conservation status, lying adjacent to three

Namibian national parks to the west. It falls within the KAZA TFCA (Kavango-Zambezi

Transfrontier Conservation Area), comprising the five countries of Angola, Botswana,

Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The Eastern Caprivi Wetlands are classed as an

Important Bird Area, involving the entire area east of the Kwando River. These high-

biodiversity conservation areas are complemented by a number of communal

conservancies and several community forests.

East Caprivi as a whole, and its wetlands in particular, hold one of the richest

diversities of bird species anywhere in Namibia. A total of 417 bird species has been

recorded in the study area, representing 62% of the total number of species found in

this country (676). This includes 28 species (7%) that are threatened in Namibia, and

17 (4%) that are Globally Threatened. The latter include one species not yet on the

Namibian Red List. Thirty (7%) of the total number of species in the study area are

endemic or near-endemic. One hundred and twenty-two species (29%) are migrant

for at least some stage of their life and 131 (31%) are nomadic at some stage. It

should be emphasised that both short and longer-distance bird movements are

possible – and highly likely – between any of the wetland habitats throughout the

area for most if not all of the species. Environmental conditions may change

dramatically, especially under flooding, thereby increasing the risk of negative

interactions with power lines. Of the total in the study area, 27 (5%) have been

recorded as breeding species.(5%)

Due to the relatively high number of species involved in the present study, risk

assessment and mitigation efforts are directed towards those that have a high

biological significance, i.e. primarily Red Data species.

September 2013


EIA Study for the Proposed Zambezi – Wanela/Sesheke 330 kV Transmission Line iv

Thirty-four Red Data bird species are regarded as potentially at risk in these habitats,

in particular the following 19 species. These include twelve raptor species, potentially

at risk due to their nomadic and/or migrant habits at times, and to restricted

binocular vision in some cases, namely Bateleur (E; GT: NT; breeding recorded);

Tawny Eagle (E; breeding recorded); Martial Eagle (E; GT: NT); Booted Eagle (E);

African Marsh-Harrier (E); African Fish-Eagle (V); Lappet-faced Vulture (V; GT: V);

White-headed Vulture (V; GT: V); White-backed Vulture (NT; GT: NT; breeding

recorded); Pallid Harrier (NT; GT: NT - in the adjoining area); Hooded Vulture (GT: E)

and Secretarybird (GT: NT). Five Red Data aquatic/semi-aquatic bird species are also

at risk largely due to their nomadic and/or migrant habits namely: Wattled Crane

(CE; GT: V), Rufous-bellied Heron (E); Saddle-billed Stork (E); Lesser Flamingo (V; GT:

NT); and Great White Pelican (V). Two Red-listed terrestrial species considered at risk

from the proposed development are: Marabou Stork (E), a scavenger species

attracted in large numbers to refuse disposal sites and Southern Ground Hornbill (E;

GT: V), sensitive to collisions with stay wires, and disturbance/habitat destruction.

Thirteen other Red-listed species also occur in the study area but are regarded as

being at a lower risk, due to their relatively lower probability of occurrence within the

study area. However, this does not imply that there is no risk. These species are: Pel's

Fishing-Owl (CE), Blue Crane (CE; GT: V), Yellow-billed Oxpecker (E), Rock Pratincole

(E), African Finfoot (E), Slaty Egret (E); Great Crested Grebe (E), African Skimmer (V;

GT: NT), Peregrine Falcon (NT), Black-winged Pratincole (NT; GT: NT), Grey Crowned

Crane (NT; GT: V), Red-footed Falcon (GT: NT) and Lesser Kestrel (NT); and (in the

adjoining area) Eurasian Bittern (CE), Caspian Tern (V).

The key potential impacts identified are, mainly, collisions, as well as disturbance and

habitat modification/destruction. The entire area covered by the proposed power

line is regarded as sensitive in terms of potentially negative bird and power line

interactions, in view of the proximity of both natural wetland habitats (including the

Zambezi River) and modified habitats that would be attractive to birds (including

agricultural areas, an old fish farm, the municipal refuse dumping facility and the

sewage ponds).

Although bird mortalities may be recorded in low numbers, the cumulative impact of

such negative interactions over the entire lifespan of the line is an important

consideration.

The following practical mitigation measures are recommended in order to reduce

negative impacts and enhance benefits.

Proactively mark the entire line with an appropriate design of bird flight diverter

(e.g. double loop BFD), in order to increase the visibility of the line. "Flag" BFDs with

phosphorescent components should be used in combination with the above, to

September 2013


EIA Study for the Proposed Zambezi – Wanela/Sesheke 330 kV Transmission Line v

increase the visibility of the line under conditions of poor light. The marking design

should take the earth wires into account.

Ensure that mitigation for bird collisions corresponds with the Botswana link-up at

Sesheke.

Before construction starts, inspect the proposed power line route for any signs of

nests (e.g. of raptors) in large trees or on the existing power line, and avoid the

disturbance of breeding birds. Where possible, avoid the unnecessary destruction

of nesting habitat (i.e. large trees or shrubs) or degradation of the environment.

Enforce anti-poaching measures strictly, and this should be emphasised during

induction to contractors; regularly inspect accommodation quarters of

construction workers for signs of poaching (e.g. feathers, bones); if there is reason

to believe poaching may be taking place, enlist the services of the Ministry of

Environment and Tourism or the police to investigate further.

Promote ongoing awareness about the negative impacts of disturbance,

especially to breeding birds; and of poaching. During induction, stress the need

for reporting incidents, and clarify reporting procedures.

The following monitoring initiatives are to be conducted by NamPower in

collaboration with and with the support of other partners.

It is essential that the entire line is monitored in an acceptable way for any signs

of bird mortalities resulting from the construction and operation of the line; ideally,

dedicated monitoring surveys should be carried out once a month for the first

year after completion of the line; thereafter monitoring should be continued at

least every quarter and at least up to five years after construction.

All mortalities should be recorded and reported to the NamPower SHEW Section

for follow up.

The effectiveness of mitigation measures should also be monitored; if mortalities

are still recorded in areas where mitigation has been fitted, existing devices may

need to be replaced, or alternative means of mitigation may need to be

investigated.

It is also proposed that a dedicated monitoring survey be undertaken on the

existing transmission lines near the Zambezi substation (for example within a 10km

radius of the substation); the existence of one line already along the route of the

proposed power line provides an ideal opportunity for comparative pre- and

post-construction monitoring. The details of the survey should be based on the

following principles:

- The line patrols/monitoring visits should be dedicated to the bird survey work

only;

September 2013


EIA Study for the Proposed Zambezi – Wanela/Sesheke 330 kV Transmission Line vi

- It is likely that the detection of bird carcasses will be very low in these habitats

and densities of human settlement, therefore over-reliance on detecting

carcasses may not provide a full understanding of impacts. The surveys should

therefore cover both the gathering of data on bird collisions (i.e. carcass

remains), as well as observations of live bird species (presence, abundance

and movement) and their behaviour at the key focal sites in the area, such as

agricultural lands, the river and floodplains, refuse disposal sites and sewage

works.

- The monitoring project should be designed and supervised by a qualified

ornithologist in order to ensure that suitable returns are achieved from the

resources invested. This supervision should include the necessary training for

the relevant persons.

- The surveys should be undertaken at least once-monthly, and on a continuous

basis for at least three years prior to revisiting the ornithologist's

recommendations.

September 2013


EIA Study for the Proposed Zambezi – Wanela/Sesheke 330 kV Transmission Line vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...............................................................................................................iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................................. vii

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES .................................................................................................. ix

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................... x

1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Background ........................................................................................................................ 1

1.2 Objectives of the specialist study and terms of reference ........................................ 5

1.3 Methodology....................................................................................................................... 6

1.4 Assumptions and limitations ............................................................................................. 6

2. LEGAL AND REGULATORY REVIEW .................................................................................... 7

3. AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT .................................................................................................. 8

3.1 Locality and habitats ........................................................................................................ 8

3.2 Protected land status ....................................................................................................... 9

3.3 Bird diversity ....................................................................................................................... 10

3.4 Red Data bird species .................................................................................................... 10

3.5 Endemic species ............................................................................................................. 10

3.6 Migrant and nomadic species ..................................................................................... 10

3.7 Bird species recorded in power line incidents to date ........................................... 11

3.8 Species considered to be potentially at risk/involved in impacts associated

with the project ................................................................................................................ 13

3.9 Habitats considered sensitive for bird species ..... ..................................................... 16

3.10 Sensitive/breeding times for power line-sensitive bird species .............................. 16

4. IMPACT ASSESSMENT ................................................................................................ 17

4.1 Rationale ............................................................................................................................ 17

4.2 Identification of key impacts ......................................................................................... 17

4.3 Mitigation/management and monitoring measures ................................................ 20

5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................... 23

September 2013


EIA Study for the Proposed Zambezi – Wanela/Sesheke 330 kV Transmission Line viii

REFERENCES............................................................................................................................. 26

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... 28

APPENDIX 1. Checklist of bird species recorded for four QDS in the Zambezi - Wanela/

Sesheke study area, East Caprivi

APPENDIX 2. Power line-sensitive bird species recorded for four QDS in the Zambezi -

Wanela/ Sesheke study area, East Caprivi

September 2013


EIA Study for the Proposed Zambezi – Wanela/Sesheke 330 kV Transmission Line ix

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES

No. & title Page

FIGURES

1 Map showing the Caprivi Link Interconnector route, linking Namibia

to the Zambian/ Zimbabwean electricity networks (BID) .................................... 1

2 Satellite image showing the locality of the proposed new Zambezi –

Wanela/ Sesheke 330 kV transmission line near Katima Mulilo ............................ 2

3 Route for the proposed 330 kV power line from the Wanela/Sesheke

border to the Zambezi substation ........................................................................... 3

4 Detail of proposed route for the proposed 330 kV power line from the

Wanela/Sesheke border to the Zambezi substation ............................................. 3

5 Example of the proposed "guyed-V" structure to be used in this project .......... 4

6 Technical requirements for the "guyed-V" structure of the proposed

power line ................................................................................................................... 4

7 The large Zambezi River is a key wetland feature of the study area in East

Caprivi, providing habitat for a rich diversity of bird species .............................. 8

8 Satellite image showing irrigated agricultural area, old fish farm, refuse

disposal facility and sewage works in relation to the proposed power line ...... 9

9 Bird and power line collision incidents on record for the Caprivi Region ......... 11

10 A juvenile Bateleur involved in a collision incident on the 350HVDC power

line near Kongola in August 2012 .......................................................................... 12

11 Large numbers of Marabou Storks attracted to a domestic refuse disposal

site near Windhoek ................................................................................................. 14

12 Distribution of power line-sensitive bird species in the greater study area

in East Caprivi, in relation to thee proposed power line route .......................... 15

13 Examples of potential flight paths for birds across the power lines in the

study area ................................................................................................................ 16

14 Standard double loop bird flight diverters may be used to make the line

more visible .............................................................................................................. 20

15 "Flag" bird flight diverters increase the visibility of the line, even

under conditions of poor light ............................................................................... 20

TABLES

1 Assessment of key impacts relating to the proposed power line ...................... 19

Oshakati

September 2013


EIA Study for the Proposed Zambezi – Wanela/Sesheke 330 kV Transmission Line x

ACCRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

IBA Important Bird Area

IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature

IUCN Red List

categories

LC Least Concern

V Vulnerable

NT Near Threatened

E Endangered

CE Critically Endangered

EW Extinct in the Wild

E Extinct

KAZA TFCA Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area

QDS Quarter Degree Square

SAPP South African Power Pool

September 2013


EIA Study for the Proposed Zambezi – Wanela/Sesheke 330 kV Transmission Line 1

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

Figure 1. Map showing the Caprivi Link Interconnector route, linking Namibia to the Zambian/

Zimbabwean electricity networks (BID).

NamPower has built a 350kV HVDC transmission link, known as the Caprivi Link

Interconnector, between the north-eastern Zambezi Region and the power network

in central Namibia (Figure 1 and 2). The Caprivi Link Interconnector provides an

asynchronous link between the Namibian and Zambian/Zimbabwean electricity

networks to ensure reliable power transfer capability between the east and west of

the South African Power Pool (SAPP). The link was also specifically designed to

ensure reliable power supply to the Eastern Zambezi that is now connected to the

Namibian electricity grid.

The ZIZABONA parties (power utilities ZESA, ZESCO, BPC and NamPower) have

agreed to cooperate in the development of transmission infrastructure that involves

the construction of a high voltage power transmission interconnection between

Hwange 330kV substation in Zimbabwe, the proposed Victoria Falls switching station

in Zimbabwe, the proposed Livingstone substation in Zambia, the proposed

Pandamatenga substation in Botswana and the Zambezi substation in Namibia. The

establishment of this specific infrastructure will allow full utilisation of the Caprivi Link

interconnector, to the benefit of Namibia and the other SAPP member countries.

Oshakati

September 2013



Figure 2. Satellite image showing the locality of the proposed new Zambezi – Wanela/

Sesheke 330 kV transmission line (arrow) near Katima Mulilo; country borders are shown in

yellow, and existing 350HVDC power line in Namibia in pink (NamPower/Google Earth 2013).

Enviro Dynamics cc is conducting the Environmental Impact Assessment for this

project on the Namibian side; Zambia has also appointed an environmental

consultant to conduct a similar study on its side.

The proposed route is illustrated in Figure 3 and 4. The new 330 kV power line will run

from the Namibia-Zambia border approximately 3 km north-west of Katima Mulilo, to

the Zambezi substation located approximately 3 km west of Katima Mulilo. The line

will be approximately 3 km long, running parallel to an existing 220 kV power line.

The structures to be used on the proposed line will either be a guyed or a self-

supporting structure, or a combination of both. An example is illustrated in Figure 5,

with its technical requirements in Figure 6.

The pylon height for the new line will be about 32 metres and the spacing between

the pylons will be between 400 and 500 metres, depending on the wind and weight

spans (BID). In contrast, the pylons for the existing 220 kV line are lower (23 metres)

and the span of 350 – 400 metres (K-H Wagner pers. comm.) is shorter.

ZAMBIA

NAMIBIA

BOTSWANA

ZIMBABWE

ANGOLA Katima Mulilo

September 2013



Figure 3. Route for the proposed 330 kV power line from the Wanela/Sesheke border to the

Zambezi substation (red line; BID).

Figure 4. Detail of proposed route for the proposed 330 kV power line from the Wanela/

Sesheke border to the Zambezi substation (Enviro Dynamics).

September 2013



.

Figure 5. Example of the proposed "guyed-V" structure to be used in this project (BID).

Figure 6. Technical requirements for the "guyed-V" structure of the proposed power line (BID).

September 2013



The servitude will be 80 metres wide, but only approximately 12 metres width needs

to be totally cleared of tall vegetation. However, the EIA team shall assess a corridor

of 300m wide (150m on either side of the proposed centre line).

Shrubs and grass will not be removed. The existing service road (constructed for the

existing power line) will be utilised to provide access for the construction team and

will be utilised for future maintenance works as well.

The aims of the EIA for the proposed power line are to:

Evaluate the suitability of the proposed route against the biophysical and

socio-economic sensitivities of the area;

Minimise the negative environmental impacts of the power line and the

supporting infrastructure during construction and operational phases, as well

as maintenance rounds;

Consult all Interested and Affected Parties (I&APs), with specific emphasis on

the communities in the affected area to ensure that their needs and concerns

are taken into account; and

Comply with relevant Namibian legislation, regional policies and procedures.

Broad issues and potential concerns identified to date include:

Loss of land for cultivation, grazing and other land uses;

Loss of vegetation and habitat;

Bird collisions and electrocution of birds;

General environmental degradation during construction;

Health, safety and technical hazards; and

Visual impacts, especially with regard to tourism.

This Bird Impact Assessment forms part of the above EIA.

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE SPECIALIST STUDY AND TERMS OF

REFERENCE

The Terms of Reference (TOR) set out the work required for a bird impact assessment

which needs to be undertaken as part of the Environmental Impact Assessment for

the proposed project.

The Terms of Reference received from Enviro Dynamics for the Bird Impact

Assessment are to undertake a desktop assessment of the potential impacts of the

proposed project on birds within and surrounding the project area.

September 2013



The study is to be based on the initial Bird Impact Assessment for the EIA of the

proposed Katima – Ngoma 330 kV transmission line that was carried out in October

2011 by the same authors (Anon. 2011). As the area for the proposed new route is

included in the above assessment, the present report will refer to the initial report

where relevant rather than repeat the information.

1.3 METHODOLOGY

The methodology for the initial study and the present study is provided in Anon. 2011.

Note that whereas 12 Quarter Degree Squares (QDS) provided the basis for the

assessment in the initial study, only four QDS form the core area for the proposed

new power line in the present study, due to the relatively shorter length of the line.

These QDS are: 1724Ac, 1724Ad, 1724Ca and 1724Cb.

1.4 ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS

The assumptions and limitations for the initial study and the present study are outlined

in Anon. 2011.

One further limitation in the present study is that the proposed new power line runs in

parallel with an existing power line, which could increase the likelihood of collisions

(see below); any mitigation measures fitted to the new line would thus be rendered

less effective unless a holistic mitigation design could take both lines into account;

however, this is not considered feasible in practice.

September 2013



2. LEGAL AND REGULATORY REVIEW

The legal and regulatory review for the initial study and the present study is provided

in Anon. 2011.

September 2013



3. AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT

3.1 LOCALITY AND HABITATS

Figure 7. The large Zambezi River is a key wetland feature of the study area in East Caprivi,

providing habitat for a rich diversity of bird species.

The study area in north-eastern Namibia within the Caprivi Region and its various

associated habitats are described in detail in the initial report (Anon. 2011).

One of the key landscape features is several large river systems including the

Zambezi River (Figure 7), with their associated floodplains that cross through the

Broad-leaved Tree-and-shrub Savanna Sub-Biome (Mendelsohn et al. 2006), the

plant life being dominated by several species of large trees that can form a

moderately thick canopy.

Of additional relevance to the present report is the fact that land-clearing and other

human developments have modified natural habitats, at the same time creating

new habitats for birds. These include an agricultural area with circular irrigation

systems, a fish farm (disused) and a Municipal refuse disposal facility adjacent or

close to the power line; a sewage works south of Katima Mulilo (Figure 8); and rice

fields near the Zambezi River to the north-east of the town.

September 2013



Figure 8. Satellite image showing irrigated agricultural area (A), old fish farm (B), refuse

disposal facility (C) and sewage works (D) in relation to the proposed power line (yellow line;

based on a Google map by Enviro Dynamics – see Anon. 2011).

3.2 PROTECTED LAND STATUS

Protected land status provides an indication of the biodiversity value of an area, and

thus of the associated potential increase in risks to biodiversity. The study area has a

relatively high conservation status, lying adjacent to three Namibian national parks,

all to the west. It falls within the large KAZA TFCA (Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier

Conservation Area), formalised by Treaty in August 2011 and involving the five

countries of Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

The Eastern Caprivi Wetlands are classed as an Important Bird Area (IBA), involving

the entire area east of the Kwando River (Barnes 1998; Anon. 2011). These high-

biodiversity conservation areas are complemented by a number of communal

conservancies and several community forests.

A

B

D

C

September 2013



3.3 BIRD DIVERSITY

Namibia regularly hosts 676 bird species (Simmons et al. 1998; Simmons & Brown in

press), or about 30% of Africa's and 6% of the world's birds. Of these, 73% of the

terrestrial species breed in Namibia.

East Caprivi as a whole, and its wetlands in particular, holds one of the richest



the country (Appendix 1; Anon. 2011).

The most important features of the Eastern Caprivi Wetlands IBA are the swampy

areas and floodplains, which are important breeding habitat for wetland birds

(Simmons et al. 1998). The area is also rich in raptor species, while various other open-

country species also occur.

3.4 RED DATA BIRD SPECIES

The Red Data Book applies the IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of

Nature) criteria to determine conservation status of species. Sixty of Namibia’s 676

bird species (9% of all bird species recorded for the country) are on the (draft) Red

Data list for Namibia (Simmons & Brown in press) and classed by Namibian law as

Specially Protected.

Of the 417 species recorded in the study area, 28 (7%) are threatened in Namibia

(Simmons & Brown in press); in addition, 17 (4%) are Globally Threatened (BirdLife

International 2013; Appendix 1 of Anon. 2011), including one species not yet on the

Namibian Red List.

3.5 ENDEMIC SPECIES

Thirty (7%) of the total number of bird species in the study area are endemic or near-

endemic, i.e. with a restricted distribution in southern Africa (Appendix 1; also see

Anon. 2011).

3.6 MIGRANT AND NOMADIC SPECIES

Of the 417 bird species recorded, 122 (29%) are migrant for at least some stage of

their life and 131 (31%) are nomadic at some stage of their life (Appendix 1; also see

Anon. 2011). Such movements in an unfamiliar habitat would increase the risk of

collisions.

September 2013



It should be emphasised that both short and longer-distance bird movements are

possible – and highly likely – between any of the wetland and other habitats

(including man-modified parts) throughout the area for most if not all of the species.

Environmental conditions may change dramatically, especially under flooding,

thereby increasing the risk of negative interactions with power lines.

3.7 BIRD SPECIES RECORDED IN POWER LINE INCIDENTS TO

DATE

Although several hundred bird and power line interactions have been recorded

formally in Namibia to date, relatively few of these pertain to the northern parts of

the country (EIS 2013; NamPower/Namibia Nature Foundation Strategic Partnership

unpublished data). This relatively low number is ascribed to the difficulty of detecting

the remains of carcasses in the bushy habitat, and to scavenging and the high

human population densities in settlements. The incidents on record include the

following two, both on the 350HVDC line in Caprivi (Figure 9):

Bateleur (juvenile): August 2012 near Kongola (17.967392S 22.5505167E)

Wattled Crane: December 2012 near the Kwando River (17.806126S

23.184278E)

Figure 9. Bird and power line collision incidents on record for the Caprivi Region (EIS 2013;

NamPower/Namibia Nature Foundation Strategic Partnership unpublished data).

September 2013



Figure 10. A juvenile Bateleur involved in a collision incident on the 350HVDC power line near

Kongola in August 2012 (NamPower/Namibia Nature Foundation Strategic Partnership

unpublished data).

A number of incidents on the guyed-V structure for the proposed power line have

been reported elsewhere in Namibia, involving (mainly) Ludwig's Bustard and Kori

Bustard, and also Secretarybird, Black-chested Snake-Eagle, Secretarybird, a Lesser

Flamingo and a heron.

Incidents on two parallel power line structures are also relatively common; this is

considered to be due to the fact that, with the differing heights of conductors

involved, there is more potential for collision whether the bird flies upwards or

downwards in order to avoid one particular line.

Bird vision and power line collisions

Recent research indicates that restricted binocular vision when flying forwards is likely

to be a key factor in collisions of certain groups of birds on power lines (Martin 2007,

2011). With downward movement of the head of only 25° (e.g. to detect foraging or

roost sites, prey or conspecifics), birds such as bustards and cranes may be blind

directly ahead when flying (Martin & Shaw 2010) and therefore particularly

susceptible to collisions on power lines; this also applies to vultures and eagles (Martin

2011; Martin, Portugal & Murn 2012). Although not yet proven, it is possible that this

restricted vision may also apply to all types of korhaans. Thinner earth wires on top of

power line structures, which are in any case less visible than the conductors, may be

particularly lethal.

September 2013



3.8 SPECIES CONSIDERED TO BE POTENTIALLY AT

RISK/INVOLVED IN IMPACTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PROJECT



biological significance, i.e. primarily Red Data species (Van Rooyen 2008).

Based on guidelines provided by Van Rooyen (2010), 31 Red-listed bird species could

potentially be affected in a negative way by the development in the study area,

and three more in the adjoining area (Appendix 1 and 2; see also Anon. 2011). Of

these, the 19 species below are regarded as being at higher risk according to the

criteria in Appendix 2:

Twelve Red Data raptor species are considered to be at risk in the study area.

Although generally fairly sedentary, they are also nomadic and/or migrant at

times, which renders them prone to collisions with overhead lines. These species

are:

- Bateleur (E; GT: NT; breeding recorded)

- Tawny Eagle (E; breeding recorded)

- Martial Eagle (E; GT: NT)

- Booted Eagle (E)

- African Marsh-Harrier (E)

- African Fish-Eagle (V)

- Lappet-faced Vulture (V; GT: V)

- White-headed Vulture (V; GT: V)

- White-backed Vulture (NT; GT: NT; breeding recorded)

- Pallid Harrier (NT; GT: NT - in the adjoining area)

- Hooded Vulture (GT: E)

- Secretarybird (GT: NT)

Five Red Data aquatic/semi-aquatic bird species are also regarded as being at

risk, largely due to their nomadic and/or migrant habits that render them prone to

collisions with overhead lines, namely:

- Wattled Crane (CE; GT: V)

- Rufous-bellied Heron (E)

- Saddle-billed Stork (E)

- Lesser Flamingo (V; GT: NT)

- Great White Pelican (V)

Two Red-listed terrestrial species considered at risk from the proposed

development are:

1724Dd

September 2013



- Marabou Stork (E; Figure 11), a scavenger species attracted in large

numbers to refuse disposal sites and

- Southern Ground Hornbill (E; GT: V), sensitive to collisions with stay wires,

and disturbance/habitat destruction.

Figure 11. Large numbers of Marabou Storks attracted to a domestic refuse disposal site near

Windhoek.

Thirteen other Red-listed species also occur in the study area, and two more in the

adjoning area, but are regarded as being at a lower risk (Appendix 2); however, this

does not imply that there is no risk. These species are: Pel's Fishing-Owl (CE), Blue

Crane (CE; GT: V), Yellow-billed Oxpecker (E), Rock Pratincole (E), African Finfoot (E),

Slaty Egret (E); Great Crested Grebe (E), African Skimmer (V; GT: NT), Peregrine

Falcon (NT), Black-winged Pratincole (NT; GT: NT), Grey Crowned Crane (NT; GT: V),

Red-footed Falcon (GT: NT) and Lesser Kestrel (NT); and (in the adjoining area)

Eurasian Bittern (CE), Caspian Tern (V).

Power line-sensitive Red Data species recorded within the greater study area, on a

gradient of percentages, are shown in Figure 12 (Google Earth; EIS 2013). The

distribution of such species in the QDS most relevant to the present study (1724Ac,

1724Ad, 1724Ca and 1724Cb) is relatively high.

Further details on the species involved are included in Anon. 2011.

September 2013



Figure 12. Distribution of power line-sensitive bird species in the greater study area in East

Caprivi, in relation to the proposed power line route (arrow and blue square); proportions of

species range from high (dark) to low (light; based on a map by Google Earth/EIS 2013 – also

see Anon. 2011).

Twenty-two other power line-sensitive bird species occur in the study area that are

not on the Namibian/Global Rred lists but are also considered potentially cause for

concern, with two more species in the greater study area. These species are listed in

Appendix 2.

Species involved in nest-induced faults

A further group of birds to consider is those whose nesting on power line structures

could result in nest-induced faults on electrical systems, including Pied Crow and

Red-billed Buffalo-Weaver (Appendix 2; see Anon. 2011).

1724Ac 1724Ad

1724Ca 1724Cb 1724Db 1724Da

1824Ba

1724Cd 1724Dc 1725Cc

1725Ca

1724Dd

September 2013



3.9 HABITATS CONSIDERED SENSITIVE FOR BIRD SPECIES

Figure 13. Examples of potential flight paths for birds (yellow arrows) across the power lines

(blue line) in the study area (Google map/Eis 2013).

The entire study area is regarded as sensitive in terms of potentially negative

interactions between birds and power lines, in view of the proximity of both natural

wetland habitats (including the Zambezi River) and modified habitats that would be

attractive to birds (including agricultural areas, an old fish farm, the municipal refuse

dumping facility and sewage works). Potential flight paths between these habitats

are suggested in Figure 13, indicatiing where they would cross power lines.

3.10 SENSITIVE/BREEDING TIMES FOR POWER LINE-SENSITIVE

BIRD SPECIES

Although the ideal would be to isolate any months that are relatively less sensitive in

terms of the breeding season for construction activities, in practical terms this is not

feasible given that this period in effect covers the full range of activities from

courtship, nest-building, egg laying and incubation to hatching, chick-rearing,

fledging and post-fledging dependence (see Anon. 2011).

September 2013



4. IMPACT ASSESSMENT

4.1 RATIONALE

In a recent review of causes and mitigation of avian collisions with power lines (with a

South African perspective), Jenkins, Smallie and Diamond (2010) summarise: "Many

large terrestrial and wetland birds and some smaller fast-flying species are prone to

colliding with overhead wires associated with power infrastructure. A high proportion

of these are threatened species and for some, collision with power lines and other

man-made structures is a significant and damaging source of anthropogenic

mortality ... Cranes, bustards, flamingos, waterfowl, shorebirds, gamebirds and

falcons are among the most frequently affected avian groups, and collision

frequency is thought to be an influential factor in ongoing population declines in

several species of cranes, bustards and diurnal raptors ... ".

This high frequency of bird collisions on power lines, especially involving species of

biological significance, underlines the need for impact assessment and the proposal

of management/mitigation measures.

4.2 IDENTIFICATION OF KEY IMPACTS

4.2.1 METHODOLOGY

The methodology for the impact assessment is described in Anon. 2011.

4.2.2 POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND KEY IMPACTS IDENTIFIED

The following potential impacts have been identified for the proposed power line

route. Note that the likelihood of detection of bird carcasses is considered to be

relatively low due to factors such as vegetation cover and scavenging of carcasses;

this means that bird mortalities could go unreported (Smallie et al. 2009).

DIRECT CONSERVATION IMPACTS

Bird collisions on power lines

A bird collision occurs when a bird in mid-flight does not see the overhead cables

until it is too late to take evasive action (Smallie, Diamond & Jenkins 2009; see also

Anon. 2011 for details of the collision process).

September 2013



All of the nineteen Red-listed birds identified as being at risk during the present study

are potentially threatened by collisions on power lines and/or power line structures

(including stay wires; also see Appendix 1.

Bird electrocution on power line structures (poles and in substations)

A bird electrocution occurs when a bird is perched or attempts to perch on the

electrical structure and causes an electrical short circuit by physically bridging the air

gap between live components and/or live and earthed components (Van Rooyen

2004; Smallie et al. 2009; see also Anon. 2011 for further details).

In the case of the structure of the proposed transmission line with its relatively large

clearances, the risk of electrocution is considered to be low. Electrocution on

substations is also not relevant as no new substations will be constructed.

Nesting and roosting space for birds on power line structures

Direct (positive) conservation impacts include the provision of nesting and roosting

space for birds on poles, including eagles and other raptors.

INDIRECT CONSERVATION IMPACTS

Physical disturbance of birds and modification/destruction of bird habitat

During the construction phase and maintenance of power lines and associated

structures, a certain amount of disturbance to birds, as well as habitat destruction

and/or alteration, inevitably take place (Smallie et al. 2009). Birds may be disturbed

while going about their daily activities, such as feeding, roosting and in particular

breeding (see Anon. 2011 for further details). The half kilometre section of the line

closest to the Zambian border has tree and bush habitat that could potentially be

affected.

Southern Ground Hornbill is potentially vulnerable to the above impacts, as well as

most raptors (see Appendix 2 for species);

DIRECT BUSINESS IMPACTS

Electrical faulting caused by birds

Birds are able to cause electrical faults on power lines through a number of

mechanisms incuding bird streamers, bird pollution and bird nesting (Smallie et al.

2009). The incidence of records of such bird streamer/pollution in Namibia is low.

However, nest-induced faulting could be caused by crows and Red-billed Buffalo-

Weavers nesting on pylons; to date there is no known effective mitigation for the

latter. The potential for such faulting is considered low on the proposed power line.

KEY IMPACTS IDENTIFIED

The key impacts identified thus comprise collisions, and physical disturbance and

habitat modification/destruction (potentially affecting 19 species; Table 1). Although

September 2013



the abundance of some of these bird species in the relevant QDS may be relatively

low at times, it should be borne in mind that conditions may change dramatically

under flooding, resulting in unusual and unpredictable bird movements and an

increase in diversity and numbers; and that the cumulative impact of such negative

impacts over the entire lifespan of the line is an important consideration.

TABLE 1: ASSESSMENT OF KEY IMPACTS RELATING TO THE PROPOSED POWER LINE

Project

Phase

Nature

Activity

Aspect

Criteria Rating without

mitigation /

enhancement

Rating with

mitigation /

enhancement

1. BIRD COLLISIONS ON POWER LINES

Construction

phase +

Operational

phase

Mortality of

birds due to

collisions with

power line

Power line

route near a

major river

and flood-

plains; also

routed

through

habitats

modified for

agriculture,

aquaculture,

a refuse-

disposal site

and a sew-

age works

Risk for rich

diversity of

birds in these

habitats,

including

many Red-

listed species

Extent: Local

Local

Duration: Permanent Permanent

Intensity: Moderate Low

Probability: Probable Improbable

Significance Moderate Low

Degree of

confidence in

predictions:

High

95%

High

90%

2. PHYSICAL DISTURBANCE TO BIRDS AND HABITAT MODIFICATION/DESTRUCTION

Construc-

tion phase

Sensitive

species are

disturbed in

their feeding/

roosting/

breeding

areas – even

though the

habitat has

been man-

modified

Construction

of new

power line;

physical

disturbance

of vehicles

and people

in area,

noise, dust

(road

mortalities;

poaching)

Risk for rich

diversity of

birds in these

habitats,

including

many Red-

listed species

Extent: Local Local

Duration: Permanent

(should the

affected bird

species aban-

don the area)

Temporary

(should bird

species return

after activities

completed)

Intensity: Moderate Low

Probability: Probable Improbable

Significance: Moderate Low

Degree of

confidence in

predictions:

High

95%

High

95%

September 2013



4.3 MITIGATION/MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING MEASURES

The following practical mitigation measures and management actions are

recommended in order to reduce negative impacts and enhance benefits.

RECOMMENDED MITIGATION MEASURES




(e.g. double loop BFDs; Figure 14), in order to increase the visibility of the line.

"Flag" BFDs (Figure 15) with moving black and (phosphorescent) white sections

should be used in combination with the above, in order to increase visibility of the

line under poor light conditions. The marking design should take the earth wires

into account.

Figure 14. Standard double loop bird flight diverters may be used to make the line more

visible (Anon. 2011).

Figure 15. "Flag" bird flight diverters increase the visibility of the line, even under conditions of

poor light (Ribe).

September 2013




Sesheke.

Before construction starts, inspect proposed the power line route for any signs of

nests (e.g. raptors) in large trees or on the existing power line, and avoid the











MONITORING









for follow up.




investigated.



radius of the substation); the existence of one line parallel to the route of the





only;

September 2013










works;




the relevant persons; and



recommendations.

September 2013



5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

East Caprivi as a whole, and its wetlands in particular, hold one of the richest



this country (676). This includes 28 species (7%) that are threatened in Namibia, and

17 (4%) that are Globally Threatened. The latter include one species not yet on the

Namibian Red List. Thirty (7%) of the total number of species in the study area are

endemic or near-endemic. One hundred and twenty-two species (29%) are migrant

for at least some stage of their life and 131 (31%) are nomadic at some stage. It

should be emphasised that both short and longer-distance bird movements are

possible – and highly likely – between any of the wetland habitats throughout the

area for most if not all of the species. Environmental conditions may change

dramatically, especially under flooding, thereby increasing the risk of negative

interactions with power lines. Of the total in the study area, 27 (5%) have been

recorded as breeding species.(5%)



biological significance, i.e. primarily Red Data species.

Thirty-four Red Data bird species are regarded as potentially at risk in these habitats,

in particular the following 19 species. These include twelve raptor species, potentially

at risk due to their nomadic and/or migrant habits at times, and to restricted

binocular vision in some cases, namely Bateleur (E; GT: NT; breeding recorded);

Tawny Eagle (E; breeding recorded); Martial Eagle (E; GT: NT); Booted Eagle (E);

African Marsh-Harrier (E); African Fish-Eagle (V); Lappet-faced Vulture (V; GT: V);

White-headed Vulture (V; GT: V); White-backed Vulture (NT; GT: NT; breeding

recorded); Pallid Harrier (NT; GT: NT - in the adjoining area); Hooded Vulture (GT: E)

and Secretarybird (GT: NT). Five Red Data aquatic/semi-aquatic bird species are also

at risk largely due to their nomadic and/or migrant habits namely: Wattled Crane

(CE; GT: V), Rufous-bellied Heron (E); Saddle-billed Stork (E); Lesser Flamingo (V; GT:

NT); and Great White Pelican (V). Two Red-listed terrestrial species considered at risk

from the proposed development are: Marabou Stork (E), a scavenger species

attracted in large numbers to refuse disposal sites and Southern Ground Hornbill (E;

GT: V), sensitive to collisions with stay wires, and disturbance/habitat destruction.

Thirteen other Red-listed species also occur in the study area but are regarded as

being at a lower risk, due to their relatively lower probability of occurrence within the

study area. However, this does not imply that there is no risk. These species are: Pel's

Fishing-Owl (CE), Blue Crane (CE; GT: V), Yellow-billed Oxpecker (E), Rock Pratincole

September 2013



(E), African Finfoot (E), Slaty Egret (E); Great Crested Grebe (E), African Skimmer (V;

GT: NT), Peregrine Falcon (NT), Black-winged Pratincole (NT; GT: NT), Grey Crowned

Crane (NT; GT: V), Red-footed Falcon (GT: NT) and Lesser Kestrel (NT); and (in the

adjoining area) Eurasian Bittern (CE), Caspian Tern (V).

The key potential impacts identified are, mainly, collisions, as well as disturbance and

habitat modification/destruction. The entire area covered by the proposed power

line is regarded as sensitive in terms of potentially negative bird and power line

interactions, in view of the proximity of both natural wetland habitats (including the

Zambezi River) and modified habitats that would be attractive to birds (including

agricultural areas, an old fish farm, the municipal refuse dumping facility and the

sewage ponds).

Although bird mortalities may be recorded in low numbers, the cumulative impact of

such negative interactions over the entire lifespan of the line is an important

consideration.




(e.g. double loop BFD), in order to increase the visibility of the line. "Flag" BFDs with

phosphorescent components should be used in combination with the above, to

increase the visibility of the line under conditions of poor light. The marking design

should take the earth wires into account.


Sesheke.

Before construction starts, inspect the proposed power line route for any signs of

nests (e.g. of raptors) in large trees or on the existing power line, and avoid the













September 2013









for follow up.




investigated.



radius of the substation); the existence of one line already along the route of the





only;








works.




the relevant persons.



recommendations.

September 2013



REFERENCES*

*Also see the original bird assessment report (Anon. 2011)

Anon. 2011. Proposed Katima-Ngoma 330 kV transmission line. Bird Impact

Assessment Report. October 2011. Unpublished report, African Conservation Services

for Enviro Dynamics cc. Windhoek, Namibia.

Barnes KN (ed.). 1998. The Important Bird Areas of southern Africa. BirdLife South

Africa, Johannesburg.

BirdLife International. 2013. IUCN Red List of bird species. www.birdlife.org.

Chittenden, H. 2007. Roberts Bird Guide. Trustees of the John Voelcker Bird Book

Fund, Cape Town.

EIS. 2013. Environmental Information Service, www.the-eis.com.

Jenkins AR, Smallie JJ, Diamond M. 2010. Avian collisions with power lines: a global

review of causes and mitigation with a South African perspective. Bird Conservation

International. pp1-16.

Martin, GR. 2007. Visual fields and their functions in birds. J. Ornithol. 148(Suppl 2):

547–562.

Martin, GR. 2011. Understanding bird collisions with man-made objects: a sensory

ecology approach. Ibis 153: 239-254.

Martin, GR, Shaw, JM. 2010. Bird collisions with power lines: failing to see the way

ahead? Biological Conservation 143: 2695-2702.

Martin, GR, Portugal, SJ, Murn, CP. 2012. Visual fields, foraging and collision

vulnerability and Gyps vultures. Ibis 154: 626-631.

Mendelsohn, J, Jarvis, A, Roberts, C, Robertson, T. 2006. Atlas of Namibia. David Philip

Publishers, Cape Town.

Simmons, RE, Boix-Hinzen, C, Barnes, KN, Jarvis, AM, Robertson, A. 1998. Important

Bird Areas of Namibia. in: The Important Bird Areas of southern Africa. Barnes, KN

(ed.). pp295-332. BirdLife South Africa, Johannesburg.

Simmons, R.E. , Brown, C.J. In press. Birds to watch in Namibia: Red, Rare and

Endemic Species. National Biodiversity Programme, Windhoek.

September 2013



Smallie J, Diamond M, Jenkins A. 2009. LIghting up the African continent – what does

this mean for our birds? pp. 38-43. In: Harebottle DM, Craig AJFK, Anderson MD,

Rakotomanana H & Muchai (eds). Proceedings of the 12th Pan-African Ornithological

Congress, 2008. Cape Town, Animal Demography Unit.

Van Rooyen CS. 2004. The Management of Wildlife Interactions with overhhead lines.

In: The Fundamentals and Practice of Overhead Line Maintenance (132 kV and

above). pp 217-245. Eskom Technology Services International, Johannesburg.

Van Rooyen, CS. 2008. Proposed 220kV transmission line from Omburu transmission

station via Khan substation to the Kuiseb transmission station. Bird Impact Assessment

Report for Enviro Dynamics cc, Windhoek, Namibia.

Van Rooyen, CS. 2010. Birds and power lines in Namibia. (Draft) booklet, NamPower/

Namibia Nature Foundation Strategic Partnership, Windhoek Namibia.

September 2013



ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to thank Enviro Dynamics cc for their ready assistance with the

production of this report; Alice Jarvis for assistance with accessing SABAP data; Carol

Murphy, Helen Priest, Katy Sharpe and Sean Braine for their inputs on birds in Eastern

Caprivi, and all those others who have contributed to both the original study and the

present report in one or another way. Horst Mutschler, Jürgen Senge, Danie Louw

and Gloudina de Beer of NamPower made extensive comments on the original

report; Karl-Heinz Wagner is also thanked for his inputs.

Photographs: Ann Scott

Appendix 1. Checklist of bird species recorded for four QDS in the Zambezi – Wanela/Sesheke study area, East Caprivi.

September 2013



Key: RVII = taxonomic order according to Roberts VII Birds of Southern Africa

RVI = previous Roberts numbers

RDS = Red Data Status (LC = Least Concern, V = Vulnerable, NT = near Threatened, E = Endangered, CE = Critically Endangered: 1Simmons & Brown in press; 2Chittenden 2007; 3BirdLife International 2013)

End S = endemic status (E = endemic, NE = near-endemic, sA = southern Africa, Nam = Namibia)

Mov = movements (S = sedentary [resident], N = nomadic, M = migrant, V = vagrant, R = rare)

Hab = habitat (W = wetland, T = predominantly terrestrial)

QDS rec = total QDS in which species was recorded (= probability of occurrence; n = 4 QDS; also see Anon. 2011)

QDS br = total QDS in which breeding was recorded

R VII R VI Species Scientific name RDS End S Mov Hab QDS rec

(n = 4) QDS br

3 188 Coqui Francolin Peliperdix coqui LC S T 2

4 189 Crested Francolin Dendroperdix sephaena LC S T 4

10 194 Red-billed Spurfowl Pternistis adspersus LC NE (sA) S T 4

14 199 Swainson's Spurfowl Pternistis swainsonii LC S T 4

15 200 Common Quail Coturnix coturnix LC M T 1

16 201 Harlequin Quail Coturnix delegorguei LC M T 1

19 204 Crested Guineafowl Guttera edouardi LC S T 1

20 203 Helmeted Guineafowl Numida meleagris LC S T 4

21 100 Fulvous Duck Dendrocygna bicolor LC S W 3

22 99 White-faced Duck Dendrocygna viduata LC S, N W 4

23 101 White-backed Duck Thalassornis leuconotus LC S, N W 3

25 102 Egyptian Goose Alopochen aegyptiaca LC N W 4

27 116 Spur-winged Goose Plectropterus gambensis LC S W 4

28 115 Comb Duck Sarkidiornis melanotos LC N, M W 4

29 114 African Pygmy-Goose Nettapus auritus NT2 S W 4 1

30 106 Cape Teal Anas capensis LC N W 2

33 104 Yellow-billed Duck Anas undulata LC S, N W 4

34 112 Cape Shoveler Anas smithii LC NE (sA) N W 1

36 108 Red-billed Teal Anas erythrorhyncha LC S, N W 4

39 107 Hottentot Teal Anas hottentota LC S, N W 3

40 113 Southern Pochard Netta erythrophthalma LC S, N T 3

41 205 Kurrichane Buttonquail Turnix sylvaticus LC S T 2

45 474 Greater Honeyguide Indicator indicator LC S T 3

46 476 Lesser Honeyguide Indicator minor LC S T 3

49 478 Brown-backed Honeybird Prodotiscus regulus LC S T 1

51 481 Bennett's Woodpecker Campethera bennettii LC S T 3

53 483 Golden-tailed Woodpecker Campethera abingoni LC S T 3

57 486 Cardinal Woodpecker Dendropicos fuscescens LC S T 4


September 2013




(n = 4) QDS br

58 487 Bearded Woodpecker Dendropicos namaquus LC S T 3 1

59 488 Olive Woodpecker Dendropicos griseocephalus LC S T 2

65 470 Yellow-fronted Tinkerbird Pogoniulus chrysoconus LC S T 3

67 465 Acacia Pied Barbet Tricholaema leucomelas LC NE (sA) S T 4

68 464 Black-collared Barbet Lybius torquatus LC S T 4

69 473 Crested Barbet Trachyphonus vaillantii LC S T 4 1

71 458 Red-billed Hornbill Tockus erythrorhynchus LC S T 4

73 459 Sthn Yellow-billed Hornbill Tockus leucomelas LC NE (sA) S T 4

74 460 Crowned Hornbill Tockus alboterminatus LC NE (sA) S T 2

75 461 Bradfield's Hornbill Tockus bradfieldi LC S T 3

76 457 African Grey Hornbill Tockus nasutus LC S T 4

77 455 Trumpeter Hornbill Bycanistes bucinator LC S, N T 4

79 463 Southern Ground-Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri E1, V2, V3 S T 4

80 451 African Hoopoe Upupa africana LC S, N, M T 4

81 452 Green Wood-Hoopoe Phoeniculus purpureus LC S T 4 1

83 454 Common Scimitarbill Rhinopomastus cyanomelas LC S T 3

84 427 Narina Trogon Apaloderma narina LC S, N T 1

85 446 European Roller Coracias garrulus NT3 M T 3

86 447 Lilac-breasted Roller Coracias caudatus LC S T 4

87 448 Racket-tailed Roller Coracias spatulatus LC S, N T 3

88 449 Purple Roller Coracias naevius LC S, N T 3

89 450 Broad-billed Roller Eurystomus glaucurus LC M T 3

90 430 Half-collared Kingfisher Alcedo semitorquata NT2 S, N W 3

91 431 Malachite Kingfisher Alcedo cristata LC S, N W 4

92 432 African Pygmy-Kingfisher Ispidina picta LC M W, T 2

93 436 Grey-headed Kingfisher Halcyon leucocephala LC M W, T 3

94 433 Woodland Kingfisher Halcyon senegalensis LC M W 4

96 435 Brown-hooded Kingfisher Halcyon albiventris LC S, N W 4

97 437 Striped Kingfisher Halcyon chelicuti LC S W 3

98 429 Giant Kingfisher Megaceryle maximus LC S, N W 4

99 428 Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis LC S, N W 4

100 443 White-fronted Bee-eater Merops bullockoides LC S, N W 4

101 444 Little Bee-eater Merops pusillus LC S, N T, W 4

102 445 Swallow-tailed Bee-eater Merops hirundineus LC S T 4

105 440 Blue-cheeked Bee-eater Merops persicus LC M T, W 4

107 438 European Bee-eater Merops apiaster LC M T 3

108 441 Southern Carmine Bee-eater Merops nubicoides LC M T 4

111 426 Red-faced Mousebird Urocolius indicus LC S T 4

112 382 Jacobin Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus LC M T 2

113 381 Levaillant's Cuckoo Clamator levaillantii LC M T 3

114 380 Great Spotted Cuckoo Clamator glandarius LC M T 2


September 2013




(n = 4) QDS br

116 377 Red-chested Cuckoo Cuculus solitarius LC M T 3

117 378 Black Cuckoo Cuculus clamosus LC M T 4

118 374 Common Cuckoo Cuculus canorus LC M T 3

119 375 African Cuckoo Cuculus gularis LC M T 3 1

123 385 Klaas's Cuckoo Chrysococcyx klaas LC M T 3

124 384 African Emerald Cuckoo Chrysococcyx cupreus LC M T 3

125 386 Diderick Cuckoo Chrysococcyx caprius LC M T 4

127 388 Black Coucal Centropus grillii NT2 M T, W 2

128 389 Coppery-tailed Coucal Centropus cupreicaudus LC S W 3

129 390 Senegal Coucal Centropus senegalensis LC S, N W 4

131 391 Burchell's Coucal Centropus burchellii LC NE (sA) S W 4

132 362 Cape Parrot Poicephalus robustus E2 S, N T 2

134 364 Meyer's Parrot Poicephalus meyeri LC S, N T 4

143 423 Böhm's Spinetail Neafrapus boehmi LC S T 3

144 421 African Palm-Swift Cypsiurus parvus LC S T 3

147 411 Common Swift Apus apus LC M T 3

151 417 Little Swift Apus affinis LC S, M T 3

152 416 Horus Swift Apus horus LC S, M T 3

153 415 White-rumped Swift Apus caffer LC M T 3

156 370 Schalow's (Knysna) Turaco Tauraco schalowi (corythaix) LC S, N W, T 4

159 373 Grey Go-away-bird Corythaixoides concolor LC S T 4

160 392 Barn Owl Tyto alba LC S T 3

162 396 African Scops-Owl Otus senegalensis LC S T 4

163 397 Sthn White-faced Scops-Owl Ptilopsis granti LC S T 3

165 401 Spotted Eagle-Owl Bubo africanus LC S T 3

166 402 Verreaux's Eagle-Owl Bubo lacteus LC S T 3

167 403 Pel's Fishing-Owl Scotopelia peli CE1, V2 S W 3

168 394 African Wood-Owl Strix woodfordii LC S T 3 1

169 398 Pearl-spotted Owlet Glaucidium perlatum LC S T 4

170 399 African Barred Owlet Glaucidium capense LC S T 2

171 395 Marsh Owl Asio capensis LC S W 2

172 405 Fiery-necked Nightjar Caprimulgus pectoralis LC S, M T 4

174 407 Swamp Nightjar Caprimulgus natalensis V2 S W 3

175 409 Square-tailed Nightjar Caprimulgus fossii LC S, M T 3

176 406 Rufous-cheeked Nightjar Caprimulgus rufigena LC M T 3

178 410 Pennant-winged Nightjar Macrodipteryx vexillarius LC M T 3

185 355 Laughing Dove Streptopelia senegalensis LC S T 4 1

186 353 African Mourning Dove Streptopelia decipiens LC S W, T 4

187 354 Cape Turtle-Dove Streptopelia capicola LC S, N 4 1

188 352 Red-eyed Dove Streptopelia semitorquata LC S T 4 1

189 358 Emerald-spotted Wood-Dove Turtur chalcospilos LC S. N T 4


September 2013




(n = 4) QDS br

192 356 Namaqua Dove Oena capensis LC S, N 4

193 361 African Green-Pigeon Treron calvus LC S, N T 4

197 237 Red-crested Korhaan Lophotis ruficrista LC NE (sAfr) S T 4

204 238 Black-bellied Bustard Lissotis melanogaster NT2 S T 4

205 209 Grey Crowned Crane Balearica regulorum NT1, V2, V3 N W 1

206 208 Blue Crane Anthropoides paradiseus CE1, V2, V3 E (sAfr) S T, W 1

207 207 Wattled Crane Bugeranus carunculatus CE1, CE2, V3 S, N W 2

208 229 African Finfoot Podica senegalensis E1 S W 4

214 210 African Rail Rallus caerulescens LC S W 2

215 212 African Crake Crecopsis egregia LC M W 2

217 213 Black Crake Amaurornis flavirostris LC S W 4

218 215 Baillon's Crake Porzana pusilla LC S W 2

219 214 Spotted Crake Porzana porzana LC M W 1

221 223 African Purple Swamphen Porphyrio madagascariensis LC S W 4

222 224 Allen's Gallinule Porphyrio alleni LC S, M W 2

224 226 Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus LC S, N W 3

225 227 Lesser Moorhen Gallinula angulata LC M W 3

226 228 Red-knobbed Coot Fulica cristata LC S, N W 4

227 344 Namaqua Sandgrouse Pterocles namaqua LC NE (sA) N T 1

229 347 Double-banded Sandgrouse Pterocles bicinctus LC NE (sA) N T 4 1

230 345 Burchell's Sandgrouse Gallinago media LC NE (sAfr) S T 1

232 286 African Snipe Gallinago nigripennis LC S, N, M W 2

240 269 Marsh Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis LC M W 4

241 270 Common Greenshank Tringa nebularia LC M W 4

245 266 Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola LC N, M W 3

247 264 Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos LC M W 4

252 274 Little Stint Calidris minuta LC M W 3

260 272 Curlew Sandpiper Calidris ferruginea LC M W 3

263 284 Ruff Philomachus pugnax LC M W 3

267 242 Greater Painted-snipe Rostratula benghalensis NT2 N. M W 2

268 240 African Jacana Actophilornis africanus LC S W 4

269 241 Lesser Jacana Microparra capensis NT2 S, N W 4

271 298 Water Thick-knee Burhinus vermiculatus LC S, N W 4

272 297 Spotted Thick-knee Burhinus capensis LC S T 4

275 295 Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus LC S, N, M W 4

276 294 Pied Avocet Recurvirostra avosetta LC S, N, M W 3

280 245 Common Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula LC M W 1

282 248 Kittlitz's Plover Charadrius pecuarius LC S, N, M W, T 3 1

283 249 Three-banded Plover Charadrius tricollaris LC S, N W 3

286 246 White-fronted Plover Charadrius marginatus LC S W 2

289 252 Caspian Plover Charadrius asiaticus LC M W, T 1


September 2013




(n = 4) QDS br

290 261 Long-toed Lapwing Vanellus crassirostris LC S W 3

291 258 Blacksmith Lapwing Vanellus armatus LC S, N, M W 4

293 259 White-crowned Lapwing Vanellus albiceps NT2 S 4 1

294 260 African Wattled Lapwing Vanellus senegallus LC S, N, M W 4

297 255 Crowned Lapwing Vanellus coronatus LC S, N T 4 1

300 303 Bronze-winged Courser Rhinoptilus chalcopterus LC S, N T 3

303 300 Temminck's Courser Cursorius temminckii LC S, N, M T 3

304 304 Collared Pratincole Glareola pratincola NT2 M W 3

305 305 Black-winged Pratincole Glareola nordmanni NT1, NT2, NT3 M W 1

306 306 Rock Pratincole Glareola nuchalis E1 M W 4

312 343 African Skimmer Rynchops flavirostris V1, E2, NT3 M W 4

316 315 Grey-headed Gull Larus cirrocephalus LC S, N W 2

339 338 Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybrida LC S, N W 2

340 339 White-winged Tern Chlidonias leucopterus LC M W 3

344 170 Osprey Pandion haliaetus LC M W 3

345 128 African Cuckoo Hawk Aviceda cuculoides LC

S T 1

346 130 European Honey-Buzzard Pernis apivorus LC M T 2

347 129 Bat Hawk Macheiramphus alcinus NT2 S T 2

348 127 Black-shouldered Kite Elanus caeruleus LC S, N T 4

349 126 Black Kite Milvus migrans LC M T 3 1

350 148 African Fish-Eagle Haliaeetus vocifer V1 S W 4

354 121 Hooded Vulture Necrosyrtes monachus V2, GT3, E3 S T 4

355 123 White-backed Vulture Gyps africanus NT1, V2, NT3 S, N T 4 1

358 124 Lappet-faced Vulture Aegypius tracheliotus V1, V2, V3 S, N T 4

359 125 White-headed Vulture Aegypius occipitalis V1, V2, V3 S, N T 4

360 143 Black-chested Snake-Eagle Circaetus pectoralis LC S, N T 3

361 142 Brown Snake-Eagle Circaetus cinereus LC S, N T 3 1

363 145 Western Banded Snake-Eagle Circaetus cinerascens LC S T, W 3

364 146 Bateleur Terathopius ecaudatus E1, V2, NT3 S T 4 1

366 165 African Marsh-Harrier Circus ranivorus E1, V2 S, N W 3

370 169 African Harrier-Hawk Polyboroides typus LC S T 4

371 154 Lizard Buzzard Kaupifalco monogrammicus LC S, N T 3

372 163 Dark Chanting Goshawk Melierax metabates LC S T 3

373 162 Sthn Pale Chanting Goshawk Melierax canorus LC NE (sA) S, N T 2

374 161 Gabar Goshawk Melierax gabar LC S T 3

375 160 African Goshawk Accipiter tachiro LC S T 3

376 159 Shikra Accipiter badius LC S T 3

377 157 Little Sparrowhawk Accipiter minullus LC S T 4

378 156 Ovambo Sparrowhawk Accipiter ovampensis LC S T 3

381 149 Steppe Buzzard Buteo vulpinus LC M T 3

384 153 Augur Buzzard Buteo augur LC S T 1


September 2013




(n = 4) QDS br

386 133 Steppe Eagle Aquila nipalensis LC M T 2

387 132 Tawny Eagle Aquila rapax E1, V2 S T 4 1

388 134 Lesser Spotted Eagle Aquila pomarina LC M T 3

390 137 African Hawk-Eagle Aquila spilogaster LC S T 3

391 138 Ayres's Hawk-Eagle Aquila ayresii NT2 S, M T 3

392 136 Booted Eagle Aquila pennatus E1 S, N, M T 2

393 135 Wahlberg's Eagle Aquila wahlbergi LC M T 3 1

394 140 Martial Eagle Polemaetus bellicosus E1, V2, NT3 S T 4

395 139 Long-crested Eagle Lophaetus occipitalis LC S W, T 3 1

397 118 Secretarybird Sagittarius serpentarius V3 S, N T 2

399 183 Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni NT1, V2 M T 1

401 182 Greater Kestrel Falco rupicoloides LC S, N T 1

403 185 Dickinson's Kestrel Falco dickinsoni LC S T 3

404 178 Red-necked Falcon Falco chicquera LC S, N T 1

405 179 Red-footed Falcon Falco vespertinus NT3 M T 1

409 173 Eurasian Hobby Falco subbuteo LC M T 4

410 174 African Hobby Falco cuvierii LC M T 2

411 172 Lanner Falcon Falco biarmicus NT2 S, M T 2

412 171 Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus NT1, NT2 S, M T 2

414 8 Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis LC S, N W 4

415 6 Great Crested Grebe Podiceps cristatus E1 S W 2

424 60 African Darter Anhinga rufa LC S W 4

425 58 Reed Cormorant Phalacrocorax africanus LC S, N W 4

430 70 Slaty Egret Egretta vinaceigula E1, GT3, V3 S, N W 2

431 69 Black Heron Egretta ardesiaca LC S, N W 2

432 67 Little Egret Egretta garzetta LC S, N W 4

434 68 Yellow-billed Egret Egretta intermedia LC S, N W 4

435 66 Great Egret Egretta alba LC S, N W 4

438 62 Grey Heron Ardea cinerea LC S W 4

439 63 Black-headed Heron Ardea melanocephala LC S W, T 2

440 64 Goliath Heron Ardea goliath LC S W 3

441 65 Purple Heron Ardea purpurea LC S W 4

442 71 Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis LC S W, T 4

443 72 Squacco Heron Ardeola ralloides LC S, N W 4

445 75 Rufous-bellied Heron Ardeola rufiventris E1 S, M W 4

446 74 Green-backed Heron Butorides striata LC S W 4

447 76 Black-crowned Night-Heron Nycticorax nycticorax LC S, N W 3

449 78 Little Bittern Ixobrychus minutus LC S, M W 3

450 79 Dwarf Bittern Ixobrychus sturmii LC M W 4

452 81 Hamerkop Scopus umbretta LC S W, T 4

454 97 Lesser Flamingo Phoenicopterus minor V1, NT2, NT3 S, N, M W 2


September 2013




(n = 4) QDS br

455 93 Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus LC S, N W 4

456 94 Hadeda Ibis Bostrychia hagedash LC S T 4

458 91 African Sacred Ibis Threskiornis aethiopicus LC S, N, M W, T 4

459 95 African Spoonbill Platalea alba LC S, N W 4

460 49 Great White Pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus V1, NT2 S, N W 2

461 50 Pink-backed Pelican Pelecanus rufescens V2 S, N W 3

462 90 Yellow-billed Stork Mycteria ibis NT2 S, N, M W 2

463 87 African Openbill Anastomus lamelligerus NT2 S, N W 4

465 85 Abdim's Stork Ciconia abdimii LC M T 3

466 86 Woolly-necked Stork Ciconia episcopus NT2 S, M W 3

467 83 White Stork Ciconia ciconia LC M W, T 1

468 88 Saddle-billed Stork Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis E1, E2 S, N W 4

469 89 Marabou Stork Leptoptilos crumeniferus NT1, NT2 S W 4

472 55 White-breasted Cormorant Phalacrocorax lucidus LC S, N W 4

533 490 African Broadbill Smithornis capensis NT2 S W, T 1

534 543 Eurasian Golden Oriole Oriolus oriolus LC M T 3

535 544 African Golden Oriole Oriolus auratus LC M T 3

537 545 Black-headed Oriole Oriolus larvatus LC S, N T 4

539 541 Fork-tailed Drongo Dicrurus adsimilis LC S T 4

541 710 African Paradise-Flycatcher Terpsiphone viridis LC M T 4

542 741 Brubru Nilaus afer LC S T 4

543 740 Black-backed Puffback Dryoscopus cubla LC S T 4 1

545 744 Black-crowned Tchagra Tchagra senegalus LC S T 4

546 743 Brown-crowned Tchagra Tchagra australis LC S T 4

548 737 Tropical Boubou Laniarius aethiopicus LC S T 3

549 738 Swamp Boubou Laniarius bicolor LC S W 4

551 739 Crimson-breasted Shrike Laniarius atrococcineus LC NE (sA) S T 4

553 748 Orange-breasted Bush-Shrike Telophorus sulfureopectus LC S T 4

557 751 Grey-headed Bush-Shrike Malaconotus blanchoti LC S, M T 3

558 753 White-crested Helmet-Shrike Prionops plumatus LC S T 3 1

559 754 Retz's Helmet-Shrike Prionops retzii LC S, N T 2

565 701 Chinspot Batis Batis molitor LC S T 4

570 547 Cape Crow Corvus capensis LC S T 1

571 548 Pied Crow Corvus albus LC N T 4

573 733 Red-backed Shrike Lanius collurio LC M T 4

574 734 Souza's Shrike Lanius souzae LC S, M T 1

575 731 Lesser Grey Shrike Lanius minor LC M T 4

576 732 Common Fiscal Lanius collaris LC S T 2

577 735 Magpie Shrike Corvinella melanoleuca LC S, N T 4

578 756 Southern White-crowned Shrike Eurocephalus anguitimens LC NE (sA) S T 4

579 539 White-breasted Cuckooshrike Coracina pectoralis LC S, N T 3


September 2013




(n = 4) QDS br

581 538 Black Cuckooshrike Campephaga flava LC S T 4

585 558 Grey Penduline-Tit Anthoscopus caroli LC S, N T 3

586 554 Southern Black Tit Parus niger LC S T 4

591 552 Ashy Tit Parus cinerascens LC NE (sA) S, N T 1

593 532 Sand Martin Riparia riparia LC M W, T 2

594 533 Brown-throated Martin Riparia paludicola LC S, M W, T 4

595 534 Banded Martin Riparia cincta LC M W, T 4

597 531 Grey-rumped Swallow Pseudhirundo griseopyga LC S, M W, T 4

598 518 Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica LC M T 3

600 520 White-throated Swallow Hirundo albigularis LC M T 3

601 522 Wire-tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii LC S, M W, T 4

603 523 Pearl-breasted Swallow Hirundo dimidiata LC M T 3

604 526 Greater Striped Swallow Hirundo cucullata LC M T 3

605 527 Lesser Striped Swallow Hirundo abyssinica LC M T 4

606 524 Red-breasted Swallow Hirundo semirufa LC M T 3

607 525 Mosque Swallow Hirundo senegalensis LC S, M T 3

611 530 Common House-Martin Delichon urbicum LC M T 2

613 536 Black Saw-wing Psalidoprocne holomelaena LC M W, T 1

615 568 Dark-capped Bulbul Pycnonotus tricolor LC S T 4 2

616 567 African Red-eyed Bulbul Pycnonotus nigricans LC NE (sA) S, N T 4

620 574 Yellow-bellied Greenbul Chlorocichla flaviventris LC S T 4

621 569 Terrestrial Brownbul Phyllastrephus terrestris LC S T 4

634 651 Long-billed Crombec Sylvietta rufescens LC S T 3

635 653 Yellow-bellied Eremomela Eremomela icteropygialis LC S, N T 2

636 655 Green-capped Eremomela Eremomela scotops LC S T 3

638 656 Burnt-necked Eremomela Eremomela usticollis LC S T 3

641 638 Little Rush-Warbler Bradypterus baboecala LC S W 2

644 634 Sedge Warbler Acrocephalus schoenobaenus LC M W 1

646 631 African Reed-Warbler Acrocephalus baeticatus LC M W, T 3

647 633 Marsh Warbler Acrocephalus palustris LC M W, T 1

648 628 Great Reed-Warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus LC M W, T 2

651 635 Lesser Swamp-Warbler Acrocephalus gracilirostris LC S W, T 3

653 625 Icterine Warbler Hippolais icterina LC M T 4 1

656 643 Willow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus LC M W, T 4

660 562 Hartlaub's Babbler Turdoides hartlaubii LC S T 4

662 560 Arrow-marked Babbler Turdoides jardineii LC S T 4

666 621 Chestnut-vented Tit-Babbler Parisoma subcaeruleum LC S T 2

668 619 Garden Warbler Sylvia borin LC M T 3

669 620 Common Whitethroat Sylvia communis LC M T 2

670 797 African Yellow White-eye Zosterops senegalensis LC S T 3

673 674 Red-faced Cisticola Cisticola erythrops LC S W, T 2


September 2013




(n = 4) QDS br

676 672 Rattling Cisticola Cisticola chiniana LC S T 4 1

677 671 Tinkling Cisticola Cisticola rufilatus LC S T 3

680 675 Rufous-winged Cisticola Cisticola galactotes LC NE (sA) S W, T 3

682 676 Chirping Cisticola Cisticola pipiens LC S W 2

685 681 Neddicky Cisticola fulvicapilla LC S T 3

687 664 Zitting Cisticola Cisticola juncidis LC S T 4

688 665 Desert Cisticola Cisticola aridulus LC S T 3

692 683 Tawny-flanked Prinia Prinia subflava LC S T 4

693 685 Black-chested Prinia Prinia flavicans LC NE (sA) S T 4

701 648 Yellow-breasted Apalis Apalis flavida LC S, N T 3

705 657 Green-backed Camaroptera Camaroptera brachyura LC S T 4

707 658 Barred Wren-Warbler Calamonastes fasciolatus LC NE (sA) S T 2

708 659 Stierling's Wren-Warbler Calamonastes stierlingi LC S T 2

710 493 Monotonous Lark Mirafra passerina LC NE (sA) N T 1

712 494 Rufous-naped Lark Mirafra africana LC S T 3

713 496 Flappet Lark Mirafra rufocinnamomea LC S T 3

714 495 Cape Clapper Lark Mirafra apiata LC E (sA) S T 2

718 497 Fawn-coloured Lark Calendulauda africanoides LC E (sA) S, N T 1

723 505 Dusky Lark Pinarocorys nigricans LC M T 4

733 515 Chestnut-backed Sparrowlark Eremopterix leucotis LC S, N T 2

734 516 Grey-backed Sparrowlark Eremopterix verticalis LC NE (sA) N, M T 1

735 507 Red-capped Lark Calandrella cinerea LC S, N, M T 2

748 580 Groundscraper Thrush Turdus libonyanus LC S T 4

749 576 Kurrichane Thrush Turdus libonyanus LC S, N T 2

753 696 Pale Flycatcher Bradornis pallidus LC S T 3

755 695 Marico Flycatcher Bradornis mariquensis LC NE (sA) S, N T 3

756 694 Southern Black Flycatcher Melaenornis pammelaina LC S T 4

758 689 Spotted Flycatcher Muscicapa striata LC M T 4

760 691 Ashy Flycatcher Muscicapa caerulescens LC S, N T 3

761 693 Grey Tit-Flycatcher Myioparus plumbeus LC S W, T 2

769 599 White-browed Robin-Chat Cossypha heuglini LC S W, T 4

770 600 Red-capped Robin-Chat Cossypha natalensis LC S, N W, T 1

774 617 Bearded Scrub-Robin Cercotrichas quadrivirgata LC S W, T 3

776 613 White-browed Scrub-Robin Cercotrichas leucophrys LC S T 4

782 596 African Stonechat Saxicola torquatus LC S T 4

787 587 Capped Wheatear Oenanthe pileata LC S, M T 4

794 594 Arnot's Chat Myrmecocichla arnoti LC S T 3 1

800 764 Cape Glossy Starling Lamprotornis nitens LC S T 4

801 765 Greater Blue-eared Starling Lamprotornis chalybaeus LC S T 4

802 766 Miombo Blue-eared Starling Lamprotornis elisabeth LC S T 1

804 762 Burchell's Starling Lamprotornis australis LC NE (sA) S T 4


September 2013




(n = 4) QDS br

805 763 Meves's Starling Lamprotornis mevesii LC S T 4

806 761 Violet-backed Starling Cinnyricinclus leucogaster LC M T 4 1

808 760 Wattled Starling Creatophora cinerea LC S, N T 4

811 771 Yellow-billed Oxpecker Buphagus africanus E1, V2 S T 2

812 772 Red-billed Oxpecker Buphagus erythrorhynchus NT2 S T 3

818 792 Amethyst Sunbird Chalcomitra amethystina LC S, N, M T 3

819 791 Scarlet-chested Sunbird Chalcomitra senegalensis LC S, N, M T 3

822 793 Collared Sunbird Hedydipna collaris LC S, N T 3

828 787 White-bellied Sunbird Cinnyris talatala LC N T 3

829 778 Copper Sunbird Cinnyris cupreus LC S, N T 2

832 779 Marico Sunbird Cinnyris mariquensis LC S, N T 3

833 780 Purple-banded Sunbird Cinnyris bifasciatus LC S, N, M T 2

836 798 Red-billed Buffalo-Weaver Bubalornis niger LC S, N T 3

837 806 Scaly-feathered Finch Sporopipes squamifrons LC NE (sA) S, N T 1

838 799 White-browed Sparrow-Weaver Plocepasser mahali LC S T 3

840 815 Lesser Masked-Weaver Ploceus intermedius LC S W, T 3

841 810 Spectacled Weaver Ploceus ocularis LC S T 1

844 816 Golden Weaver Ploceus xanthops LC S T 3

845 818 Southern Brown-throated Weaver Ploceus xanthopterus LC S W 2

846 814 Southern Masked-Weaver Ploceus velatus LC NE (sA) S, M T 4

847 811 Village Weaver Ploceus cucullatus LC S W, T 4

851 819 Red-headed Weaver Anaplectes melanotis LC S T 3

854 821 Red-billed Quelea Quelea quelea LC S T 4

855 826 Yellow-crowned Bishop Euplectes afer LC S W 3

857 824 Southern Red Bishop Euplectes orix LC S T 4

859 828 Fan-tailed Widowbird Euplectes axillaris LC S W, T 2

861 829 White-winged Widowbird Euplectes albonotatus LC S, N W, T 1

864 807 Thick-billed Weaver Amblyospiza albifrons LC S, N W, T 3

866 854 Orange-breasted Waxbill Sporaeginthus subflavus LC S W 1

867 852 African Quailfinch Ortygospiza atricollis LC S,N T 2

868 856 Red-headed Finch Amadina erythrocephala LC NE (sA) S, N T 2

869 855 Cut-throat Finch Amadina fasciata LC S, N T 3

874 847 Black-faced Waxbill Estrilda erythronotos LC S T 2

877 846 Common Waxbill Estrilda astrild LC S T 3

879 845 Violet-eared Waxbill Granatina granatina LC S, N T 3

880 844 Blue Waxbill Uraeginthus angolensis LC S,N T 4

883 834 Green-winged Pytilia Pytilia melba LC S T 3

885 842 Red-billed Firefinch Lagonosticta senegala LC S,N T 4

886 843 Brown Firefinch Lagonosticta nitidula LC S T 3

888 841 Jameson's Firefinch Lagonosticta rhodopareia LC S, N T 3

889 857 Bronze Mannikin Spermestes cucullatus LC S T 4


September 2013




(n = 4) QDS br

892 860 Pin-tailed Whydah Vidua macroura LC S, N T 3

893 863 Broad-tailed Paradise-Whydah Vidua obtusa LC S, N T 1

894 862 Long-tailed Paradise-Whydah Vidua paradisaea LC S,N T 3

895 861 Shaft-tailed Whydah Vidua regia LC NE (sA) S, N T 4

896 867 Village Indigobird Vidua chalybeata LC S T 4

900 820 Cuckoo Finch Anomalospiza imberbis LC S, M W, T 1

901 801 House Sparrow Passer domesticus Alien S T 2

904 804 Southern Grey-headed Sparrow Passer diffusus LC S, N T 4 1

906 805 Yellow-throated Petronia Petronia superciliaris LC S T 3

907 711 African Pied Wagtail Motacilla aguimp LC S, N W 4

908 713 Cape Wagtail Motacilla capensis LC S W, T 4

916 730 Rosy-throated Longclaw Macronyx ameliae NT2 S, N W 2

920 716 African Pipit Anthus cinnamomeus LC S, N, M T 4

922 718 Plain-backed Pipit Anthus leucophrys LC S, M T 2

923 719 Buffy Pipit Anthus vaalensis LC S, N, M T 2

935 869 Yellow-fronted Canary Crithagra mozambicus LC S,N T 3

936 870 Black-throated Canary Crithagra atrogularis LC S T 4

939 878 Yellow Canary Crithagra flaviventris LC NE (sA) S, N T 1

948 886 Cinnamon-breasted Bunting Emberiza tahapisi LC S, M T 1

950 884 Golden-breasted Bunting Emberiza flaviventris LC S T 3

TOTALS

417 species

62% of 676 Namibian species

28 (7%) threatened in Namibia

17 (4%) Globally Threatened

30 (7%) E/NE (sA)

173 (42%) purely

sedentary/resident;

122 (29%) migrant at some

stage;

131 (31%) nomadic at some

stage

27 (7%) recorded as breeding

Appendix 2. Power line sensitive bird species recorded for four QDS in the Zambezi – Wanela/Sesheke study area, Eastern Caprivi.

September 2013



Key: RVII = taxonomic order according to Roberts VII Birds of Southern Africa

RVI = previous Roberts numbers

RDS = Red Data Status (LC = Least Concern, V = Vulnerable, NT = near Threatened, E = Endangered, CE = Critically Endangered: 1Simmons & Brown in press; 2Chittenden 2007; 3BirdLife International 2013)

End S = endemic status (E = endemic, NE = near-endemic, sA = southern Africa, Nam = Namibia)

Mov = movements (S = sedentary, N = nomidoc, M = migrant, V = vagrant, R = rare)

Hab = habitat (W = wetland, T = predominantly terrestrial)

QDS rec = total QDS in which species was recorded (= probability of occurrence; n = 12 QDS; see Appendix 2, Anon. 2011)

QDS br = total QDS in which breeding was recorded (see Appendix 2, Anon. 2011)

Interaction = type of power line interaction possible (C = collision, C [SW] = collision with stay wires, E = electrocution (note that the likelihood of this type of interaction

on the proposed transmission line structure in this assessment is considered low), D = physical disturbance and habitat modification/destruction, N = potential to disrupt

power supply through nesting activities)

Potential = potential for power lne interaction (very low, low, mod = moderate, high)

Bird species considered at relatively higher risk (based on the factors in this table) are indicated in bold.


September 2013



R VII R VI Species Scientific name RDS End S Mov Hab

QDS

rec

(n=4)

QDS

br

Interaction

Potential

Power line sensitive bird species on the Namibian/Global Red List in four QDS in the Zambezi – Wanela/Sesheke study area

79 463 Southern Ground-Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri E1, V2, V3 S T 4 C (stay wires), D H

167 403 Pel's Fishing-Owl Scotopelia peli CE1, V2 S W 3 C L

205 209 Grey Crowned Crane Balearica regulorum NT1, V2, V3 N W 1 C L

206 208 Blue Crane Anthropoides paradiseus CE1, V2, V3 E (sAfr) S w, T 1 C VL

207 207 Wattled Crane Bugeranus carunculatus CE1, CE2, V3 S, N W 2 C M

208 229 African Finfoot Podica senegalensis E1 S W 4 C L

305 305 Black-winged Pratincole Glareola nordmanni NT1, NT2, NT3 M W 1 C VL

306 306 Rock Pratincole Glareola nuchalis E1 M W 4 C VL

312 343 African Skimmer Rynchops flavirostris V1, E2, NT3 M W 4 C L

350 148 African Fish-Eagle Haliaeetus vocifer V1 S W 4 C, D H

354 121 Hooded Vulture Necrosyrtes monachus V2, E3 S T 4 C, D M

355 123 White-backed Vulture Gyps africanus NT1, V2, NT3 S, N T 4 1 C, D H

358 124 Lappet-faced Vulture Aegypius tracheliotus V1, V2, V3 S, N T 4 C, D H

359 125 White-headed Vulture Aegypius occipitalis V1, V2, V3 S, N T 4 C, D M

364 146 Bateleur Terathopius ecaudatus E1, V2, NT3 S T 4 1 C, D H

366 165 African Marsh-Harrier Circus ranivorus E1, V2 S, N W 3 C, D M

387 132 Tawny Eagle Aquila rapax E1, V2 S T 4 1 C, D H

392 136 Booted Eagle Aquila pennatus E1 S, N, M T 2 C, D M

394 140 Martial Eagle Polemaetus bellicosus E1, V2, NT3 S T 4 C, D H

397 118 Secretarybird Sagittarius serpentarius NT3 S, N T 2 C, D M

399 183 Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni NT1, V2 M T 1 C VL

405 179 Red-footed Falcon Falco vespertinus NT3 M T 1 C VL

412 171 Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus NT1, NT2 S, M T 2 C L

415 6 Great Crested Grebe Podiceps cristatus E1 S W 2 C L

430 70 Slaty Egret Egretta vinaceigula E1, V3 S, N W 2 C L

445 75 Rufous-bellied Heron Ardeola rufiventris E1 S, M W 4 C M

454 97 Lesser Flamingo Phoenicopterus minor V1, NT2, NT3 S, N, M W 2 C M

460 49 Great White Pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus V1, NT2 S, N W 2 C M

468 88 Saddle-billed Stork Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis E1, E2 S, N W 4 C M

469 89 Marabou Stork Leptoptilos crumeniferus NT1, NT2 S W 4 C H

811 771 Yellow-billed Oxpecker Buphagus africanus E1, V2 S T 2 C VL

Power line-sensitive bird Red-listed species in adjoining area (see Anon. 2011)

324 322 Caspian Tern Sterna caspia V1 S, N W C VL

368 167 Pallid Harrier Circus macrourus NT1, NT2, NT3 M W, T C M

451 80 Eurasian Bittern Botaurus stellaris CE1, CE2 S, N W C, H VL


September 2013



R VII R VI Species Scientific name RDS End S Mov Hab

QDS

rec

(n=4)

QDS

br

Interaction

Potential

Power line-sensitive species not on the Namibian/Global Red List, but potentially cause for concern

29 114 African Pygmy-Goose Nettapus auritus NT2 S W 4 1 C M

90 430 Half-collared Kingfisher Alcedo semitorquata NT2 S, N W 3

127 388 Black Coucal Centropus grillii NT2 M T, W 2

132 362 Cape Parrot Poicephalus robustus E2 S, N T 2

174 407 Swamp Nightjar Caprimulgus natalensis V2 S W 3

204 238 Black-bellied Bustard Lissotis melanogaster NT2 S T 4 C H

267 242 Greater Painted-snipe Rostratula benghalensis NT2 N. M W 2

269 241 Lesser Jacana Microparra capensis NT2 S, N W 4

293 259 White-crowned Lapwing Vanellus albiceps NT2 S 4 1

304 304 Collared Pratincole Glareola pratincola NT2 M W 3

347 129 Bat Hawk Macheiramphus alcinus NT2 S T 2

360 143 Black-chested Snake-Eagle Circaetus pectoralis LC S, N T 3 C H

361 142 Brown Snake-Eagle Circaetus cinereus LC S, N T 3 1 C H

391 138 Ayres's Hawk-Eagle Aquila ayresii NT2 S, M T 3 C H

411 172 Lanner Falcon Falco biarmicus NT2 S, M T 2 C, E L

461 50 Pink-backed Pelican Pelecanus rufescens V2 S, N W 3 C M

462 90 Yellow-billed Stork Mycteria ibis NT2 S, N, M W 2 C L

463 87 African Openbill Anastomus lamelligerus NT2 S, N W 4 C M

466 86 Woolly-necked Stork Ciconia episcopus NT2 S, M W 3 C M

533 490 African Broadbill Smithornis capensis NT2 S W, T 4

812 772 Red-billed Oxpecker Buphagus erythrorhynchus NT2 S T 3 C VL

916 730 Rosy-throated Longclaw Macronyx ameliae NT2 S, N W 2

Power line-sensitive bird Red-listed species in adjoining area (see Anon. 2011)

196 230 Kori Bustard Ardeotis kori V2 S, N T C M

228 346 Yellow-throated Sandgrouse Pterocles gutturalis NT2 S, N, M T C L

Bird species likely to cause outages by nesting on power line structures

401 182 Greater Kestrel Falco rupocoloides LC S, N T 1 N L

570 547 Cape Crow Corvus capensis LC S T 1 N L

571 548 Pied Crow Corvus albus LC N T 4 N H

836 798 Red-billed Buffalo-Weaver Bubalomis niger LC S, N T 3 N M

Documents

Proposed construction of a 330 kV power line from the