How are Female Basketball Players How are Female Basketball Players Treated and Perceived by theirTreated and Perceived by theirCoaches and Teammates?Coaches and Teammates?

Alex Castro, Katrina Crisostomo,Luisa Lioanag, Julian Paterno

IntroductioIntroductionn

• Sports is an important facet of lifeo Has benefits for individuals engaged in sports:

• Increased resistance to daily stressors (Johansson, Hassmén & Jouper, 2011)

• Decreased marijuana, cigarette & drug use• Reduces risk of depression• Improves school engagement and academic self-confidence• Teaches values for development

• Where are women in sports?o Benefits of sports may not be made available for all, especially

to women athleteso Only recent participation for females

• (1900) First women in the olympics• (1943) All American Girls Professional Baseball League• (1972) Amendment of Title IX of the Civil Rights Act of 1964• (1996) WNBA was approved, (1997) first game of the WNBA

o Anderson stated that, “… as women have increasingly gained access to once masculine-dominated institutions, sports have become contested terrain in which men try to validate masculine privilege through their ability to physically outperform women, thus symbolically dominating women

• Politics of Sports• Sports as a male-dominated institution• Fasting and Sisjord (1985) stated that “they say that like

other institutions in a patriarchal society, sport is developed by and for men”

• Sports have already been represented by stereotypical male characteristics of aggression and dominance (Hanson & Kraus, 1998)

• Women were viewed unfit to participate in sports, perceived to lessen their femininity (Hanson & Kraus, 1998)

• Male coaches, managers, organizers and employees still outnumber their female counterparts in sports

Research Research Problem Problem and and SignificancSignificance of Studye of Study

• Research Problem

How Are Female Basketball Players Treated and Perceived by their Coaches

and Teammates?

• Significance of StudyoShed light on the experience of the Filipino Female Basketball playeroBridge the gap of the knowledge and verify if conditions in Western countries apply to our context

Conceptual Conceptual FrameworkFramework& & Limitations Limitations of the of the StudyStudy

MethodologMethodologyy

• Participantso Members of university varsity basketball teams (UP, ADMU,

UST, MC)o 17-23 years old (for players)o For coaches/coaching staff, at least the Head Coach of the

varsity basketball teams will participate in the study

• Designo Exploratory study focusing on the treatment and perception of

female basketball players by their coaches and teammates

• Procedureo Letters will given as needed to aforementioned institutions and

persons of authority to ask for permissiono Researchers will visit during training sessions and games for

non-obtrusive measureso Surveys will be conducted as a screening procedureo 3-4 members will be selected for one-on-one interviewso Head Coach and other members of the coaching staff will be

approached for interviews

InstrumentInstrumentss

ReferencesReferences

• Anderson, E. (2002). Openly gay athletes: Contesting hegemonic masculinity in a homophobic

environment. Gender and Society, 16(6), 860-877.• Anderson, E. (2009). The maintenance of masculinity

among the stakeholders of sport. Sport Management Review, 12(1), 3-14. doi:10.1016/j.smr.

2008.09.003• "Basketball in Philippines". (n.d.). AsiaRooms.com.

Retrieved September 20, 2011 from http://www.asiarooms.com/en/travel-guide/philippines/sports-in-philippines/basketball-in-philippines.html

• Bird, A. M., & Williams, J. M. (1980). A developmental attributional analysis of sex role stereotypes for

sport performance. Developmental Psychology, 16(4), 319-322. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.16.4.319

• Blinde, E. (1989). Participation in a male sport model and the value alienation of female intercollegiate athletes. Sociology of Sport Journal, 6, 36-49.

• Blinde, E., Han, L., & Taub, D. (1994). Sport as a site for women’s group and societal empowerment: Perspectives from the college athlete. Sociology of Sport Journal, 11(1), 51-59.

• Buysse, J., & Embser-Herbert, M. (2004). Constructions of gender in sport: An analysis of intercollegiate media guide cover photographs. GENDER & SOCIETY, 18(1), 66-81.

• Chalabaeva, A., Sarrazina, P., & Fontayne, P. (2009). Stereotype endorsement and perceivedability as mediators of the girls' gender orientation–soccer performance relationship.Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10(2), 297-299.doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2008.08.002

• Coatsworth, J., & Conroy, D. E. (2009). The effects of autonomy-supportive coaching, need satisfaction, and self-perceptions on initiative and identity in youth swimmers. Developmental Psychology, 45(2), 320-328. doi:10.1037/ a0014027

• Daddario, G. (1994). Chilly scenes of the 1992 winter games: The mass media and the

• marginalization of female athletes. Sociology of Sport Journal, 11(3), 275-288.

• Dawkins, M. P., Williams, M. M., & Guilbault, M. (2006). Participation in School Sports: Risk or

• Protective Factor for Drug Use Among Black and White Students?. The Journal of Negro

• Education, 75(1), 25-33.• Dishman, R. K., Hales, D. P., Pfeiffer, K. A., Felton, G.

A., Saunders, R., Ward, D. S., Dowda,• M., & Pate, R. R. (2006). Physical self-concept and self-

esteem mediate cross-sectional

• relations of physical activity and sport participation with depression symptoms among

• adolescent girls. Health Psychology, 25(3), 396-407. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.25.3.396.

• English, J. (1978). Sex Equality in Sports. Philosophy and Public Affairs 7(3) , 269-277.Eitzen, D., & Zinn, M. (1989). The de-athleticization of women: The naming and gender

• marking of collegiate sport teams. Sociology of Sport Journal, 6(2), 362-370.

• Fasting, K., & Sisjord, M.-K. (1985). Gender roles and barriers to participation in sports.

• Sociology of Sport Journal, Vol.2 , 345-351.• Guillermo, D. (2010). "The endless essay: The Philippines'

love affair with basketball".

• Examiner.com. Retrieved September 20, 2011 from • http://www.examiner.com/filipino-sports-in-national/the-

endless-essay-the-philippines-lov• e-affair-with-basketball.• Hanson, S. L., & Kraus, R. S. (1998). Women, sports, and

science: Do female athletes have• an advantage? Sociology of Education, Vol. 71 , 93-110.• Higgs, C., & Weiller, K. (1994). The All American Girls

Professional Baseball League, 1943-1954: Gender conflict in sport?. Sociology of Sport Journal, 11(3), 289-297.

• History of the WNBA. (n.d.). WNBA.com. Retrieved August 2, 2001, From

• http://www.wnba.com/about_us/historyof_wnba.html.

•  • Johansson, M., Hassmén, P., & Jouper, J. (2011). Acute

effects of qigong exercise on mood • and anxiety. Sport, Exercise, and Performance

Psychology, 160-65. • doi:10.1037/2157-3905.1.S.60• Jordan, W. J. 1999. Black High School Students'

Participation in School-Sponsored Sports • Activities: Effects on School Engagement and

Achievement. The Journal of Negro • Education, 68(1), 54-71.• Lorimera, R., & Jowett, S. (2010). The influence of role

and gender in the empathic accuracy of

• coaches and athletes.  Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11(3), 206-211.

• doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.12.001• Roberts, R. (1992). Women's Sports. Reviews in American

History , 242-246.Steinfeldt, J. A., Foltz, B. D., Mungro, J., Speight, Q. L., Wong, Y., & Blumberg, J. (2011).

• Masculinity socialization in sports: Influence of college football coaches. Psychology of

• Men & Masculinity, 12(3), 247-259. doi:10.1037/a0020170

• Summer Olympic Game Statistics. (n.d.). Olympic Women Statistics. Retrieved August 2, 2011,

• From http://www.olympicwomen.co.uk/stats.html.