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8/3/2019 Prokaryotes Viruses, And Protistans New Slides for Spr 2012
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Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Protistans
Updated Feb 2012
Here are the new slides that were
presented in lectureThe complete lecture is also uploaded.
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Did Alexander the Great Die from West Nile Virus?
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Historical Review
Alexander the Great and West Nile Virus Encephalitis
John S. Marr* and Charles H. Calisher
Table.Medical history and physical examination of Alexander the Great Patient
characteristics
Onset of final illness May 29, 323 BC
Death June 10, 323 BC
Escalating fever associated with chills
Excessive thirst, diaphoresis
Acute abdominal pain
Single episode of back pain at onset of fever
Increased weakness leading to prostration with intermittent periods of energy
Delirium
Aphonia
Terminal flaccid paralysis
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Microbes in the News
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E. coli outbreak alarms Germany as
young women sicken (BBC 25 May 2011)
Germany is alarmed at the scale of an E. coli food poisoning
outbreak which is thought to have killed three people and
may have infected hundreds more.
Salads suspected health conscious women.
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E. coli cucumber scare: Spain angry at German claims BBC 31
May 2011
Spain has expressed anger at links being
made between Spanish cucumbers and a
deadly E. coli outbreak.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-
13605910
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Reaction to the cucumber crisis
Country Action
Germany
Consumers told not to eat
cucumbers, lettuces and raw
tomatoes. 1,150 cases of E.coli
confirmed; 14 deaths
Sweden
One death and 36 suspected E.
coli infections, linked to travel
in northern Germany.
Spain
Top European cucumber
producer - threatens to seek
compensation from the
European Union for lost
vegetables sales
Russia
Ban on all imports of
cucumbers, tomatoes and
fresh salad from Spain and
Germany pending further
notice
Czech RepublicSome Spanish-grown
cucumbers removed from sale
FranceSome Spanish-grown
cucumbers removed from sale
Austria
Ban on sale of cucumbers,
tomatoes and aubergines
imported via Germany
BelgiumReported to have banned
cucumber imports from Spain
NetherlandsHalted all cucumber
shipments to Germany
Denmark Testing cucumbers for
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Bacteria-rich hailstones add to
'bioprecipitation' idea (BBC 25May 2011)
A study of hailstones has found large numbers of bacteria at
their cores.
The find lends credence to the "bio-precipitation" idea, which suggests
that bacteria are actively involved in stimulating precipitation.
The bacteria have protein coatings that cause water to freeze at relatively
warm temperatures.
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Bacteria 'linked' to Parkinson's disease
(BBC 22May 2011)
y The bacteria responsible for stomach ulcers have been linked
to Parkinson's disease, according to researchers in the US.
y Mice infected with Helicobacter pylori went onto develop Parkinson's like
symptoms.Parkinson's disease affects the brain and results in slow movements
and a tremor.
y The researchers believe the bacteria are producing chemicals which are
toxic to the brain.
yDr. Testerman said this new chemical was almost identical toone found in seeds from the cycad plant, which had been
shown to trigger a Parkinson's-like disease among people in
Guam.
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Salmonella
Foodborne Illness
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From CBS
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s7_QPeFY
Tx8&feature=fvsr
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Characteristics ofSalmonella
Gram negative
Rod shaped (bacillus)
Non-spore formingMotile (many flagella)
Enterobacteria (Live in the intestines of manyanimals)
Chemoorganotrophs
Salmonella infections are zoonotic
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella
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Gram Staining
y Laboratory staining protocol developed to help identify bacteria
y Two stains are used on heat-fixed (death by heat) smear of a bacterial culture
y Stain #1 is crystal violet which stains the bacterial cells purple
y Stain #2 is usually safrarin which stains the bacterial cells red or pink
y Gram + bacteria appear purple under microscope because they retain the crystalviolet dye in their cell walls
yGram- bacteria appear red or pink under the microscope because they do notretain the blue dye, but do retain the pink dye
y Does not work on all types of bacteria
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Gram Staining Video
BEST Gram Staining Video Ever!!!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CyyY8h1d
oJk
Second Best
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OQ6C-gj_UHM&feature=grec_index
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Under the Microscope
A Gram stain of mixed Staphylococcus aureus (Grampositive cocci) and Escherichia coli(Gram negative
bacilli)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_staining
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Salmonella and Disease
y The Salmonella family includes over 2,300 serotypesof bacteria which are one-celled organisms too small tobe seen without a microscope. Two types, Salmonellaenteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium are the mostcommon in the United States and account for half of allhuman infections. Strains that cause no symptoms inanimals can make people sick, and vice versa. If presentin food, it does not usually affect the taste, smell, or
appearance of the food. The bacteria live in theintestinal tracts of infected animals and humans.
y http://www.fsis.usda.gov/factsheets/salmonella_questions_&_answers/index.asp
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Salmonellosis
y Salmonellosis is an infection with bacteria calledSalmonella. Most persons infected with Salmonella developdiarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps 12 to 72 hours afterinfection. The illness usually lasts 4 to 7 days, and most
persons recover without treatment. However, in somepersons, the diarrhea may be so severe that the patientneeds to be hospitalized. In these patients, the Salmonellainfection may spread from the intestines to the bloodstream, and then to other body sites and can cause deathunless the person is treated promptly with antibiotics. The
elderly, infants, and those with impaired immune systemsare more likely to have a severe illness.
y http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/salmonellosis/
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Deaths
About 142,000 (reported) Americans areinfected each year with Salmonella enteritidisfrom chicken eggs, and about 30 die.[18] The shell
of the egg may be contaminated with salmonellaby feces or environment (common), or its interior(yolk) may be contaminated by penetration of thebacteria through the porous shell or from a hen
whose infected ovaries contaminate the eggduring egg formation (unlikely).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella
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FDA ties chicken feed to salmonella in
egg recall
WASHINGTON (Reuters) Bacteria found in
chicken feed used at two Iowa farms has been
linked to a salmonella outbreak that prompted
the recall of more than a half billion
contaminated eggs, U.S. regulators said on
Thursday.
By Alina Selyukh Alina Selyukh Thu Aug 26, 5:24 pm ET
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So what's happening to the recalled
eggs and the fresh ones?y Eggs from that massive salmonella outbreak could stillend up on a store shelf near you.
CBS News has learned that some of the recalled eggs
are being sent to egg processing facilities, along withfresh ones that infected hens are still producing.
The eggs will be cooked, pasteurized and used inproducts like ice cream and mayonnaise. The FDA says
it's legal and safety experts insist there's little risk toconsumers.
y http://ozarksfirst.com/fulltext?nxd_id=316835
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HPV carried in mouth linked to virulent cancers
Number of oropharyngeal cases steadily rising, study finds
The Washington Times Thursday, January 26, 2012
The new study finds that the most prevalent HPV strain found in peoples
mouths is HPV-16, a type that is particularly likely to cause cancers,Dr.Maura L.
Gillison and her colleagues said.
An estimated 2.13 million Americans have an oral HPV-16 infection, the authors
said in their study, published in the Jan. 26 issue of JAMAs Online First edition.
Men are almost three times as likely as women to have oral HPV, with 10.1 percent
of men and 3.6 percent of women testing positive for it.
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Discovery News
WedMar 3, 2010 03:44 AM ET
Researchers link flu outbreaks with low humidity levels of winter.
Winters in New York are four times less humid than in summer. In
Minnesota, humidity can drop five-fold.
Linking the flu to absolute humidity could help health workers prepare
for outbreaks.
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Video: UK Mad Cow Disease
From the Asian Discovery Channel
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bQk5UnW
gqUE
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In the News
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RUnoaSKn
HXY&feature=related
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Molecular Mechanism
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H2Ouxl_G
NjA&feature=related
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Videos: Red Tide
From theMoteMarine Laboratory, FL
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0LdLWPwdwVs
San Diego, CA
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&v=eFY7rbEOH-8&NR=1
Amazing blue glowing waves at La Jolla Shores beach caused by the red tide that hit San Diego onSeptember 29, 2011. The bright blue color is caused by bioluminescence from an algae bloom. Thealgae is red in the day, hence the name Red Tide, but glows a bright blue at night when agitated,such as when a wave breaks. It's a really awesome sight to see.... when people swim in the water,the entire water around them glows blue. Truly amazing!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&v=Py-J1ZazHDM&NR=1
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Cat parasite 'is killing otters'
BBC News website science reporter, St Louis 19 Feb 2006
Cat faeces carrying Toxoplasma parasites
wash into US waterways and then into the
sea where they can infect otters, causingbrain disease.
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Malaria deaths hugely underestimated - Lancet study
BBC 2 February 2012
The research, published in the British medical journal the Lancet,
suggests 1.24 million people died from the mosquito-borne disease in
2010.
This compares to a World Health Organization (WHO) estimate for 2010 of
655,000 deaths. But both the new study and the WHO indicate global death rates are now
falling.
The rise in malaria deaths up to 2004 is attributed to a growth in
populations at risk of malaria, while the decline since 2004 is attributed to
"a rapid scaling up of malaria control in Africa", supported by internationaldonors.
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A Sporozoan Causes BagdadBoils
Eck Family Institute
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T-mD7jzUklQ
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (also known as "Aleppo boil," "Baghdad boil," "Baysore," "Biskra button," "Chiclero ulcer," "Delhi boil," "Kandahar sore," "Lahore sore," "Leishmaniasis
tropica," "Oriental sore," "Pian bois," and "Uta"[1]:423) is the most common formofleishmaniasis. It is a skin infection caused by asingle-celled parasite that is transmitted by sandflybites. There are about 20 species ofLeishmania that
may cause cutaneous leishmaniasis.Leishmania currently affects 12 million people in 88
countries. Wkipedia
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Video: Euglena
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J3sgoy22Ij4
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Video: Diatoms
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gVI-
P0AWDd4&feature=results_main&playnext=1
&list=PL4333AE134CD94B3E
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Green Technology
From the History Channel
http://www.history.com/shows/modern-marvels/videos/green-
algae?cmpid=MRSS_Bing_HIS#green-algae