48
Projections and Coordinate Systems 1. Projections 2. Coordinate systems 3. Datums

Projections and Coordinate Systems

Embed Size (px)

DESCRIPTION

Projections and Coordinate Systems. Projections Coordinate systems Datums. Projections. The earth is a spheroid The best model of the earth is a globe. not easy to carry not good for making planimetric measurement (distance, area, angle). Maps are flat easy to carry - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Citation preview

Page 1: Projections and Coordinate Systems

Projections and Coordinate Systems

1. Projections2. Coordinate systems3. Datums

Page 2: Projections and Coordinate Systems

22

Page 3: Projections and Coordinate Systems

33

Projections

Page 4: Projections and Coordinate Systems

44

Page 5: Projections and Coordinate Systems

55

Page 6: Projections and Coordinate Systems

66

Page 7: Projections and Coordinate Systems

77

Page 8: Projections and Coordinate Systems

The earth is a spheroidThe best model of the earth is a globe

•not easy to carry•not good for making planimetric measurement(distance, area, angle)

Page 9: Projections and Coordinate Systems

Maps are flateasy to carrygood for measurementscaleable

Page 10: Projections and Coordinate Systems
Page 11: Projections and Coordinate Systems
Page 12: Projections and Coordinate Systems
Page 13: Projections and Coordinate Systems

A map projection is a method for mapping spatial patterns on a curved surface (the Earth’s surface) to a flat surface.

Page 14: Projections and Coordinate Systems

an imaginary light is “projected” onto a “developable surface” a variety of different projection models exist

Page 15: Projections and Coordinate Systems

secant cone

tangent cone

cone as developable surface

Page 16: Projections and Coordinate Systems

tangent cylinders

cylinder as developable surface

Page 17: Projections and Coordinate Systems

plane as developable surface

Page 18: Projections and Coordinate Systems
Page 19: Projections and Coordinate Systems

Map projections always introduce error and distortion

Page 20: Projections and Coordinate Systems

Map projections always introduce error and distortion

Page 21: Projections and Coordinate Systems

y)(x,y)(x, ff

input outputunprojected projectedangles (lat/long) Cartesian coordinates

Exactly what are map projections?

Sets of mathematical equations that convert coordinates from one system to another

Page 22: Projections and Coordinate Systems

How do projections work on a programmatic level?

o each set of "coordinates" is transformed using a specific projection equation from one system to another

o angular measurements can be converted to Cartesian coordinates

o one set of Cartesian coordinates can be converted to a different measurement framework

Projection, zone, datum (units) X Y

geographic, NAD27 (decimal degrees)

-122.35° 47.62°

UTM, Zone 10, NAD27 (meters) 548843.5049 5274052.0957

State Plane, WA-N, NAD83 (feet) 1266092.5471

229783.3093

Page 23: Projections and Coordinate Systems

How does ArcGIS handle map projections in data frames?

o Project data frames to see or measure features under different projection parameters

o Applying a projection on a data frame projects data “on the fly.”

o ArcGIS’s data frame projection equations can handle any input projection.

o However, sometimes on-the-fly projected data do not properly overlap.

Page 24: Projections and Coordinate Systems

How does ArcGIS handle map projections for data?

Projecting data creates a new data set on the file system

Data can be projected so that incompatibly projected data sets can be made to match.

ArcGIS’s projection engine can go in and out of a large number of different projections, coordinate systems, and datums.

Page 25: Projections and Coordinate Systems

2525

Page 26: Projections and Coordinate Systems

Cassini projection of the world

2626

Page 27: Projections and Coordinate Systems

Coordinate Systems

Page 28: Projections and Coordinate Systems

2828

Page 29: Projections and Coordinate Systems

2929

Page 30: Projections and Coordinate Systems

3030

Page 31: Projections and Coordinate Systems

3131

Page 32: Projections and Coordinate Systems

3232

Page 33: Projections and Coordinate Systems

Cartesian CoordinatesCartesian Coordinates

3333

Page 34: Projections and Coordinate Systems

Coordinates

Features on spherical surfaces are not easy to measure

Features on planes are easy to measure and calculate

distance angle area

Coordinate systems provide a measurement framework

Page 35: Projections and Coordinate Systems

Coordinates

Lat/long system measures angles on spherical surfaces

60º east of PM55º north of equator

Page 36: Projections and Coordinate Systems

Lat/long values are NOT Cartesian (X, Y) coordinates

constant angular deviations do not have constant distance deviations

1° of longitude at the equator 1° of longitude near the poles

Page 37: Projections and Coordinate Systems

Coordinate systems

Example of coordinate/projection systems

Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)

Page 38: Projections and Coordinate Systems

Coordinate systems

Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)

Based on the Transverse Mercator projection

60 zones (each 6° wide)

false eastings

Y-0 set at south pole or equator

Page 39: Projections and Coordinate Systems

Coordinate systems

Every place on earth falls in a particular zone

Page 40: Projections and Coordinate Systems

Datums

Page 41: Projections and Coordinate Systems

Datums

A system that allows us to place a coordinate system on the earth’s surface

Initial point

Secondary point

Model of the earth

Known geoidal separation at the initial point

Page 42: Projections and Coordinate Systems

Datums

Examples of used datums

NAD83 North American Datum World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS84)

Page 43: Projections and Coordinate Systems

  geodetic datumالمسند الجيوديسي

 المساحةهو المرجUع الUذي اشUتقت منUه أنUواع القياسUات. ففي علمي  هUUUUوU المس!!!ن!د! الجيوديس!!!ي!، فإن(األرض قياسات) والجيوديسيا

مجموعUة مUن اUلنقUاط اUلمرجعيUة عUلى سUطح األرض توضUعU في مقابلهUا ا UنمUوذج متصUل UلشUكل األرض ( �Uأيًض (UالبUالغU) ع، وفيUموضUات الUقياس

نظام اإلحداثيات الجغرافية)U لتحديUدU مجسم القطع الناقص المرجعيسUنUاUد األفUقيUةU لUوصUف نUقطUة علىU سUطح  Uاإل UعUجUاUخدم مرUتUتسUاألرض. و ،

U ا �Uللعرض الجغرافيوفقU ر. والطول الجغرافيUاثي آخUدUام إحUنظU Uو أيUأ رتفاعUات أو األعمUاق. Uودي تقيس االUد العمUناUاإلس UعUمراجU في حين أن

U ن ووالرسم التخطيطي الهندسة التطبيقيةوفيUوUUUUUUمرج!!!!!ع ، يك هUو نقUطUة مرجUعيUة أUو سUطح أو محUور، لهUدف يتم إجUراء اإلس!ناد!

القUيUاسات UفUي مقUابUله.

4343

Page 44: Projections and Coordinate Systems

نقاط اإلسناد المرجعيه

طحUUة على سUUة وثابتUUاط معروفUUة هي نقUUناد المرجعيUUاط اإلسUUنقرض تسUUتخUدم لوUصUUف مUوقUUع UنقUUاط غUUيرU معروفUUة على األرUض. UاألU ارUف أقطUاUا أنصUون لهUكUد يUق UةUرجعيUالم UنادUاط اإلسUا ألن نق ونUظUر�

ونقUاطU مركUزيUة مخUتلفUة، UفUإن نقطUة معينUة علىU سUطح UاألرUض يكUون ا لنUقطUةU اإلسUناد اUلUمسUتخدمةU في �Uك وفقUلUة وذUتلفUت مخUاUاثيUدUحUا إUلهسUنادU اUلUمرUجعيUة UإلUاU اطUقUمن نU تUاUلمئUد اUتوجU ذاUلهUياس. وUالق UءUاUرUإجU UةUUرجعيUمU UةUUلنقط Uا �UUقUا وفUدهUUديUتح UتمUي يUتUUلUوا U،ل األرضUوUUح UةUUليUالمح

ئمUة. وUتهUدUف نقUاطU UاإلسUنUادU الUمUعاصUرة،U UوالUتي تعUتUمUد بشUكل Uمال UةUيUمحلرUض، إUلىU تغطUيUة منUاUطUق UألUل اUكUلشU ةUدقيقUال UاتUسUاUيUالق UلىUع UدUيUاUزUمتأكUبرU. وUتUعUد أكUثUرU نقUاUط UاإلسUنادU اUلUمUرجعيUةU شUيوUع�Uا Uفي UاالسUتخدام في 

.WGS84و،NAD83و، NAD27 هيU أمريكا الشمالية

4444

Page 45: Projections and Coordinate Systems

4545

Matching Matching DatumsDatums

Revenge of Revenge of the the ShiftShift

I use GPS for all my mapping. I’m using NAD83(1986)

I’m using WGS84

4.3 ft

Page 46: Projections and Coordinate Systems

WGS 84WGS 84 إنه اإلطار المرجعي الذي 1984هو النظام الجيوديسي العالمي لعام .

والذي حددته الوكالة الوطنية لالستخبارات ) DoDتستخدمه وزارة الدفاع األمريكية (وكالة رسم الخرائط الدفاعية سابق�ا، ثم الوكالة الوطنية ) (NGAاألرضية الفًضائية (

في جميع WGS 84للصور ورسم الخرائط). وتستخدم وزارة الدفاع األمريكية نظام أغراض رسم الخرائط، والمخططات، والمساحة، والمالحة، بما في ذلك مدارات

البثي" و"الدقيق".  "GPSالنظام العالمي لتحديد المواقع 

وال يستخدم اليوم أي نظام مرجعي عالمي سوى نظام اإلسنادWGS84 ، والمطابق�ا لنظام اإلسناد هو نظام WGS84في أمريكا الشمالية. كما أن نظام NAD83تقريب

الترفيهية GPSاإلسناد القياسي االفتراضي لإلحداثيات المخزنة في وحدات والتجارية

4646

Page 47: Projections and Coordinate Systems

Projecting spatial data sets

UTM 36

UTM 34

Lake Victoria is not in central Africa

Used for going between projectionsSource data sources may not be compatible

Page 48: Projections and Coordinate Systems

Projecting spatial data sets

Used for going between projections• Data sets are now compatible

Lake Victoria really is in east Africa

both arenow UTM 34