project work rough II

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CHAPTER 1:INTRODUCTION


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HISTORY OF PAPER INDUSTRY IN INDIA:::

Paper industry in India is the 15th largest paper industry in the

world. It provides employment to nearly 1.5 million people and

contributes Rs 25 billion to the government's kitty. The government

regards the paper industry as one of the 35 high priority industries

of the country.

Paper industry is primarily dependent upon forest-based raw

materials. The first paper mill in India was set up at Sreerampur,

West Bengal, in the year 1812. It was based on grasses and jute asraw material. Large scale mechanized technology of papermaking

was introduced in India in early 1905. Since then the raw material

for the paper industry underwent a number of changes and over a

period of time, besides wood and bamboo, other non-conventional

raw materials have been developed for use in the papermaking. The

Indian pulp and paper industry at present is very well developed and

established. Now, the paper industry is categorized as forest-based,

agro-based and others (waste paper, secondary fibre, bast fibers

and market pulp).

In 1951, there were 17 paper mills, and today there are about 515

units engaged in the manufacture of paper and paperboards and

newsprint in India. The pulp & paper industries in India have been

categorized into large-scale and small-scale. Those paper

industries, which have capacity above 24,000 tonnes per annum are

designated as large-scale paper industries. India is self-sufficient in

manufacture of most varieties of paper and paperboards. Import is

confined only to certain specialty papers. To meet part of its raw

material needs the industry has to rely on imported wood pulp and

waste paper.


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Indian paper industry has been de-licensed under the Industries

(Development & Regulation) Act, 1951 with effect from 17th July,

1997. The interested entrepreneurs are now required to file an

Industrial Entrepreneurs' Memorandum (IEM) with the Secretariat

for Industrial Assistance (SIA) for setting up a new paper unit orsubstantial expansion of the existing unit in permissible locations.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) up to 100% is allowed on automatic

route on all activities except those requiring industrial licenses

where prior governmental approval is required.

Growth of paper industry in India has been constrained due to high

cost of production caused by inadequate availability and high cost

of raw materials, power cost and concentration of mills in one

particular area. Government has taken several policy measures to

remove the bottlenecks of availability of raw materials and

infrastructure development. For example, to overcome short supply

of raw materials, duty on pulp and waste paper and wood logs/chips

has been reduced.

Following measures need to be taken to make Indian paper industry

more competitive:

Improvements of key ports, roads and railways and communication

facilities.

Revision of forest policy is required for wood based paper industry

so that plantation can be raised by industry, cooperatives of

farmers, and state government. Degraded forest land should be

made available to the industry for raising plantations.

Import duty on waste paper should be reduced.

Duty free imports of new & second hand machinery/equipment

should be allowed for technology up gradation.


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Outlook

Outlook for paper industry in India looks extremely positive as the

demand for upstream market of paper products, like, tissue paper,

tea bags, filter paper, light weight online coated paper, medical

grade coated paper, etc., is growing up.

WORLD HISTORY OF PAPER INDUSTRY::::

As early as the second century,the chiness knew the art of paper

making.The muslim learned it from the chinese in the eight

century,made improvement and developed paper making from an art

into an industry.

The worlds first paper mill was thus established in Samarqand

in751.The paper mill was water-powered and linen or flax was used

as raw material.Trip Hammers,powered by water wheels,were used

to pound the raw material. Soon after the establishment of the

paper mill in Samarquad in Baghdad during the eight century due to

the high demand of books. From there,paper mills began being

established in other parts of the world.Europe had its first paper mill

established in Italy in 1261.Paper thus started replacing the costly

parchmeny,papyrus and wood that were earlier being used for

writing.

GROWTH :::

The increasing demand for paper brings with it new challenges of

economies of scale, efficient usage of resources, need to develop

and expand sustainable use of fibre, and value chain management,

etc. Despite the fact that the Indian Paper Industry holds its

importance to the national economy, unfortunately it stands

fragmented.


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Paper sector is dominated by small and medium size units; number

of mills of capacity 50000 tons per annum or more is not more than

25. Less than half a dozen mills account for almost 90% production

of newsprint in the country. There is a growing need to modernize

the Indian mills, improve productivity and build new capacities.

The organic growth at burscough paper factory::

THE rising cost of its raw materials caused corrugated cardboard

box manufacturer TRM Packaging to endure paper-thin marginswhile enjoying strong organic sales growth.

The firm, which employs 230 people at its Burscough factory, uses

40,000 tonnes of paper a year producing more than 600,000 boxes

every day for the giants of the food sector.

Paper prices rose 60% during its financial year, to August, 2010, and

the company was unable to recover the full impact of the increases

from customers.

However, it is working with its customers to restore margins

through supply chain initiatives and higher box prices in the first

half of 2011.

It also believes that the improvement in the value of sterling should

make the UK more attractive to overseas suppliers, which will help

to stabilise prices.

Sales rose 12% to 27.6m and it is looking to grow its turnover by

up to 50% in the next three years although its pre-tax profits fell70% to 141,000.

Managing director Trevor Maund, who bought the company in 2001,

remains committed to a strategy of investing while the economy

remains difficult so that it has the capacity to grow when the upturn

comes.


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For many centuries the traditional source of cellulose fibre for paper

manufacture had been cotton and linen rags. The full potential of a

Canadian pulp and paper industry based on a vast forest resource

began to be realized only after the discovery of how to make paper

from wood (around 1840). Alexander Buntin is credited with

inaugurating Canada's groundwood mill at Valleyfield, Qubec (now

Salaberry-de-Valleyfield). Groundwood, prepared by grinding the

wood, is used primarily for inexpensive papers, such as newspaper.

The exact date for Buntin's mill is not known, but he had 2 grinders

imported from Germany in operation by 1869.

The first chemical wood-pulp mill in North America was built by

Angus & Logan at Windsor Mills, Qubec, in 1864. It was erected

under the supervision of John Thomson, a Scot who had conducted

experiments in Saint John, New Brunswick. Chemical pulp is

prepared from wood chips boiled under pressure with chemicals -

Thomson used soda - to leave mostly cellulose fibre. The wood pulp

is washed, bleached, blended and then poured over a wire screen,

leaving a fine layer of fibre. Wood pulp then gradually displaced rag

pulp for most uses, and the era of modern papermaking began.

Two developments, both occurring within a relatively short period,

moved Canada onto the world papermaking stage. The first, in the

1890s and early 1900s, was the prohibition of exports of pulpwood

from crown lands, applied by provincial governments.

The second was the removal of the US tariff on newsprint in 1913.

These actions stimulated large investments in Canadian pulp and

papermaking for foreign markets and set the industry on the course

it has followed ever since. By the end of WWI, Canada had already

become the world's largest exporter of pulp and paper.

Each subsequent decade of the industry's history has had its

particular flavour. Rapid growth took place in the 1920s, especially

in northwestern Ontario and the St-Maurice Valley, Ottawa Valley

and Lac Saint-Jean regions of Qubec. Mills were sited in northernlocations that offered hydroelectric power potential as well as

spruce stands. Establishment of a mill frequently necessitated

development of a townsite such as KENORA, Ontario (see

RESOURCE TOWNS). Expansion was followed by the worldwide

depression of the 1930s, when some companies went bankrupt and

most others were in very serious financial straits.


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WWII brought a return to higher levels of activity and even some

expansion as European wood-pulp supplies that had formerly served

the US market became unavailable. The postwar economic boom

arrived in the late 1940s, continuing almost uninterrupted through

to the late 1950s. Pulp and paper companies, by now fully restored

to financial health, refurbished their manufacturing operations,

steadily raised shipments and exports and, for a number of years,

ran at maximum capacity.

With the 1960s came the greatest surge of expansion in the industry

since the 1920s. It occurred everywhere, but the pacesetter was

BC. Canadian and foreign interests, spurred by provincial

governments eager for new industrial investment, scrambled to

participate as large areas of public forestland were made available.

Sixteen new mills opened between 1965 and 1970, mostly for the

production of bleached kraft pulp for world markets.

The 1970s were a turbulent period for the industry, marked by

greatly intensified competition in international markets, periods of

worldwide overcapacity, a deep recession in mid-decade, large

changes in currency exchange rates, rapidly rising inflation

throughout the industrial world and a decline in the competitiveness

of the Canadian economy as a whole.

Nevertheless, as the decade ended, devaluation of the Canadian

dollar had helped restore the competitive strength of the pulp andpaper industry, and large programs of mill modernization were under

way in every region.

The early 1980s brought other abrupt changes: a deep recession

and sharp cutbacks in pulp and paper production. This was followed

by economic recovery, a sustained period of moderate growth in

major markets in the middle and later years of the decade, and the

prospect of substantial future growth in worldwide use of pulp and

paper. This prospect was accompanied by the knowledge that the

Canadian industry would continue to face intense competition in allits traditional markets.

In quantity, Canada's pulp and paper shipments now total about 23

million t: about 40% is newsprint, of which Canada has been the

world's largest producer for over 50 years; about 37% is wood pulp,

for further processing into paper and paperboard; 23% is a wide


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variety of packaging papers and boards, book and writing papers,

tissue and sanitary papers and building papers and boards.

Some 79% of Canadian production is exported; 21% is used in

Canada. The largest export market has for many years been the US,

which now absorbs about 52%. Western Europe takes about 12%;Japan some 5%; all other world markets together about 10%. Nearly

87% of exports consists of newsprint and wood pulp, which have

entered the major world markets duty free for many years.

Historically, other papers and paperboards have encountered tariffs

around the world and, partly for this reason, have been

manufactured largely for use within Canada. Although this situation

is now changing, as a result of successive rounds of multilateral

tariff reductions negotiated through the GATT, newsprint and wood

pulp remain the export staples of the Canadian industry, withvarious grades of printing papers other than newsprint increasing

rapidly.

The pulp and paper industry uses about 90 million m3 of wood

annually: over 90% is SPRUCE, FIR, PINE and other softwoods; the

balance is hardwoods. Over the past 20 years the most significant

development in the industry's fibre requirements has been the

tremendous increase in the use of wood chips, reject lumber and

other wood residues from sawmills.

Such residues now account for more than half of all wood used in

Canadian pulp and paper mills, as compared with around 10% in the

early 1960s. This development has meant a more efficient use of the

forest resource and has stimulated greater integration of pulp and

paper and lumber manufacture.

Qubec accounts for the largest share of total production, about

35%; Ontario about 25%; BC about 22%; and the Atlantic and Prairie

provinces together have some 18%. Most mills are located in

communities near the forests from which they draw their chief raw

material; some that purchase pulp for conversion into finished

products or use mostly wastepaper have been built in the large

metropolitan areas.

About 70% of Canada's pulp and paper is manufactured by

companies that are controlled in Canada; some 23% comes from

companies controlled in the US; and 7%, from companies controlled


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elsewhere. Canadian ownership is largely via the private sector.

There has been some public-sector ownership by provincial

governments or their agencies in Qubec, Manitoba and

Saskatchewan, but this amount represents only some 10-15% of the

industry's total manufacturing capacity.

The major Canadian companies are ABITIBI CONSOLIDATED, British

Columbia Forest Products Ltd, Canadian Forest Products Ltd, CIP

Inc, Consolidated-Bathurst Inc, DOMTAR Pulp & Paper Products

Group, Great Lakes Forest Products Ltd, Kruger Inc, MACMILLAN

BLOEDEL LTD and Repap Enterprises Inc.

The pulp and paper industries of Canada and the other large

producing regions of the world (eg, the US, Europe, Japan) have

traditionally shared information on technological development.

Hence, the major advances in wood harvesting, pulping andpapermaking during the 20th century have tended to result from

research work in several countries.

Canada has participated fully in these developments and has had a

very important role in some of them, such as the chemical-recovery

system used in alkaline pulping, which stimulated the growth of the

kraft pulp industry all over the world; improved pulp-bleaching

techniques, which opened new markets for many papers and

paperboards; and twin-wire forming, one of the most significant

developments in the papermaking process since the invention of theFourdrinier machine in the first decade of the 19th century (see

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING).

Scientific research is carried out by a number of Canadian pulp and

paper manufacturers and the industry also carries on co-operative

research through the Pulp and Paper Research Institute of Canada

and the Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, both

situated in Pointe-Claire, Qubec. The industry makes large capital

expenditures on air and water POLLUTION abatement; in recent

years, $100-150 million annually. Mill effluent losses have beenreduced substantially: suspended solids per tonne of production

have dropped by 90%; biochemical oxygen demand, by 72%.


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History of handmade paper industry in India.

The history of handmade paper in India dates back to the 3rd

century BC. Making handmade paper is a traditional art that has

been practiced by a particular class of people for generations

together. This art has been passed on from one generation of

craftsmen to another. These craftsmen are known as "Kagzi's".

Their name is derived from the Urdu word 'kavas', which means

paper. The size of this community has dwindled over the years.

There is a small settlement of 'Kagzi's' in Sanganer near Jaipur,

where a section of this community settled thousands of years ago.

They claim that they are originally from Turkey and from there

moved to China and then finally settled in India.

In Sanganer the 'Kagzi' community is the primary owner of thehandmade paper industry in the town. Their history goes back to the

14th century when the ruler was Feroze Shah Tughlaq. Even in

those days the royalty used handmade paper made by them for

official documents, miniature paintings, calligraphy, and to make

copies of the Holy Quran and to maintain account books. In the 16th

century the then ruler of Amber, Raja Man Singh brought the Kagzis

to Sanganer and settled them on the bank of the river Saraswati,

where clean water was easily available. Thus the town emerged as

one of the biggest paper producing centers in north India.

It is claimed that paper production in this village reached its zenith

during the Mughal period. Under the British handmade paper

received a serious setback as the British encouraged the import of

mill-made paper from the Western countries. By the 1930s there

were only a handful of people from this community practicing their

traditional trade. At this point Mahatma Gandhi provided them with

the much-needed support by buying handmade paper in bulk for his

Ashram and other associates. After independence, the Khadi and

Village Industries Commission (KVIC) included handmade paper in

the list of crafts to be promoted. Over the years the handmade

paper industry has grown slowly but steadily and is today a major

player in the world market, exporting a major portion of its

production.


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World history:

Handmade Paper Mill Velke Losiny, established prior to 1596, is one

of the oldest paper manufacturing operations in Europe. At the Mill,

paper is made by hand using original formulas and processes that

have come down through the centuries. During its long history, the

Mill has become the world wide known over for high-quality

craftsmanship, and its products received international awards and

recognition at many trade shows.

The Handmade Paper Mill offers its customers handmade paper both

in sheets and in the form of final handmade products which can be

used as gifts or in promotions.

Products from Velke Losiny are exported to customers in Europe

and United States.

A Paper Museum is housed at the Mill, where visitors can acquaint

themselves with the history and development of papermaking. The

Museum is one of its kinds in the Czech Republic. Also on the Mill

grounds, there is a company store and a gallery of works of artists

that use Velke Losiny handmade papers as medium.

History of Handmade Paper Mill in dates

the most important events

y 1562 establishing of paper mill in Sumperk by JanBauernsfiedn, papermaker from Olomouc

y 1589 Jan junior of Zerotin completed the construction of hisnew residence Late renaissance castle in Velk Losiny;

beginning of economical development of the demesne

brewery, sawmills, flour mills, manors, forestry, spa sulphur

baths in Velke Losiny

y 1591 last mention in archive on seigniorial flour mill on millrace connecting the rivers Desna and Losinka

y 15911596 conversion of flour mill on the race to a seigniorialhandmade paper mill


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y 1596 the oldest so far known watermark from Velke Losiny inthe form of Zerotns' lion the first indirect document

on the existence of handmade paper manufacture in Velke

Losiny

y 1598 the second and the third oldest watermark from VelkeLosiny with heraldic motif of the Zerotins and with initials

J S Z Z Jan senior of Zerotn (+1608)

y 1603 the oldest written mention on operating handmade papermill lords of the manor sell the manufacture to paper master

Ondrej Kluge for 150 thalers and annual rent

y 1673 by means of the marriage with Barbora Schnellerova,widow of papermaker, Krystof Gttlicher becomes an owner

and paper master in Handmade paper mill Velke Losiny

y 1679 papermakers wife Barbora Gttlicherov was accusedof sorcery and burned on 5.9.1680 as one of the first victimsof inquisitional processes in Velke Losiny (1678 1693)

y 1692 papermaker Daniel Bittner sells dilapidated and indebtedplant back to the lords of Zerotin manor for 780 florins

y 1704 seigniorial administration invests into the repairs ofpaper crushing mills, new slushing vat is acquired, masonry

well, paving and new windows, new iron glazing hammer

was purchased for paper glazing with plate weighing

90 pounds (approx. 45 kg)

y 1729 reconstruction of substantial part of the handmade papermill at the costs of 241 florins; in addition to reconstructionof buildings, the Zerotns also purchase a new revolutionary

invention wooden Hollander beater for the preparation

of paper pulp; the oldest document on the existence of such

an equipment in paper mills in Moravia

y 1750 the handmade paper mill, with its annual revenues in theamount of 200 florins belongs among the most profitable

seigniorial businesses within the demesne

y 1778 count Jan Ludvk of Zerotn again sells the handmadepaper mill for 400 florins and 230 florins of annual

rent to its former renter Matyas Werner jr.; inventory

of the paper mill includes 1 beater, 1 rag chopper and 2

slushing vats

y 1795 short period of flowering of paper mill, terminated by thedeath of papermaker Werner, widow Anna Wernerova takes

over the plant administration together with her journeymen


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y 1825 the construction of late Baroque main building for papermill with Classicist frontage and typical mansard roof;

incorrectly estimated amount of building expenses

represented one of the reasons for collapse of the company

y 1830 papermaker Frantisek Sterz, because of bad economicsituation sells the indebted plant within bankruptcy

proceedings to his biggest creditors to Schmidt family, linen

producer in Stity

y 1840 3 beaters and 3 slushing vats are in operation in thepaper mill, 14 employees work here, annual production

amounts only to 1500 reams of office and concept papers

the reason for such dismal condition is formed by beginning

production and sales crisis caused by increasing competition

of industrial paper-making;

In addition to paper-making, the papermaker Philip Wenzel

establishes also linen bleachery in the building of paper mill and

finishing workshops in operation up to 1910

y 1860 the company Ant.J.Schmidt s Shne Leinen undBaumwollewaren Erzeugung in Gross Ullersdorf

(The sons of

A. Schmidt production of linen and cotton goods in Velke

Losiny) was established; the enterprise concentrates above

all on the production and processing of linen, processing

of textile goods; limited production of handmade paper servesas a package material for textile products

y 1881 discovery of excellent filtration properties of unsizedpaper from Velke Losiny impulse for the revival

of production; filtration paper awarded by golden medal

of the first international pharmaceutical exhibition

in Australian Melbourne

y 1882 in order to extend the paper production, new branchestablished in adjacent Vernirovice with 2 slushing vats;

altogether 5 slushing vats are in operation in paper mill

y 1896 modernization of technological procedures in paperproduction construction of boiler room with steam boiler,

boiling of rags with lime or soda in rotating boiler heated

by steam introduced

y 1913 installation of Francis water turbine (42 Hp) withelectrical generator 50kW on the flume of paper mill


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y 1945 after the end of World War II, whole property of thecompany Ant.J.Schmidt s Shne manual production

of paper, mechanical weaving mill, husbandry and power plant

was confiscated in full extent according to presidential

decree; national administration was established

y 1949 Handmade paper mill in Velk Losiny becomes a part ofstate enterprise Olsanske paprny with the seat in Olsany

nearby Sumperk

y 1954 unprofitable production of handmade made paper givesrise to considerations about stopping its production;

employees of paper mill and outstanding Czech artists fight

for the rescue of the monument and preservation of production

y 1960 25 employees work in the paper mill with two-shiftoperation; annual production amounts to 92 tons of filtration

brewing matter and 10 tons of handmade papery 1962 production of paper from old rags (sorting, cleaning,

cutting, boiling and bleaching) replaced by the processing

of cotton waste from spinning factories (cotton linters)

and flax rag pulp

y 1974 the precinct of Handmade paper mill was registered intothe state list of immovable cultural monuments thanks

to its rare cultural and technical value ; design

work commenced for general reconstruction being prepared

y 1975 commencement of extensive reconstruction of buildingswithin the paper mill

y 1983 study for overall reconstruction of the precinctof handmade paper mill with budget in the amount

of CZK 22 mil.

y 1987 establishment of exhibitions on the history of paperproduction and establishment of Museum of Paper

in the precinct of the paper mill; the object of cultural

and technical monument opened to public

y 1993 privatization of Hand paper mill by company LEVIA,s.r.o.

y 1996 abortive attempt to privatize the plant terminated by thereturn of handmade paper mill into organizational structure

of paper-making company Olsanske papirny, a.s.;

y 1996 400th anniversary of duration continuous production ofhandmade paper in Velke Losiny on the occasion

of important jubilee, further extensive phase of reconstruction

was completed (reconstruction of facades on main object


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of the paper mill, establishment of Gallery at the Museum

of Paper, exterior modification of the entrance to the precinct

of the cultural monument)

y 1997 flood in July affected water supply system of the papermill dam on river Desna was destroyed and technical system

for supplying the mill flume with water was damaged

y 1999 existing production of manually made papers isgradually extended with the assortment of products

with polygraphic processing

y 2002 government of Czech Republic declares the handmadepaper mill to be a National Cultural Monument; further phase

of demanding reconstruction of production buildings at total

costs of CZK 7.2 mil. (repairs of shingle roofs, rehabilitation

of masonry and repairs of floors, general overhaul of central

heating, reconstruction of facades)y 2003 overall reconstruction of boiler house, rehabilitation of

masonry and the conservation of original steam boiler

of Fairbanks type of 1896

y 2004 repairs of roof and chimneys on main building of thepaper mill, commencement of the reconstruction of building

for storage and visitors services in entrance part of the paper

mill precinct repair of roof frame and replacement of shingle

covering; modernization of printing office enlargement

with offset print technology;

y 2005 overall reconstruction of roof frame and renewalof shingle covering on the building of museum gallery; planned

extension of exhibition areas with newly accessible second

and third above-ground storey.

y 2006 operation of handmade paper mill is taken over byindependent joint-stock company Rucni papirna Velke Losiny

a.s.

y 2006 a new retail shop opened in gallery building and newexhibition space in reconstructed loft storeys + simultaneously

also new stylish restaurant LOSIN was opened for visitors

of the precinct, as a result of renovation of originally industrial

building in entrance part of the paper mill precinct

y 2007 the second visit route offered to public in tourist season(July September) providing the possibility to visit further

technical curiosities of paper manufacture.


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Growth; India

y In a first-of-its-kind eco-friendly initiative in Eastern India torevive one of the numerous desi industries nurtured by

Mahatma Gandhi, the pioneering LB Group of Industries

recently launched a Handmade Paper Project through its SBU

LB Agro Private Limited. Located in the Koraibari area of

Guwahati, the project was inaugurated by respected Gandhian

and eminent social activist Natwar Thakkar, and the same is

expected to open up scores of employment avenues for the

youth of the region. The state-of-the-art handmade paper unit

is the first of its kind initiative in the entire eastern province of

the country.

y In todays age when issues like climate change and globalwarming have become a cause for concern across the world,the opening of an eco-friendly handmade paper project in the

Northeast is a significant development in itself. Handmade

paper is one of the few Swadeshi industries that were nurtured

during Indias Freedom Movement under the leadership of

Gandhiji. and later Kumarappaji. It was Kumarappaji who was

instrumental in organizing this traditional paper making

practice into the form of an industry. With technological up-

gradation and more widespread utilization of handmade paper,

this industry has come a long way since those early days, and

India today is one of the leading handmade paper suppliersand manufacturers in the world. A major reason for this

stupendous growth is the financial and technological

assistance extended to this industry by the Khadi & Village

Industries Commission (KVIC) due to which the industry,

during the last four decades, has not only survived but also

made its impact felt in other developed countries by exporting

quality paper.

y Because of its environment friendly manufacturing processand products, the handmade paper industry is termed as

emerging in the Indian context, with its present growth rate

being labelled at 10 per cent in the domestic market and at 25

per cent in the export market. Experts, however, feel that the

scope of this industry is immense as utilization of paper is only

bound to increase in the country. A source in the Indian Pulp

and Paper Technical Association (IPPTA), which is a national-

level association of professionals engaged in the pulp,


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newsprint and allied paper industry of India, said, Our

countrys per capita consumption of paper, which is an index

of the educational and socio-economic development of a

country, is only around 4 Kg only in India as compared to a

world average of 45 Kg. With the growth of literacy and

development, the per capita consumption of paper is bound to

increase, at least in India.

y Contrary to popular belief, production of handmade paper isbased on the use of non-forest-based resources and recycling

techniques. The potential of a handmade paper project is

immense in the Northeast, primarily because of the availability

of a variety of fibres that is rich in cellulose (the main

ingredient required in the production of paper). As

Bijaylakshmi Borpujari, a graduate in environmental studies,

says, Besides checking the onset of global warming and thegreenhouse effect, the production and utilization of handmade

paper will also help in stopping deforestation and checking our

forest resources.

y The Key features of Handmade Paper Project are:y 1. It is a prominent industry based on decentralised production

and environment friendly technology.

2. Prevents deforestation by utilising non-woody raw

materials.

3. Converts waste into wealth by recycling.

4. It is the solution to the problem of energy and pollution.5. The durability of paper is long, compared to machine-made

paper.

6. Increasing domestic consumption and bright export

potential.

y The initiative of LB Group to start its handmade paper factoryis another instance of its attempts at business with a

conscience. A pioneering business house that has

consistently promoted excellence and best in-class

performance, the group has opened up countless employment

avenues for scores of unemployed people of the Northeast.

Talking to Bazaar View, founder chairman of LB group Dipok

Borthakur said that their recent inaugurated factory is an

extension of their commitment to the local community, Assam

and Northeast. We had made a commitment to share our

achievements in everything that we do with the local

community and people of the Northeast. Our project is aimed


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at promoting sustainable industrial growth of non-polluting

agenda and is a step forward in the Green agenda of the

Government. The factory is based on the idea of promoting an

environment-friendly industry. Our papers, which are prepared

in an environment-friendly way, are acid and lignin free. We are

firm believers in responsible trade practices; we offer a wide

range of handmade paper and paper products that are of

superior quality and are 100% wood free.

y The LB group opened a new era in entrepreneurship andbusiness in Assam and the Northeast when it started its

journey in 1969 under the leadership of Dipok Borthakur. The

group has today emerged as a frontrunner in the pharma-

distribution network of the Northeast region; also harbouring

plans to venturing into the healthcare manufacturing sector by

2011. The group is much respected for its continuouscommitment for the unemployed people of the region. As

Borthakur said, The work environment in our factories are

comfortable and our craft workers are paid well above the

local average; thus motivating them to perform better. With

this new handmade paper unit, we hope to provide a bigger

avenue of employment for the local community.

Growth: world

The export of handmade paper and paper products from the last two

year was estimated for around fifty crores and this year the

approximate growth was estimated to be 20% more and in the

coming years it is said to be growing in many folds or multiples. The

eco-friendly quality and long shelf life of the handmade paper

fetches a high premium in the international market. Exports from

Sanganer alone accounts for nearly 70 percent of the total

handmade paper exports from India. The paper and allied products

are sold in the US, Australia, Japan, Britain and South Africa.

Besides paper sheets, items like paper bags, sacks, gift wrappers,

art books, photo albums, diaries gift boxes and photo frames find

ready buyers abroad. The international demand for handmade paper

and its value-added products are increasing at an approximate rate

of 30-35 percent a year, which is phenomenal compared to five-

seven percent a decade back. The industry, however, has

weaknesses in terms of market concentration to a few countries

and lack of technology for product conversion resulting into low


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production capacity. Other than this other threat that would have to

be overcome would be the competition being posed by more

pioneering countries like China. But it is said that like any other

commodity, handmade paper too goes through a cyclical trend

depending upon the demand-supply scene in the international

markets. Even the prices in the domestic market are inextricably

linked with the paper price movements internationally. But the

growing preference for environment-friendly products worldwide

and increasing demand for handmade paper products have

eradicated the limitations of the handmade paper industry and once

again it has emerged as one of the market leaders. In the era of

globalization, handmade paper is one of the prime sectors, which

has a major say.

Prospect: india

The demand of page and board in India will certainly continue to

grow as the countrys economy developes over the coming decades.

Per capital consumption is expected to rise from the present 2.5 kg

to 4kg. This figure is still rather low compared with consumption per

capital in many industrialized countries.Total production of paper

and board in India is predicted to rise in the next six years from 2.2

million to 4 million tonnes.

Handmade paper units on the other hand, are mainly contrained

only by limited demand.In a world where the emphasis is clearlyshifted to environment friendly products and production systems,the

large untaped potential of the handmade paper industry cannot be

ignored.For a developing country like India, faced with increasing

shortages of natural raw materials,energy sources and capital, the

development of this industry offers considerable potential to meet

development objectives and respond to demand for both domestic

and export products.


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CHAPTER 2 :RESEARCH

DESIGN


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Sampling unit:

This is that element or set of elements considered for selection in

some stage of sampling (same as the elements, in a simple single-

stage sample). In a multi-stage sample, the sampling unit could be

blocks, households, and individuals within the households

A sampling unit is one of the units into which an aggregate is

divided for the purpose of sampling, each unit being regarded as

individual and indivisible when the selection is made.

Objective of the study

An instrument for increasing the efficiency of enterprises and

establishing harmonious relations.

A device for developing social education for promoting solidarity

among workers and for tapping human talents.

A means for achieving industrial peace and harmony which leads

to higher productivity and increased production.

A humanitarian act, elevating the status of a worker in the society;

An ideological way of developing self-management and promoting

industrial democracy.

To improve the quality of working life (QWL) by allowing the

workers greater influence and involvement in work and satisfaction

obtained from work.

To secure the mutual co-operation of employees and employers in

achieving industrial peace; greater efficiency and productivity in the

interest of the enterprise, the workers, the consumers and the

nation.


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Statement of the problem:

Unique motivational power and a great psychological value.

Peace and harmony between workers and management.

Workers get to see how their actions would contribute to the

overall growth of the company.

They tend to view the decisions as `their own and are more

enthusiastic in their implementation.

Participation makes them more responsible.

They become more willing to take initiative and come out with

cost-saving suggestions and

growth-oriented ideas.

Limitations:

y Lack of peaceful atmosphere like strikes and lock-outs ruinsthe employees, harms the interest of the society, and puts the

employees to financial losses.

y Effect on participation is limited because ownership andmanagement are two different things.

y Technology and organizations today are so complex thatspecialized work-roles are required. This means employees

will not be able to participate effectively in matters beyond

their particular environment. Everybody need not want

participation.

Sample size: The sample size of my project is thirty.


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CHAPTER : 3

COMPANY

PROFILE


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The Himalayan Handmade paper Industry in Kalimpong is situated in

K. D. Pradhan Road, which is in a walking distance of 15 minutes

from the main town. Otherwise, vehicles available take about 5

minutes from the town.

Mr.Thupden Tshering Bhutia is the owner of this small scaleindustry.There are altogether 30 workers in the industry.

It has achieved Small Scale industry Fosmi Award in West

Bengal.The factory started its operation since 20years but was

shifted in this area 4years ago.

The future plan of the industry is to make it a more developed one

and to export the paper even outside India ,since now the paper is

supplied domesticaly only.The industry is doing well manually, at

the present.

It manufactures Japanese style handmade paper from a non tree

shrub, the species of Daphne known as Argalee (local name) or

Lokta (in Nepal).This indigenous hemp shrub grows at an altitudebetween 2000 to 3000 meters in the Himalayan Regions. The soft

bark of fast growing shrub is matured in every 4/5 years from

harvesting. Usually villagers use this to make strong ropes. Only

matured stems are used, thus preserving the eco system.

Operative process:

y The bark is cleaned and boiled in a container of 5ft inheight.One thousand litre of water can be boiled in this

container.After the bark is boiled, the black coloured ones are

sorted out as this cannot be used for making the paper,the

other soft bark is taken for use.

y In the next step these soft bark is taken and put into a bittermachine to make the paper pulp.The machine is known as

Holendar as it was invented in Holland.

y The paper pulp is mixed with water and put into a woodVad,a wooden frame.A small amount of Hibiscus glue isadded to this mixture.

y In the next step,the liquid is put into a bamboo screen forhand shifting the pulp and gives out a bunch of wet paper.

y After this the wet paper is put in a Screw Press,whichthrows out the excess water.


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y The wet paper is then placed in a tin board and is brushed,sothat the paper is smooth.

y Lastly the wet sheets are dried in air or in the sun.Eventhough partly automated, this process is time consuming but

very creative and unique.

This paper is known by different names in different countries.It

is known by the following names:

Lokta in Nepal.

Druksu bhutanese paper in Bhutan.

Baysu Tibetan paper in Tibet.

Chinese paper in China.

Japanese paper in Japan.

By-products of this paper are lampshades, bags, writing pads,

envelopes, notebooks, files, greeting cards, wedding cards etc.

Documents

project work rough II