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Project: Transnet/ Swaziland Rail Project
EIA Report for Solid Waste Management
Reference: 109578
Prepared for: Transnet/ Swaziland Rail
Revision: 0
14 November 2013
Project 109578 File Transnet Waste Management_EIA.docx 14 November 2013 Revision 0 Page 0
Contents
EIA Report for Solid Waste Management 1
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Purpose 1
1.2 Objective 1
2. Background 1
3. Legislation 2
4. Methodology/ Approach 2
5. Waste streams 3
5.1 Description of waste streams expected during Operational Phase 3
5.2.1. Rail 3
5.2.2. Refuelling yard 4
6. Value Improving Process 5
6.1 Waste Management Process Flow 5
6.2 Waste Hierarchy 6
7. WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN 7
7.1 Solid waste management during the Construction phase: 7
7.2 Solid waste management during Maintenance 10
7.3 Solid waste management during the Operational phase: 11
Index of Figures
Figure 1: Waste Management Process Flow 5
Figure 2: Waste Hierarchy 6
Figure 3: 2.5m3 skip 9
Figure 4:210 litre waste oil drum 9
Figure 5: 240 litre recycling bins 9
Figure 6: Worker doing maintenance on railway line 10
Index of Tables
Table 1: Classification of various waste streams expected during the operational and construction
phases 3
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1. INTRODUCTION
The waste management planning and strategy primarily focuses on the shift from traditional
waste management to sustainable solutions. The focus in this phase of the study is to
develop a waste collection point for the railway yard expansions and the new rail corridor
proposed, as well as the rail line expansion and to limit waste streams. The planning will
largely look at waste separation, recycling, and reduction of waste streams generation
through improved technologies and approaches from the inputting disciplines. Greater focus
on awareness and compliance are some of the objectives of the waste management
strategy. This report will focus on management of solid waste generated during construction
and operational phases.
1.1 Purpose
The purpose of this report is to promote “Best Practices” for the new rail corridor, as well as
rail line expansion through the identification of current waste management risks which will
have a potential detrimental effect to the environment (on land) and health impact.
1.2 Objective
The project was initiated to accomplish several objectives:
Catalogue best management practices
Value improving process
2. Background
1Transnet Freight Rail (TFR) commissioned a concept level study in 2011 to investigate the
provision of a rail link between Lothair (South Africa) and a suitable location along the
existing Swaziland railway network. The concept unlocks potential for a multinational
strategic rail corridor, while at the same time relieving pressure from the heavy haul Richards
Bay Coal Line and general freight Eastern Mainline to Maputo. The follow components are
currently being investigated through various EIA studies, which also form the basis of this
waste management study:
New link line proposed between Sidvokodvo (Swaziland) and Lothair (RSA). This
cross border link line traverses the boundaries of Swaziland and South Africa.
o New link from Lothair (RSA) to Nerston (RSA border): 52km
o New link from Nerston (RSA border) to Sidvokodvo (Swaziland): 95 km
Line upgrade between Davel yard and Lothair (RSA): 100 km
Line upgrade (new line proposed) between Sidvokodvo (Swaziland) and Phuzumoya
(West) (Swaziland): 35 km
1 Swaziland Rail Link FEL-2 Pre-Feasibility Report (February 2013)
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Line upgrade (new line proposed) between Phuzumoya (West) (Swaziland) and
Goela (RSA): 109 km
Line upgrade (new line proposed) between Golela (RSA) and Nsese (RSA): 182 km
Expansion of Davel yard (RSA): New fuel depot proposed
Expansion of Nsese yard (RSA): New fuel depot proposed
Expansion of Phuzomoya yard (Swaziland): New fuel depot proposed
3. Legislation
The part of legislation most pertinent to the management of waste in South Africa is the
National Environmental Management Waste Act, (Act 59 of 2008) (NEM:WA). The Act was
promulgated in order to provide for institutional arrangement and planning matters, to provide
for national norms and standards for regulating management of waste by all spheres of
government, to provide for the licensing and control of waste management activities and all
matters connected therewith. In essence it provides the much needed legislative framework
for the management of waste in South Africa.
In addition to the NEM:WA, the following legislation, inter alia, also plays a role in waste
management in South Africa:
The South African Constitution (Act 108 of 1996);
Hazardous Substances Act (Act 5 of 1973);
Health Act (Act 63 of 1977);
Environment Conservation Act (Act 73 of 1989);
Occupational Health and Safety Act (Act 85 of 1993);
National Water Act (Act 36 of 1998);
The National Environmental Management Act (Act 107 of 1998);
Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act (Act 28 of 2002); and
The National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act (Act 39 of 2004).
4. Methodology/ Approach
The core activity of the project team has been a series of activities which entails the
following:
Site visit
Liaison with client;
Information gathering;
Review of information received and
Research.
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5. Waste streams
With specific regards to new refilling stations at the various railway yards and construction of
new railway lines, separation, storage and discard of waste construction material and
hydrocarbon contaminated waste are key waste issues that need to be addressed.
Table below provides a summary of waste materials produced from the Ore Line and their
relevant classification.
Table 1: Classification of various waste streams expected during the operational and construction phases
WASTE WASTE CLASSIFICATION
OPERATIONAL PHASE
Waste tyres Industrial/Commercial waste
Oil filters/ fuel filters Hazardous solid waste
Liquid Waste (Waste Oil) Hazardous waste
Absorbents ( e.g. spent oil spill material) Hazardous solid waste
Inert waste (e.g. rags, packaging etc.) Hazardous solid waste
CONSTRUCTION PHASE
Waste construction material (e.g. scrap metal, waste concrete)
General solid waste
General household waste from construction camps
General solid waste
Unwashed waste ballast Hazardous solid waste
5.1 Description of waste streams expected during Operational Phase
5.2.1. Rail
The waste likely to be generated from the rail during the operational phase can be caused by
overfilling or an accident. Ballast on the railway lines can become contaminated with
hydrocarbons, and should be cleaned every 3-4 years by use of a ballast cleaner. Over time
ballast can also become worn out and weathered and thus lose its angularity and in turn
become less effective. Ballast cleaning involves the removal of worn ballast and the
replacement with new ballast. Cleaned “waste/ worn ballast” can be disposed of as general
solid waste.
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5.2.2. Refuelling yard
Spillages during refuelling of trains could occur at the railway yards. The contaminated soil
containing hydrocarbons would need to be removed off site and disposed of in a suitable
manner. Spill kits must be provided at site to avoid spillages.
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6. Value Improving Process
6.1 Waste Management Process Flow
A typical process flow for a waste management system is depicted in Figure 1 below
Figure 1: Waste Management Process Flow
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6.2 Waste Hierarchy
Implementation requires that business and industries move away from traditional “end of
pipe” solutions that focus on waste after it has been generated i.e., collection, transport,
processing, recycling or disposal of waste material to a service which focuses on the
prevention of waste as well as the minimisation of waste as a by-product of production. This
approach is a recognition of the widely adopted waste hierarchy which includes the 3Rs of
waste management i.e., reduce, reuse, and recycle as well as energy recovery. Only after
these efforts, should the residual waste be disposed of at landfill. The delivered service must
maximise efficiency and minimise environmental impacts and financial costs with the ultimate
aim of improving quality of life.
Figure 2: Waste Hierarchy
6.2.1. Waste Avoidance
Everyone has a responsibility to avoid waste production where possible.
6.2.2. Reduce and Reuse
Where waste is produced, the quantity of waste should be minimised. Implementation of
waste minimisation methods in existing and proposed operations will reduce the
environmental impacts. The reduction of waste is sound economics for all parties as it means
that resources are used more effectively is being utilised and resources are not spending
time on handling the waste in the most suitable manner.
6.2.3. Recycling
When reuse can no longer be carried out, the materials should preferably be recycled back
into similar products or become secondary raw materials for the production of new products.
Generally producing new products from recycled materials consumes less energy and
minimises the impact on the environment. In addition to conserving resources and reducing
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the environmental impacts, recycling also minimizes the use of landfill space, an important
waste management objective.
6.2.4. Extraction
This is a process of obtaining something from a mixture or compound by chemical physical or mechanical means.
Extraction technology provides important benefits for remediation and treatment for land disposal:
By-product credits for the recovered organics;
Significant volume reduction of the treated solids;
Effluent water acceptable for conventional wastewater treatment; and
An environmentally acceptable extraction solvent with low residues.
6.2.5. Recovery
Recovery can be a viable option after reduction, reuse, and recycling have been fully
explored. It can involve for example, incineration of waste and heat generation. The heat
generation can be converted into power to be used commercially or domestically.
6.2.6. Education and Awareness
Training and Awareness for Waste Management should be implemented as a “value ads” at
the railway yards by implementing the following objectives:
To inform and educate the staff about the basic matters of environmental awareness
and energy efficiency;
The impact of spillages and how it can be avoided.
Contamination due to poor maintenance of equipment and how it can impact the
environment and human health.
To look at handling of waste in a precaution any measure in regards to the “Do’s and
Don’ts” of waste handling.
Ensuring waste contractors are skilled to manage waste generation on site.
7. WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN
7.1 Solid waste management during the Construction phase:
Construction waste consists of mainly of unwanted or unused material produced by the
construction company responsible for the construction or upgrade of the railway line. This
waste will be produced either directly or indirectly by the construction team and temporarily
stored at the pre-cast yard. Other waste would be the result of packaging and general food
and beverage waste. Waste generated during the construction phase will mainly form part of
the following waste streams:
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Waste from precast yard:
Waste Concrete
Cement bags
Off cut steel
Cardboard
Recyclable plastic
Used Equipment oil/ lubricants
Oily rags
Waste from site camps for workers:
Food and beverage waste
Dry waste
Separation and recycling of the above waste streams are essential.
Waste concrete and cement bags can be stored 2.5 m3 waste skips (Refer to figure
3).
Waste steel can be placed in a separate 2.5 m3 waste skips.
Cardboard and recyclable plastic is regarded as “dry waste” and can be grouped
together and stored in one 2.5 m3 waste skip designated for recyclable materials.
Used equipment oil and lubricants can be temporarily stored in 210 litre drums (Refer
to figure 4). Oily rags should be kept in a separate skip or drum depending on the
quantity of waste rags.
240 litre bins can be placed in areas near offices as well as the eating areas, so
workers will be able to separate their general waste (Refer to figure 5).
All skips and waste drums must be cordoned off and stored in a designated area. Clear
signage must be used to mark the various drums and skips to stipulate what waste can be
deposited into each storage container.
All other waste materials not listed above, will be handled as general refuse. All waste is to
be disposed of at a licensed and permitted landfill site. All oil related waste must be
transported to a licenced hazardous landfill site.
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Figure 3: 2.5m3 skip
Figure 4:210 litre waste oil drum
Figure 5: 240 litre recycling bins
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7.2 Solid waste management during Maintenance
Rail maintenance requires a specialised set of skills and can involve the following tasks:
Replacement of railway sleepers
Welding of railway tracks
New rail work installations
De-stressing of rail tracks
Railway turnouts
Railway scissor crossing replacement and new railway scissor crossing installations
Rail track 2ballast screening
Rail track formation
Removal/ replacement of rail tracks, railway turn outs and railway guard rails
Figure 6: Worker doing maintenance on railway line
Waste streams expected from maintenance activities:
Waste Concrete;
Off cut steel;
Cardboard;
Recyclable plastic;
Used Equipment oil/ lubricants
Oily rags
Dry waste
Waste Ballast from railway lines proposed to be upgraded
Wooden beams from old railway lines
General waste
2.5 m3 waste skips must be placed strategically along the railway line when maintenance
occurs. A waste contractor will be responsible to collect full skips and dispose the waste to a
licenced landfill site. 2 Ballast cleaning involves cleaning and removal of unwanted ballast. A ballast cleaning machine
extracts the old ballast from under the sleepers with a chain, and transports it to a screen, which recollects any usable material. The usable ballast is then returned to the track. Other material is removed on conveyor belts to wagons.
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Proper handling and disposal of hydrocarbon contaminated ballast is required. These must
be disposed of at a hazardous landfill site as the waste ballast may contain oils and grease.
A waste manifest document must be issued by the waste contractor.
7.3 Solid waste management during the Operational phase:
Different waste types are to be expected during the operation phase of a railway line. Waste
is to be separated and stored in separate 2.5 m3 skips within each railway yard,
Key waste streams expected during the operational phase:
Railway yard:
Empty fuel drums
Used Oil
Oil filters
Oily rags
Waste steel
Wooden beams from old railway lines
Dry waste, i.e. Cardboard and plastic
General waste
Driver stops:
Food and beverage waste (general waste)
Dry waste
Separation and recycling of the above waste streams are essential. i.e hydrocarbon
contaminated waste such as oily rags and oil filters are not to be mixed with any other waste
stream. This waste is to be transported and disposed of at a hazardous landfill site. Waste
collectors will be responsible for collection and proper disposal of all waste streams.
Waste steel can be placed in a separate 2.5 m3 waste skips.
Cardboard and recyclable plastic is regarded as “dry waste” and can be grouped
together and stored in one 2.5 m3 waste skip designated for recyclable materials.
Wooden beams can be stored in a 2.5 m3 waste skip.
Used equipment oil and lubricants can be temporarily stored in 210 litre drums. Oily
rags should be kept in a separate skip or drum depending on the quantity of waste
rags.
240 litre bins can be placed in areas near offices as well as the eating areas, so
workers will be able to separate their general waste.
All skips and waste drums must be cordoned off and stored in a designated area. Clear
signage must be used to mark the various drums and skips to stipulate what waste can be
deposited into each storage container.
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All other waste materials not listed above, will be handled as general refuse. All waste is to
be disposed of at a licensed and permitted landfill site. All oil related waste must be
transported to a licenced hazardous landfill site.
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