Project No: Project Acronym: PowderBond · 2016-08-28 · Final Report PROJECT FINAL REPORT Grant Agreement number: 315348 Project acronym: PowderBond Project title: Developing powder

EUROPEAN COMMISSION Research Executive Agency SME Actions

Project No: 315348

Project Acronym: PowderBond

Project Full Name: Developing powder coatings for contact curing of

structural adhesives for vehicle bonding applications

Final Report

Period covered: from 01/05/2013 to 30/04/2015 Date of preparation: 29/06/2015 Start date of project: 01/05/2013 Date of submission (SESAM): 29/06/2015 Project coordinator name: Project coordinator organisation name: Mr. Peter Hudson POWDERTECH LIMITED Version: 1

Final Report

PROJECT FINAL REPORT

Grant Agreement number: 315348

Project acronym: PowderBond

Project title: Developing powder coatings for contact curing of structural adhesives for vehicle bonding applications

Funding Scheme: FP7-BSG-SME

Project starting date: 01/05/2013

Project end date: 30/04/2015

Name of the scientific representative of the Mr. Peter Hudson POWDERTECH LIMITED project's co-ordinator, Title and Organisation:

Tel: +44 7977 260365

Fax:

E-mail: [email protected]

Project website address: www.powderbond.eu

Project No.: 315348 Page - 2 of 21 Period number: 2nd Ref: 315348_PowderBond_Final_Report12_20150629_170036_CET.pdf

Final Report Please note that the contents of the Final Report can be found in the attachment.

4.1 Final publishable summary report Executive Summary Executive Summary: Adhesive bonding technologies are a substitute for joining processes such as welding which offer vehicle designers the potential to select from a wider range of lightweight materials for vehicle design and construction. The ability to use lightweight materials allows vehicles to maximise fuel efficiency. Current adhesive bonding methods require an energy intensive oven cure process. Furthermore, oven curing has the potential to warp a chassis / vehicle constructed from dissimilar materials. If low energy manufacturing and lightweight construction is to be achieved novel bonding technologies that result in lighter, higher performance and more efficient vehicles with less energy used and lower costs of manufacture must be developed. PowderBond addressed the issue of having to oven cure adhesives by developing a 1K epoxy adhesive system that is designed to deliver on-demand curing at low temperature (70°C). We developed a low temperature cure powder coating (120°C) for primary structures (e.g. chassis components) which delivers corrosion protection and the catalyst for initiating cure of the epoxy adhesive. The powder coating containing the catalyst is pre-applied to one of the adherent surfaces (component parts) to be joined and supplied to the vehicle OEM. The 1K adhesive component is applied to the second adherent surface prior to joining in-line with current adhesive assembly line methods. The PowderBond adhesive system does not require an oven cure at high temperature to achieve bond strength. PowderBond enables SME’s tier suppliers to add value to supplied components by helping vehicle manufacturers lower manufacturing carbon footprint and meet obligations regarding vehicle CO2 emission through light-weighting. This will help European SMEs to consolidate their position in the supply-chain and maintain a supply-chain opportunity for future vehicle design. Summary description of project context and objectives Summary of Project Objectives: The main objectives of the PowderBond project included: Developing a powder coating that will cure at 120°C, delivering a consistent powder coating topography with a surface roughness of 10-15 Ra, develop a catalyst system to survive the powder coat curing temperature, develop a 5-20µm thick layer of catalyst at the surface of the powder coating, develop a catalyst system that retains 80% of its catalytic activity post cure of the powder coat, develop a catalyst to achieve a depth of cure of 0.5mm through contact curing, develop a catalyst-resin system to deliver 15-30 N/mm2 shear strength, develop a resin-catalyst formulation to deliver a cure speed of 45 minutes, develop an adhesive viscosity to deliver uniform wetting and a peel strength of 4 N/mm2, develop an adhesive formulation with a 6 month shelf life, develop an adhesive-powder coat system with a peel strength of 4 N/mm2, a shear strength of 15-30 N/mm2 after 24 hours and a service temperature range of -40°C to +100°C. Expected Project Results: Result 1 - Resin adhesive formulations Result 2 - Low temperature cure textured powder formulations Result 3 - Magnesium and aluminium component designs Result 4 - Plastics component designs Result 5 - CFRP component designs Result 6 - PowderBond Technology Description of main S & T results/foregrounds Work Package WP1- Characterisation of contact cure resin-catalyst systems (Refer to deliverable reports D1.1 and D1.2) Project No.: 315348 Page - 3 of 21 Period number: 2nd Ref: 315348_PowderBond_Final_Report12_20150629_170036_CET.pdf

A novel contact cure chemistry has been identified and characterised. A lap shear strength of 7- 8 N/mm2 with a depth of cure of 0.5mm was achieved and the storage modulus was shown to increase significantly within the 45 minutes required fixing time at room temperature. The peak exotherm remained below 70°C. These results are in line with the MS1 and MS2 objectives. Further work remaining at the end of work package 1 included optimising lap shear strength and improving speed of cure. 3.1.1 Key Objectives: 1. Research and testing of catalyst to achieve a depth of cure of 0.5mm through contact curing 2. Develop catalyst-resin systems to deliver 15-30 N/mm

2 shear strength

3. Develop low temperature (70°C) catalyst-resin formulation to deliver handling (fixture time) cure time of 60 minutes Tasks: T1.1 Investigate low temperature contact cure chemistry T1.2 Develop low temperature contact cure resin-catalyst formulation(s) T1.3 Evaluate adhesive performance of low temperature cure catalyst-resin formulation 3.1.3 Achievements Currently there is no resin-initiator system in the literature for frontal polymerisation of epoxies at room temperature. Thermal frontal polymerisation was identified as the most promising route for contact curing of epoxy resins. A low temperature contact cure resin-catalyst formulation was developed for use as the adhesive component in the PowderBond system. This adhesive system comprised of a mixture aliphatic and aromatic epoxy resin, a Lamoreaux catalyst (Pt in octanol), an onium salt and triethylsilane. This resin-catalyst system allowed contact curing of epoxies at room temperature up to an adhesive thickness layer of 500 µm. A lap shear strength of 7-8 N/mm2 was achieved. It was discovered that the speed of cure can be controlled with the concentration of Pt catalyst at the surface of the substrate. Milestone 1: The catalyst candidate materials tested resulting in identification of appropriate catalyst given desired properties speed of cure (45 minutes) and depth of cure (0.5mm) at low temperatures (70°C). The cure speed was optimised and assessed during WP3. The depth of cure at the required temperature was achieved. Milestone 2: Resin identified which gives desired properties as an adhesive which can be cured at low temperature with a cure time of 45 minutes thus also delivering a lap shear strength of 15-30 N/mm2. The adhesive system does not currently meet the required lap shear strength but was optimised during WP3. Comments: At the end of WP1 further work was required to optimise the system by improving the lap shear strength, testing on more substrates was required and the initiator concentration required optimising to shorter room temperature curing time.

Following the review of PR1 the examiner made a number of observations and detailed

corrective actions that required attention. In order to re-focus efforts on delivering a working

solution a meeting was held with key stakeholders and the RTD’s to discuss the concerns on work

rate and to outline the expectations and timescales to pull the project back on track. This resulted in

agreeing the key actions, defining timescales and additional personnel being allocated to the project

to increase output. At the time three options were under investigation for the powder coating, this

was filtered to one to enable optimization of the system. Although the specific action points have

been addressed throughout this report, out of courtesy, these are summarized below,

1. Optimisation of the epoxy adhesive including testing formulas to all targeted properties-

The above table displays the results on a traffic light system. The primary issue was the

reduced strength at elevated temperature.

2. Verify the catalyst will survive standard powder coating manufacturing processes- complete

3. Focus on the most promising systems – Specific meeting held to execute this

4. Additional work is required to hit the target of 45minute fixture time and a lap shear strength

of 15 to 30N/mm2 – Targets achieved for aluminium, steel, magnesium and CFRP

5. Depth of cure, viscosity and storage stability need to be optimized- Targets achieved

6. The desired level of surface roughness for optimum bond strength needs to be defined –

Results indicated optimum balance between LSS and T-peel achieved with a smooth coating

(Ra 0.75um)

Work Package WP2 – Development of the Catalyst-Powder Coat (Refer also to Deliverable reports D2.1 and D2.2) A low temperature powder coat has been identified. Three possible routes have been identified for incorporating a catalyst into this low temperature curing powder coat for subsequent contact curing of an adhesive during the bonding stage. Surface topography has been investigated. A number of methodologies have been identified for incorporating surface roughness into the powder coat to varying degrees and imparting surface roughness has been shown to improve bond strengths in terms of lap shear strength. Key Objectives: Develop powder coating that will cure at 120°C Deliver a consistent powder coating topography//surface roughness of 10-15 Ra (inches) Develop catalyst to survive a powder coat curing temperature of 120°C Develop 5-20 µm thick coating of catalyst at the surface of the powder coating Develop

catalyst that retains 80% of its catalytic activity post cure of the powder coat

Tasks: T2.1 Develop low temperature cure powder coating T2.2 Development of surface topography T2.3 Pre-treatment investigation T2.4 Catalyst embedment and survival/stability in powder coating T2.5 Develop catalyst migration to the powder coat surface T2.6 Optimisation of catalyst activity Achievements Low temperature cure powder coating A number of low temperature powder coatings have been identified. There are commercially available low temperature powder coats (120-140°C cure) from one of the PowderBond partners, Valspar. As these have been proven in the field they have been included in the work plan. In addition low temperature powder coats (~70°C) have been identified and investigated. These are lower than specified in the DOW and may prove to lack the required wider properties for powder coats in the automotive industry, but were included in the research plan as they offer significant benefits. They also offered an attractive alternative to the traditional powder coatings in some applications even if their wider properties prove to be limited. This represents a deviation from the DOW, but is additional work rather than a tangent. The system is based on epoxy and relies on an amine cure for the powder coat. A number of epoxies have been selected for further investigation for both the traditional low temperature route and lower temperature route. Following the PR1 feedback work was focused on using the catalyst in the traditional low cure powder coating to initiate frontal polymerization in the epoxy adhesive.

D2.1 describes the work to date on surface topography. Development of Surface Topography . Corrective Actions: 1. In the DOW a range of 10-15 Ra (inches) was quoted as the specification. Firstly this specification is incorrect in the DOW as the units of inches must be in error. Units for surface roughness are typically µ inches or µm. 2. Secondly the surface roughness specification should be designed to give optimum bond strength. The assumption at the time of writing the DOW that this would be in the region of 10-15 µm (assumed that the specification should be µm not inches). However, the surface roughness is in itself, unimportant. It is important to determine the surface roughness that gives the optimum bond strength and that this surface roughness is reproducible. The specification and targets need further discussion with the partners. This will be a deviation to the DOW either in the units and/or the units and range quoted. The specification may be removed, with the target being to optimise surface roughness for optimum bond strength.

Report D2.1 details an investigation into different methods available to produce a range of surface

roughness values.

The smooth powder coating (Ra 30µinches / 0.75µm) gave higher T-peel strength values compared

to the textured powder coating (Ra 302µ.inches) throughout the curing window. No improvement in

lap shear strength was achieved with the textured powder coating (17 to 21 N/mm2) over the smooth

powder coating (19 to 21 N/mm2), results detailed in D2.2 (Section 8.7 & 8.8). The textured powder

coating did show acceptable LSS at lower catalyst loading levels which may offer a route to reduce

the applied cost of the system. The optimum performance was achieved with the smooth powder

coating.

Pre-treatment Investigation (Reported as Deliverable D2.3 on 31st January 2014). 1. Several commercially available, production-ready, pre-treatment systems were identified from test results as being suitable for use on the PowderBond project. The chemical pre-treatment being essential for adhesion of the powder coating to the metallic substrate, in order that this interface is not the weak point of the PowderBond technology. 2. Identified processes: Chemetall X4707: Titanium/Zirconium based for aluminium and certain magnesium alloy substrates. Chemetall Oxsilan: Silane based for multi metal application, but in particular mild steel substrates. Chemetall X4729: Ceramic conversion coating for certain magnesium alloy substrates. Keronite: Ceramic PEO conversion for magnesium and aluminium substrates. These processes are available within the consortium supply chain which allowed the processing of a wide variety of metallic substrates. The X4707 treatment performed well during the testing programme with very little coating detachment reported so this area was not investigated further to allow work to focus on achieving the primary deliverables. Catalyst embedment and survival/stability in powder coating Three main routes were initially investigated to embed a catalyst in the power coating: 1. Route one built on IFAM’s work in WP1 embedding a platinum catalyst into the powder coating which migrated to the surface of the powder coat cured at 120-140°C. This route provided contact cure with the adhesive system developed in WP1. This route was a deviation from the DOW which describes an amine catalysed route but was selected as the most viable option. 2. Second route was more closely aligned with the DOW and investigated an amine catalysed route. Through literature surveys it became apparent that the most common route to offering protection to the catalyst during the powder coat cure is to use thermally blocked amines. The partners investigated amines that are incompatible with the powder coat formulation leading to protection during the powder coat curing stage. The theory was that these amines favoured the air/epoxy interface and hence would migrate to the surface of the powder coat during cure. A reactive diluent would be introduced into the adhesive to allow the amine to dissolve on contact with the adhesive and hence subsequent contact cure. The downside to this approach is that thermally blocked amines require an unblocking temperature much higher than the one it is blocked at. This was not the objective of the proposed PowderBond process. This approach was terminated to focus on route 1.

3. The third route was to investigate low molecular weight epoxies which will easily allow migration of an amine during the powder coat cure and a subsequent cure with an amine containing adhesive. This work showed marginal success and was terminated to focus on route 1. Report D2.2 (Section 8.6.1) details the route 1 catalysed powder coating scale up on powder coating manufacturing equipment (Mixaco high speed mixer, Prism TSE 24PC co-rotating twin screw extruder and Pallmann air classifying mill). The highest lap shear strength results were achieved using a powder coating manufactured by traditional methods, values on steel of up to 28N/mm

2 and

22N/mm2 on aluminium substrates. Not only did the catalyst survive the manufacturing process, the

increased level of dispersion improved the strength of the bond.

A catalyst level of 0.3% in the powder coating achieved a 45 minute fixture time at 70°C with an

adhesive thickness of 500um.This result was validated by FTIR, DSC and LSS measurements.

Diffusion of the catalyst to the coating surface was shown not to occur using cross sectional FIB/

EDX analysis.

The catalyst level was optimized in the powder coating to achieve the target fixture time of 45

minutes @ 70°C.

A cure ladder demonstrated the catalytic activity remained constant across a wide processing

window (120°C to 180°C powder coating cure temperature) which demonstrated a good level of

process robustness.

Affected deliverable: Deliverable D2.2 was originally due in Month 10 (end of February 2014) and essentially describes the work carried out in WP2. However, this work package wasn’t due to end until Month 15 (i.e. continue for a further 5 months). The partners discussed whether they want to request that this deliverable report is delayed until the end of the work package or whether D2.2 is submitted as an interim report with an addition deliverable (D2.3) introduced at the end of the work package. An interim / draft copy of D2.2 was submitted in RP1. Work Package WP3 – Development of the Adhesive Resin (Refer also to Deliverable reports D3.1, D3.2 and D3.3) An initiator system for contact curing of epoxy resins at room temperature has been identified. The

initiator system contains three different chemical agents: a reduction agent, a catalyst and an initiator. For all three components different substances are tested and the most reactive ones are identified. This is true for resin combination of aliphatic-/aromatic-epichlorohydrin resins and for cycloaliphatic resins. Furthermore the influence of the concentration of the initiators components is investigated. The contact curing of epoxy is until now not described in literature. Research on adhesive formulation suggests a need to move to new epoxy adhesive technology and adhesive chemistry. Key Objectives: Develop adhesive technology to deliver shear strength of 15 – 30 N/mm² after 24 hours Develop adhesive viscosity to deliver wetting and peel strength of 4 N/mm at the bond interface Develop 1K adhesive formulation with a 6 month working life

Tasks: T3.1 Develop adhesive technology T3.2 Formulate resin system to deliver a 6-month storage T3.3 Optimise adhesion and mechanical property of the adhesive resin T3.4 Optimise adhesive viscosity Results: Contact curing of epoxy resins over an adhesive bonding line thickness of 500µm Fixture bond strength within 45 min @70°C The investigations were done with two different classes of epoxy resins. With both systems a contact curing is possible by using a suitable initiator combination. The initiators are optimised according to the combination and concentration for rapid fixture bond strength within 45 minutes. Furthermore the concentration of platinum catalyst at substrate surface for contact curing over a bond line thickness of 500 µm was determined. These results allow formulating an adhesive with a long opening time at room temperature and a fast time to fixture bonding strength at the same time. Deviation: Both classes of epoxy resins investigated initially showed no lap-shear-strength of 15 – 30 N/mm² (at aluminium 99.5) in RP1. To improve the lap-shear-strength and reach the objective different epoxy resins were investigated. The influence of different fillers on to the lap-shear-strength was studied and a number of adhesion promoters were tested. Furthermore different substrates from the consortium (with the original pre-treatment) were also tested. The investigations concerning 6 month storage stability were not completed in RP1 but were continued in RP2. The initiator was optimised to get a reaction system with a short fixture bonding time of 45 minutes. To get this result very reactive resin systems were needed. To achieve 6 month storage stability at room temperature (which is also the reaction temperature of the resin) a very slow reactivity is needed. These two conflicting requirements were solved by a very fine-tuning of the initiator composition. Due to the fact that there are three components in the initiator system, the work to optimise the

reaction system proved to be much more time consuming than optimising a formulation with one

initiator. Additionally working with different class of epoxy resins

(aliphatic/aromatic/cycloaliphatic) multiplied the effort. At the end of project there is a good basis of

knowledge for formulating different adhesives for different requirements.

Report D3.2 detailed the laboratory predicted storage stability using elevated temperatures to

accelerate the test. The real time 6 month storage data was generated at the end of the project on the

optimised system. It was found that addition of a filler improved storage stability at room

temperature and the adhesive system was shown to be storage stable at 23°C for 6 months with no

reduction in lap shear strength.

Report D5.3 detailed issues related to the adhesive hold on vertical surfaces. Addition of a fumed

silica thixotrope yielded a significant increase in low shear rate viscosity without significantly

increasing high shear rate viscosity, hence substrate wetting. This resolved the application issues

encountered during the case study.

Work Package WP4: Development of adhesive-powder coat compatibility (Refer also to Deliverable reports D4.1 & D4.2) Key Objectives: 1. Develop a peel strength of 4 N/mm2 at the bond interface with powder coated substrates 2. Develop a shear strength of 15-30 N/mm2 after 24 hours 3. Develop a service temperature range of -40°C to +100°C Tasks: T4.1 Evaluate compatibility of resin-catalyst and catalyst-powder coat T4.2 Evaluate chemical adhesion between adhesive and powder coat T4.3 Evaluation of the PowderBond adhesive technology T4.4 Optimisation of the PowderBond technology Achievements: The Pt (II) (cod) Cl2 was considered to be the best catalyst as it had the fastest curing reaction within the redox initiator system. To achieve a fixture bond within 45 minutes it was found that 1.8 g/m2 Pt (II) (cod) Cl2 was required. Contact curing of epoxy resins at a layer thickness of 500 µm is possible for an adhesive only system, with the platinum catalyst on one substrate surface. A total depth of contact cure of 500 µm is possible using the pilot scale adhesive (described in detail in D4.1), provided that both surfaces are powder coated and both contain platinum catalyst. It was ascertained that 0.03 g/m² of Pt (II) (cod) Cl2 is sufficient to get a conversion of about 95 % within 3 hours over an adhesive layer thickness of 500 µm. 0.3% Pt (II) (cod) Cl2 modification of the powder coat was sufficient to give half lap shear bond strengths in excess of 15 N/mm2. An Adhesive formulation with an initiator concentration of 0.5% and a concentration of silane of

0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5 5,0

time (min)

1,000

10,00

100,0

1000

vis

co

sit

y (

Pa

.s

)

5.7 wt% Aerosil R8200 150 1/s

5.7 wt% Aerosil R8200 0.1 1/s

4.4 wt% Aerosil R8200 150 1/s

4.4 wt% Aerosil R8200 0.1 1/s

1.5% needs to be stored at 10°C to give a storage stability of 6 months. To get a storage stability of 6 months at room temperature the OPPI initiator concentration must be lowered to 0.12 wt.%. Lap shear bond strengths can be improved by the use of adhesion promoters. Deolink Epoxy TM-100 was selected as it gave the best overall performance. The initiator can initiate the curing reaction of different types of epoxy resins including mixed epoxy systems (e.g. Bisphenol-A, Bisphenol-F or Formaldehyde resin) but a certain amount of aliphatic epoxy is required for successful curing. Several aliphatic epoxy resins can be used but the best results were achieved with a 50/50 ratio of aliphatic to aromatic epoxy resin. 1, 6-Hexanediol diglycidyl ether was chosen as the aliphatic resin and D.E.R. 354 or Epikote 862 (Bisphenol F type) was selected as the aromatic epoxy resin.

Example of the effect of different types of epoxy resins on adhesive reactivity

The epoxy resin formulation modified with Genioperl P52 helps to increase the viscosity of the adhesive and improve handleability. A commercially available low temperature curing epoxy/polyester hybrid (Valspar) modified with platinum catalyst was found to be suitable for use as the powder coat. With the addition of a texturing agent to the powder coat it was possible to reduce the amount of catalyst to 0.15% and still achieve bond strengths of 18 ± 1.0 N/mm2. The platinum catalyst embedded in the powder coat survives the powder coat curing process up to 180°C and the best bond strengths are obtained where both substrates are powder coated, although it is only necessary for one to contain the Pt catalyst. 3.5 Work Package WP5: Validation and Testing (Refer also to Deliverable reports D5.1, D5.2, D5.3 & D5.4) 3.5.1 Key Objectives: 1. Develop test model to predict service-life performance over a 20-year span for case-study components 2. Deliver peel strength of 4 N/mm at the bond interface 3. Develop a shear strength of 15-30 N/mm2 after 24 hrs 4. Develop a service temperature range of -40ºC to +100ºC Tasks: T5.1 Service-life prediction T5.2 Non-destructive testing of PowderBond adhesive performance T5.3 Evaluate PowderBond adhesive performance using case studies 3.5.3 Achievements: The Metal (Aluminium) substrate used for the Validation and Testing reported in Deliverable report D5.1 was ‘NG5754’ (supplied by Powdertech). The Steel substrate used was ‘S275’ (supplied by JCB). A loss of half lap shear bond strength with temperature was confirmed for both NG5754 and S275

after previous work (Deliverable report D4.2) was repeated. Once again, there is a reduction in the

bond strength of the joints evaluated at 80°C compared to -40°C and 23°C regardless whether the

substrate used was steel or aluminium. Consequently, the current adhesive’s service temperature

range is limited to ambient and below. The industry requirement of a structural adhesive is to

maintain properties across the service range. A drop in lap shear strength from 17N/mm2 to 6N/mm2

over the normal service temperature range was considered unacceptable by JLR, JCB and Prodrive.

There remains an opportunity to use this system on plastic parts with a lower strength requirement

and a reduced HDT so DaLio are looking to exploit this technology for plastic to plastic joints. As

this feature was discovered at the end of the project, during WP5 service life prediction phase, there

was insufficient time to develop a solution during the project. Work started on understanding the

service temperature range performance of the adhesive by investigating both the glass transition

temperature of the cured adhesive and the change in modulus with temperature. The Tg was recorded

as 45 to 55°C and a significant reduction in elastic modulus was observed on passing through Tg. An

investigation into increasing the level of functionality of the epoxy resins in the adhesive was

undertaken but no significant improvement in modulus above Tg was reported. This remains an area

for further work. It was concluded that the porosity needed to be fixed before further work was

performed on this topic.

NG5754 bonded coupons, when exposed to an environmental cycle for 22 days, showed only an 18% reduction in bond strength and also showed no evidence of loss in bond strength when exposed to a thermal cycle for 10 days. They also showed no evidence of loss in bond strength when exposed to a moisture intrusion cycle for 10 days. NG5754 bonded coupons exposed to the Arizona Proving Ground Equivalent (APGE) test showed

only a small overall loss of 19.5% in bond strength over the 30 day period of the test and

examplesxposed to low frequency, low amplitude stress cycles of up to 10,000 cycles showed little

loss in bond strength over the 30 day period of the APGE test. NG5754 bonded coupons exposed to low frequency, high amplitude stress cycles showed rapid failure in bond strengths after only a small number of cycles (< 100 cycles). High frequency cyclic stress testing (test frequency = 15 Hz) has shown that for amplitude stress levels of 30% (of static stress) or lower, the discontinue limit of 2,000,000 cycles was reached without failure of the joint under test. For all those samples that failed during the high frequency cyclic fatigue testing, the failure mode was found to be cohesive failure.

To accommodate the requirements of each partner a number of dissimilar material combinations

were tested as detailed in the following table,

Substrates Al Mg Steel PP Carbon fibre

uncoated Al

PA6 PA6+ABS

Al

6 N/mm2 19

N/mm2

14 N/mm

2

26 N/mm

2

10 N/mm

2

7 N/mm2

Mg

14 N/mm

2

12 N/mm

2

16 N/mm

2

9 N/mm2 7 N/mm

2

Steel

25 N/mm

2

6 N/mm2

24 N/mm

2

3 N/mm2 8 N/mm

2

PP

1 N/mm2

2 N/mm

2

3 N/mm2 2 N/mm

2

Carbon fibre

25 N/mm

2

26 N/mm

2

16 N/mm

2

25 N/mm

2

11 N/mm

2

uncoated Al

1 N/mm2 10

N/mm2

9 N/mm2

11 N/mm

2

PA6 7 N/mm2

6 N/mm

2

3 N/mm

2

7 N/mm2 2 N/mm

2 5 N/mm

2

PA6+ABS 6 N/mm2 8 N/mm

2 5 N/mm

2 6 N/mm

2

2 N/mm2 1 N/mm

2

Da Lio required bonding of polypropylene and polyamide materials to each other and to various

metals. Although the reported numbers for LSS are low for these combinations it was observed the

limiting factor was the yield strength of the substrate material. The substrate failed prior to the

bonded joint. Although the target strength was not achieved this was considered to be a successful

result based on the failure mode of the structure.

SMW had a requirement to bond magnesium to aluminium for an opportunity in the automotive

alloy wheel market. Section 7.0 of deliverable report D4.2 details the results of bonding magnesium

to different materials. An interesting discovery from this stage was that the magnesium substrate

poisoned the curing reaction of the adhesive. The presence of alkalinity is known to suppress

cationic reactions of epoxies and the uncoated magnesium surface has an alkaline surface, hence a

poisoning effect. It was discovered that it is essential to provide a barrier coating on magnesium

substrates to achieve reaction with the adhesive. The LSS of 14N/mm2 achieved was sufficient to

allow SMW to further investigate the use of this technology in the wheel sector.

JCB were interested in bonding polypropylene to steel to eradicate mechanical fixings (bolts) leaning

out their assembly process. Although a bond was achieved the shear strength was low and the pre-

treatment process (corona, flame or plasma oxidation) required to achieve adhesion between the

powder coating and polypropylene was not attractive to JCB. JCB have continued interest but need

to be able to bond the plastic components straight from the mould.

Prodrive were pleased to see high LSS results for CFRP to CFRP bonds, however they were

concerned with the application of a powder coating on the parts. Prodrive and Powdertech discussed

alternative ways to attach the catalyst to CFRP and are pursuing different methods to facilitate the

use of the Powderbond adhesive system.

Jaguar Land Rover had a keen interest in bonding aluminium to aluminium and a shared interest with

Prodrive of bonding aluminium to carbon fibre. The highest lap shear strengths were returned when

bonding aluminium to carbon fibre, however powder coating carbon fibre was not a straight forward

process due to a mismatch in the HDT of the carbon fibre parts (110°C) and the cure requirement of

the powder coating (120 to 140°C).

Although the initial target for LSS for aluminium bonding was achieved, 15 to 30N/mm2, when the

data was compared to JLR’s control adhesive using maximum stress amplitude as the ordinate, it

was revealed that the LSS achieved for the Powderbond adhesive system was around half the

strength of the current production system, although the fatigue testing showed a similar performance

from both cyclic and environmental testing.

y = 16.197x-0.107

R² = 0.9712

y = 7.0201x-0.092

R² = 0.805

1

10

100

10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000

No

min

al S

hea

r S

tre

ss [

MP

a]

N [cycle]

JLR (DOW)

Powder adhesive

Non Destructive Testing

A number of non-destructive techniques were employed to assess the quality of the bond formed on parts joined with the PowderBond technology.

Following a literature review ultrasonic testing was identified as the preferred technique to give the most qualitative information about characterising adhesively bonded joints. There is much published research on the use of ultrasonic techniques to perform NDT testing. The technique is capable of reviewing the whole bond area through the adhered, measuring the thickness of the adhesive, identifying the size, shape and occurrence of defects as well as determining the degree of cure of the adhesive. However, the geometry of the part still limits the application of this method. Although access is not specifically required to both sides of the bond, use of pulsed echo techniques negates this requirement, the technique is best suited to flat surfaces and differentiation between the adhesive and the substrate is more difficult than first thought. A large number of calibration standards are required to obtain reliable quantifiable results to characterise the bond and the technique requires skilled operators to generate and interpret the data. Technology Demonstration To demonstrate the technology two applications were chosen. The B pillar was selected as it

represented a current production component with a contoured bond area and was of a sufficient size

that the bond strength could be tested on a large scale Instron machine to provide information on the

failure mode of the adhesive under high stress conditions. Being a current part the tolerances

represented a good test to control the bond line gap width in a real world application. Bonding

aluminium to aluminium was also a key objective of JLR who had agreed to provide the resources of

an industry expert to evaluate the service life of the system. Being able to witness a familiar part

assisted with this evaluation.

The carbon fibre part had a high failure rate (40%) with the current method of bonding. The design

was not well suited to bonding due to the deep channel along the bond line. This was considered a

good challenge to highlight any weaknesses in the technology. Having the highest HDT of all the

plastics this material would also stand the best chance of surviving the powder coating process as the

production oven used to cure the powder coating did not have the same level of control as the

laboratory ovens.

At the time of selecting the case study parts polyolefin materials were not included as both JCB and

DaLio had concerns over the low strength values and the powder coating process on these parts.

With hindsight a polyolefin / metal combination should have been included in the assessment as this

now represents the best opportunity to commercialise the Powderbond technology.

Suitable magnesium parts were not available in time so were not included in the study.

The case study parts provided significant information about the application process of Powderbond

and the mode of failure of the system. A number of areas of focus were highlighted for further work,

particularly relating to the rheology of the adhesive, control of the bond line gap and the level of

porosity in the cured adhesive. These findings provided critical information for each partner as some

fundamental issues were highlighted. The resolution of these points is expected to significantly

improve the Powderbond technology and will benefit all partners as they are not specific to a

particular material they are generic defects.

A secondary objective for the case study parts was to provide real examples to be evaluated by NDT.

It was considered sufficient to include one metal part and one plastic part for this analysis. A number of areas were identified to improve both the application and in service performance of the bond, 1. Adhesive viscosity – the low viscosity is good for surface wetting but the lack of thixotropy meant the adhesive would not stay on surfaces which were not horizontal. The lack of wet tack also made part placement difficult. Additionally the low thixotropy meant the part had to be jigged to maintain the bonding face in a horizontal position during curing. A formulation fix was demonstrated to allow the adhesive to be applied to vertical faces. 2. Adhesive porosity – the adhesive generated porosity during curing which reduced the bond strength. The root cause of the porosity is yet to be identified but air entrapment in the adhesive has been eliminated as a cause. 3. Adhesion of the powder coating – a further improvement in bond strength could be realised

by improving the adhesion of the coating to the substrate. 4. Control of bond line thickness – controlling the thickness between minimum and maximum limits will optimise the strength. Incorporation of spacer fillers into the adhesive, the use of spacers in critical areas of the bond line and tuning the viscosity will all assist in producing a more consistent adhesive thickness. 5. A reliable test method to determine the degree of cure of the adhesive across the whole bond area is required. Ultrasonic measurements can accomplish this task with the requisite pre-work and calibration standards D5.2 detailed the work performed on defining a NDT method to characterise the bond strength and integrity. IFAM assisted Powdertech in performing a literature survey of potential methods and confirmed that pulsed echo ultrasonic testing was the preferred technique. IFAM used an Omniscan MX modular phased array test instrument on the bonded B pillar to validate that the defects in the adhesive could be detected with this instrument. The calibration standards required to characterise the bond were then detailed and a project scoped out to carry out the work. This work would benefit all partners equally as it would form part of the development plan to convert new business opportunities. Both PRA and IFAM generated the data on joining dissimilar materials detailed in section 8.1 of D5.2. Although the table is not complete it does contain all material combinations of interest to the partners; DaLio polyolefin, polyamide and aluminium; SMW magnesium and aluminium; Prodrive carbon fibre and aluminium; JLR aluminium, magnesium and carbon fibre; JCB polyolefins and steel; Powdertech, Valspar and Resoltech would benefit from all applications using the Powderbond technology. PRA provided the data submitted to the industry expert (D5.1) to comment on the service life prediction of the system. This primarily consisted of the fatigue study and the environmental conditioning of the parts prior to testing. This showed that the bond performed in a similar manner to current adhesive systems, albeit the lap shear strength was around half the value achieved by the currently specified grades. The variation in bond strength with temperature was described in this work programme. This data was critical for all partners as it gave confidence that the technology is expected to perform well in the real world once the cohesive strength of the adhesive has been increased. Summary of Foreground IPR achieved for each partner and RTD work performed

Target Result SME Owner Actual

Result

achieved

RTD Work Completed

Adhesive formulation Powdertech /

Resoltech

Yes IFAM identified and screened potential

chemistries and developed the adhesive to

meet the performance criteria

Low temperature cure

powder formulation

Powdertech Yes PRA optimised the catalyst loading, ran

scale up experiments on production

equipment, tested and advised on surface

topography, characterised the effect of

powder cure schedule on properties

Mg & Al component

design

SMW Yes IFAM investigated bond strength of

adhesive onto Mg and detailed

requirements to achieve properties. PRA

performed dissimilar material work with

Mg

Plastics component

design

DaLio Yes IFAM investigated bond strength of

adhesive onto plastics and detailed

requirements to achieve properties. PRA

validated results, investigated powder

coating plastics and performed dissimilar

material work

CFRP component

design

Prodrive Yes PRA investigated ways to powder coat

CFRP and characterised the bonding

properties with different materials

Powderbond

Technology

Powdertech Yes IFAM & PRA detailed how the formulation

was built, the function of each ingredient

and how the strength of the bond varied

with application conditions and reacted to

different environmental factors including

service life prediction

The above outputs are in line with Appendix 1 objectives.

Resoltech have exclusive rights to manufacture the adhesive so will benefit from business generated

from any partner

Powdertech have rights over supply of the Powderbond materials and have many possible revenue

streams (direct supply, licensing, agents, distributors, training)

SMW, DaLio and Prodrive have both new business opportunities and a new process to lean out their

current methods to add value to their business.

Potential impact and main dissemination activities and exploitation results Economic Incentives: PowderBond is aimed at SME tier-2 suppliers to the automotive and ACE vehicle markets. These suppliers will develop the components needed by tier-1 suppliers to manufacture sub-assemblies for vehicle OEMs and/or direct consumption as components by vehicle OEMs. Environmental Impacts: With the advanced manufacturing methods that the PowderBond process will allow, along with the reduction in gas oven cure requirements for both the powder cure and subsequent manufacturing operations the reduction in CO# emissions will be significant. For each kWh of energy saved within these processes we will see a reduction in CO# of 0.1836kg. A typical powder coating plant uses approximately 170,000 kWh of gas per month. Converting to PowderBond would reduce this by a conservative estimate of 25% due to the low temperature cure. This is a reduction of 42,500 kWh per manufacturing site a month, resulting in an annual CO# reduction of 93,636kg. This will be multiplied by the number of plants applying the process on a global scale (Data taken from the average actual gas use by Powdertech in 2012). The second and perhaps more significant area of CO2 reduction will be within the lifecycle of the vehicle itself. For every kg of weight reduction achieved on a passenger car, the lifecycle benefit in CO2 reduction is 16kg. (Calculated using ISO 14040/44 by Jaguar Landrover) If we can save a conservative 10kg per vehicle in weight, we reduce CO# produced by 160kg. This is multiplied then by the number of vehicles produced. For a single model with a production level running at 150,000 per year over its 7 year production cycle the CO# reduction achieved would be 16,800,000kg. The total estimated CO# reduction in the production and use of a single model passenger car can then be multiplied by the number of models that adopt the technology on a global scale. Innovation Impacts: PowderBond is a low temperature (<70ºC) cure adhesive bonding technology based on epoxy resin chemistry. This enables vehicle OEMs to reduce the temperature at which the vehicles are oven cured. This will enable lightweight materials such as CFRP and Magnesium to be used without fear of warping of components / sub-assemblies due to thermal mismatch. By overcoming the issue of warping PowderBond will promote the use of lightweight materials in vehicle body design enabling vehicle OEMs to meet directives and legislation governing CO2 emission, fuel efficiency etc. Community & Societal Benefits: Employment Opportunities: PowderBond will safeguard jobs by ensuring that automotive supplies provide added-value to their components and therefore continue to manufacture and supply within Europe. This is critical given the significant price advantage the BRIC countries have over European manufacturing. With automotive vehicle and equipment manufacturers’ alone account for 7% of total EU manufacturing employment; effectively 2 million Europeans directly employed with an additional 10 million indirectly employed jobs in both large companies and SMEs. Hence, the potential for safeguarding jobs within Europe is significant. PowderBond objectives align with the CARS 21 imitative which looks to enhance competitiveness and employment within the European automotive industry. Address of project public website and relevant contact details www.powderbond.eu Contact: Mr. Stuart Corstorphine, Powdertech Ltd [email protected]

Leads generated from the conferences attended

Conference Commercial activity from event

Nov 13 Aluminium in Road Transport Dec 13 Follow up meeting with SAPA (UK).

Oct 14 Global Automotive Lightweight Oct 14 Meeting with Meridian (UK) and

quotation for Porsche Panamera, £228,000 per year.

Nov 14 Meeting with Triumph motorcycles.

Nov 14 Aluminium in Road Transport Nov 14 Visit to JLR to discuss bonding alternatives

on VARCITY (Vehicle Architecture for CITY cars)

project.

Jan 15 Visit to Honda (UK) to present

PowderBond.

Jan 15 Meeting with Emerald Automotive,

consultants for new London Taxi project, which

resulted in a referral to Premier Automotive Group

and a quotation for £190,000 starting in 2017

increasing to £760,000 in 2020.

Jan 15 Meeting with Aston Martin. No current

requirement.

Mar 15 Two meeting with Ford Motor Company

UK. No current requirement.

May 15 Meeting with Martin Rea Honsel, Germany

which resulted in £1.5 million per year quoted for

supply to JLR.

Apr 15 Global Automotive Lightweight Apr 15 Discussions with TATA Motors European

Technical Centre.

June 15 Meeting with James Broughton, Head of

Joining Technology Research Centre, Oxford

Brookes University

June 15 Meeting with James Broughton and YASA

Motors which resulted sample processing and a

quotation for £1 million per year potential business.


4.2 Use and dissemination of foreground

Section A (public)

Publications

LIST OF SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS, STARTING WITH THE MOST IMPORTANT ONES

No. Title / DOI Main author Title of the periodical or the series Number, Publisher Place of publication Date ofRelevant pages Is open Type date or publication access

frequency provided to

this

publication

?


LIST OF DISSEMINATION ACTIVITIES

No. Type of activities Main Leader Title Date Place Type of audience Size of Countries addressed audience

1 Organisation of POWDERTECH LIMITED Niche Vehicle Seminar 22/05/2013 Gaydon, UK Industry 100 UK Conference

2 Organisation of POWDERTECH LIMITED Aluminium in Road Tr 21/11/2013 Birmingham, UK Industry 500 UK and Europe Conference ansport Conference

3 Exhibitions POWDERTECH LIMITED Automotive/Aerospace 26/11/2013 NEC Birmingham, Industry 1000 UK and Europe Composites Exhibition UK

4 Organisation of POWDERTECH LIMITED Autolink Conference 29/11/2013 Llandudno, UK Industry 100 UK Conference

5 Organisation of POWDERTECH LIMITED Global Automotive Li 14/04/2014 UK Industry 500 UK and Europe Conference ghtweight Materials

Conference

6 Organisation of PRA TRADING LTD Consortium Dissemina 23/10/2014 Hampton, UK Industry 10 UK and Europe Workshops tion Meeting

7 Organisation of DA LIO SPA Nanotech 26/10/2014 Venice, Italy Industry 1000 UK and Europe Conference



10 Exhibitions DA LIO SPA EiCMA Motorcycle Show 06/11/2014 Milan, Italy Scientific comm 2000 Europe unity (higher educat

ion, Research) - Ind

ustry

11 Exhibitions RESOLTECH JEC Composites Exhib 10/03/2015 Paris, France Scientific comm 2000 Europe ition unity (higher educat


ustry

12 Exhibitions PRA TRADING LTD European Coatings Show 21/04/2015 Nuremberg, Germ Scientific comm 5000 Europe any unity (higher educat


ustry

13 Exhibitions POWDERTECH LIMITED Global Automotive Li 29/04/2015 London, UK Industry 1000 UK and Europe ghtweight Materials


Section B (Confidential or public: confidential information marked clearly)

LIST OF APPLICATIONS FOR PATENTS, TRADEMARKS, REGISTERED DESIGNS,UTILITY MODELS, ETC.

Type of IP Rights Confidential Foreseen embargo date Application reference(s) (e.g. Subject or title of application Applicant(s) (as on the

dd/mm/yyyy EP123456) application)

Patents Yes 30/04/2016 GB1507477 Adhesive Compositions Powdertech (Bicester) Limited

OVERVIEW TABLE WITH EXPLOITABLE FOREGROUND

Type of Exploitable Description of Confidential Foreseen embargo Exploitable Sector(s) of Timetable for Patents or other IPR Owner and Other

Foreground Exploitable date dd/mm/yyyy product(s) or application commercial use or exploitation Beneficiary(s) involved

Foreground measure(s) any other use (licences)

General advance Powdertech will Yes 30/04/2025 Each Consortium Automotice/Aero Within the next 1-2 Licences Powdertech Ltd and all

ment of knowledge seek to sell and di Partner is entitled space/Construction years other PowderBond

stribute low te to exploit the Fore Equipment Project Beneficiaries

mperature low t ground strictly for

emperature cure the purposes and to

textured powder for the extent permitted

mulations and resin under the Consortiu

(adhesive) form m Agreement and

ulations, both for this purpose the

components of the Partner(s) owning

PowderBond T such Foreground

echnology, using grants to each of t

the PowderBond he other Consor

Technology de tium Partners, acces

veloped in the proje s rights to the Fore

ct (either directly or ground on a royalty

under sub contract free, (10 year), non

or sub-licence) th -exclusive basis lim

rough developing ited to ?use? in res

current and future pect of its business.

supply chain opport ??

unities. ?? ??The bu

sinesses and ?uses?

for which Access

Rights are granted

under this Clause a

re as detailed in the

Consortium Ag

reement.


ADDITIONAL TEMPLATE B2: OVERVIEW TABLE WITH EXPLOITABLE FOREGROUND

Description of Exploitable Explain of the Exploitable Foreground Foreground

Powdertech will seek to sell and di Each Consortium Partner is entitled to exploit the Foreground strictly for the purposes and to the extent permitted under the Consortium Agreement and for stribute low temperature low t this purpose the Partner(s) owning such Foreground grants to each of the other Consortium Partners, access rights to the Fore ground on a royalty free, (10

emperature cure textured powder year), non-exclusive basis limited to ?use? in respect of its business. The businesses and uses for which Access Rights are granted under this Clause are as formulations and resin (adhesive) detailed in the Consortium Agreement.

formulations, both components of t

he PowderBond Technology, using

the PowderBond Technology de

veloped in the project (either dire

ctly or under sub contract or sub-l

icence) through developing current

and future supply chain opportuniti

es. ?? ??The businesses and ?uses?

for which Access Rights are gr

anted under this Clause are as deta

iled in the Consortium Agreement.


4.3 Report on societal implications

B. Ethics

1. Did your project undergo an Ethics Review No (and/or Screening)?

If Yes: have you described the progress of compliance with the relevant Ethics Review/Screening Requirements in the frame of the periodic/final reports?

2. Please indicate whether your project involved any of the following issues :

RESEARCH ON HUMANS

Did the project involve children? No

Did the project involve patients? No

Did the project involve persons not able to No consent?

Did the project involve adult healthy No volunteers?

Did the project involve Human genetic No material?

Did the project involve Human biological No samples?

Did the project involve Human data No collection?

RESEARCH ON HUMAN EMBRYO/FOETUS

Did the project involve Human Embryos? No

Did the project involve Human Foetal Tissue / No Cells?

Did the project involve Human Embryonic No Stem Cells (hESCs)?

Did the project on human Embryonic Stem No Cells involve cells in culture?

Did the project on human Embryonic Stem No Cells involve the derivation of cells from

Embryos?

PRIVACY

Did the project involve processing of genetic No information or personal data (eg. health,

sexual lifestyle, ethnicity, political opinion,

religious or philosophical conviction)?

Did the project involve tracking the location No or observation of people?

RESEARCH ON ANIMALS Project No.: 315348 Page - 15 of 21 Period number: 2nd Ref: 315348_PowderBond_Final_Report12_20150629_170036_CET.pdf

Did the project involve research on animals? No

Were those animals transgenic small No laboratory animals?

Were those animals transgenic farm animals? No

Were those animals cloned farm animals? No

Were those animals non-human primates? No RESEARCH INVOLVING DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Did the project involve the use of local No resources (genetic, animal, plant etc)?

Was the project of benefit to local community No (capacity building, access to healthcare,

education etc)?

DUAL USE

Research having direct military use No

Research having potential for terrorist abuse No

C. Workforce Statistics 3. Workforce statistics for the project: Please indicate in the table below the number of people who worked on the project (on a headcount basis).

Type of Position Number of Women Number of Men

Scientific Coordinator 0 5

Work package leaders 0 7

Experienced researchers (i.e. PhD holders) 17 30

PhD student 0 0

Other 0 0

4. How many additional researchers (in 0 companies and universities) were recruited

specifically for this project?

Of which, indicate the number of men: 0


D. Gender Aspects

5. Did you carry out specific Gender Equality No Actions under the project ?

6. Which of the following actions did you carry out and how effective were they? Design and implement an equal opportunity Not Applicable policy

Set targets to achieve a gender balance in the Not Applicable workforce

Organise conferences and workshops on Not Applicable gender

Actions to improve work-life balance Not Applicable

Other:

7. Was there a gender dimension associated No with the research content - i.e. wherever

people were the focus of the research as, for

example, consumers, users, patients or in

trials, was the issue of gender considered and

addressed?

If yes, please specify:

E. Synergies with Science Education

8. Did your project involve working with No students and/or school pupils (e.g. open days,

participation in science festivals and events,

prizes/competitions or joint projects)?


9. Did the project generate any science No education material (e.g. kits, websites,

explanatory booklets, DVDs)?


F. Interdisciplinarity

10. Which disciplines (see list below) are involved in your project? Main discipline

Associated discipline: 2.3 Other engineering sciences (such as chemical, aeronautical and space, mechanical, metallurgical and materials engineering, and their specialised subdivisions; forest products; applied sciences such as geodesy, industrial chemistry, etc.; the science and technology of food production; specialised technologies of interdisciplinary fields, e.g. systems analysis, metallurgy, mining, textile technology and other applied subjects)


Associated discipline:

G. Engaging with Civil society and policy makers

11a. Did your project engage with societal No actors beyond the research community? (if

'No', go to Question 14)

11b. If yes, did you engage with citizens (citizens' panels / juries) or organised civil

society (NGOs, patients' groups etc.)?

11c. In doing so, did your project involve actors whose role is mainly to organise the

dialogue with citizens and organised civil

society (e.g. professional mediator;

communication company, science museums)?

12. Did you engage with government / public bodies or policy makers (including

international organisations)

13a. Will the project generate outputs (expertise or scientific advice) which could be

used by policy makers?

H. Use and dissemination 14. How many Articles were 0 published/accepted for publication in

peer-reviewed journals?

To how many of these is open access 0 provided?

How many of these are published in open 0 access journals?

How many of these are published in open 0 repositories?

To how many of these is open access not 0 provided?

Please check all applicable reasons for not providing open access:

publisher's licensing agreement would not No permit publishing in a repository

no suitable repository available No

no suitable open access journal available No

no funds available to publish in an open access No journal

lack of time and resources No

lack of information on open access Yes

If other - please specify

15. How many new patent applications 1

Project No.: 315348 Page - 18 of 21 Period number: 2nd

Ref: 315348_PowderBond_Final_Report12_20150629_170036_CET.pdf

('priority filings') have been made? ("Technologically unique": multiple applications for the same invention in different jurisdictions should be counted as just one application of grant).

16. Indicate how many of the following Intellectual Property Rights were applied for (give number in each box). Trademark 0

Registered design 0

Other 0

17. How many spin-off companies were 0 created / are planned as a direct result of the

project?

Indicate the approximate number of 0 additional jobs in these companies:

18. Please indicate whether your project has a potential impact on employment, in comparison with the situation before your project:

Safeguard employment, In small and medium-sized enterprises

19. For your project partnership please 0Difficult to estimate / not possible to quantify estimate the employment effect resulting

directly from your participation in Full Time

Equivalent (FTE = one person working

fulltime for a year) jobs:

I. Media and Communication to the general public

20. As part of the project, were any of the No beneficiaries professionals in communication

or media relations?

21. As part of the project, have any No beneficiaries received professional media /

communication training / advice to improve

communication with the general public?

22. Which of the following have been used to communicate information about your project to the general public, or have resulted from your project? Press Release Yes

Media briefing No

TV coverage / report No

Radio coverage / report No

Brochures /posters / flyers Yes

DVD /Film /Multimedia Yes

Coverage in specialist press No

Coverage in general (non-specialist) press No


Coverage in national press No

Coverage in international press No

Website for the general public / internet Yes

Event targeting general public (festival, Yes conference, exhibition, science café)

23. In which languages are the information products for the general public produced? Language of the coordinator No

Other language(s) No

English Yes


Attachments

Grant Agreement number: 315348

Project acronym: PowderBond

Project title: Developing powder coatings for contact curing of structural adhesives for vehicle bonding applications

Funding Scheme: FP7-BSG-SME

Project starting date: 01/05/2013

Project end date: 30/04/2015

Name of the scientific representative of the Mr. Peter Hudson POWDERTECH LIMITED project's coordinator and organisation:

Name

Date 29/06/2015 This declaration was visaed electronically by Peter HUDSON (ECAS user name nhudsopt) on 29/06/2015


Documents

Project No: Project Acronym: PowderBond · 2016-08-28 · Final Report PROJECT FINAL REPORT Grant Agreement number: 315348 Project acronym: PowderBond Project title: Developing powder