Project artifact 4

NORTHWEST ISD

tion in the digestive tract

Gonads= primary sex organs in the male and

in the female. Each is structured differently,

and each produces its own unique set of hor-

mones

Testes= Are paired organs within a sac of

skin called scrotum, what produces male sex

hormones

Ovaries= are a set of paired glands in the

pelvis that creates several types of hormone

including estrogens, and progesterone, what

produces women’s sex hormones

Steroid hormones= usually used for sports

build up large molecules (anabolism)will

cause negative feed back such as atrophy of

the testes.

Hormone

Glucagon= Pancreatic

islets= Promotes

movements of glucose

from storage and into

the blood

Insulin= Pancreatic

islets= Promotes

movements of glucose

out of the blood into

the cells

Somatostatin= Pancre-

atic islets= can have

general effects in the

body, but primary

role seems to be reg-

ulation of secretion of

the pancreatic hor-

mones

Pancreatic polypep-

tide = pancreatic is-

lets= excact functions

incertain, but seems

to influence absorp-

Article One

11/12/12 VOLUME 1, ISSUE 4

HORMONES, THE PERFECT STORM?

Inside this issue:

Article one 1

Article two 2

Article three 3

Article four 4—5

Article five 6

© (17)

Article Two

Page 2

HORMONES, THE PERFECT STORM?

16-6

The target cell concept. A hormone acts only on cells

that have receptors specific to that hormone because

the shape of the receptor de-

termines which hormone can

react with it. This is an exam-

ple of the lock-and-key model

of biochemical reaction. (1)

The endocrine

system is re-

sponsible for

the regulation

of hormones in

the body. It

works with

nervous system

by stimulating

the brain to re-

lease hormone

to stimulate

glands like thy-

roid glands to

secrete thyroid

hormones

The endocrine

system is a col-

lection of

glands and or-

gans that pro-

duce and regu-

late hormones

in the blood-

stream to control many func-

tions of the body. This system

overlaps with the nervous sys-

tem and exocrine system, and

its responsibilities include

metabolism, growth and sexu-

al development Many of the

basic hormones are active

from birth, but most of the

hormones relates to repro-

ductive functions are not pro-

duced or secreted

until puberty.

Article Three

Page 3

VOLUME 1, ISSUE 4

© (18)

Article Four—graphs

Page 4

NEWSLETTER TITLE

Hormone Source Target Principle Action

Growth hormone-

releasing hormone

Hypothalamus Adenohypophysis

(somatotrophs)

Stimulates secretion of

growth hormone

Growth hormone-

inhibiting hormone (GIH)

ir somatostatin


(somatotrophs)

Inhibits secretion of

growth hormone

Corticotropin-releasing

hormone (CRH)


(corticotrophs)

Stimulates release of

adrenocorticotropic hor-

mone (ACTH)

Thryotropin-releasing

hormone (TRH)


(thyrotrophs)

Stimulates release of thy-

roid-stimulating hormone

(TSH)

Gonadotropin-releasing

hormone (GNRH)


(gonadotrophs)

Stimulates release of gon-

adotropins (FSH and LH)

Prolactin-releasing hor-

mone (PRH)


(corticotrophs)

Stimulates secretion of

prolactin

Prolaction-inhibiting hor-

mone (PIH)


(corticotrophs)

Inhibits secretion of pro-

lactin

Growth hormone (GH)

(somatotropin [STH])

Adenohypophysis

(somatotrophs)

General Promotes growth by stim-

ulating protein anabolism

and fat mobilization

Prolactin (PRL)

(lactogenic hormone)

Adenohypophysis

(lactotrophs)

Mammary glands

(alveolar secretory cells)

Promotes milk secretion

Thyroid-stimulating hor-

mone (TSH)*

Adenohypophysis

(thyrotrophs)

Thyroid glands Stimulates development

and secretion in the thy-

roid gland

Adrenocorticotropic hor-

mone (ACTH)*

Adenohypophysis

(corticotrophs)

Adrenal cortex Promotes development

and secretion in the ad-

renal cortex

Follicle-stimulating hor-

mone (FSH)*

Adenohypophysis

(gonadotrophs)

Gonads (primary sex or-

gans)

Female- promotes devel-

opments of ovarian folli-

cle; stimulates estrogen

secretion

Male- promotes develop-

ment of testis; stimulates

sperm production

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

*

Adenohypophysis

(gonadotrophs)

Gonads Female- triggers ovula-

tion; promotes develop-

ment of corpus luteum

Male- stimulates produc-

tion of testosterone

Antidiuretic hormone

(ADH)

Neurohypophysis Kidney Promotes water retention

by kidney tubules

Oxytocin (OT) Neurohypophysis Uterus and mammary

glands

Stimulates uterine con-

tractions; stimulates ejec-

tion of milk into mamma-

ry ducts

Triiodothyronine (T3) Thyroid gland (follicular

cells)

General Increase rate of metabo-

lism

Tetraiodothyronine (T4)

or thyroxine

Thyroid gland (follicular

cells)

General Increase rate of metabo-

lism (usually converted to

T3 first)

Calcitonin (CT) Thyroid gland

(parafollicular cells)

Bone tissue Increases calcium stor-

age in bone, lowering

blood calcium levels

Page 5

VOLUME 1, ISSUE 1

Parathyroid hormone

(PTH) or parathormone

Parathyroid glands Bone tissue and kidney Increases calcium remov-

al from storage in bone

and produces the active

form of vitamin D in the

kidneys, increasing ab-

sorption of calcium by

intestines and increasing

blood calcium levels

Aldosterone Adrenal cortex (zona glo-

merulosa)

Kidney Stimulates kidney tubules

to conserve sodium,

which, in turn, triggers

the release of ADH and

the resulting conserva-

tion of water by the kid-

ney

Cortisol (hydrocortisone) Adrenal cortex (zona fas-

ciculata)

General Influences metabolism of

food molecules; in large

amounts, it has an anti-

inflammatory effect

Adrenal androgens Adrenal cortex (zona re-

ticularis)

Sex organs, other effec-

tors

Exact role uncertain, but

may support sexual func-

tion

Adrenal estrogens Adrenal cortex (zona re-

ticularis)

Sex organs Thought to be physiologi-

cally insignificant

Epinephrine (adrenaline) Adrenal medulla Sympathetic effectors Enhances and prolongs

the effects of the sympa-

thetic division of the auto-

nomic nervous system

Norepinephrine Adrenal medulla Sympathetic effectors Enhances and prolongs

the effects of the sympa-

thetic division of the auto-

nomic nervous system

Glucagon Pancreatic islets (alpha a

cells or A cells)

General Promotes movement of

glucose from storage and

into the blood

Insulin Pancreatic islets (beta b

cells or B cells)

Pancreatic cells and other

effectors

Can have general effects

in the body, but primary

role seems to be regula-

tion of secretion of other

pancreatic hormones

Somatosatin Pancreatic islets (delta d

cells or D cells)

Pancreatic cells and other

effectors

Can have general effects

in the body, but primary

role seems to be regula-

tion of secretion of other

pancreatic hormones

Pancreatic polypeptide Pancreatic islets

(pancreatic polyperptide

[PP] or F cells

Intestinal cells and other

effectors

Exact function uncertain,

but seems to influence

absorption in the diges-

tive tract

Never got Part...

NORTHWEST ISD

Article Five

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Project artifact 4