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ProfilesofIndividualRadicalizationintheUnitedStates(PIRUS)CodebookPublicreleaseversionLastupdate:January2018
National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism A Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Center of
Excellence Based at the University of Maryland
8400 Baltimore Ave, Suite 250 • College Park, MD 20742 • 301.405.6600
www.start.umd.edu
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ProfilesofIndividualRadicalizationintheUnitedStates(PIRUS)Codebook
ContentsCriteriaCoding.............................................................................................................................................3
CriteriaforInclusion.................................................................................................................................3
InclusionCriteria......................................................................................................................................5
InclusionCriteriadetails...........................................................................................................................5
ManagementandIdentificationVariables...................................................................................................8
PlotandConsequences................................................................................................................................8
Plot...........................................................................................................................................................8
Consequences........................................................................................................................................12
GroupNature.............................................................................................................................................14
GroupDetails.........................................................................................................................................14
RecruitmentDetails...............................................................................................................................15
GroupActivitiesandDynamics..............................................................................................................16
Radicalization.............................................................................................................................................17
InternetandMedia................................................................................................................................17
RadicalizationIdeology..........................................................................................................................18
RadicalizationLocationandTiming........................................................................................................20
ExtentofRadicalization..........................................................................................................................21
RadicalizingEvents.................................................................................................................................22
RadicalizationProcess............................................................................................................................23
RadicalizingSites....................................................................................................................................24
Demographics............................................................................................................................................25
GeneralDetails.......................................................................................................................................25
ReligiousBackground.............................................................................................................................26
CitizenshipHistory.................................................................................................................................28
TiestoSociety........................................................................................................................................29
SocioeconomicStatus................................................................................................................................30
Education...............................................................................................................................................30
FinancesandEmployment.....................................................................................................................31
Military...................................................................................................................................................32
Socioeconomicstratum.........................................................................................................................33
Personal.....................................................................................................................................................34
AbuseandPsychologicalConcerns........................................................................................................34
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FamilyandRelationships.......................................................................................................................36
SocialLife...............................................................................................................................................39
CriminalActivity.....................................................................................................................................40
MindsetPriortoRadicalization..............................................................................................................44
CriteriaCodingCriteriaforInclusion
PIRUSincludesasampleofindividualsespousingIslamist,farright,farleft,orsingleissueideologieswhohaveradicalizedwithintheUnitedStatestothepointofcommittingideologicallymotivatedillegalviolentornon-violentacts,joiningadesignatedterroristorganization,orassociatingwithanextremistorganizationwhoseleader(s)has/havebeenindictedofanideologicallymotivatedviolentoffense.
Specification:
1. Individuals–regardlessofwhethertheyarepartofagroup.2. Espousing–whereitappearsfromtheopensourcesthatideologicalmotiveswerethe
primedriverofthedecisiontoengageinillegalbehavior.3. IdeologicalMotives
Islamist–Werecognizethattheterms“jihadism”and“jihadist”areappliedinconsistentlyinbothacademicandpolicycircles,andcanimplyawiderangeofmeaningsbasedonthecontextinwhichtheyareused.1Forthisproject,wedefine“jihadism”asamilitantmethodologypracticedbySunniIslamist-Salafistswhoseektheimmediateoverthrowofincumbentregimesandthenon-Muslimgeopoliticalforceswhichsupportthem,inordertopavethewayforanIslamistsocietywhichwouldbedevelopedthroughmartialpower.AlthoughthereareanumberofIslamist-Salafistthinkerswhodonotadvocateforviolentmilitarystrategiestoachievetheirgoals(e.g.,MuhammadNasiruddinal-Albani),intheUScontext,theindividualsweclassifyas“jihadists”aremostcommonlyconnectedto,orinspiredby,violentIslamist-Salafistgroupsthathavetheirrootsintheonsetof“globaljihadism”ofthe1980s,includingal-Qaedaanditsaffiliatedmovements.2ThereareanumberofideologicaltenetscommonlyelaboratedbyIslamist-Salafistgroups,includingtheimpositionofshari’alawwithviolentjihadasacentralcomponent,thecreationofanexpansionistIslamicstate,orkhalifa,andtheuseoflocal,national,andinternationalgrievancesaffectingMuslims,whichareairedinanovertlyreligiouscontext.3
1Forathoroughreviewofthechallengesindefiningtheseterms,seeMarkSedgwick,“Jihadism,NarrowandWide:TheDangersofLooseUseofanImportantTerm,”PerspectivesonTerrorism9,no.2(April23,2015) 2YahyaSadowski,“PoliticalIslam:AskingtheWrongQuestions?”AnnualReviewofPoliticalScience9,no.1(2006):215–40.3RobinSimcoxandEmilyDyer,Al-QaedaintheUnitedStates:ACompleteAnalysisofTerrorismOffences(TheHenryJacksonSociety,2013);BruceHoffman,InsideTerrorism(ColumbiaUniversityPress,2006);AssafMogahadam,“The
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FarRight–Thereexistsabroadrangeoffarrightbeliefsandactors(oftenoverlappingmovements),includingbothreactionaryandrevolutionaryjustificationsofviolence.4InitsmodernmanifestationintheUnitedStates,theideologyofthefarrightisgenerallyexclusivistandfavorssocialhierarchy,seekinganidealizedfuturefavoringaparticulargroup,whetherthisgroupidentityisracial,pseudo-national(e.g.,theTexasRepublic)orcharacterizedbyindividualistictraits(e.g.,survivalists).5Theextremistfarrightcommonlyshowsantipathytothepoliticalleftandthefederalgovernment.Asaresultofthisheterodoxy,thiscategoryincludesradicalindividualslinkedtoextremistreligiousgroups(e.g.,IdentityChristians),non-religiousracialsupremacists(e.g.,CreativityMovement,NationalAlliance),taxprotesters,sovereigncitizens,militias,andmilitantgunrightsadvocates.FarLeft–ThefarleftintheUnitedStatesisessentiallyclass-orientedandconsistsprimarilyofindividualsandgroupsthatadheretosomeformofMarxism-Leninism,i.e.,someformofCommunism.6Withrootsintheleftiststudentmovementandradicalprisonreformmovementofthelate1960s,farleftextremistsgenerallyseektheoverthrowofthecapitalistsystem,includingtheUnitedStatesgovernment,andseektoreplaceitwithanew,anti-imperialisteconomicorderthatempowersmembersofthe“workingclass”.7Whiletherearesomefarleftextremistgroupsthatmaintainadistinctracialidentity(e.g.,BlackPantherParty),thefarleftdiffersfromthefarrightinthatitsidentityisgroundedineconomicgrievancesandnotrace-basedissues.Althoughnotallanimal-rightsandenvironmentalextremistsareinherentlyleftistinorientation(forinstance,thereareGreenFascists),thevastmajorityofeco-andanimalrightsextremistsidentifywithleftistpoliticalpositionsandhavethusbeenincludedinthefarleftcategoryforthepurposesofthisproject.SingleIssue–Singleissueextremistsareindividualsthataremotivatedprimarilybyasingleissue,ratherthanabroadideology.ExamplesinthePIRUSdataofsingleissueextremistsareindividualsassociatedwiththePuertoRicanindependencemovement,anti-abortionextremists,membersoftheJewishDefenseLeague,andextremistswithidiosyncraticideologies(e.g.,TedKaczynski).4. Radicalized…-weregardthefollowingasradicalizationworthyofinclusion:anyone
arrested,indicted,and/orconvictedofeitherengagingorplanningtoengageinideologicallymotivatedunlawfulbehavior,oranyonewhobelongedtoadesignatedterroristorganizationoraviolentextremistgroup.Forplannedviolence,theremustbe
Salafi-JihadasaReligiousIdeology,”TheCombatingTerrorismCenteratWestPoint,accessedJune20,2016,https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-salafi-jihad-as-a-religious-ideology.4JohnGeorgeandLairdWilcox,AmericanExtremists(Amherst,N.Y:PrometheusBooks,1996).5StevenChermak,JoshuaFreilich,andMichaelSuttmoeller,“TheOrganizationalDynamicsofFar-RightHateGroupsintheUnitedStates:ComparingViolenttoNonviolentOrganizations,”StudiesinConflict&Terrorism36,no.3(March1,2013):193–218,doi:10.1080/1057610X.2013.755912;PeteSimiandBrianBubolz,“FarRightTerrorismintheUnitedStates,”inHandbookoftheCriminologyofTerrorism,ed.GaryLaFreeandJoshuaD.Freilich(NewYork,NY:Wiley,Forthcoming).6GeorgeandWilcox,AmericanExtremists.7BrentL.Smith,TerrorisminAmerica:PipeBombsandPipeDreams(SUNYPress,1994).
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afairlydirectconnectionbetweentheindividualandtheplot.Note:radicalizationdoesnotnecessarilyinvolveviolence.AnindividualwhoprovidesmaterialsupporttoanIslamistgroupbecausehe/sheidentifieswiththegroup'sgoalsbutdoesnotparticipateinanyattacks,orsomeonewhorunsawebsiteforaviolentextremistgroup,orisarrestedfortrespassingbecausetheywerestalkinganindividualforideologicalreasons(likeanimalrightsactivistsharassingemployeesofmedicalresearchlabs)wouldcountasradicalized.Note:radicalizationdoesnotincludenon-ideologicalcriminalactsorlegalideologicalactivities.Forexample,sellingweaponstoagroupformaterialgainsratherthanideologicalaffinitywouldnotcountasradicalized.Andsomeonewhoopenlysupportsanextremistgroupthatparticipatesinpolitics(suchasvotingforaCommunistPartycandidateforoffice)wouldalsonotberadicalized.
5. …withintheUnitedStates–theradicalizationprocessmusthavebegunandsignificantlyadvancedwithintheU.S.“Significantlyadvanced”isdeterminedonacasebycasebasisbutgenerallymeansthatmostoralloftheindividual’sradicalizationoccurredwhileresidingintheU.S.ThisistobedistinguishedfromindividualswhowereradicalizedinaplaceotherthantheU.S.IfthereisnoevidencethattheindividualeverresidedoutsideoftheU.S.,thecodercanassumetheradicalizationoccurredintheU.S.IndividualsthatleavetheU.S.toimmediatelyattendtrainingcampsabroadarepresumedtoalreadyberadicalized.
InclusionCriteria
Summary:Inordertobeeligibleforinclusion,eachindividualmustmeetoneofthefollowingfivecriteria:
1. theindividualwasarrested;2. theindividualwasindictedofacrime;3. theindividualwaskilledasaresultofhisorherideologicalactivities;4. theindividualis/wasamemberofadesignatedterroristorganization;or5. theindividualwasassociatedwithanextremistorganizationwhoseleader(s)orfounder(s)has/havebeenindictedofanideologicallymotivatedviolentoffense.
Inaddition,eachindividualMUST:
1. havebeenradicalizedintheUnitedStates,2. haveespousedorcurrentlyespouseideologicalmotives,and3. showevidencethathisorherbehaviorsare/werelinkedtotheideologicalmotivesheorsheespoused/espouses.
InclusionCriteriadetails
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A.Inordertobeeligibleforinclusion,eachindividualmustmeetATLEASTONEofthefollowingfivecriteria:
1. Arrested/Charged:Wastheindividualarrestedforcommittingacrime?ThisincludesarrestsortheirequivalentsoutsidetheUnitedStates.
2. Indicted:Wastheindividualindictedforacrime?ThisincludesindictmentsortheirequivalentsoutsidetheUnitedStates.
3. KilledinAction:Wastheindividualkilledasaresultofhis/herideologicalactivities?Thisincludesbeingkilledduringthecommissionofanattack,includingsuicide,beingkilledduringanattemptedarrest/acquisitionbysecurityforces,beingtargetedbysecurityforces(evenifnottheprimarytarget),andbeingkilledinanunmannedaerialvehiclestrike.Note:Thisdoesnotincludeindividualswhoareexecutedbythestateafterarrestordiewhileinprison.
4. MemberofDesignatedTerroristOrganization:Istheindividualcurrentlyorwastheindividualpreviouslyamemberofadesignatedterroristorganization(DTO)?Note:Wedefine"member"broadly.Thisincludesofficialmembers,individualstheUSgovernmentoranothergovernmentclaimedweremembersofaDTO(evenifthegroupitselfdidnotacknowledgethemembership),andindividualscrediblemediasourceslinktothegroup(butnotthosebasedonpurespeculation).ItalsoincludesindividualswhoclaimmembershipinaDTOevenifthegroupitselfdidnotacknowledgemembership.
5. ViolentExtremistGroupAssociation(VEGA):Istheindividualcurrentlyorwastheindividualpreviouslyassociatedwithanextremistorganizationwhoseleader(s)orfounder(s)has/havebeenindictedforanideologicallymotivatedviolentoffense?Note:Similarto4,"association"isdefinedbroadly.Thisincludesofficialmembership,membershipclaimedbyagovernment,andself-identifiedassociation(evenifthegroupdoesnotacknowledgeit).Italsoincludesactiveparticipationingroupactivities,suchasprotestsandnewslettersubscriptions.Anditincludesideologically-basedinteractionswithVEGAmembers,suchasanindividualwithFarRightviewswhohasafriendwhoregularlyinteractswithmembersofaFarRightVEGAgroupbuthasnotofficiallyjoinedthegroup.Note:"Association"doesnotincludelessactiveparticipationingroupactivities,suchassigningapetitionorlisteningtoaspeakerfromthegroupatapublicevent.
B. Inaddition,bothofthefollowingcriteriaMUSTbemet:
1. UnitedStates:WasthebeginningandmostsignificantperiodofradicalizationintheUnitedStates?Referbacktopoint5inthesectiontitled“Specification”aboveforadescriptionofwhatqualifiesasradicalizationwithintheUnitedStates.
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2. Ideology:Isthereevidencethattheindividualespoused/espousesideologicalmotives?Referbacktopoint3inthesectiontitled“Specification”aboveforadetaileddescriptionofeachideology.Ifmultiple,explainwhyinthenotessection.
a. Islamistb. FarRightc. FarLeftd. SingleIssue
C. IstheresomeevidencethatthebehaviorsinpartAabovearelinkedtotheideologiesin
partB.2above?
1. Note:thisincludescrimescommittedinfurtheranceofanideologicalgoal,suchasanattack,trespassingaspartofaprotestandlogisticalsupportduetoideologicalaffinitywiththegroup.ItdoesnotincludecrimesthatareconnectedtoaDTOorVEGAbutthattheindividualcommittedfornon-ideologicalreasons;forexample,anarmsdealerwhosellsweaponstoanextremistgroupbutalsosellsarmstocriminalgangsandothernon-ideologicalactorswouldnotbecountedforthis.
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ManagementandIdentificationVariables
1. FieldName:Subject_IDVariableType:NumericalSource:PIRANAandPIRUSDescription:Unique4-digitnumericalidentifierforeachindividualinthedataset.PlotandConsequencesThevariablesinthissectioncapturedetailspertainingtothefirstpublicallyknownplotorextremistactivityassociatedwiththeindividual.Thisincludesinformationaboutimportantdates,locations,targets,preparations,andconsequencesrelatedtotheactivity.Note:Forcasesinwhichanindividualconductedmultipleattacksorplots,thesequestionsreferprimarilytotheplotthatresultedintheindividual'sexposure,whichisusuallythefinalplot.
Plot
2. FieldName:Loc_Plot_State/Loc_Plot_CityKeshifLabel(s):LocationofExtremistActivities(City/State)VariableType:TextSource:PIRANADescription:EntertheU.S.stateandcityorforeigncountrywherethefirstpublicallyknownextremistplot/activitywascentered.Thiscouldincludewherethepersonwasarrested,wherehe/shedidmostofhis/hertraining,orwheretheindividualintendedtoattack.Inessence,itrecordsthelocationmostcommonlyassociatedinthemediawiththeindividualplot/activity.Ifunknown,list-99.3. FieldName:Date_ExposureKeshifLabel(s):YearofExposureVariableType:DateSource:PIRANADescription:Enterthedate(usingtheformatMM/DD/YYYY)atwhichtheindividual’sactivity/plotfirstcametopublicattention.Thisisusuallytimeofincidentorarrest,orearliestmentionofindividualinsources,solongasthesearerelatedtotheplot/radicalizationoftheindividual.Ifunknown,list-99.Ifonlymonthandyearareknown,thenassumefirstdayofthemonth.4. FieldName:Plot_Target
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KeshifLabel(s):PlotTargetType:Categorical,MultipleEntrySource:GlobalTerrorismDatabaseDescription:Iftheindividual'sfirstpublicallyknownextremistactivityincludedaviolentplot,enter the target typeor intended target typeof theplot. Selectup to three target types. Ifunknown,list-99.Ifthereisnoviolentplotornospecificplottarget,list-88.
1=Businesses2=Government(general)3=Police4=Military5=Abortionrelated6=Airports&aircraft7=Government(diplomatic)8=Educationalinstitution9=Foodorwatersupply10=Journalists&media11=Maritime(includesportsandmaritimefacilities)12=Non-governmentalorganization13=Other(e.g.,ambulances,firefighters)14=Privatecitizens&property15=Religiousfigures/institutions16=Telecommunication17=Terrorists/non-statemilitia18=Tourists19=Transportation20=Utilities-99=Unknown-88=NotApplicable(i.e.,noplot)
5. FieldName:Attack_PreparationKeshifLabel(s):AttackPreparationVariableType:OrdinalSource:PIRUSDescription:Iftheindividual'sfirstpublicallyknownextremistactivityinvolvedaviolentplot,whattypeofpreparationdidtheindividualengageinbeforebeingpubliclyexposedasanextremist?
0=None
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1=Moderateplanning(minimalpreparation,suchasobtaininginformationonthetargetandrudimentaryfamiliaritywithplannedtactics,butnotmoreextensivepreparationlikecasingthetargetorperforming“dryruns”oftheoperation).2=Extensiveplanning(includingobtainingsignificantamountsofinformationonthetarget—includingbothresearchandcasingoractiveobservation—andfamiliaritywiththeplannedtactics,suchasthroughresearch,trainingand“dryruns”oftheoperation)-99=Unknown-88=NotApplicable(forcaseswheretheindividualwasnotassociatedwithanyattackorviolentplot)
6. FieldName:Op_SecurityKeshifLabel(s):HideorConcealPlotVariableType:OrdinalSource:NCTC(incorporatedsomeofQ.L19)Description:Iftheindividual'sfirstpublicallyknownextremistactivityinvolvedaviolentplot,didtheindividualattempttohideorconcealpreparationfortheplot?
0=No,wasopenlyvocalabouttheplot(discusseditwithfriendsandassociates,procuredsuspicioussupplies—likeexplosivesorweapons—withoutbeingdiscrete,etc.)1=Theindividualwasneithercovertnorovert(didnotdiscusstheplotopenlyorovertlyprocuresupplies,butalsodidnotattempttohideactivities).2=Yes(avoideddiscussionwithfriendsandassociatesandusedcodewordswhendiscussingtheplot,procuredsuppliesthroughintermediariesorinareasoutsideplaceofhabitationortargetarea,etc.)-99=Unknown-88=NotApplicable(forcaseswheretheindividualwasnotassociatedwithanyattackorviolentplot)
7. FieldName:Changing_TargetVariableType:DichotomousSource:NCTC(Q.M3)Description:Iftheindividual'sfirstpublicallyknownextremistactivityinvolvedaviolentplot,didthetargetoftheplotchangeastheplotdeveloped?
0=No1=Yes-99=Unknown-88=NotApplicable(forcaseswheretheindividualwasnotassociatedwithanyattackorviolentplot)
8. FieldName:Anticipated_Fatalities_Target
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VariableType:OrdinalSource:NCTC(Q.M3)Description:Iftheindividualwasinvolvedinaviolentplot,howmanyvictimsdidthesubjectanticipatewouldbekilled?
0=None1=Some(1to20)2=Many(greaterthan20)3=Mass(greaterthan100)-99=Unknown-88=NotApplicable(forcaseswheretheindividualwasnotassociatedwithanyattackorviolentplot)
9. FieldName:Internet_Use_PlotVariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUSDescription:Iftheindividual'sextremistactivityinvolvedaviolentplot,didtheindividualusetheinternetforcommunicationsorlogisticswhilepreparingforandundertakingtheplot?Thisincludesusingtheinternettocommunicatewithgroupmembersorotherextremists,threateningtargets,researchingthetargetandtactics,andorderingsupplies.Note:thisdoesnotincluderadicalizingthroughtheinternet,whichisaddressedinanotherquestion.
0=No1=Yes-99=Unknown-88=NotApplicable(forcaseswheretheindividualwasnotassociatedwithanyviolentplot,orforwhentheplotoccurredbefore1995).
10. FieldName:Extent_PlotKeshifLabel(s):PlotProgressExtentVariableType:OrdinalSource:PIRUSDescription:Iftheindividual'sextremistactivityinvolvedaviolentplot,towhatextentdidtheplotprogress?I.e.,howfardidtheplanningandexecutionproceed?
0=Noplot1=Nebulousplot(generalideasonly,threatsmadetotargetsintheabsenceofanplanningorpreparation)2=Attemptedacquisitionofmaterialsforplot3=Acquisitionandpossessionofmaterialsforplot4=Attemptedandfailedexecutionofplot
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5=Successfulexecutionofplot-99=Unknown
Consequences11. FieldName:ViolentKeshifLabel(s):ViolentVariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUSDescription:Didtheindividualactivelyparticipateinideologicallymotivatedoperations/actionsthatresultedincausalities/injuriesorclearlyintendedtoresultincausalities/injuries(butfailed),orweretheychargedwithconspiracytokillorinjurebutwereinterdictedintheplottingphase?Examplesofviolentoperations/plotsincludemurder,assault,armedrobbery,kidnapping,bombing,andarson(butnotiftheypurposelyavoidhumancausalities).Examplesofnonviolentideologicallymotivatedoperations/actionsincludepropertydestruction/vandalism,illegalprotest,armedstandoffsthatweredefusedwithoutinjury,receiving“terrorist”trainingbutnotactingonit,incitingotherstoviolencebutnodirectactionthemselves,threateningviolentactionswithoutoperationalprogresstowardaplot,possessionofillegalweaponswithoutoperationalplansforviolence,and“paperterrorism”tactics(e.g.filingfalseliens,taxfraud,etc.).
0=No1=Yes
12. FieldName:Criminal_SeverityKeshifLabel(s):CriminalSeverityVariableType:OrdinalSource:PIRUSDescription:Enterthemaximumextentoftheindividual’sradicalcriminalactivitybythetimeofpublicexposure.
0=Non-criminal1=Conspiracyafterthefact(e.g.,makingfalsestatements)2=Illegalprotest/criminaltrespassing3=White-collarcrimes/vandalism4=Recruitingothersforviolentgroup/incitement(indirectactions)5=Training/seekingtraining/materialsupporttoaviolentextremistorganization/unlawfulpossession6=Threateningothers(ifmisdemeanor)7=Conspiringtokillorinjure8=Threateningothers(iffelony)
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9=Participationinviolenceagainstproperty/arson10=Violenceagainstperson(s)/armedrobbery/assaultwithdeadlyweapon-99=Unknown
13. FieldName:Criminal_ChargesKeshifLabel(s):CriminalChargesVariableType:CategoricalSource:PIRUSDescription:Iftheindividualwascharged/arrested/indictedforanideologicallymotivatedcrimeasaresultoftheirpublicexposure,indicatethetypeofcrimetheindividualwascharged/arrested/indictedfor.
0=Misdemeanor1=Felony-99=Unknown-88=NotApplicable(theindividualwasneverarrested,charged,orindictedforanideologicallymotivatedcrime)
14. FieldName:Indict_ArrestKeshifLabel(s):IndictedorArrestedVariableType:CategoricalSource:PIRUSDescription:Iftheindividualwasarrestedorindictedforanideologicallymotivatedcrimeasaresultoftheirpublicexposure,indicatewhethertheindividualwasindictedforthecrime,arrested,orboth.
0=Arrestedonly1=Arrestedbutunknownifindicted2=Indictedonly(inrarecircumstancesapersoncanbeindictedbeforebeingarrested)3=Indictedandarrested(unlessotherwisestated,youcanassumeapersonwhowasindictedwasalsoarrested)-99=Unknown-88=NotApplicable
15. FieldName:Current_StatusKeshifLabel(s):CurrentStatusVariableType:CategoricalSource:PIRANADescription:Currentstatusofindividualaccordingtolatestsourcesatthetimeofcoding.
0=Atlarge(notbeingpursuedbythegovernment)
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1=Atlarge(beingpursuedbygovernment)2=Underarrest,awaitingtrial3=Convicted4=Acquitted5=Dead(naturalcauses)6=Dead(suicide)7=Killedbylawenforcementormilitary8=Killedbyadversary(e.g.,otherextremistgroups)-99=Unknown
GroupNatureThevariablesinthissectioncapturedetailsaboutgroupdynamicsandrecruitmentmechanisms.
GroupDetails16. FieldName:Group_MembershipKeshifLabel(s):GroupMembershipVariableType:CategoricalSource:PIRANADescription:Wastheindividualinagroup?Iftheindividualisbothamemberofaformalextremistorganizationandanabove-groundpoliticalmovementoractivistgroup,enter2formemberofformalextremistorganization.Ifindividualismemberofbothaninformalgroupoffellowextremistsandaformalextremistorganization,enter2formemberofformalextremistorganization.Iftheindividualisamemberofbothaninformalgroupofextremistsandanabove-groundpoliticalmovement/activistgroup,enter1forinformalgroupofextremists.Note:refertotheInclusionCriteriasectionforinstructionsonhowtointerpretgroupmembership.
0=Notamemberofagroup1=Memberofaninformalgroupoffellowextremists(e.g.,a‘homegrown’cellorinformalmilitia)2=Memberofaformalextremistorganizationoranextremistmovement(e.g.,WeatherUnderground,AnimalLiberationFront,al-Qaeda)3=Memberofanabove-groundpoliticalmovementoractivistgroup(e.g.,OperationRescue,EarthFirst!)-99=Unknown
17. FieldName:Terrorist_Group_NameKeshifLabel(s):TerroristGroupAffiliation/InspirationVariableType:Text
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Source:PIRANADescription:NameofexistingDesignatedTerroristOrganizationorextremistgroupwithwhichindividualisaffiliated.Includethoseorganizationswithwhichtheindividualself-identifies,aswellasthoselinkedtotheindividualbyauthoritiesandaffiliationsmentionedincrediblemediasources(butnotthosebasedonpurespeculationwithoutrealevidence).Ifunknown,enter-99.Ifnoorganization,enter-88forN/A.RecruitmentDetails18. FieldName:Actively_RecruitedKeshifLabel(s):ActivelyRecruitedVariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUSDescription:Wastheindividualactivelyrecruitedintoanextremistmovement?
0=No1=Yes-99=Unknown
19. FieldName:RecruiterKeshifLabel(s):RecruitersVariableType:Categorical,MultipleEntrySource:PIRUSDescription:Iftheindividualwasactivelyrecruited,enterwhoactivelyrecruitedtheindividual.
0=Associate(s)ormember(s)ofaterroristorviolentextremistgroup1=FamilyMember2=Friend3=Other-99=Unknown-88=N/A(wasnotrecruited)
20. FieldName:Actively_ConnectKeshifLabel(s):ConnectwithExtremistGroupVariableType:OrdinalSource:PIRUSDescription:Didtheindividualactivelyreachouttoanextremistgrouptobecomeamember?
0=No1=Yes,priortoideologicallymotivatedradicalbehaviors
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2=Yes,afterideologicallymotivatedradicalbehaviors-99=Unknown
GroupActivitiesandDynamics21. FieldName:Group_CompetitionKeshifLabel(s):GroupCompetitionVariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUSDescription:Iftheindividualwaspartofaninformalcellorextremistgroup,wastherecompetitionwithinthegrouporwithothergroupsforstatus,power,resourcesorotherthingsaroundthetimeinwhichtheindividualwasamember?
0=No1=Yes-99=Unknown-88=NotApplicable(individualwasnotpartofagroup)
22. FieldName:Role_GroupKeshifLabel(s):RoleinGroupVariableType:CategoricalSource:PIRUSDescription:Whatwastheindividual’sroleinthegroupattimeofpublicexposure?
0=LooseAssociate1=Follower2=Leader-99=Unknown-88=NotApplicable(individualwasnotpartofagroup)
23. FieldName:Length_GroupVariableType:Numerical(months)Source:PIRUSDescription:Iftheindividualwaspartofoneormoregroups,entertheamountoftimetheindividualhadbeenanactivemember,inmonths.Ifunknown,enter-99.Enter-88iftheindividualwasnotpartofanygroup.24. FieldName:CliqueVariableType:Dichotomous
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Source:PIRUSDescription:Wastheindividualpartofaclique?Acliqueisdefinedasaclose-knit,insular,andexclusivegroupofpeoplecontainingatleasttwoindividuals.Acliquecanexistwithinalargergroup—e.g.acliqueofoperativeswithinal-Qaeda—andseparatelyfromanorganizedgroup,suchasacliqueoffriendsthatplansaterroristattack.
0=No1=Yes-99=Unknown
25. FieldName:Clique_RadicalizeKeshifLabel(s):RadicalizeinCliqueVariableType:OrdinalSource:PIRUSDescription:Iftheindividualwaspartofaclique,didtheindividual’sradicalizationcoincidewithhis/hermembershipintheclique?
0=No,notamemberofaclique1=No,radicalizationbeganpriortocliquemembership2=Yes,onsetofradicalizationcoincidedwithcliquemembership-99=Unknown
26. FieldName:Clique_ConnectKeshifLabel(s):ConnectwithCliqueVariableType:OrdinalSource:PIRUSDescription:Iftheindividualwaspartofaclique,didindividualsinthecliqueattempttoconnectwithanextremistgroupafterradicalizing?
0=No,notatall1=No,duringradicalization2=Yes-99=Unknown-88=NotApplicable(individualwasnotamemberofaclique)
RadicalizationInternetandMedia27. FieldName:Internet_Radicalization
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KeshifLabel(s):InternetRadicalizationVariableType:OrdinalSource:PIRANADescription:Whatroledidtheinternetplayintheindividual’sradicalization?
0=Noknownroleoftheinternetinindividual’sradicalization1=Internetplayedarolebutwasnottheprimarymeansofradicalization(e.g.internetresourceswereusedtoreaffirmoradvancepre-existingradicalbeliefs)2=Internetwastheprimarymeansofradicalizationfortheindividual(e.g.initialexposuretoideologyandsubsequentradicalizationoccurredonline-99=Unknown-88=NotApplicable(radicalizationoccurredbefore1995)
28. FieldName:Media_RadicalizationKeshifLabel(s):MediaRadicalizationVariableType:OrdinalSource:PIRUSDescription:Whatroledidmediabesidestheinternet(books,movies,televisionshows,radio)playintheindividual’sradicalization?
0=Noknownroleofmediainindividual’sradicalization1=Mediaplayedarolebutwasnottheprimarymeansofradicalization(e.g.mediaresourceswereusedtoreaffirmoradvancepre-existingradicalbeliefs)2=Mediawastheprimarymeansofradicalizationfortheindividual(e.g.initialexposuretoideologyandsubsequentradicalizationoccurredthroughmedia)-99=Unknown
RadicalizationIdeology29. FieldName:Radicalization_IslamistKeshifLabel(s):RadicalizationIdeologiesVariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUSDescription:DidtheindividualbecomeradicalizedaspartofanIslamistorjihadistmovement?
0=No1=Yes-99=Unknown
30. FieldName:Radicalization_Far_RightKeshifLabel(s):RadicalizationIdeologies
19
VariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUSDescription:Didtheindividualbecomeradicalizedaspartofaright-wingmovement?
0=No1=Yes-99=Unknown
31. FieldName:Radicalization_Far_LeftKeshifLabel(s):RadicalizationIdeologiesVariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUSDescription:Didtheindividualbecomeradicalizedaspartofaleft-wingmovement?
0=No1=Yes-99=Unknown
32. FieldName:Radicalization_Single_IssueKeshifLabel(s):RadicalizationIdeologiesVariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUSDescription:Didtheindividualbecomeradicalizedoverasingleissue?
0=No1=Yes-99=Unknown
33. FieldName:Ideological_Sub_CategoryKeshifLabel(s):IdeologicalSubcategoryVariableType:Categorical,MultipleSelectSource:PIRUSDescription:Selecttheideologicalcategoriesthatbestencapsulatetheindividual’sradicalbeliefs.Theremaybesomeoverlappingideologies.Selectuptothreecategories.
1=Militia/gunrights2=Whitesupremacist/KKK/Neo-Nazi3=Xenophobic/Anti-immigrant4=Anti-government/SovereignCitizensmovement5=ChristianIdentity
20
6=Animalrights/Environmentalist7=NewLeft(primarily1960’sstudentmovements/anti-VietnamWar)8=BlackNationalist/BlackSeparatist9=Anti-capitalist/Communist/anti-Imperialist10=Anarchist11=Islamist12=PuertoRicanindependence/PuertoRicannationalist13=IrishRepublicanArmy14=Cult/idiosyncratic15=Anti-abortion16=JewishDefenseLeague17=Anti-gay18=Other
RadicalizationLocationandTiming
34. FieldName:Loc_HabitationKeshifLabel(s):City/StateofHabitationVariableType:TextSource:PIRANADescription:Americanstate/provinceandcitywhereindividualspentmostoftheirtimeintheUnitedStates.Ifunknown,list-99.35. FieldName:ItinerantVariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUSDescription:Didtheindividualspendanextendedperiodoftime(morethanonemonth)residinginmorethanonelocationintheUnitedStates?
0=No1=Yes-99=Unknown
36. FieldName:External_RadKeshifLabel(s):RadicalizedoutsideoftheU.S.VariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRANADescription:Didanylatterperiodoftheindividual’sradicalizationoccuroutsidetheUnitedStates?
21
0=No(radicalizedsolelyintheUnitedStates)1=Yes(atleastsomepartoftheradicalizationprocessoccurredoutsidetheUnitedStates)-99=Unknown
37. FieldName:Rad_DurationKeshifLabel(s):RadicalizationDurationVariableType:CategoricalSource:PIRUSDescription:Whatwasthedurationoftimebetweenthefirstevidenceofradicalization(eitherradicalizationofbeliefsorradicalizationofbehaviors,whicheveroccursfirst)andexposure(whentheplot/threatfirstcametopublicattention)?
0=Short(lessthanayear)1=Medium(betweenoneandfiveyears)2=Long(morethanfiveyears)-99=Unknown-88=NotApplicable(therewasnoplot/threat)
ExtentofRadicalization
38. FieldName:Radical_BehaviorsVariableType:OrdinalSource:PIRUS(adaptedfromPIRANA)Description:Enterthemaximumextentofradicalizationapparentintheindividual’sbehaviors.
0=Noradicalbehaviors1=Associateswithradicals2=Changingdailylifestyleinlinewithradicalbeliefsystem(appearance;attendanceatprayerorpoliticalmeetings)3=Attemptstoconvertotherstoextremistideology4=Distancingfrompastrelationships(family;friends,etc.)5=Legal/abovegroundactivisminsupportofextremistbeliefsystem6=Material/financialsupporttoextremistorganizations7=Logisticalsupporttooperationalelements8=Seeksoperationaltraininginviolentextremistactivities(thetypeofviolentdirectactionthemovementfavors:“jihad”forIslamism,arsonandsabotageforFarLeft,etc.)9=Activeparticipationinoperationalactions/plotsnotintendingtoresultincasualties(suchastaxevasionortrespassing)10=Activeparticipationinoperationalactions/plotsintendingtoresultincasualties
22
-99=Unknown
39. FieldName:Radical_BeliefsVariableType:OrdinalSource:PIRUS(adaptedfromPIRANA)Description:Enterthemaximumextentofradicalizationapparentintheindividual’sbeliefs.
0=Ideologicalsystembutnoevidenceofbeliefinradicalversionsofideology1=Evidenceofexposuretoradicalideology2=Pursuesfurtherinformationonradicalideology3=Fullknowledgeoftenetsofradicalideology4=Sharesmanyofthebeliefsofradicalideology5=Deepcommitmenttoradicalideologicalbeliefs-99=Unknown
RadicalizingEvents
40. FieldName:US_Govt_LeaderVariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUSDescription:Wastheindividual’sradicalizationconnectedtospecificactionsbytheUnitedStatesgovernmentorparticularUSleaders?
0=No1=Yes-99=Unknown
41. FieldName:Foreign_Govt_LeaderVariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUSDescription:Wastheindividual’sradicalizationconnectedtospecificactionsbyaforeigngovernmentorparticularforeignleaders?
0=No1=Yes-99=Unknown
42. FieldName:Event_InfluenceType:Categorical,MultipleEntrySource:PIRUS
23
Description:Which,ifany,ofthefollowingeventsevidently(accordingtosources)precipitatedoracceleratedtheindividual’sradicalization?
0=None1=September11terroristattacks2=VietnamWar3=ColdWar4=FirstGulfWar5=Afghanistan/IraqWar6=RubyRidge/Waco7=Other8=ArabSpring/SyrianCivilWar-99=Unknown
RadicalizationProcess43. FieldName:Beliefs_TrajectoryVariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUSDescription:Didtheindividual’sbeliefsradicalizegraduallyoveranextendedperiodoftime?Or,werekeyeventsormomentstemporallylinkedtochangesintheindividual’sradicalbeliefs?
0=Gradual1=Keymoments-99=Unknown
44. FieldName:Behaviors_TrajectoryVariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUSDescription:Didtheindividual’sbehaviorsradicalizeincrementallyoveranextendedperiodoftime?Or,weretherekeymomentsoftransitionintheradicalizationoftheindividual’sbehaviors?
0=Gradual1=Keymoments-99=Unknown
45. FieldName:Radicalization_SequenceVariableType:Categorical
24
Source:PIRUSDescription:Inwhatsequencedidtheindividual’sbeliefsandbehaviorsradicalize?
0=Radicalizationofbeliefsprecededradicalizationofbehaviors(individualbeganespousingradicalbeliefsbeforeundertakingillegalideologically-motivatedbehavior)1=Radicalizationofbehaviorsprecededradicalizationofbeliefs(individualbeganundertakingillegalideologically-motivatedbehaviorbeforeespousingradicalbeliefs)2=Radicalizationofbeliefsandbehaviorsoccurredatthesametime-99=Unknown
RadicalizingSites46. FieldName:Radicalization_PlaceVariableType:CategoricalSource:PIRUSDescription:Wastheindividual’sradicalizationsignificantlyconnectedtoaplaceofworship,aneducationalinstitution,orasocialclub?
0=No1=Yes,placeofworship2=Yes,educationalinstitution3=Yes,socialclub-99=Unknown
47. FieldName:Prison_RadicalizeKeshifLabel(s):RadicalizedinPrisonVariableType:CategoricalSource:NCTC(Q.E4)Description:Isthereevidencethatprisoninfluencedtheindividual’sradicalization?
0=No(theindividualneverwenttoprison)1=No,individualhadreachedmaximumlevelofradicalization(inbothbehaviorsandbeliefs)beforeprison2=Yes,butradicalizationhadbegun(ineitherbehaviorsorbelief)beforeprison3=Yes,butradicalizationreachedmaximumlevel(inbothbehaviorsandbelief)afterprison4=Yes,radicalizationbeganandreachedmaximumlevelinprison-99=Unknown
25
DemographicsThevariablesinthissectioncapturedetailspertainingtothedemographicprofileoftheindividual.Thisincludesinformationabouttheperson’sethnicity,maritalstatus,religiousbackground,citizenshipstatus,andtiestosociety.
GeneralDetails
48. FieldName:Broad_EthnicityKeshifLabel(s):EthnicityVariableType:CategoricalSource:PIRANA(withchangedcategories)Description:Whatwastherace/ethnicityoftheindividual?
0=Hispanic/Latino1=Black/African-American2=White3=MiddleEastern/NorthAfrican4=NativeAmerican5=Asian(incl.Iran,Afghanistan,andPakistan)6=Other-99=Unknown
49. FieldName:AgeKeshifLabel(s):AgeatExposureVariableType:NumericalSource:PIRANADescription:Whatwastheageoftheindividualatthedateofexposure(usuallytimeofincidentorarrest)?Ifunknown,list-99.50. FieldName:Marital_StatusKeshifLabel(s):MaritalStatusVariableType:CategoricalSource:PIRANADescription:Whatwastheindividual’smaritalstatusatthedateofexposure?
1=Single(nevermarried)2=Married(religiousorcivilmarriagequalifies)3=DivorcedorSeparated4=Widowed-99=Unknown
26
51. FieldName:ChildrenKeshifLabel(s):ChildrenVariableType:NumericalSource:PIRANADescription:Numberofchildrenatdateofexposure.Ifunknown,list-99.52. FieldName:Age_ChildVariableType:NumericalSource:PIRUSDescription:Ageofoldestchildattimeofindividual’sexposure.Ifunknown,list-99.Enter-88forN/A(i.e.theindividualdidnothaveanychildren).53. FieldName:GenderKeshifLabel(s):GenderVariableType:DichotomousDescription:Whatistheindividual’sgender?
0=Female1=Male-99=Unknown
ReligiousBackground54. FieldName:Religious_BackgroundKeshifLabel(s):ReligiousBackgroundVariableType:CategoricalSource:PIRANA(withchangedcategories)Description:Whatwasthereligionpracticed/exposedtopriortobecomingradicalized?Ifmultiplereligions,listearliestreligion(intermsofperson’sage)mentionedinsources.
0=SunniIslam1=Shi’aIslam2=SufiIslam3=OtherIslam(includingschismaticMuslimssuchasAhmadis)4=UnspecifiedIslam(e.g.thesourceonlymentionedtheindividualwasaMuslim)5=EvangelicalProtestantChristianity(e.g.,Baptist,Pentecostal)6=MainlineProtestantChristianity(e.g.,Lutheran,Presbyterian)7=CatholicChristianity8=OrthodoxChristianity
27
9=OtherChristianity(includingschismaticChristianssuchasJehovah'sWitnesses)10=UnspecifiedChristianity(e.g.thesourceonlymentionedtheindividualwasaChristian)11 =Jewish12 =Buddhist13 =Hindu14 =Newreligion(suchasScientologyandNewAgecommunities,includingnewreligionsthatclaimanancientsource,suchasOdinismandSatanism)15 =Other16 =Agnostic(acceptsexistenceofadeity,butnoreligiousbeliefs)17 =Atheist(activelyrejectsexistenceofadeity)-99=Unknown
55. FieldName:ConvertKeshifLabel(s):ReligiousConvertVariableType:CategoricalSource:PIRUS(AdaptedfromPIRANA)Description:Wastheindividualaconverttohis/herreligionattimeofexposure?
0=No1=Yes,convertedpriortoradicalization2=Yes,convertedduringradicalization3=Yes,convertedafterradicalization-99=Unknown
56. FieldName:Convert_DateVariableType:DateSource:PIRANADescription:Ifpersonconverted(i.e.‘1’listedabove),notetheyearofconversiondate(usingtheformatMM/DD/YYYY).Ifunknown,list-99.Ifonlymonthandyearareknown,thenassumefirstdayofthemonth.Enter-88forN/A(i.e.individualwasnotaconvert).57. FieldName:ReawakeningKeshifLabel(s):ReligiousReawakeningVariableType:CategoricalSource:PIRUSDescription:Didtheindividualexperienceareligiousrenewalofpreviouslyheldbeliefs?
0=No1=Yes,occurredpriortoradicalization2=Yes,occurredduringradicalization
28
3=Yes,occurredafterradicalization-99=Unknown
58. FieldName:Reawakening_DateVariableType:DateSource:PIRUSDescription:Ifpersonexperiencedareligiousrenewal,notetheyearofrenewal(usingtheformatMM/DD/YYYY).Ifunknown,list-99.Ifonlymonthandyearareknown,thenassumefirstdayofthemonth.Enter-88forN/A(i.e.persondidnotexperiencereligiousrenewal).
CitizenshipHistory59. FieldName:CitizenshipKeshifLabel(s):CountryofCitizenshipVariableType:CountrySource:PIRANADescription:ListnameofcountrywheretheindividualhadcitizenshipattheDateofExposure(seeabove).Ifhe/shehadcitizenshipinmorethanonecountry,listallcountries,separatedbysemi-colons.Ifunknown,list-99.60. FieldName:Residency_StatusKeshifLabel(s):ResidencyStatusVariableType:CategoricalSource:PIRANADescription:Whatwastheindividual’sresidencystatusintheUnitedStatesatthetimeofexposure?
0=BornCitizen1=NaturalizedCitizen2=LegalPermanentResident3=TemporaryResident4=UndocumentedResident-99=Unknown
61. FieldName:NativityKeshifLabel(s):NativityVariableType:TextSource:PIRANADescription:Listnameofcountrywhereindividualwasborn(i.e.initialcitizenship).Ifunknown,list-99.
29
62. FieldName:Time_US_MonthsVariableType:NumericalSource:PIRANADescription:HowlongwastheindividualintheUnitedStates,bynumberofmonths,beforepublicexposure?Ifunknown,list-99.63. FieldName:Immigrant_GenerationKeshifLabel(s):ImmigrantGenerationVariableType:CategoricalSource:PIRUSDescription:Wastheindividualafirstorsecond-generationimmigrant?FirstgenerationimmigrantsrefertoindividualsbornoutsidetheUnitedStates.SecondgenerationimmigrantsrefertoindividualswhowerebornintheUnitedStates,butwhoseparentswerebornoutsidetheUnitedStates.
0 =Notafirstorsecond-generationimmigrant(3+generationsintheUnitedStates)1 =Firstgeneration2=Secondgeneration-99=Unknown
64. FieldName:Immigrant_SourceKeshifLabel(s):ImmigrantSourceVariableType:TextSource:PIRUSDescription:Iftheindividualisafirstorsecondgenerationimmigrant,whatwasthecountryoforiginimmediatelypriortocomingtotheUnitedStates?Ifunknown,list-99.List-88ifN/A(i.e.notanimmigrant).TiestoSociety65. FieldName:Language_EnglishVariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUSDescription:IfEnglishwasnottheindividual’sfirstlanguage,didtheindividualhaveagoodgraspoftheEnglishlanguage?
0=No1=Yes-99=Unknown-88=NotApplicable(Englishisfirstlanguage)
30
66. FieldName:Diaspora_TiesVariableType:OrdinalSource:PIRUSDescription:Iftheindividualisafirstorsecond-generationimmigrant,howembeddedwashe/sheinthediasporacommunity?
0=Notatall(avoidcontactwithdiasporacommunityinfavorofeithernuclearfamily,overseascontacts,orbroaderhomogenoussocietalinteractions.1=Little(occasionallyinteractswithmembersofthediasporacommunityandliveswithothermembersofthecommunity,butdoesnotparticipateindiasporacommunityorganizationsandactivities)2=Very(interactswithmembersofthediasporacommunity,liveswithothermembersofthecommunity,andparticipatesindiasporacommunityorganizationsandactivities)-99=Unknown-88=NotApplicable(individualwasnotafirstorsecondgeneration-immigrant)
SocioeconomicStatusThevariablesinthissectioncapturedetailspertainingtotheindividual’ssocioeconomicstatus.Thisincludesinformationabouttheperson’seducational,financial,andemploymentbackground,militaryexperience,andoverallsocioeconomicstatus.Education
67. FieldName:EducationKeshifLabel(s):EducationVariableType:CategoricalSource:PIRUS(adaptedfromPIRANA)Description:Whatwasthehighestlevelofeducationcompletedbydateofexposure?
0=Didnotattempthighschool1=SomeHighschool2=Highschooldiploma3=SomeCollege4=Collegedegree5=SomeVocationalschool6=Vocationalschooldegree7=SomeMaster’sschool8=Master’sdegree9=SomeDoctoral/Professionaldegree
31
10=Doctoral/Professionaldegree-99=Unknown
68. FieldName:StudentKeshifLabel(s):StudentVariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUSDescription:Wastheindividualastudentatthetimeofradicalizationofbeliefsorbehaviors?
0=No1=Yes-99=Unknown
69. FieldName:Education_ChangeVariableType:CategoricalSource:NCTC(Q.C2)Description:Iftheindividualwasastudent,werethereanychangesinacademicperformancearoundthetimeofinvolvementinextremistactivities?
0=No1=Yes,itimproved2=Yes,itworsened-99=Unknown-88=NotApplicable(individualwasnotastudent)
FinancesandEmployment70. FieldName:Employment_StatusKeshifLabel(s):EmploymentStatusVariableType:CategoricalSource:NCTC(Q.C6)Description:Whatwasthesubject’semploymentstatusatthetimeofexposure?
0=Employed1=Self-employed2=Unemployed,lookingforwork3=Unemployed,notlookingforwork4=Student5=Retired-99=Unknown
32
71. FieldName:Change_PerformanceVariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUS(adaptedfromNCTC(Q.C7)Description:Werethereanychangesintheindividual’sworkperformance(e.g.startedarrivinglate,notshowingup,orunsatisfactoryperformance)aroundthetimeofradicalization(e.g.shortlybeforeradicalization,duringradicalization,orshortlyafterradicalization)?
0=No1=Yes-88=NotApplicable(theindividualwasunemployed)-99=Unknown
72. FieldName:Work_HistoryKeshifLabel(s):WorkHistoryVariableType:OrdinalSource:PIRUSDescription:Whatistheindividual’sworkhistorypriortotheirdateofexposure?
0=Long-termUnemployed1=Underemployed(i.e.lessthanfull-time)2=SeriallyEmployed(i.e.jumpedfromjobtojob)3=RegularlyEmployed(i.e.heldthesamejobforalongperiodorfollowedanupwardand/orconventionalcareerpathinthegivenprofession)-99=Unknown -88=N/A
Military73. FieldName:MilitaryKeshifLabel(s):MilitaryVariableType:CategoricalSource:PIRUS(AdaptedfromNCTC(Qs.D2,D6,D8))Description:WastheindividualeverintheUSmilitary?
0=No1=Yes,inactiveattimeofradicalization,unknowndeployment2=Yes,inactiveattimeofradicalization,neverdeployed3=Yes,inactiveattimeofradicalizationbutpreviouslydeployed4=Yes,activeattimeofradicalization,unknownifeverdeployed
33
5=Yes,activeattimeofradicalizationbutneverdeployedtoanactivecombatzone6=Yes,activeattimeofradicalizationandhadbeendeployedtoanactivecombatzone-99=Unknown
74. FieldName:Foreign_MilitaryVariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUSDescription:Wastheindividualeverinaforeignmilitary(i.e.,non-U.S.)service?
0=No1=Yes-99=Unknown
Socioeconomicstratum75. FieldName:Social_Stratum_ChildhoodKeshifLabel(s):SocialStratum(Childhood)VariableType:OrdinalSource:PIRUS(adaptedfromPIRANA)Description:Inwhatsocialstratumdidthisindividualfallinchildhood?
0=Low(e.g.receiveswelfare,livesclosetothepovertyline,regularlyunemployedoratbestworksabluecollarjob,livesinsubsidizedhousing)1=Middle(e.g.doesnotreceivewelfare,livesinlower-middleormiddleclassneighborhood,hassteadyprofessionalemployment,ownsorholdsamortgageonahouse,hascollegedegree)2=High(e.g.worksahigh-income,white-collarjob,livesandownsahouseinamiddleorupperclassneighborhood,canaffordluxuryitems,hascollegedegreeorisself-employedasasuccessfulentrepreneur)-99=Unknown
76. FieldName:Social_Stratum_AdulthoodKeshifLabel(s):SocialStratum(Adulthood)VariableType:OrdinalSource:PIRUS(adaptedfromPIRANA)Description:Inwhatsocialstratumdidthisindividualfallinadulthood?
0=Low(e.g.receiveswelfare,livesclosetothepovertyline,regularlyunemployedoratbestworksabluecollarjob,livesinsubsidizedhousing)
34
1=Middle(e.g.doesnotreceivewelfare,livesinlower-middleormiddleclassneighborhood,hassteadyprofessionalemployment,ownsorholdsamortgageonahouse,hascollegedegree)2=High(e.g.worksahigh-income,white-collarjob,livesandownsahouseinamiddleorupperclassneighborhood,canaffordluxuryitems,hascollegedegreeorisself-employedasasuccessfulentrepreneur)-99=Unknown-88=NotApplicable(ifexposureoccurredbeforetheindividualturned18yearsold)
77. FieldName:AspirationsVariableType:OrdinalSource:PIRUSDescription:Didtheindividualhavecleareducationalorcareeraspirations?
0=No1=Yes,butdidnotattempttoachievethem(e.g.,talkedaboutbecomingalawyerbutneverenrolledincollege)2=Yes,hadaspirations,butfailedtoachievethem3=Yes,achievedaspirationspriortopublicexposure-99=Unknown
PersonalThevariablesinthissectioncapturedetailspertainingtotheindividual’semotionalandpsychologicalstate,drugandalcoholabuse,familytiesandsocialrelationships,criminalhistory,extracurricularactivities,andmindsetpriortoradicalization.
AbuseandPsychologicalConcerns78. FieldName:Abuse_ChildKeshifLabel(s):AbusedasChildVariableType:CategoricalSource:PIRUSDescription:Isthereevidencethattheindividualwasabused—eitherverballyorphysically—asachild?Ifthereisnoinformation,assume0forNo.
0=No1=Yes,bynon-familymembers2=Yes,byfamilymembers3=Yes,byfamilyandnon-familymembers
35
79. FieldName:Abuse_AdultKeshifLabel(s):AbusedasAdultVariableType:CategoricalSource:PIRUSDescription:Isthereevidencethattheindividualwasabused—eitherverballyorphysically—asanadult?Ifthereisnoinformation,assume0forNo.
0=No1=Yes,bynon-familymembers2=Yes,byfamilymembers3=Yes,byfamilyandnon-familymembers-88=NotApplicable(ifexposureoccurredbeforetheindividualturned18yearsold).
80. FieldName:Abuse_TypeKeshifLabel(s):AbuseTypesVariableType:Categorical,MultipleEntrySource:PIRUSDescription:Ifthereisevidencethattheindividualwasabusedeitherasachildoranadult,whatwasthenatureoftheabuse?Enterallthatapply.
0=Sexualabuse(sexualharassment,physicalsexualassault,rape,etc.)1=Otherphysicalabuse(eitherphysicalneglectorcoercivephysicalabuse)2=Emotionalabuse-99=Unknown-88=NotApplicable(individualwasnotabused)
81. FieldName:PsychologicalKeshifLabel(s):MentalIllnessVariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUSDescription:Isthereevidencepresentedinthesourcesthattheindividualhadahistoryofmentalillness?Ifthereisnoinformation,assume0forNo.
0=No1=Yes,accordingtopublic/popularspeculation2=Yes,professionallydiagnosed
82. FieldName:Alcohol_DrugKeshifLabel(s):AlcoholorDrugAbuseVariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUS
36
Description:Isthereevidencepresentedinthesourcesthattheindividualhadahistoryofalcoholordrugabuse?Ifthereisnoinformation,assume0forNo.
0=No1=Yes
FamilyandRelationships83. FieldName:Absent_ParentVariableType:CategoricalSource:PIRUS(AdaptedfromNCTC(Q.G2))Description:Are/werethereanyparentsabsent(separated,divorced,killed,suicide,ordeadofnaturalcauses?)duringtheindividual’schildhood?
0=No1=Yes,absentmother2=Yes,absentfather3=Yes,bothabsent-99=Unknown
84. FieldName:Overseas_FamilyVariableType:DichotomousSource:NCTC(Q.G6)Description:Didtheindividualhaveanycontactwithfamilyoverseas?Thisincludesbothimmediateandextendedfamily.
0=No1=Yes-99=Unknown-88=NotApplicable(didnothaveoverseasfamily)
85. FieldName:Close_FamilyVariableType:OrdinalSource:PIRUSDescription:Howemotionallycloseistheindividualtohis/herimmediatefamily?
0=Distant(haslittleregularcontactwithmostfamilymembers,rarelyattendsfamilyevents,doesnotcelebrateholidayswithfamily,etc.)1=Close(regularlyinteractswithoneormorefamilymembers,attendsfamilyeventsonaregularbasis,usuallycelebratesholidayswithfamily,etc.)
37
-99=Unknown
86. FieldName:Family_ReligiosityVariableType:OrdinalSource:NCTC(Q.G9)(AdaptedforPIRUS)Description:Basedontheevidenceavailable,whatdoweknowaboutthefamily’sreligiosity?
0=Secular(Atheist,agnostic,ornominallyreligious)1=SomewhatReligious(OccasionallyObservant;observesmajorreligiousholidaysandattendsreligiousservicesonoccasion)2=VeryReligious(ConsistentlyObservant;observesmajorreligiousholidays,attendsservicesfrequentlyandregularly,andadherestostrictreligiousprinciples)-99=Unknown
87. FieldName:Family_IdeologyVariableType:CategoricalSource:PIRUSDescription:Whatwastheprimaryideologyoftheindividual’simmediatefamily,ifany?
0=Noideology1=Islamist2=Farright3=Farleft4=Other5=Single-Issue-99=Unknown
88. FieldName:Family_Ideological_LevelVariableType:OrdinalSource:NCTC(Q.G10)Description:Basedontheevidenceavailable,whatdoweknowaboutthefamily’sideology(intermsofintensity)?
0=Non-Ideological1=Moderate2=Extremeinbeliefonly3=Extremeinbeliefandaction-99=Unknown
89. FieldName:Prison_Family_Friend
38
VariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUSDescription:Didaclosefriendorfamilymemberoftheindividualservetimeinprison?
0=No1=Yes-99=Unknown
90. FieldName:Crime_Family_FriendVariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUSDescription:Wasaclosefriendorfamilymemberinvolvedincrimeorvictimizedbycriminals?
0=No1=Yes,victimizedbycriminals2=Yes,involvedincrime3=Yes,bothvictimizedandinvolvedincrime-99=Unknown
91. FieldName:Radical_FriendKeshifLabel(s):RadicalFriendVariableType:OrdinalSource:PIRUSDescription:Wasaclosefriendoftheindividualinvolvedinradicalactivities?
0=No1=Yes,butonlyknowntohaveengagedinlegalactivities2=Yes,butonlyknowntohaveengagedinnon-violentillegalactivities3=Yes,knowntohaveengagedinextremistviolence-99=Unknown
92. FieldName:Radical_FamilyKeshifLabel(s):RadicalFamilyMemberVariableType:OrdinalSource:PIRUSDescription:Wasafamilymemberoftheindividualinvolvedinradicalactivities?
0=No1=Yes,butonlyknowntohaveengagedinlegalactivities2=Yes,butonlyknowntohaveengagedinnon-violentillegalactivities
39
3=Yes,knowntohaveengagedinextremistviolence-99=Unknown
93. FieldName:Radical_Signif_OtherKeshifLabel(s):RadicalSignificantOtherVariableType:OrdinalSource:PIRUSDescription:Wastheindividual’ssignificantotherinvolvedinradicalactivities?
0=No1=Yes,butonlyknowntohaveengagedinlegalactivities2=Yes,butonlyknowntohaveengagedinnon-violentillegalactivities3=Yes,knowntohaveengagedinextremistviolence-99=Unknown-88=NotApplicable(individualdoesnothaveasignificantother)
94. FieldName:Relationship_TroublesVariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUSDescription:Didsubjecttypicallyhavedifficultyfindingormaintainingromanticrelationships?
0=No1=Yes-99=Unknown
95. FieldName:Platonic_TroublesVariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUSDescription:Didsubjecttypicallyhavedifficultyfindingormaintainingnon-romanticrelationships?
0=No1=Yes-99=Unknown
SocialLife96. FieldName:Unstructured_TimeVariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUS
40
Description:Didtheindividualhavealotofunstructuredtimethatwasnottakenupbyactivities?Forexample,anunemployedpersonwhoisnotactivelyseekingemployment,isnotastudent,andisnotactivelyengagedinthecommunity,wouldbeconsideredtohavealotofunstructuredtime.
0=No1=Yes-99=Unknown
97. FieldName:Friendship_SourceVariableType:Categorical,MultipleEntrySource:NCTC(Q.H5)(Wordingadapted)Description:Fromwheredidthemajorityofthesubject’sfriendshipscome?Selectmultiplefriendshipsourcesifnecessary.
0=School1=Work2=Family3=Religiousgroup4=SocialOrganization5=Other-99=Unknown-88=NotApplicable(hadnofriends)
98. FieldName:Kicked_OutVariableType:DichotomousSource:NCTC(Q.H6)Description:Wassubjecteverknowntobemarginalized,ostracized,ordismissedfromanysocial,cultural,religious,orpoliticalgroupsororganizations?
0=No1=Yes-99=Unknown
CriminalActivity99. FieldName:Previous_Criminal_ActivityKeshifLabel(s):Pre-RadicalizationCriminalActivityVariableType:OrdinalSource:PIRANA
41
Description:Priortotheirradicalization,doestheindividualhaveahistoryofinvolvementinnon-ideologicallymotivatedcriminalactivities?
0=Nopreviouscriminalactivity1=Previous(non-violent)minorcriminalactivity(e.g.,convictedofamisdemeanorcrime)2=Previous(non-violent)seriouscriminalactivity(e.g.,convictedofafelonycrime)3=Previousviolentcrime-99=Unknown
100. FieldName:Previous_Criminal_Activity_TypeVariableType:Categorical,MultipleEntrySource:PIRUS,adaptedfromtheUniformCrimeReport(FBI),(CSTABYear5)Description:Ifanindividualhasahistoryofnon-ideologicallymotivatedcrimepriortotheirradicalization,whichofthefollowingactivitieswashe/sheinvolvedin?8Ifyouknowtheywereengagedincriminalbehaviorpriortotheirdateofexposure,butareunsureofthespecifictype,enter-99forunknown.Iftheindividualhadneverengagedincriminalactivitypriortotheirdateofexposure,enter-88.Selectuptothreechoices,puttingthecorrespondingnumbersinascendingorder.Ifmorethanthree,selectthethreemostseriousoffenses(withhomicidebeingthemostseriousandvandalismbeingtheleastserious)andlisttheremainingoffensesinthesubsequenttextfield.
1=Homicide2=ForcibleRape3=Robbery4=AggravatedAssault5=Burglary6=Larceny-Theft7=MotorVehicleTheft8=Arson9=SimpleAssault10=Fraud11=Forgery12=Embezzlement13=DrivingUndertheInfluence(DUI)/DrivingWhileIntoxicated(DWI)14=Prostitution15=Vandalism16=Other17=Drugrelated(e.g.,selling/distributingdrugs,cultivatingdrugs,butnotsimplydruguse).
8Fordefinitionsonthesetypesofcriminalactivities,refertoAppendixII-OffensesinUniformCrimeReporting(https://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/cius_04/appendices/appendix_02.html)
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18=Paroleviolation19=Unlawfulpossession,transportation,oruseofafirearm-99=Unknown-88=N/A(neverengagedincriminalactivity)
101. FieldName:Previous_Criminal_Activity_AgeVariableType:CategoricalSource:PIRUSDescription:Whatagewastheindividualwhentheywerefirstinvolvedinnon-ideologicallymotivatedcriminalactivities,ifapplicable?
1=Under18yearsold2=18-24yearsold3=25-34yearsold4=35-44yearsold5=45yearsoldorolder-99=Unknown-88=N/A(neverengagedincriminalactivity)
102. FieldName:GangKeshifLabel(s):GangMemberVariableType:CategoricalSource:NCTC(Q.E8)Description:Isthereevidencethattheindividualwasinvolvedinastreetgangororganizedcriminalgrouppriortotheirdateofexposure?Astreetgangisanydurablestreet-orientedyouthgroupwhoseinvolvementinillegalactivityispartofitsgroupidentity.9Anorganizedcriminalgroupisanygroupthathassomemannerofaformalizedstructureandwhoseprimaryobjectiveistoobtainmoneythroughillegalactivities.Organizedcriminalgroupsmaintaintheirpositionthroughtheuseofactualorthreatenedviolence,corruptpublicofficials,graft,orextortion.10
0=No1=Yes,streetgang2=Yes,organizedcriminalgroup3=Yes,bothstreetgangandorganizedcriminalgroup-99=Unknown
9AdaptedfromtheEurogangConsensusNominaldefinitionofstreetgangs.Esbensen,F.(2012).Youthgangsininternationalperspective:ResultsfromtheEurogangProgramofResearch.Berlin:Springer.10AdaptedfromtheFederalBureauofInvestigationdefinitionoforganizedcrime.https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/organizedcrime/glossary
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103. FieldName:Gang_IdeologyKeshifLabel(s):GangIdeologyVariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUS,NIJ-GangsDescription:Iftheindividualwasinvolvedwithastreetgangororganizedcriminalgrouppriortotheirdateofexposure,isthereevidencethatthegroupadheredtoanideologicalbeliefsystem(e.g.,whitesupremacy,BlackNationalism,anarchism)?Iftheindividualwasnotinvolvedwithastreetgangororganizedcriminalgroup,code-88forNotApplicable.Code-99forUnknownonlyifthesourcesintroduceambiguityaboutwhetherthegroupadheredtoanideologicalbeliefsystem.Ifthereisnoinformation,assume0forNo.
0=No1=Yes-99=Unknown-88=NotApplicable
104. FieldName:Gang_Age_JoinedVariableType:Numerical/CategoricalSource:PIRUS,NIJ-GangsDescription:Iftheindividualwasinvolvedwithastreetgangororganizedcriminalgrouppriortotheirdateofexposure,howoldweretheywhentheyfirstbecameinvolved?Ifthepreciseageisunknown,whatbestdescribestheirdevelopmentalperiodwhentheyfirstbecameinvolved?Iftheindividualwasinvolvedinbothastreetgangandanorganizedcriminalgroup,entertheirage/developmentalperiodatthetimetheybecameinvolvedwithwhichevergroupcamefirst.Note:Iftheirpreciseageisknown,enteritas“Age:X”.Ifonlythedevelopmentalperiodisknown,enterthecorrespondingvaluelistedbelow.Iftheindividualwasnotinvolvedwithastreetgangororganizedcriminalgroup,code-88forNotApplicable.Code-99ifUnknown.
1=Earlychildhood(8andyounger)2=Latechildhood(8-12)3=Adolescence/teenage(13-19)4=Youngadulthood(20-39)5=Adulthood(24-64)6=Lateadulthood(65andolder)-99=Unknown-88=NotApplicable
105. FieldName:Gang_RadicalizeVariableType:CategoricalSource:PIRUS,NIJ-Gangs
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Description:Iftheindividualwasinvolvedwithastreetgangororganizedcriminalgrouppriortotheirdateofexposure,didtheirradicalizationoccurbeforetheyjoined,concurrentwiththeirmembership,oraftertheirinvolvementwiththestreetgangororganizedcriminalgroupcametoanend?Refertothefirstevidenceoftheindividual’sradicalization,eitherinbeliefsorbehaviors,whencodingthisvariable.Iftheindividualwasinvolvedinbothastreetgangandorganizedcriminalgroup,codeforwhichevergroupcamefirst.Iftheindividualwasnotinvolvedwithastreetgangororganizedcriminalgroup,code-88forNotApplicable.Code-99ifUnknown.
1=Beforetheirinvolvementwithgang/organizedcriminalgroupbegan2=Concurrentwiththeirinvolvementwithgang/organizedcriminalgroup3=Aftertheirinvolvementwithgang/organizedcriminalgroupended-99=Unknown-88=NotApplicable
MindsetPriortoRadicalization
106. FieldName:TraumaKeshifLabel(s):TraumaticExperienceVariableType:CategoricalSource:PIRUS(AdaptedfromNCTC(Q.F3)[Changedresponsecategories]Description:Priortoradicalization,wassubjecteverexposedtoanytraumaticeventinwhichhewitnessedaneventoreventsthatinvolveactualorthreateneddeathorseriousinjury,orathreattothephysicalintegrityofothers,wherehisresponseinvolvedintensefear,helplessness,orhorror?
0=No1=Yes,buttimingvis-à-visradicalizationisunknown2=Yes,butalongtimebeforeradicalization3=Yes,shortlybeforeradicalization-99=Unknown
107. FieldName:Other_IdeologiesVariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUSDescription:Priortotheirdateofexposure,didtheindividualadheretoanotherideologyormovementbesidestheoneinwhichhe/shebecameradicalized?
0=No1=Yes
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-99=Unknown108. FieldName:Angry_USVariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUSDescription:WeretheresignsthattheindividualwasangrywithUSsociety,ordidnotacceptthemoralvalidityoftheAmericansocialvaluesystem?Suchsignscouldincludepublicstatementsopposingspecificpolicies(e.g.late-termabortions),burningordesecratingsymbolicitems(e.g.anAmericanflagorbible),orpostinginflammatoryanti-U.S.messagesinonlineforums.
0=No1=Yes-99=Unknown
109. FieldName:Group_GrievanceKeshifLabel(s):GroupGrievanceVariableType:OrdinalSource:NCTC(Q.J16)Description:Didthesubjecteverexpressthats/heidentifiedwithorfeltattachedtoaspecificgroupthatwasbelievedtobeunderthreat(realorimagined)orhadbeensubjectedtoinjustice?
0=No1=Yes,butnotthroughapersonalconnection2=Yes,throughapersonalconnection3=Yes,throughdirectexperience-99=Unknown
110. FieldName:StandingVariableType:CategoricalSource:PIRUSDescription:Didtheindividualexperienceadiminutionofsocialstandingpriortoradicalization?Examplesincludebeingexcludedfrominformalsocialgroups,publicembarrassment,orlosingtherespectofclosefriends,family,oracquaintances.
0=No1=Yes,buttimingvis-à-visradicalizationisunknown2=Yes,butalongtimebeforeradicalization3=Yes,shortlypriortoradicalization-99=Unknown
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