Professor Yoon Heo (GSIS, Sogang University) IEAS (Institute for East Asian Studies)

Professor Yoon Heo (GSIS, Sogang Professor Yoon Heo (GSIS, Sogang University) University)

IEAS (Institute for East Asian Studies)

Date : 21 September 2011Host : IIAS (Institute of International and Area Studies)Venue : K 508, Sogang Univ.

It is great honor for me to invite you to the IIAS International Seminar, which ishosted by the Institute of International and Area Studies at Sogang University since the fall of 2011.

IIAS Seminar provides an excellent opportunity for current and upcoming scholarsof international trade & development to open channels of communication, and for students to acquaint themselves with the latest academic information in the field of International area studies.

In addition, the Seminar aims to advance the level of scholarship in international area Studies at home and abroad, where domestic and overseas scholars can interact and the latter can gain a deeper understanding of specific international affairs.

It is open to all of you who are interested in International Area studies,and I hope that you will attend and actively participate.I am looking forward to seeing you at this years' Seminar. Sincerely yours,

Yoon HEO Ph.D. Director, Institute of International Area Studies

⑪ K (Kim Daegon) Hall 508

Contact : Yun-mok Sohn, Coordinator, IIASTel : 02-705-8235, Mobile : 010-9125-5680 Email : [email protected]

Development Strategy in Korea: Lessons and Implications for Developing Countries

----------------------------------------------------

IIAS Int’l Seminar on Trade and Development

21 Sep. 2011

Professor Yoon HEO (GSIS, Sogang

Univ.)

Contents

1. Policy Changes in Korea 1. Policy Changes in Korea

2. Korea's Multilateral Trade Policy 2. Korea's Multilateral Trade Policy

3. East Asian Regionalism 3. East Asian Regionalism

4. Korea's FTA Policy 4. Korea's FTA Policy

Policy Changes in Korea

Import Substitution Policy, 1953-1961Import Substitution Policy, 1953-1961

Export Promotion Policy, 1962-1972Export Promotion Policy, 1962-1972

Heavy and Chemical Industry Drive, 1973-1979Heavy and Chemical Industry Drive, 1973-1979

Import Liberalization and Industrial Rationalization, 1980-1994Import Liberalization and Industrial Rationalization, 1980-1994

Towards a Freer Trade Regime, 1995 - presentTowards a Freer Trade Regime, 1995 - present

Import Substitution Policy, 1953-1961

Status

- Rural peasant economy in poverty

- Lacking in arable land and natural resources

- Heavily depending on foreign aid-transfers

(total 2.28 bill. U$, more than 10% of GDP)

- Closed economy

(exports 2% of GDP, 90% of exports were primary products)

Strategy 1. Target - non-durable consumer goods and their materials (flour, sugar,

textile)

2. Key tools - High tariffs/quota restrictions

- Prior approvals for imports

- Multiple exchange rate system with overvalued foreign

exchange rates

- Regulated financial market with low interest policy

Post-war reconstruction (completed in 1960: social overhead capital and productive capacity)


Performance - Failure.

Why?

Insufficient size of domestic market. (strong anti-export bias)

Increased demand for foreign currency (continued dependence on imports for raw materials and capital goods)


Export Promotion Policy in the 1960s, 1962-1972

Strategy

1. Target

- labor-intensive manufactured products

2. Key tools

- Export credit subsidies at preferential rates

- Tax reduction, wastage allowances

- Exemptions from import controls and tariffs for exporters

- Retainment of foreign exchanges for imports

- Export targeting, Presidential awards, Export Day (1964)

- Export promotion meetings by the President(1964-1979,

every month)

Strategy 3. Institutional Infrastructure

- Export Industry Complex (Guro, Seoul, 1964),

Free Export Zones (Masan, 1970), KOTRA, KITA

4. Financial Sector

- A sliding-peg system of unitary floating exchange rates

- Currency devaluation

- Nationalization of commercial banks

- Establishment of specialized banks

- High interest rate policy to induce high savings

• Export incentives were superimposed on protectionist measures


Performance

- A dramatic change of economic structures

(Agricultural → Manufacturing)

1961 1966 1971

Agricultural Products 28.6 9.6 4.3

Fishery Products 19.2 10.4 4.6

Mining Products 24.5 22.5 2.2

Manufacturing Products 27.7 67.5 88.9

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0


Export 1960: $41 million → 1970: $1,048 million

1st Plan:

1962-66

2nd Plan:

1967-71

3rd Plan:

1972-76

4th Plan:

1977-81

5th Plan:

1982-86

6th Plan:

1987-91

New

Economy

Plan:

(1993-97)

Economic

Growth(%)7.8 9.3 8.0 5.6 8.8 9.6 6.8

Total

Investment

Rate(%)15.1 26.4 27.8 35.5 29.4 34.8 35.2

Foreign

Debt

($100mill.)11.0 31.0 105.3 324.9 445.1 391.4 1,544.0

Trade ratio

to GNP(%)46.25 5.1 47.6 20.6 10.05 15.66 12.19

BOP

($100mill.)-3.2 -26.5 -49.0 -151.9 -19.0 -181.6 -469.5

Inflation

(%)16.3 7.8 19.7 19.3 1.0 2.6 3.7

Source: Economic Planning Board: National Bureau of Statistics.


1962 1972 1982 1992 2002

Total export (mill. USD) 55 1,624 21,583 76,631 162,471

Ratio to GNP 2.4 15.0 30.7 24.2* 34.1*

World market occupancy ratio 0.04 0.42 1.27 2.05 2.43e

Export – composition ratio

Primary 63.0 12.1 7.9 7.2 6.9

Manufacturing 27.0 87.9 92.1 92.8 93.1

(HCI) (10.4) (25.4) (52.8) (65.0) (83.2)

(Light Industry) (89.6) (74.6) (47.2) (35.0) (16.8)

Industrial Structure

Primary 37.0 26.7 14.4 7.4 4.0

Secondary 16.4 223.5 29.5 28.1 29.6

(HCI) (28.6) (37.0) (44.9) (69.4) (76.4)

(Light Industry) (71.4) (63.0) (55.1) (30.6) (23.6)

Tertiary 46.6 79.8 56.1 64.5 66.5

Korean Exports and Its Structure

Source: Korea Trade Association, Korea Trade Yearly Bulletin: Bank of Korea, National Accounts: Bureau of Statistics. Major Korean Economic Indicators


HCI Drive in the 1970s, 1973-1979

HCI Promotion Strategy - Climbing up the development ladder

(shifting to capital-intensive from labor-intensive industries)

1. Targeted industries : steel, machinery, petrochemicals, shipbuilding,

metals, electronics

Why?- Structural trade deficit- Newly emerging competitors- National security concern - Protectionism abroad - Upgrading industrial structure

2. Key tools - Massive subsidized policy loans - Tax holidays and investment tax credits - Accelerated depreciation, consulting services - Government guarantee of foreign loans

3. Industrial Infrastructure - General Trading Company System(1975): Samsung, Daewoo, Hyundai, Ssangyong, Hyosung, Lucky Goldstar(LG), Sunkyung(SK), Koryo (for SMEs) - Role of GTC

- 13 heavy and chemical industry complexes(1973)


1 mill. U$ in exports and over 10 overseas branches required.

Important role in HRD Bringing in information and technologies Developing new markets

Performance

Exports

1970: $1.05 billion

1980: $17.5 billion

- Controversial but overall positive

Problems

- over-capacity

- uprising inflation

- distortion of resources,

- corruptions,

- increased foreign debt cf) Gov’t led? Export led?



Example

- LG, Samsung, Daewoo to invest in the

electrical industries ( from Radio and TV assembling

businesses)

- Hyundai, Daewoo, Samsung in shipbuilding

industries (from construction businesses)

- LG and Samsung in petrochemical industries to

provide new materials (from textile industries)

• Comprehensive Stabilization Program in 1979 (end of HCI)

Top 10 export countries (%)

Rank1970 1980 1990 2000 2009

country % country % country % country % country %

1 U.S. 47.3 U.S. 26.3 U.S. 29.8 U.S. 21.8 China 24.0

2 Japan 28.1 Japan 17.4 Japan 19.4 Japan 11.9 U.S. 10.0

3 HongKong 3.3 SaudiArabia 5.4 HongKong 5.8 China 10.7 Japan 6.0

4 Germany 3.3 Germany 5.0 Germany 4.4 HongKong 6.2 HongKong 5.5

5 Canada 2.3 Hong Kong 4.7 Singapore 2.8 Taiwan 4.7 Taiwan 3.8

6 Netherlands 1.6 Iran 3.5 U.K. 2.7 Singapore 3.3 Germany 3.6

7 U.K. 1.6 U.K. 3.3 Canada 2.7 U.K. 3.1 Singapore 2.6

8 Vietnam 1.5 Indonesia 2.1 Taiwan 1.9 Germany 3.0 U.K. 1.9

9 Singapore 1.3 Netherlands 2.0 France 1.7 Malaysia 2.0 Indonesia 1.7

10 Sweden 0.9 Canada 2.0 Indonesia 1.7 Indonesia 2.0 Malaysia 1.6

Total 91.4 71.6 72.9 68.8 65.5

Source: KOTIS

Towards a Freer Trade Regime, 1995 - present


Top 10 export items (%)

Rank1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 (Jan. ~ Oct.)

Item Share Item Share Item Share Item Share Item Share

1 Textiles 40.8 Garments 16.0 Garments 11.7 Semiconductor 15.1 Semiconductor 11.1

2 Plywood 11.0 SteelPlate-rolled product

5.4 Semiconductor 7.0 Computer 8.5 Vessel 10.8

3 Wigs 10.8 Footwear 5.2 Footwear 6.6 Automobile 7.7 Petrochemical

Products

7.7

4 Iron ores 5.9 Vessel 3.6 Video

Apparatus

5.6 Petrochemical

Products

5.3 General Machinery

7.6

5 Electronic

goods

3.5 Audio

Apparatus

3.4 Vessel 4.4 Vessel 4.9 Automobile 7.4

6 Confectionery 2.3 Man made

Filament fabrics

3.2 Computer 3.9 Wireless

Telcom

4.6 SteelPlate-rolled

product

6.0

7 Footwears 2.1 Rubber

Products

2.9 Audio

Apparatus

3.8 Synthetic

Resin

2.9 Wireless

Telecom

5.7

8 Tobaccos 1.6 Wood&Wood

Items

2.8 SteelPlate-rolled product

3.8 SteelPlate-rolled product

2.8 Parts of Automobile

4.0

9 Iron products 1.5 Video

Apparatus

2.6 Man made

Filament fabrics

3.6 Garment 2.7 Electronic goods 2.0

10 Metal products 1.5 Semiconductor 2.5 Automobile 3.0 Video

Apparatus

2.1 Computer 1.9

Total 81.1 47.6 53.4 56.6 65.1

Source: KOTIS

RankExport Import

articleamoun

tchang

earticle

amount

change

Total Sum 4,220 13.6 Total Sum 4,353 22.0

1Vessel, Ocean structure and parts of Vessel

432 10.2 Crude Oil 859 19.7

2 Petroleum Products 376 8.9 Semiconductor 320 7.4

3Wireless communication Apparatus

357 8.5 Natural Gas 198 4.6

4 Automobile 350 8.3 Petroleum Products 175 4.0

5 Semiconductor 328 7.8Steel Plate-rolled Products

172 4.0

6 Flat display and sensor 187 4.4 Coal 128 2.9

7Steel plate-rolled products

159 3.5 Computer 97 2.2

8 Synthetic Resin 149 3.5Alloyiron, Pigiron or Scrapiron

80 1.8

9 Parts of Automobile 140 3.3 Fine Chemical Material 69 1.6

10 Computer 107 2.5 Articles of Copper 63 1.4

<Hundred Million$, %, 2008>

Top 10 trade items in Korea

($Bil.)

Rank

Export Import Trade volume

country amount country amount country amount

1 Germany 1,465 United States 2,166 United States 3,467

2 China 1,428 Germany 1,206 Germany 2,671

3 United States 1,301 China 1,133 China 2,561

4 Japan 782 Japan 762 Japan 1,544

5 Netherlands 634 France 708 France 1,317

6 France 609 United Kingdom 632 Netherlands 1,208

7 Italy 540 Netherlands 574 Italy 1,096

8 Begium 477 Italy 556 United Kingdom 1,090

9 Russian Fed. 472 Begium 470 Begium 947

10 United Kingdom 458 Korea 435 Canada 874

11 Canada 456 Canada 418 Korea 857

12 Korea 422 Spain 402 Russian Fed. 764

Trade volume: 62nd (’64) → 11th (’08) 8th(‘10) (‘2008)

Import Liberalization and Industrial Rationalization, 1980-1994

Policies - Market opening (goods and services, FDI, financial markets) - Active participation in bilateral and multilateral trade negotiations - Abolished preferential lending rates - Privatized the commercial banks - Abolished numerous regulations - Promoted semiconductor industry - Enhanced skilled-labor intensive industries (machinery, electrical equipment, automobiles)

Rationalization industries - fabrics, alloyed steel, automobile, diesel engines for ships, heavy electric equipments and fertilizers (limiting additional investment)

Korea Export Insurance Corporation(1992)

Export volume

1980: $ 17.5 billion

1990: $ 65.0 billion

2000: $ 172.3 billion

2009: $ 363.5 billion

Import Liberalization and Industrial Rationalization, 1980-1994


Implementation of WTO commitments Active participation in the DDA negotiations The first FTA negotiation with Chile started (1999) FTA roadmap adopted (2003) East Asian integration initiatives proliferate Foreign Investment Promotion Act (1998) Abolishment of import diversification policy (1998) Indirect support for exporting sectors Further liberalization in finance, public, corporate sectors

(1998)

Evaluation of Korean Experiences

Positive Aspects - Rapid economic growth (GDP, Capital formation) - Remarkable export performance - Constant upgrading of the economic structure - Establishing competitive heavy industrial sectors - Establishing infrastructure for industrial development

Negative Aspects - Price distortions by the government - Distortions in financial sectors (non-performing loans) - Excess capacity in some HCIs - Collusive relations between gov and business - Concentration of Chaebol’s economic power - High debt/equity ratios for Chaebols - Lack of foreign competition in domestic market - Nationalistic sentiments in the general public - Less focus on social welfare and environment protection programs (Labor rights strengthened since 1987)

Evaluations of Korean Experience (trade area)

Exports concentration in selected industries Exports concentration in selected regions (China, US, Japan) Declining Terms of Trade (‘05=100, ‘08=78.5) Low Profitability Lower linkage between export sectors and domestic

economy Growing trade deficit with Japan

(‘00 11.4 ’08 32.7 bill. US$)

Lessons for Other Developing Countries

Dynamics of comparative advantage in global markets

An outward orientation with strong incentives for exports

Sound macroeconomic policies

Investment in human capital and R&D

Competition in the domestic market

R&D, global marketing, int'l exhibition, training trade specialists

Synchronized efforts to upgrade the economic and trade structure

Political stability and commitment from all levels

Capacity building for the government

Indirect institutional support for export promotion

Korea's Multilateral Trade Policy

Overview: WTO/DDAOverview: WTO/DDA

Korea's Position on DDAKorea's Position on DDA

Overview: WTO/DDA Accession to the GATT in 1967

Implementing WTO commitments since 1995

Bringing domestic laws and regulations into conformity with WTO rules

DDA(Doha Development Agenda) Negotiations: The 9th MTN since GATT and the 1st MTN since the WTO, 2001 - present

Key Agenda: Agriculture, Non-Agricultural Market Access, Service, Rules, Trade Facilitation, Trade and Development, TRIPS, Trade and Environment, and Dispute Settlement Understanding

Korea supports the rule-based multilateral trading system of the WTO and has been playing an active role in DDA negotiations tabling over 100 submissions on various subjects

Korea's Position on DDA1. Agriculture

- Long-Term Goal - Establishment of a fair and market-oriented trade regime

Korea's position

- Gradual improvement of market access - Phasing-out of export subsidies - Gradual reduction of trade-distorting domestic subsidy - Flexibility for sensitive products - Non-trade concerns: food security, rural development and environmental protection

Korea's Position on DDA

2. Non-Agricultural Market Access (NAMA)

- Comprehensive coverage with no prior exceptions

- Supporting an ambitious tariff-cutting non-linear

Swiss formula to address tariff peaks, high tariffs,

tariff escalation

- Sectoral zero-tariff initiatives should be an integral part of the

negotiations with a "critical mass" approach

- Substantial reduction of non-tariff barriers as set out in the

Doha Declaration

- Consideration of flexibility for fishery products

Korea's Position on DDA3. Services

High priority on infrastructure services (competitive areas) - such as telecommunications - distribution - maritime transportation - construction - and financial services

Adjusting speed and scope of audio-visual, legal, and educational services (non-competitive areas)

1st offer (2003.3), 2nd offer(2005.5) - Enhancement of the overall economic competitiveness

Expecting meaningful offers from a majority of WTO members

Korea's Position on DDA4. Singapore Issues Anti-dumping:

Subsidies:

Regional Trade Agreements:

to clarify and improve disciplines while preserving the basic, concepts, principles of the agreement, to reduce abuse of ADM, banning zeroing, improving review process, sunset clause, lesser duty rule

clarification and improvement of Subsidies agreement necessary, fisheries subsidies important to developing countries limiting its application to resource-exhausting (environmentally damaging) subsidies

interpreting the wording of these rules has proved controversial, clarifying andimproving disciplines and procedures under the existing WTO provisions applying to regional trade agreements considering the developmental aspects of regional trade agreements, exemptions of trade remedy measures for member countries, preferential rule of origin

East Asian Regionalism

Proliferation of FTAs: TrendsProliferation of FTAs: Trends

Integration Scenarios Going ForwardIntegration Scenarios Going Forward

Korea's OptionsKorea's Options

Proliferation of FTAs: Trend 1 Move from closed regionalism to a more open model since 1990

- Import substituting development with high external barriers in the 1960s and 1970s

- New-wave RTAs are more outward looking and boosting not controlling int'l commerce in line with national economic policy

From shallow to deep integration

- FTAs becoming more comprehensive in the coverage of economic instruments and policies (FTA+: competition, tax harmonization, domestic subsidy, e-commerce and IT, HRD, development assistance) See the next page

- modalities of harmonization EU: single uniform, convergence, minimum standards, mutual recognition US-centered FTAs: cooperation between regulatory authorities

Proliferation of FTAs: Trend 1

FTAs

cover

GoodsTariffs and Non-Tariffs measuresRules of OriginCustoms Clearance Procedures

DSP and Other AreasDispute Settlement proceduresOther cooperation and review groups or committee

ServiceServiceInvestment

RegulationsStandards, Government Procurement,Trade Remedy, Intellectual PropertyRights, Environment, Labor

Proliferation of FTAs: Trend 2 Advent of North-South trade blocs - NAFTA in 1994, developed from Canada-US FTA, extended to include Mexico - EU with Eastern Europe, a CU with Turkey and arrangements with many Mediterranean nations, reciprocal trade arrangements with ACP countries

The race to build spokes is now driving the trend Ex) EU, US, Mexico, Chile, Singapore, ASEAN

With more spokes, the hub - Expands its free access market - Becomes more efficient and gets more investment - Increases political influence internationally as well as bargaining power vis-à-vis spokes


Major Countries’ FTAs

Japan US China

• Encourage/safeguard Japanese trade/investment interests in East Asia• Avoid/redress discrimination caused by other pacts• Shelter Japanese farm policies

• Mix of economic/foreign policy• Export gains from trade/regulatory reform in agriculture, manufactures, and services• Strengthen investment and IP protection• Maintain US engagement in the region especially East Asia via TPP

• To secure its leadership in the Asian region • To cope with increasing regional trade like the EU and NAFTA and discriminatory treatment to countries outside regions

Strategy

Effective

Concluded

Undernegotiation

ASEAN & 9 countriesMexico, Chile, Swiss

Australia, GCC, Peru, TPP (?)

NAFTA, Israel, Australia,Jordan, Singapore, Chile,

Morocco, Bahrain, Oman, Peru,CAFTA-DR

Columbia,Panama, Korea

FTAA, SACU, Thailand,Malaysia, Ecuador, UAE

Hong Kong, Macao (CEPA)Taiwan(ECFA)

New Zealand, ASEAN, Pakistan, Chile, Singapore,

Peru

Australia, GCC, IcelandSACU, Norway, Costa Rica

India


Major Countries’ FTAs

E U ASEAN

• To simultaneously pursuing FTAswith multilateralism focusing on DDA

• To promote Europeanregionalism accelerating economic integration and trade diversification

• To pursue an FTA hub in Asia by rapidly expanding FTAs

• To pursue FTA individually or collectively

Strategy

Effective

Concluded

Undernegotiation

EFTA, Turkey, Israel, Mexico, Chile, Egypt, Morroco,

South Africa, etc

Korea

ASEAN, MERCOSUR, GCC,Canada, India, Columbia, Peru, Libia,

AFTA, China, Japan, Korea, India(goods), Australia+New Zealand

EU


Problems

- Negative effects on excluded economies

- Proliferation increases cost of doing business due to

divergent standards, tariffs, and ROOs

- Hub and spokes create multi-layered preferences with

complex effects: "spaghetti bowl" effect

Benefits

- When trade creation effect dominates, promotes trade

liberalization

- With each new FTA, domistic coalition for protection weakens

Integration Scenarios Going Forward

Scenario 1

Consolidating ASEAN initiatives with China, Japan, Korea (10 + 3) Make CJK(NEA) FTA → Link with ASEAN → EAFTA or Link Existing Pacts (ASEAN + 1 and new ones)

- Obstacles: political readblocks to a Japan-China pact, country

readiness in China and Japan,

differing levels of openness and market-orientation of the

membership (especially India when we consider

ASEAN + 6)


Scenario 2

APEC implements the Bogor Goal vision Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific

- Obstacles: entrenched protectionism

(e.g., agriculture), lack of reciprocity and

free-rider problem, no political leadership


Scenario 3

Trilateral agreement of US-Japan-Korea (Schott, 2007) Consolidating US-Japan and Japan-Korea initiatives US-Japan-Korea deal on manufactures/services following

KORUS template Separate bilateral farm deals a la NAFTA

- Obstacles: agricultural barriers to a Korea-Japan and a

US-Japan pact

However, KORUS FTA and Korea-EU FTA would change the calculus of moving forward with a US-Japan FTA and reviving Korea-Japan FTA


Scenario 4

TPP(Trans-Pacific Partnership); P4 Singapore, Chile, New Zealand, Brunai (effective since 2006) US decide to participate TPP in 2008 to realize FTAAP US ask Korea, Japan, Malaysia to join the discussions P4 + US, Australia, Peru, Vietnam, Malaysia under negotiation

Thailand, Canada and Japan shows interests in Nov. 2010

- Obstacles: strategic consideration, agricultural sector in Japan

(leverage for domestic farm sector reform), different pay-off matrix for each member (FTA already concluded for most of them in case of Korea), US initiation too strong (wholesale reconfiguration in the region)

Korea's Options Participate in the race for spokes

Contribute to APEC work toward Bogor Goals as well as to success of DDA round

Most importantly, promote liberalization of agricultural policies at home, as part of rural restructuring and revitalization

Focus East Asian regional cooperation on - Financial and monetary cooperation: AMF and AMU - OECD type of peer pressure exercises to modernize, harmonize, and globalize national standards and institutions - Work with ASEAN to provide the necessary leadership to steer cooperation

Korea's FTA Policy

Future Plan and New Strategies Future Plan and New Strategies

Selection Criteria of FTA Partners (FTA Roadmap in 2003)Selection Criteria of FTA Partners (FTA Roadmap in 2003)

Basic Strategies (FTA Roadmap in 2003)Basic Strategies (FTA Roadmap in 2003)

A Grand Shift to FTA, Why?A Grand Shift to FTA, Why?

Current StatusCurrent Status

Current Status

Effective: Chile (April 2004), Singapore (March 2006), EFTA (Sep. 2006), ASEAN (June 2007, Goods; Services, Investment, 2009), India(2010), EU(July 2011)

Ended Negotiation: U.S. (June 2007, signed, Dec. 2010,

renegotiated), Peru(Nov. 2010) Under Negotiation: Canada, Mexico, Australia, New Zealand, GCC, Colombia, Turkey Stopped Negotiation: Japan (Nov. 2004)

Preliminary Consultation and Joint Study: China, MERCOSUR, GCC

Under Consideration: MERCOSUR, SACU, Russia, Vietnam, Israel, Japan, China, CJK

Current Status Coverage of FTAs

Classification Korea-Chile Korea-Singapore KORUS Korea-ASEAN

Goods O O O O

Services O (excluding

Finance)O O O

Investment O O O O

Government

ProcurementO O O X

Competition O O O X

Intellectual Property Right

O O O X

Transparency O O O X

Dispute Settlement O O O X

Electronic Commerce X O O X

SPS / TBT O O O O

Cooperation X O X O

Source: KITA

Current Status Tariff Concessions (Goods)

FTAs NationsOverall

(fishery and forestry included)

ManufacturersAgricultural

product

Korea-Chile

KoreaTotal: 96.4

immediate: 87.2

Total: 100

immediate: 99.9

Total: 71.2

immediate: 15.6

ChileTotal: 99.0

immediate: 41.8

Total: 99.8

immediate: 30.6

Total: 94.2

immediate: 92.9

Korea-

Singapore

KoreaTotal: 91.6

immediate: 59.7

Total: 97.4

immediate: 68.8

Total: 66.6

immediate: 16.0

SingaporeImmediate elimination on all the goods traded

(100%)

Korea-US

KoreaTotal: 99.7

immediate: 80.4

Total: 100

immediate: 91.6

Total: 98

immediate: 38.1

U.S.Total: 100

immediate: 82.1

Total: 100

immediate: 87.7

Total: 100

immediate: 58.7

(Unit:%)

Source: KITA(2007)

A Grand Shift to FTA, Why?

Accelerate domestic economic reforms to increase productivity/growth - TFP declining since 1980s, low birth rates with aging population, facility investment↓ since 2001, backward service sector

Reduce barriers to manufactured exports - Securing overseas market is a key factor to success

Induce FDI and promote development of North East Asia economic hub - Inviting needed foreign capital and advanced technology, share of intra-regional trade increases (55%)

Reinforce strategic alliance with key partners - to contribute to the political stabilization of the peninsula

A Grand Shift to FTA, Why? Low productivity and inefficiency in the growing service

sector

Comparison of Korea’s Service Sector with Advanced nationsComparison of Korea’s Service Sector with Advanced nations

(Unit:%)

Source: KIEP(2006)

Korea U.S. Japan

Share of Service Sector in

GDP(2005)56.3 76.7 69.4

Productivity in Service Sector(2002) 100 216 183.2

A Grand Shift to FTA, Why? Declining growth rates of total factor productivity (TFP)

since 1980s

Trend of Korea’s Growth Rates of TFPTrend of Korea’s Growth Rates of TFP

(Unit:%)

Source: KIEP(2006)

Years 1980-1990 1990-2000 2000-2005

Growth Rates of TFP 3.5 2.0 1.8

Basic Strategies (FTA Roadmap in 2003)

Multi-track approach with simultaneous negotiations

Comprehensive FTAs in terms of substance

Public consensus building on trade liberalization

Selection Criteria of FTA Partners (FTA Roadmap in 2003)

Economic Benefits Cooperation in security and foreign policy Country readiness: Countries active to have FTA with Korea From regional periphery to core advanced countries

Sequencing Short-term: Japan, Singapore, ASEAN, EFTA, Mexico, Canada,

India Mid & long-term: U.S., EU, China, MERCOSUR, NEAFTA Other countries: GCC, Russia, Australia, New Zealand, Peru,

Israel, Morocco, Algeria, SACU

Future Plan and New Strategies A New FTA Roadmap (with new selection criteria)

- Representativeness in the region

- Possibility of cooperation in resource development

- Compatibility with Korean interests in security and

diplomacy

- Economic impacts

- Country readiness

Future Plan and New Strategies

New Strategies

- From core countries to periphery: sequencing

- Systematic approach to domestic negotiations: consensus building, governance, institutional infrastructure

- Exploration of cooperation in resource development: mid & long term objectives

- Holistic approach with security and diplomacy factors considered: geopolitical factors

- Effective restructuring of agricultural sector

- Further liberalization of service sector

Levels of Linkage among FTAs: (Low – Mid – High Level)

Copyright by CHOI Won-MogCopyright by CHOI Won-Mog6060

Long-Term FTA Strategy of Korea

Copyright by HEO Yoon & CHOI Won-MogCopyright by HEO Yoon & CHOI Won-Mog6161

Documents

Professor Yoon Heo (GSIS, Sogang University) IEAS (Institute for East Asian Studies)