Prof. Dr Fahim ShaltoutProf. Dr Fahim Shaltout

Professor of Meat HygieneProfessor of Meat Hygiene

Parasitic diseasesParasitic diseases

A – Direct transmissible to manA – Direct transmissible to man

B – Indirect transmissible to manB – Indirect transmissible to man

C – Not / or rarely transmissible to manC – Not / or rarely transmissible to man

Parasitic diseases direct Parasitic diseases direct transmissible to mantransmissible to man

1-Cysticercus bovis1-Cysticercus bovis 2- cysicercus cellulose2- cysicercus cellulose 3- Trichinella spiralis cyst3- Trichinella spiralis cyst 4-Hetrophyes hetrophyes4-Hetrophyes hetrophyes 5-Opistherchois tenuicollis5-Opistherchois tenuicollis 6- Diphyllobothrium latum6- Diphyllobothrium latum 77 - Anaskiasis - Anaskiasis

11 - -Taenia saginataTaenia saginata (Beef tapeworm)(Beef tapeworm)

Lives in the small intestine of manLives in the small intestine of man Cyst called Cyst called Cysticercus bovisCysticercus bovis , , Beef measelsBeef measels

or or cysticercus inermiscysticercus inermis Cyst is rounded or oval in shapeCyst is rounded or oval in shape The cyst is found most commonly in cattle but The cyst is found most commonly in cattle but

occasionally in buffaloeoccasionally in buffaloe

Infestation systemInfestation system

1- Direct in undeveloped areas when animals 1- Direct in undeveloped areas when animals are contact with humans in the same area. Ova are contact with humans in the same area. Ova may remain infective up to 6 monthes may remain infective up to 6 monthes

2-indirect as by wild birds2-indirect as by wild birds

Location ( predilection site)Location ( predilection site)

Heart , tongue , masseter muscles, diaphragh , Heart , tongue , masseter muscles, diaphragh , shoulder, hind quarter , oesophagus , shoulder, hind quarter , oesophagus ,

InspectionInspection

judgmentjudgment

Heavy infestation means presence of more than one Heavy infestation means presence of more than one cyst dead or live in an area of meat at size of palm of cyst dead or live in an area of meat at size of palm of the hand in different areas of the carcass .Heavy the hand in different areas of the carcass .Heavy infestation necessitates total condemnation.infestation necessitates total condemnation.

In light infestation which not fulfill the above In light infestation which not fulfill the above mentioned requirements , carcass should be treated mentioned requirements , carcass should be treated before releasing ( conditionally approved)before releasing ( conditionally approved)

Conditionally approvedConditionally approved

It means the treatment of meat before release for It means the treatment of meat before release for consumption by:consumption by:

1-freezing at – 10 ºC for not less than 10 days. 1-freezing at – 10 ºC for not less than 10 days. 2- boiling at 100 ºC for 2.5 hrs , the cuts should be 2- boiling at 100 ºC for 2.5 hrs , the cuts should be

not more than 5 lbs with thickness of 10 cm, and the not more than 5 lbs with thickness of 10 cm, and the thermal death point 58 ºC.thermal death point 58 ºC.

3- pickling in brine salt solution 25 % for 3-4 weeks 3- pickling in brine salt solution 25 % for 3-4 weeks 4-steaming under pressure (1/2) an autoclave for one 4-steaming under pressure (1/2) an autoclave for one

hour hour

Control measuresControl measures

Improving meat inspectionImproving meat inspection Prevention of cattle infectionPrevention of cattle infection Treatment of infected persons.Treatment of infected persons. Use of modern method as ELISA for diagnosis Use of modern method as ELISA for diagnosis

of infected animals.of infected animals. Vaccination of cattle against C.bovisVaccination of cattle against C.bovis Thorough cooking of meat.Thorough cooking of meat.

2- Pork tapeworm( taenia solium)2- Pork tapeworm( taenia solium)

In the upper part of small intestine of man.In the upper part of small intestine of man. Cestode.Cestode.

Pork measles ( Pork measles ( Cystidercus Cystidercus cellulosaecellulosae))

The cyst is found more commonly in the pig.The cyst is found more commonly in the pig. Size 1.6 x 0.9 cmSize 1.6 x 0.9 cm The cyst may be present also in humans byThe cyst may be present also in humans byA-ingestion of eggsA-ingestion of eggsB- retro[ristalsis movementof small intestineof B- retro[ristalsis movementof small intestineof

man resulting in movement of eggs to the man resulting in movement of eggs to the stomach hexacanth embryo release.stomach hexacanth embryo release.

Cyst may be present in brain and eye so called Cyst may be present in brain and eye so called C.racemosus or proliferative cyst.C.racemosus or proliferative cyst.

LocationLocation

Heart , diaphragm , tongue , neck thigh Heart , diaphragm , tongue , neck thigh shoulder, intercostal, and abdominal muscles shoulder, intercostal, and abdominal muscles

judgmentjudgment

Presence of one cyst dead or live needs total Presence of one cyst dead or live needs total condemnation condemnation

Control measuresControl measures

Trichinosis ,trichiniasis, Trichinosis ,trichiniasis, trichinellosis , trichinellasistrichinellosis , trichinellasis

Disease caused by Disease caused by Trichinella spiralis Trichinella spiralis Produce toxic products leads to myocarditis Produce toxic products leads to myocarditis

and fatal encephalitisand fatal encephalitis Adult worm is found in the intestinal tract.Adult worm is found in the intestinal tract. The sexes are distinct , male 1.5 mm, female The sexes are distinct , male 1.5 mm, female

about 3 mm.about 3 mm. It is found in pig, rat , mouse , dog and manIt is found in pig, rat , mouse , dog and man

LarvaeLarvae

Are found in muscular tissue ( intramuscle Are found in muscular tissue ( intramuscle fiber) of the same host.fiber) of the same host.

The cyst is lemon shaped containing coiled The cyst is lemon shaped containing coiled larva. It is parallel to the longitudinal axis of larva. It is parallel to the longitudinal axis of muscle fiber, near the tendon.muscle fiber, near the tendon.

Location : in pig pillars of diaphragm, muscles Location : in pig pillars of diaphragm, muscles of tongue , larynex and the abdominal and of tongue , larynex and the abdominal and intercostal muscles intercostal muscles

Methods of detectionMethods of detection

Trichinoscope Trichinoscope

Infection in manInfection in man

Man become infected by ingestion of raw or Man become infected by ingestion of raw or undercooked trichinosed fleshundercooked trichinosed flesh

judgmentjudgment

One cyst total condemnationOne cyst total condemnation

Control measuresControl measures

Fish parasites transmissible to manFish parasites transmissible to manOpistherchois tenuicollis (O.felineus)Opistherchois tenuicollis (O.felineus)

It is a trematode lives in the bile duct and It is a trematode lives in the bile duct and pancreatic duct of dog ,cat, fox, pig and man. pancreatic duct of dog ,cat, fox, pig and man. It measures 18 mm x 3mmIt measures 18 mm x 3mm

Encysted metacercaria present in fish at the Encysted metacercaria present in fish at the base of the finsbase of the fins

Life cycleLife cycle

11stst intermediate host snail intermediate host snail 22ndnd intermediate host fish intermediate host fish Containing encysted meyacercariaContaining encysted meyacercaria

Methods of infectionMethods of infection

Through eating raw infected fish, metacercaria Through eating raw infected fish, metacercaria exist in the duodenum , then young fluke exist in the duodenum , then young fluke migrate via bile ductmigrate via bile duct

JudgmentJudgment

All fish affected need total condemnationAll fish affected need total condemnation

Hetrophyes hetrophyesHetrophyes hetrophyes Very small trematode in the small intestine of Very small trematode in the small intestine of

dog , cat , fox , and man dog , cat , fox , and man with a size 1.7 mm x 0.7 mm with a size 1.7 mm x 0.7 mm

Life cycleLife cycle

11stst intermediate host snail intermediate host snail 22ndnd fish ( fish (Mugile cephalus, Tilapia nilotica)Mugile cephalus, Tilapia nilotica) Containing encysted meyacercariaContaining encysted meyacercaria

JudgmentJudgment

Condemned the affected fishCondemned the affected fish

Diphyllobothrium latumDiphyllobothrium latum

It is a cestode , Occures in the small intestine It is a cestode , Occures in the small intestine of man, dog , cat and fox with a length 2--20 of man, dog , cat and fox with a length 2--20 metermeter

Life cycleLife cycle

11stst intermediate host cyclope intermediate host cyclope 22ndnd intermediate host fish ( as Eel) containing intermediate host fish ( as Eel) containing

pleurocercoid.pleurocercoid. In the caviar or liverIn the caviar or liver

judgmentjudgment

Affected fish must be totally condemnedAffected fish must be totally condemned

77 - -AnaskiasisAnaskiasis

Nematode Nematode It is found in Japan, the Netherland and USA.It is found in Japan, the Netherland and USA. Definitive hosts are marine mammals.Definitive hosts are marine mammals. In Europe the disease called herring worm disease.In Europe the disease called herring worm disease. In human cases :In human cases : in europe involved intestine in europe involved intestine In Japan involved both gastric and intestinal In Japan involved both gastric and intestinal

infection..It is found in Japan due to eating raw fish is infection..It is found in Japan due to eating raw fish is a traditional way of lifea traditional way of life

Parasitic diseases indirect Parasitic diseases indirect transmissible to mantransmissible to man

1-Hydatid cyst1-Hydatid cyst 2-Linguatula rhinaria2-Linguatula rhinaria

1- Echinococcosis1- Echinococcosis

Caused by Caused by Echinococcus granulosusEchinococcus granulosus Cestode ,Found in the small intestine of dog.Cestode ,Found in the small intestine of dog. Cyst called hydatid cystCyst called hydatid cyst Hydatid cyst is present in food animals and Hydatid cyst is present in food animals and

manman

Structure of hydatid cystStructure of hydatid cyst

External cuticular membraneExternal cuticular membrane Internal germinal layer, small papilae from Internal germinal layer, small papilae from

which broad capsuleattached by short pedicle which broad capsuleattached by short pedicle or stalkor stalk

Vesicular fluidVesicular fluid Daughter cyst appear as a projection from the Daughter cyst appear as a projection from the

broad capsule broad capsule

Shape of hydatid cystShape of hydatid cyst

Oval or sphericalOval or spherical Size from pin head to child’s headSize from pin head to child’s head

JudgmentJudgment

Condemned the affected part or organ under Condemned the affected part or organ under strict hygienic measures to prevent dog reach strict hygienic measures to prevent dog reach such part such part

In case of musclar affection, oedema and In case of musclar affection, oedema and emaciation need total condemnation emaciation need total condemnation

Control measuresControl measures

22 - -Linguatula rhinariaLinguatula rhinaria (tongue worm)(tongue worm)

Arthropode closely related to tick and mite.Arthropode closely related to tick and mite. It occures in the nasal and respiratory passage It occures in the nasal and respiratory passage

of dogof dog

Larval stageLarval stage

Linguatula serrata ,(Pentastomum Linguatula serrata ,(Pentastomum denticulatumdenticulatum))

Occurs in the mesenteric lymph node (6-8 mm Occurs in the mesenteric lymph node (6-8 mm in length , millet seed to pea size , yellow to in length , millet seed to pea size , yellow to grey or green and found peripherally when grey or green and found peripherally when calcified mistaken with tuberculous lesionscalcified mistaken with tuberculous lesions

JudgmentJudgment

Isolated foci in the liver , spleen or lymph Isolated foci in the liver , spleen or lymph nodes may be excised .nodes may be excised .

Affected mesentric lymph nodes , condemned Affected mesentric lymph nodes , condemned and destroy mesentric fat , incise mesenyric fat and destroy mesentric fat , incise mesenyric fat 15 cm from the intestinal attachment15 cm from the intestinal attachment

Parasitic diseases not / or rarely Parasitic diseases not / or rarely transmissible to mantransmissible to man

1- Nematodes1- Nematodes 2-Cestodes 2-Cestodes 3- Trematodes3- Trematodes 4-protozoa4-protozoa 5- arthropodes5- arthropodes

NematotedsNematoteds

Ascaris spp Ascaris spp Judgment Judgment Heavy infested intestine with ascaridae should Heavy infested intestine with ascaridae should

be affected with a sour odour which not be affected with a sour odour which not disappear when the carcase is hung , boiling disappear when the carcase is hung , boiling test should be applied after 24 hourstest should be applied after 24 hours

Ascaris suumAscaris suum

In pig , mistaken wit tubercullosisIn pig , mistaken wit tubercullosis Differentiation by Differentiation by 1-malchories test ( duodenum)1-malchories test ( duodenum) 2-zeil nelsin stain ( acid fast bacilli)2-zeil nelsin stain ( acid fast bacilli) 3- inoculation to laboratory animal ( ginea pig 3- inoculation to laboratory animal ( ginea pig

or rabbit)or rabbit)

Lung wormsLung worms

Judgment Judgment In slight infestation condemned the affected In slight infestation condemned the affected

partsparts In heavy infestation condemned the lungs and In heavy infestation condemned the lungs and

judging the carcass depending on its conditionjudging the carcass depending on its condition Carcass that is edematous or emaciated Carcass that is edematous or emaciated

because of parasitic bronchitis should be because of parasitic bronchitis should be condemnedcondemned

CestodesCestodes

Judgment Judgment Condemned the affected organs Condemned the affected organs Heavy infestation accompanied with Heavy infestation accompanied with

emaciation total condemnationemaciation total condemnation Coenureus cerebralis Coenureus cerebralis Emaciated carcass total condemnationEmaciated carcass total condemnation

wormwormhosthostI.stageI.stageI.HI.H..Site of larval Site of larval stagestage

T.hyeneT.hyeneHyeneHyeneC. CameliC. Cameli

C. dromedriiC. dromedrii

camelcamelmusculaturemusculature

T.hydatigenaT.hydatigenadogdogC. tenuicollisC. tenuicollisSheep, Sheep, goat, goat, cattlecattle

Abdominal Abdominal cavity, visceracavity, viscera

T. ovisT. ovisdogdogC. ovisC. ovissheepsheepHeart, musclesHeart, muscles

Multiceps.mMulticeps.multicepsulticeps

dogdogCoenureus Coenureus cerebraliscerebralis

Sheep, Sheep, goat, goat, cattlecattle

C.N.SC.N.S

T. pisiformsT. pisiformsdogdogC. pisiformsC. pisiformsrabbitrabbitLiver, mesentryLiver, mesentry

M. serialisM. serialisdogdogCoenureusCoenureus

serialisserialis

rabbitrabbitmusclesmuscles

TrematodesTrematodes

Fascioliasis Fascioliasis Man may be infected by ingestion of encysted Man may be infected by ingestion of encysted

cercaria and not by the ingestion of animal cercaria and not by the ingestion of animal liver containing the adult parasiteliver containing the adult parasite

JudgmentJudgment Remove the affected partRemove the affected part Cirrhotic liver or markedly pipey must be Cirrhotic liver or markedly pipey must be

condemned condemned

Dicrocoelium dendriticumDicrocoelium dendriticum

Trematode Trematode Have two intermediate hosts ant and snailHave two intermediate hosts ant and snail It is found in northern europe, north and south It is found in northern europe, north and south

americaamerica JudgmentJudgment Remove the affected partRemove the affected part Cirrhotic liver or markedly pipey must be Cirrhotic liver or markedly pipey must be

condemnedcondemned

ProtozoaProtozoa

Coccidia Coccidia Eimeria Eimeria JudgmentJudgment Slight affection condemned the affected liver Slight affection condemned the affected liver

lesion lesion Heavy affection condemned the liverand the Heavy affection condemned the liverand the

carcass if emaciation is accompaniedcarcass if emaciation is accompanied

Genus SarcosporidiaGenus Sarcosporidia

S. miesheriana (pig)S. miesheriana (pig) S. tenella (sheep)S. tenella (sheep) S. blanchardi(cattle)S. blanchardi(cattle) Balbiana giganteaBalbiana gigantea ( larg macroscopic in ( larg macroscopic in

buffaloe, oesophagus)buffaloe, oesophagus)

JudgmentJudgment

Localized affection condemned the affected Localized affection condemned the affected patspats

Heavy infestation needs total condemnationHeavy infestation needs total condemnation

ArthropodaArthropoda

Hypoderma bovisHypoderma bovis JudgmentJudgment Scraping of the skin on the back with a knife Scraping of the skin on the back with a knife

and clean should be applied over the warbled and clean should be applied over the warbled areaarea

Oestrus ovisOestrus ovis

In sheepIn sheep JudgmentJudgment In sheep suspected the head should be In sheep suspected the head should be

examined by splitting the skull in he middle examined by splitting the skull in he middle line , presence of larvae and mucopurulent line , presence of larvae and mucopurulent dishcharge , condemned the headdishcharge , condemned the head

Thank youThank you