Structural Trap SystemStructural Trap System

Fold Trap Regime Fault Trap Regime Fracture Trap Regime

Fracture Trap Fracture Trap RegimeRegime

Extensional

ClassClass

Shear Superimposed Complex

in which lateral boundaries of the trap are provided by change from fractured reservoir to unfractured or less fractured rock or by change from open, permeable fractures to cement-filled or narrow-aperture, low permeability fractures.

Structural Trap SystemStructural Trap SystemFracture Trap Fracture Trap RegimeRegime

Extensional

ClassClass

Shear Superimposed Complex

Sub-ClassSub-Class

*Closed *Mineralized *Open Throat *Slickensided *Corrugated

StyleStyle

*Parallel *Intersecting *Perpendicular *En echelon *Anastomosing *Relay *Branching *Bedding Parallel/ Perpendicular/ diagonal

Structural Trap SystemStructural Trap System

Fracture Trap RegimeFracture Trap RegimeClass Class

Sub-ClassSub-Class

Super FamilySuper FamilyTectonic Non TectonicTectonic Non Tectonic

FamilyFamilyFold-RelatedFold-Related Fault-Related Fault-Related UpliftUplift Cooling Cooling HydrofracingHydrofracing Unloading Unloading CompactionCompaction

Sub-FamilySub-FamilyHinge Normal Rift Shoulder Extrusive Hydrothermal Erosion ShaleLimb Thrust Plutonic Intrusive Solution Pressure Karst ReefConjugated Wrench Cratonic Plutonic Fracing Horst

Ductile Deformation

Brittle Deformation

Mass of a Block Induces Normal Stress and Shear Stress

Mechanics of Fracturing& Faulting

Plumose and Hackle Fractures

Deformation Band Slickensided Surface

Breccia and Gauge

Mineralization

Slickensided Fractures

Mineralized Fractures

Vuggy Fractures

Linking Between Relay Fractures

Disharmony of Fracture Concentration

Intersection of Bedding and Fracture Surfaces Make a Uniform Drainage Network of Reservoir

Area 2c: Crestal area detail

FUGRO&ROBERTSON

FAULT SEALING

Sub-seismic FaultTip Zones

FAULT GEOMETRY & ARCHITECTURE

Seismic Scale

Simple Non-rotational Planar Faults

GOS, Sinai

Ring Road

En Echelon Micro-fault Array, GOS- Sinai

En Echelon Micro-fault Array, GOS- Sinai

En Echelon Micro-fault Array, GOS- Sinai

Linkage

Linked Micro-faults

En echelon Faults with Relay Ramp

En echelon Faults with Relay Ramp

*Burial Depth while Faulting, Temperature, Fluids, Pore Pressure, Inherited Structural Fabrics & Stratigraphic Heterogeneity Play a Major Role in Defining Deformation Styles.

Shale Smear along Extensional Fault, SINAI

Fault Zone Deformation

Deformation Band with Extension and Shear Fractures, Abu Roash

Hanging Wall Deformation Bands, Wadi Matulla, SINAI

Fault Gauge and Deformation Band, Baba

Fault Breccia, Wadi Darat

P

S

Folding& Shearing in Hanging-wall (beyond Seismic Scale) Incorporate Stratigraphy in Fault Zone & Influence Sealing,& Cross Flow, Sinai

Shale Gauge along Detachment Fault, Baba Area, SINAI

Fault Plane Juxtaposition Diagram

Shale Gouge Ratio(SGR) Technique

Triangle Diagram

Fault Seal Analysis

Major faults and anticlines in Tunisia,

as well as locations of oil and gas

fields. (Reproduced after T.R. Klett,

2001).

Fluid Flow Basics

*High Fault PermeabilityIncrease Bulk Permeability & reduce Fault Effect.

Flow has a Pass Across the Fault.

Flow is Parallel to the Fault.

*High Fault PermeabilityIncrease Bulk Permeability & reduce Fault Effect.

W-1 W-2 W-3

Capillary Pressure Increase

Cambrian Clastics (C) against Pliocene (P) Syntectonic Sediments. See Shale & Siltstone Dykes Supporting Fault Plane, W. Haimur Pull-apart Basin

P

C

P