PRODUCTIVITY RATE OF ROOF WORKS FOR JKR SCHOOL …

PRODUCTIVITY RATE OF ROOF WORKS FOR JKR SCHOOL PROJECT

SCHEDULING

ZURAIDA ZAINI RIJAL

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

PSZ 19:16 !find. 1/07)

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

DECLARATION OF POSTGRADUATE CAPSTONE PROJECT REPORT AND COPYRIGHT

Author's full name: ZURAIDA BT.ZAINI RIJAL

Date of birth

Title

11 MARCH 1971

PRODUCTIVITYRATEOF ROOF WORKSFOR JKRSCHOOL PROJECT

SCHEDULING

Academic Session: 2008L20 10

I declare that this capstone project report is classified as :

D CONFIDENTIAL

D RESTRICTED

IT] OPEN ACCESS

(Contains confidential information under the Official SecretAct 1972)*

(Contains restricted information as specified by theorganization where research was done)*

I agree that my capstone project report to be published asonline open access (full text)

I acknowledged that Universiti Teknologi Malaysia reserves the right as follows:

1. The capstone project report is the property of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.2. The Library of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia has the right to make copies for the purpose

of research only.3. The Library has the right to make copies of the capstone project report for academic

exchange.

710311-08-5862(NEW IC NO. /PASSPORT NO.)

Date: 10 DECEMCER2010

SIG

PROF.DR~UHD ZAIMI BIN ABDExecutive Director

Inn~~~~~~.~~~~~\BON)atM<MFrp.l5 ~E.~VI SOR

Date: 10 DECEMCER2010

NOTES *If the report is CONFIDENTAL or RESTRICTED,please attach with the letter fromthe organization with period and reasons for confidentiality or restriction.

"I hereby declare that I have read this project report and in my

opinion this project report is sufficient in terms of scope and quality for the

award of the degree of Master of Project Management"

Signature

Name of Supervisor : pro'tbr. Muhd Zaimi Abdul Majid

Date : 10 December 2010

PRODUCTIVITY RATE OF ROOF WORKS FOR JKR SCHOOL PROJECT

SCHEDULING

ZURAIDA ZAINI RIJAL

A capstone project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the

requirements for the award of the degree of

Master of Project Management

Faculty of Civil Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

DECEMBER 2010

ii

I declare that this capstone project report entitled “Productivity Rate Of Roof Works

For JKR School Project Scheduling” is the result of my own research except as

cited in the references. The project report has not been accepted for any degree and

is not concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree.

Signature : ....................................................

Name : Zuraida Bt Zaini Rijal

Date : 10 December 2010

iii

Special dedicated to my beloved husband, my lovely

parents and friends for their never ending love and

support.

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Praise to the Almighty Allah the God of the Universe that with His blessing

and will, I managed to complete this master project successfully.

First and foremost, I would like to convey my sincere thanks and

appreciation to my supervisor, Prof. Dr. Muhd Zaimi bin Abd. Majid, for his kindly

assistance, generous advice, beneficial critisms, patience and encouragement

throughout this master project.

I would like also to express my gratitude to all participating respondents of

this study who generously spent their precious time to participate in the

questionnaire survey of this project. Their contributions are valuable to the success

of this study which is really appreciated.

Furthermore, I would also like to express my sincere thanks to my superior

and friends, who have given me a lot of support, strength and advice on this project.

Finally, I am most thankful to my beloved husband and my parents for their

love, continuous support and encouragement given to me in completing this

dissertation. Without their support and encouragement, this project report would not

have been possible.

v

ABSTRACT

Productivity rate for the local construction industry has been established for

the utilization of the industry players. Similarly JKR or Public Work Department,

as the largest implementer agency for government projects, the current practice of

approving the schedule of works submitted by contractors are mostly based on the

engineers estimate and past experience. Until now, there are no reference and

standard guidelines for reviewing and checking the work program submitted by the

contractors. The objectives of the study is to identify the factors influence the

productivity rate of roof works and to establish a reference of productivity rate for

roofing works focusing on school project. Those factors can be established

through a series of statistical analysis based on the data which were collected from

questionnaire survey and preliminary interview from the experts. From the

findings, the factors that influence the productivity rate were established such as

weather, working in confined space, poor sequencing of works and etc. While the

established typical productivity rate for roof works were the installation of cold

form roof trusses with insulation, installation of concrete roof tiles, installation of

fascia board and etc. Finally, this productivity rate will be using as a guide for

improving JKR school project scheduling.

.

vi

ABSTRAK

Kadar produktiviti untuk industri pembinaan di Malaysia telah dihasilkan

untuk kegunaan pihak-pihak yang terlibat di dalam industri ini. Begitu juga dengan

JKR atau Jabatan Kerja Raya, sebagai agensi perlaksana utama bagi projek-projek

kerajaan, amalan kebiasaan dalam menyemak dan meluluskan jadual perlaksanaan

projek yang telah dikemukakan oleh kontraktor, kebanyakanya adalah berdasarkan

kepada anggaran jurutera tersebut dan pengalaman mereka dalam bidang ini.

Sehingga kini, tiada sebarang rujukan dan panduan di dalam meneliti dan menyemak

tempoh perlaksanaan dan penggunaan sumber-sumber pembinaan bagi setiap aktiviti

di dalam program kerja kontraktor. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk mengenalpasti

faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi dan mewujudkan satu panduan bagi kadar

produktiviti untuk kerja-kerja bumbung terutamanya bagi projek-projek sekolah..

Faktor-faktor berkenaan boleh diperolehi melalui beberapa siri analisa statistik yang

berdasarkan data-data yang telah dikumpulkan dari soal selidik dan temuramah

dengan pakar. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar produktiviti yang telah

diperolehi dari kajian ini adalah seperti cuaca, kerja di dalam ruangan yang terhad,

lemah dalam mengatur kerja dan sebagainya. Manakala pengwujudan kadar

produktiviti tipikal bagi kerja-kerja bumbung yang terlibat adalah seperti

pemasangan kekuda bumbung keluli beserta penebat bumbung, pemasangan genting

bumbung, pemasangan fascia bumbung dan sebagainya. Akhir sekali, kadar

produktiviti tersebut akan digunakan sebagai panduan bagi menambah baik jadual

perlaksanaan projek sekolah JKR.

vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

DECLARATION ii

DEDICATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv

ABSTRACT v

ABSTRAK vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

LIST OF TABLES xii

LIST OF FIGURES xiv

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Background 3

1.3 Problem Statement 5

1.4 Aim and Objectives 7

1.5 Scope of Study 8

1.6 Research Methodology 9

1.7 Summary of the Chapters 11

viii

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction 13

2.2 Definition of Productivity 14

2.3 Measurement of Productivity 18

2.4 Current Measurement of Productivity in Construction

Industry 22

2.5 Factors Influence Productivity in Construction 24

2.6 Matrix - overview 28

2.7 The Important Productivity Rate in Project Scheduling 29

2.8 Roof -overview 32

3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction 36

3.2 Literature review 37

3.3 Research Methodology 40

3.3.1 Phase 1 40

3.3.2 Phase 2 41

3.3.3 Phase 3 41

3.3.4 Phase 4 42

3.4 Collection of Data 42

3.5 Data Sampling Techniques 43

3.6 Tools to Collect Data 45

3.7 Respondent 47

3.8 Method of Analysis 48

3.9 Summary 49

4 DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

4.1 Introduction 51

4.2 Data Collection 52

4.3 Demographic Profile of Respondents 52

ix

4.4 The Analysis of Factors Influence Productivity of Roof

Works 55

4.4.1 Analysis of External Factors 55

4.4.2 Analysis of Project Factors 57

4.4.3 Analysis of Material/Tools Factors 59

4.4.4 Analysis of Management Factors 62

4.4.5 Analysis of Worker Factors 64

4.4.6 Analysis of Inspection Factors 66

4.4.7 Analysis of Safety Factors 68

4.5 The Analysis of Critical Factors That Influence

The Productivity of Roof Works 70

4.6 The Analysis of Relationship Between Influential

Factors and Productivity of Roof Works 72

4.7 Productivity Rate for Roof Works 77

4.8 Discussion of Findings 88

4.9 Summary 95

5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Introduction 96

5.2 Conclusion 96

5.3 Recommendation to JKR 100

5.4 Recommendation for Future Works 101

REFERENCES 102

APPENDICES 109

xii

LIST OF TABLES

TABLES TITLE PAGE

Table 2.1 Summary of Productivity and Cost for the Three

Methods 18

Table 2.2 Productivity Measurement Method 23

Table 4.1 External Factor That Influence Productivity Rate of

Roof Works 56

Table 4.2 Project Factor That Influence Productivity Rate of

Roof Works 58

Table 4.3 Material/Tools Factors That Influence Productivity

Rate of Roof Works 60

Table 4.4 Management Factors That Influence Productivity


Table 4.5 Worker Factors That Influence Productivity


Table 4.6 Inspection Factors That Influence Productivity


Table 4.7 Safety Factors That Influence Productivity


Table 4.8 Critical Factors Influence Productivity Rate

of Roof Works 72

Table 4.9 Relationship between Factors Influence and Installation

of Cold Form Roof Trusses 73

xiii


of Concrete Roof Tiles 74


of Fascia Board 75


of Gutter 76

Table 4.13 Productivity of Roof Works (Set 1) 80




Table 4.17 Factors Influence the Productivity of Roof Works 89

Table 4.18 Respondents Consideration level on Factors Influence the

Productivity of Roof Works 90

Table 4.19 Critical Factors Influence Productivity of Roof Works 91

Table 5.1 Relationship between Factors Influence and Productivity

of Roof Works 98

Table 5.2 Matrix of Productivity Rate for Roof Works 99

xiv

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURES TITLE PAGE

Figure 1.1 Schematic of Research Methodology 10

Figure 2.1 A Model to Manage Construction Productivity 32

Figure 3.1 Sampling Based on Roof Area 44

Figure 4.1 Gender of respondents 53

Figure 4.2 Age Groups of Respondents 53

Figure 4.3 Current Position of Respondents 54

Figure 4.4 Working Experience of Respondents 54

Figure 4.5 Tabulation of External Factors 59

Figure 4.6 Tabulation of Project Factors 58

Figure 4.7 Tabulation of Materials/Tools Factors 61

Figure 4.8 Tabulation of Management Factors 63

Figure 4.9 Tabulation of Worker Factors 65

Figure 4.10 Tabulation of Inspection Factors 67

Figure 4.11 Tabulation of Safety Factors 69

Figure 4.12 Tabulation of Critical Factors That Influence the

Productivity of Roof Works 71

Figure 4.13 Tabulation of Factors Influence for Roof Works in

School Projects (20 bays) with Condition Site

Constraint 81



Not Constraint 83

xv



Constraint 85



Not Constraint 87

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

Managing construction projects always requires constant monitoring of project

performance and the updating on project schedule. Project performance data and

productivity data from the construction field is a key role in evaluating and predicting

project performance in term of cost and schedule. According to Motwani et al. (1995),

the productivity in construction has always been very difficult to measure and control.

Even though, productivity in construction hard to measure, there is a need to use it for

timely decisions and reduce the negative impacts on cost and schedule. Therefore, the

integration of historical productivity data with the on-going performance data in

construction field are required (Hwang and Liu, 2005).

Hwang and Liu, (2009) presented that an accurate productivity prediction is

important for managing construction projects. In fact, a construction project is

commonly to be successful when it is delivering within its budget and timeline. The

planning and control process also explains the importance of accurate productivity

2

estimate which first, estimating time and cost of construction activities that inevitably

requires productivity estimates (Hinze, 1998), and second, integrated management of

time and cost must involved productivity factor (Dawood and Molson, 1997).

The reduction of productivity in construction industry during the past decade

has led to the recognition that the better ways of measuring construction productivity

are needed. Quantifying both current performance and the effects of changed method

or condition are probably prerequisite to improve measurement of productivity. The

productivity data will require by construction project manager to guide their efforts

and need by the owner especially to know how effective their project is being

managed (BRT, 1985).

There are most previous studies focusing on defining factors influence

productivity and measuring limited parts of activities at micro level to investigate the

relationship between factors and productivity. A standard construction productivity

system that more reliable is a critical element in construction productivity performance

evaluation and improvement process. There is a need of tool to drive performance

improvement through internal and external benchmarking. Park, et al., (2005) present

that nowadays, demand from the construction industry on developing acceptable

construction productivity and standardized productivity data are the main issues to

focus by the industry players and researches.

According to Tavakoli, (1990), productivity rates are subjective or a matter of

experience, as well as easy to obtain from available publication that provide such

information. It should be reflect the immediate environment surrounding the user.

Only then, the productivity data closely approximately prevailing local construction

condition such as labor productivity, contractor’s efficiency, weather, material lead

times and so on.

3

1.2 Background

Productivity was significant in construction industry and has profound impact

on projects that depend on time and cost of the construction operation. Furthermore,

time and cost estimates are derived from productivity. Thus, to make the plan and

control of the construction operation more effectively, an accurate prediction of

productivity is essential (Hwang and Liu, 2009).

Many have expressed concern about productivity in construction industry.

Perceptions of productivity trends are vary widely within academia and construction

industry. Currently, perception of those in industry has not been well quantified

(Goodrum, et al., 1999). In U.S. economy, construction labor productivity remains

least understood factors. Regard on that matter, Bureau Labor Statistic (BLS)

maintains productivity indices for all significant sector of economy including the

construction sector (BLS, 2010).

Despite the productivity is significance, the accuracy of its estimate remain

low. Based on previous study, similar deviation was observed in historical

productivity where the data was collected. High degree of deviation is attributable to

nature of the budget estimates which is normally are prepared at the planning stage

with limited information about the activities and involve many assumption activities.

An accuracy of initial estimates is important where it is equally or even more critical

to predict productivity continually in a proactive manner in order to effectively plan

and control performance of construction operation. In fact, to forecast and update

construction productivity continually and proactively during construction, engineers

need to observed current operations, collect data those associated with the operations

and analyze data (Hwang and Liu, 2009).

4

Malaysian construction industry is generally separated into two areas. First

area is general construction which is comprises civil engineering construction,

residential construction and non-residential construction. The second area is a special

trade works, which is comprises activities of glass work, tiling and flooring work,

carpentry, painting work, sewerage and sanitary work, refrigeration and air-

conditioning work, plumbing, electrical works and metal works (Abdul Razak, et al.,

2010). Since Malaysia is in the process of industrialization, the construction industry

is important because it provides economy and social infrastructure for industrial

production and reproduction. In fact, Malaysia Government has realized the important

of building up the construction sector to benefit other sector along the way.

In recent years, the construction industry becomes slowdown because of

decline in the number of large-scale infrastructure projects. According to Pratt (2000),

a construction and project management consultant (PMC) in Malaysia since 1962, has

mentioned that Malaysian projects in last decade especially the magnificent

monuments were not cost and function effective. He also highlight that in certain

cases the budget was exceeded, projected completion date were not achieve and the

quality was not always up to expectation.

The Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) was highlighted that

Malaysia construction industry problems such as low quality, low productivity, poor

image, economic volatility, delays, shortage of manpower, lack of data and

information are key contribution to the unsuccessful of project in Malaysia. The low

productivity in the industry means there is attribute to low technology usage, poor

project and site management, unskilled labor, high-input cost and duration estimate,

shortage of construction manpower, high –construction wastage, poor maintenance,

non conducive and accident prone environment (CIDB Master Plan OSHA, 2004).

Consider to those problems, the CIDB in collaboration with Building Industry

President Council held a roundtable discussion in June 2003 with presidents and chief

5

executive officers of Malaysian construction industry. The discussion was

establishing priorities to improve the Malaysian construction industry for future. Ten

priorities and recommendation for improvement was identified where productivity and

quality were parts of it (Abdul Razak, et al., 2010).

Even though, there are many companies have developed their own productivity

tracking system based on their experiences and accounting system, they prefer to use

internally and not for outsiders due to competition in getting the contracts. In fact,

none of previous researchers have successful in establishing common definitions and

developing a survey tool that collects standard productivity data at the appropriate

levels (Park, et al., 2005). Similarly JKR, as the largest implementers’ of government

projects, the current practice of approving the schedule of works that submitted by

contractors are mostly based on the engineers estimate/opinion and past experience.

There is no standard reference to review and check the duration and resources

allocation in each activity in contractor’s work program.

As an effort, this paper was initiated to develop a productivity rate for roofing

works as a standard reference or guides for improving JKR projects scheduling.

1.3 Problem Statement

As the main technical agencies for the Government of Malaysia, Public Work

Department (PWD) or Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR) entrusted to implement development

projects throughout the country. It is the goal of JKR to ensure that the organization is

run efficiently and effectively in order to achieve the vision, mission and objectives of

6

the department. JKR is responsible to ensure that all the projects must be

approximately implemented, complete on time, within the budget and provide quality

products. In 9th Malaysian Plan (RMK 9), most of JKR projects cannot be delivering

on time. For example, about 41% of projects in JKR Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala

Lumpur cannot be delivering on time which is most of it are due to wrongly estimate

the duration of the construction activities in project scheduling. It is also regarding to

lack of competency of JKR officers in reviewing and giving advice to contractors

especially in preparing realistic project’s work program. This problem can be

categorized as serious matter and give high impact to the overall performance of JKR

due to unsatisfaction of client with JKR’s reputation. As the biggest technical

government agency, there should be a way to solve the problem so that it will improve

JKR image and give high reputation to the clients.

Nowadays, JKR has started to develop main Scheduling Office Department at

the head office level with intention to avoid the problem continues to occur. The main

purpose of this Scheduling Office Department is to develop a standard/guideline for

all JKR officers at states and districts level as a reference especially in reviewing and

monitoring the JKR projects scheduling. It is important to all JKR officers to have a

clear and same understanding about project scheduling. The functions of this

Scheduling Office Department are as below:

a) to ensure compliance to standard/guideline

b) to facilitate review work program for approval

c) to facilitate integration of SKALA S-Curve with work program

d) as referral centre for work program development (issues management)

e) as repository centre for work program data and project information

7

Refer to function (e), this paper was initiated to support JKR Scheduling Office

Department to establish the productivity rate of roofing works for the building projects

scheduling. There should be a standard productivity rate of each activity in the project

in order to guide the contractor and the JKR supervision team to plan and implement

the projects successfully. Therefore, the study on productivity rate of roof works for

building project scheduling as an effort and starting point to establish the standard

productivity rate of project activities for JKR’s projects.

In fact, this study is consistent with JKR strategies and action plan in achieving

Effective Implementation of Malaysia 5 – Years Plan especially to ensure that projects

are implemented through appropriate implementation methodologies to meet customer

needs and outcomes. One of the action plans stated in JKR Strategic Framework is to

establish effective project performance tracking system which is JKR must analyzing

all data that related to the project in order to improve JKR project implementation

(JKR, 2007).

1.4 Aim and Objectives

The aim of this study is to establish the productivity rate of roof works for JKR

building projects scheduling. In order to achieve this, the following are the objectives

of the study:

a) To identify the factors that influence the productivity of roof

works;

b) To establish the relationship between influential factors and

productivity of roof works; and

c) To establish productivity rate for roof works

8

1.5 Scope of Study

There are certain limitations to be follow to ensure that this study is completed

within the time frame given. Firstly, this study only takes into consideration on all

projects which implement in central region of Peninsular Malaysia i.e. projects in JKR

Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur and three (3) chosen districts in JKR Selangor.

Second, the sample for this study is concentrate only in school project that has

been implemented by JKR in 9th Malaysian Plan. Since standard design was using in

school projects, the area of roof is fixed. This given the standardization to estimate the

productivity rate for roofing works referring to the floor area involved.

There are several components included in the roof works such as roof trusses,

insulator and roof covering. Roof trusses in construction projects can be classified

into several types such as timber roof trusses, hot rolled roof trusses, cold form roof

trusses and etc. The third limitation of this study is only taking into consideration on

the cold form roof trusses because most of the school projects are using this type of

trusses. In addition, JKR already has a list of 22 names of cold form roof trusses

suppliers which their design have been reviewed and approved by the JKR Structure

Expert Division. This list is for the JKR officers in state and district office to choose

for their projects especially school projects. Fourth, this study only takes into

consideration concrete roof tiles including insulations as type of roof covering.

There are several activities involved in production of roof works:

a) Design - in term of area (m2);

b) Production - in term of size of trusses / per pieces / per day;

9

c) Delivery - in term of geographical location;

d) Installation - in term of per day / per area m2 / per trusses; and

e) Inspection

Based on the time given, this study will be more focused on activities that related to

roof works installation at construction site.

1.6 Research Methodology

Research methodology is a framework for researcher on how a study is carried

out, such as process of data collection, analyzing the finding and interpretation of

observations. In general, research methodology consists of four main parts which are

literature review, site observation, questionnaire and interview with experts. Figure

1.1 illustrates the schematic of research methodology that partially has been

implemented for this study in order to achieve the determined objectives. The

research methodology for this study consists of four distinct phases, which are phase

1, phase 2, phase 3 and phase 4 respectively. Generally, phase 1 involves

determination of the objectives and scope of this study, literature review, preliminary

site observation and preliminary interview. Phase 2, consists of the identification of

all the factors that will influence to the productivity of roof works and observation on

quantity of roof works/man hours. In the same time, there is interviewing session was

carried out with the expert among contractors and suppliers of roofing materials in

order to get the information on material, labor and equipment either the delay of those

parts will affect the productivity of roof works. This method will make the designed

questionnaire were supported by the real situation at site. The questionnaires was also

10

Phase 3

Phase 4

Data Compilation

Analysis Analyze data using statistical analysis Transform data into productivity rate

Discussion on Results Obtained

Recommendation & Conclusion

Distribution of questionnaire Will be distribute to technical

person: supervisors, engineers, managers, contractor

Identify the Objective and Scope

Literature Review Preliminary Site Observation

Case Studies Identify the factors influence

Interview with Experts Pilot test to several contractors

with experience more than 10 years

Figure 1.1: Schematic of Research Methodology

Phase 1

Phase 2

Selection of Topic

Objective.(a) Objective.(b) Objective.(c)

DATA COLLECTION

DATA ANALYSIS

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PRODUCTIVITY RATE OF ROOF WORKS FOR JKR SCHOOL …