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Proceedings of the
VI Andean Region
International Conference
Andescon 2012
November 7‐9, 2012
Cuenca, Ecuador
Proceedings of the VI Andean Region
International Conference Andescon 2012
November 7-9, 2012
Cuenca, Ecuador
Los Alamitos, California
Washington • Tokyo
Copyright © 2012 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
All rights reserved.
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2012 Andean Region International
Conference
Andescon 2012
Table of Contents
Message from Andescon General Chair..............................................................................................................xi
Welcome Message from Rector of Universidad Politécnica Salesiana .......................................................xii
Message from Andescon Organizing Committee General Chairs..............................................................xiv
Message from Andescon Technical Committee Chair....................................................................................xv
Andescon 2012 Committee List............................................................................................................................xvi
Andescon 2012 Local Organizing Committee.................................................................................................xvii
Andescon 2012 Technical Committee ..............................................................................................................xviii
Andescon 2012 Reviewers List.............................................................................................................................xix
Plenary Speakers Information.............................................................................................................................xxi
Call for Papers ........................................................................................................................................................xxii
Session PEE (Th 1.a)
New Formulation for Distribution System State Estimation ..........................................................................................3
Paulo M. De Oliveira-De Jesus and Andrés Rojas Quintana
Evaluation of Stray Losses in Throats of Distribution Transformers Using Finite
Element Simulation ........................................................................................................................................................7
Juan Carlos Olivares-Galvan, Eduardo Campero-Littlewood, Jose Luis Hernandez-Avila,
Rafael Escarela-Perez, Salvador Magdaleno Adame, and Andreas D. Theocharis
Parameter Estimation Method for Induction Machines Using the Instantaneous
Impedance During a Dynamic Start-Up .......................................................................................................................11
Johnny Rengifo, José M. Aller, Alexander Bueno, Julio Viola, and José Restrepo
Session PEE (Th 1.b)
A Modulation Technique for Single-Phase Asymmetric Flying-Capacitor DC/AC
Converter ......................................................................................................................................................................17
N. Vazquez, H. Barajas, C. Hernandez, H. Lopez, and E. Vazquez
Parallel DC/AC Converters under Connection/Disconnection of Power Modules ......................................................21
N. Vazquez, C. Gallegos, C. Hernandez, E. Rodriguez, and I. Cervantes
A Nonlinear Optimization Technique Applied to PWM Signals .................................................................................25
Vinicius Novicki Obadowski, André Arthur Perleberg Lerm, and Wagner de Freitas Ciarelli
v
Session EMB (Th 2.a)
Continuous, Non-invasive and Cuff-free Blood Pressure Monitoring System ............................................................31
Juan Franco, José Aedo, and Fredy Rivera
ECG Signal Monitoring Using Networked Mobile Devices ........................................................................................35
Enrique V. Carrera and Pamela Morales
Mobile Identification: NFC in the Healthcare Sector ...................................................................................................39
José Pirrone Puma, Mònica Huerta, Rodolfo Alvizu, and Roger Clotet
Session EMB (Th 2.b)
Atrial Fibrillation ECG Signal Processing for QRST Cancellation: Zero-Padding
Versus Time Alignment ................................................................................................................................................45
Shima Gholinezhadasnefestani, Omar Escalona, Noel Castro, Kimia Nazarzadeh, Vivek Kodoth,
Ernest Lau, and Ganesh Manoharan
Prediction of Spontaneous Termination of Atrial Fibrillation with Supervised Neural
Networks .......................................................................................................................................................................49
Germán E. Melo A., Ricardo A. Osorio M., and Alvaro D. Orjuela C.
System Development for Measuring the Arterious Venous Rate (AVR) for
the Diagnosis of Hypertensive Retinopathy .................................................................................................................53
Daniel Ortíz, Mauricio Cubides, Andres Suarez, Martha Zequera, Julian Quiroga,
Jorge A. Gómez, and Nubia Arroyo
Session CE (Th 3.a)
Synthesis of Low-Power Synchronous Digital Systems Operating in Double-Edge
of the Clock ..................................................................................................................................................................59
Duarte Lopes Oliveira, Tiago Curtinhas, Lester Faria, and Leonardo Romano
Synthesis of Extended Burst-Mode Asynchronous Controllers by the Use
of Optimized Direct Mapping .......................................................................................................................................63
Duarte Lopes Oliveira, Noé Alles, Lester Faria, Tiago Curtinhas, Diego Bompean,
and Luiz S. Ferreira
Permittivity Measuring Technique Based on a Parallel-Plate Waveguide Concept .....................................................67
Manuel Yarleque and Arturo Miranda
Session CE (Th 3.b)
Design of Asynchronous Digital Systems using Two-Phase Bundled-Data Protocol .................................................73
Duarte Lopes Oliveira, Diego Bompean, Lester Faria, Tiago Curtinhas, and Noé Alles
Study and Analysis of Magnetic Field Homogeneity of Square and Circular Helmholtz
Coil Pairs: A Taylor Series Approximation .................................................................................................................77
Andres F. Restrepo Alvarez, Edinson Franco-Mejía, and Carlos R. Pinedo-Jaramillo
vi
Analysis of the Behavior of an Optical Current Transformer Using an Equivalent
Circuit ...........................................................................................................................................................................81
Ziorelys Araujo, Marisol Dávila, Ernesto Mora, Luz Maldonado, and Genaro Ferraz
Session RA (Th 4.a)
Regional Invariant Descriptors in Mobile Robotics Part I: Stability Tracking Analysis .............................................87
Edgar A. Martínez-García and L. Abril Torres-Méndez
Regional Invariant Descriptors in Mobile Robotics Part II: Enhanced Detection
and Matching ................................................................................................................................................................91
Edgar A. Martínez-García and L. Abril Torres-Méndez
Study and Improvements in Landmarks Extraction in 2D Range Images Based on
an Adaptive Curvature Estimation ...............................................................................................................................95
Novel Certad, Raul Acuna, Ángel Terrones, Dimitar Ralev, Jose Cappelletto,
and Juan Carlos Grieco
Session IT (Th 4.b)
Bilateral Virtual Control Human-Machine with Kinect Sensor .................................................................................101
Víctor H. Andaluz, Cristian Gallardo, Jaime Santana, Johana Villacrés, Renato Toasa,
Javier Vargas, Gabriel Reyes, Tannya Naranjo, and Andrea Sotelo
Empirical Measurement of Automated Recovery of Design Decisions and Structure ..............................................105
Hernán Astudillo, Gonzalo Valdés, and Carlos Becerra
Overview of RFID Technology in Latin America ......................................................................................................109
Laura Rodríguez, Mónica Huerta, Rodolfo Alvizu, and Roger Clotet
Session PEE (Fr 1.a)
Efficiency of the Low-pressure Cold Plasma in the Cleaning of Steel Sheet
for Subsequent Covering ............................................................................................................................................115
Paula Marielisa Sarmiento, Luis Marcelo López, Andrés Paúl Sarmiento, and Jorge Isaac Fajardo
Fuzzy Control System for Maximum Power Point Tracking in Solar Panels Based
on DC-DC Converter PI Current Control ...................................................................................................................119
Alberto Berzoy, Erick Baethge, Jose Restrepo, and Julio Viola
Comparing Parameter Identification Strategies for a Saturated Model of an Induction
Motor ..........................................................................................................................................................................123
A. Millán, C. Villanueva, J. Restrepo, J. Aller, V. Guzmán, M. Giménez, and J. Viola
Session CS (Fr 1.b)
PD Controller Based on Second Order Sliding Mode Differentiation .......................................................................129
I. Salgado, C. Yañez, O. Camacho, and I. Chairez
Identification of Volterra-Laguerre Model in a Laminator System for Vinyl Tile ....................................................133
Carlos Medina-Ramos, Daniel Carbonel-Olazabal, Judith Betetta-Gomez,
and Miguel Pilco-Barrenechea
vii
Session EMB (Fr 2.a)
Validation System for Models of Intracranial EEG Signals .......................................................................................139
P. Marchena, M.A. Díaz, and R. Esteller
Bio-electromechanical Model of the Muscle Spindle ................................................................................................143
R. Silva and T. Tabouillot
An Improvement of the Output SNR of an Assistive Listening Device Using
Crosscorrelation ..........................................................................................................................................................147
Alejandro J. Uriz, Jorge Castiñeira Moreira, Pablo Agüero, Juan C. Tulli, and Esteban González
Session AI (Fr 2.b)
Continuous Neural Networks for Electroencephalography Waveform Classification ...............................................153
M. Alfaro, A. Argüelles, C. Yañez, and Isaac Chairez
Continuous Neural Networks and Finite Element Application for the Tissue
Deformation Reconstruction Dynamic .......................................................................................................................157
Rita Q. Fuentes, Alexander Poznyak, Ivan Figueroa, Alejandro Garcia, and Isaac Chairez
Session CE (Fr 3.a)
An Intelligent Control Approach for Designing a Low Voltage DC Breaker ............................................................163
Luis Ismael Minchala Avila, Luis Eduardo Garza Castañón, and Eduardo Robinson Calle Ortiz
Induced Current in Anti-Theft Ducts of Pole-mounted Distribution Transformers ...................................................167
Victor Manuel Jimenez-Mondragon, Juan Carlos Olivares-Galvan,
Eduardo Campero-Littlewood, Jose Luis Hernandez-Avila, Rafael Escarela-Perez,
and Salvador Magdaleno-Adame
State and Resistance Estimation in Sensorless FOC Induction Motor Drive Using
a Reduced Order Unscented Kalman Filter ................................................................................................................171
Pablo A. Domínguez, Cesar A. Silva, and Juan I. Yuz
Session SP (Fr 4.a)
Myoelectric Algorithm for Knee Angle Estimation Using Proprioceptive Data and
a Compatibility Test ...................................................................................................................................................177
A. López Delis, J.L. Azevedo de Carvalho, A. Ferreira da Rocha, F.A. de Oliveira Nascimento,
G. Araújo Borges, and A.F. Ruiz Olaya
On the Use of Surface EMG for Recognizing Forearm Movements: Towards
the Control of an Upper Extremity Exoskeleton ........................................................................................................181
A. López Delis, L. Mayeta Revilla, D. Delisle Rodriguez, and A.F. Ruiz Olaya
Creation of the Biomedical Engineering Research Group GIIB-UPS at the Salesian
Polytechnic University ...............................................................................................................................................185
A.C. Villa and F. Urgilés
viii
Session SP (Fr 4.b)
Assessment of Atrial Fibrillation Organization During Internal Electrical
Cardioversion Using Sample Entropy ........................................................................................................................191
N. Castro, J. Grimaldos, V. Kodoth, O. Escalona, E. Lau, and G. Manoharan
Analysis of Images of Nanoparticles Obtained by Electron Transmission Microscopy
Using the Two-Dimensional Hurst Operator ..............................................................................................................195
Diego S. Benitez, Alexis Debut, and Sara Guerra
An Implementation in dsPIC of a Denoising Algorithm Based on the Discrete Wavelet
Transform ...................................................................................................................................................................199
Alejandro J. Uriz, Jorge Castiñeira Moreira, Roberto Hidalgo, Pablo Agüero, Juan C. Tulli,
and Esteban González
Posters Session
Analysis of Transmission Measurements of ISDB-T .................................................................................................205
Raúl Haro Báez and Gonzalo Olmedo Cifuentes
Multiband Filters with Coupled Resonators Dielectrics Elliptical Planar Synchronous
in Microwave Frequencies ..........................................................................................................................................206
Samuel Ángel Jaramillo Flórez
A Multi-Purpose Control System for Hydraulic Applications: Conceptual
Development ...............................................................................................................................................................207
Carlos González and Gustavo Sánchez
6D Vectors Approach in Cartesian Robot Motion Embedded on Logistics Process .................................................208
Mario Arbulú
Design and Implementation of an Electro-Mechanical System for the Simulation
of Medical Scenarios of the Respiratory System of Neonatal Patients ......................................................................209
Y. Estepa, E.J. Ramos, M. Varón, J. Bacca, and L.C. Méndez
Inspection of the Geometry of Objects through Structured Light and Stereo Vision ................................................210
Luis Ismael Minchala, Luis Eduardo Garza, and Eduardo Robinson Calle
Leak Detection and Location in Great Longitude Pipelines through Speed Propagation
of the Negative Pressure Wave ...................................................................................................................................211
Luis Ismael Minchala, Jhony Alexander Calderón, Luis Eduardo Garza,
and Eduardo Robinson Calle
Home Automation System for the Disabled Using Electromyographic Signals ........................................................212
N. Aguilar, J. Rubiano, J. Garay, and L. Vanegas
Laparoscopic Trainer ..................................................................................................................................................213
Edgar Patricio Siguenza Barros, Diego Marcelo Angulo Montenegro, Pedro Xavier Calle Vélez,
David Leonardo Ochoa Rodríguez, and Patricio Fernando Urgiles Ortiz
Selected Native Microorganisms from Hydrocarbon Polluted Soils in Ecuador,
Potentially Useful for Bioremediation Processes .......................................................................................................214
Ernesto Delgado, Miguel Cando, Solveig Tosi, and Anna Maria Picco
ix
Fault Identification and Classification of Spur Gearbox with Feed Forward Back
Propagation Artificial Neural Network ......................................................................................................................215
R. Sánchez, A. Arpi, and L. Minchala
Analysis of Behavior of Surge Arresters in Distribution Circuits ..............................................................................216
Luz Maldonado, Marisol Dávila, Ernesto Mora, Ziorelys Araujo, and Genaro Ferraz
μ Analysis for Robust Blood Glucose Regulation in T1DM Patients ........................................................................217
J.A. García-Rodríguez, E. Ruiz-Velázquez, G. Solís-Perales, and R. Femat
A Portable Prototype to Collect Accelerographic Data to Identify Hazard of Structural
Damage on Buildings after a Seismic Event ..............................................................................................................218
Emily Benítez, Natalya Blanco, Ricardo González, Ana María Pérez, and Sahyra Yépez
Cellular Wall Segmentation of A. Thaliana Epidermal Tissue in DIC Images ..........................................................219
D. Ochoa, J. D’Vylder, and W. Philips
Tele-Robotic Distributed Architecture for Sewer Exploration ...................................................................................220
Nilda G. Villanueva-Chacón and Edgar A. Martínez-García
A Novel Algorithm for Characterizing Measured Three-Phase Voltage Sags ...........................................................224
Jairo Blanco Solano, Jorge Luis Jagua, Johann F. Petit Suárez, Gabriel Ordoñez Plata,
and Victor Barrera Núñez
Design of a WSN Platform for the Identification of Civil Structures with Potential
Structural Damages after a Seismic Event in Urban Zones ........................................................................................225
Ana Pérez, Ricardo González, Mónica Huerta, Natalya Blanco, and Emily Benítez
Classification of Solid Objects with Defined Shapes Using Stereoscopic Vision and
a Robotic Arm ............................................................................................................................................................226
Fernando Medina, Belén Nono, Hugo Banda, and Andrés Rosales
Test Bench for HIDMH Lamps Operating in High Frequency .................................................................................227
Paúl Ayala, J. Susset Guerra, and C. Alexander Fernández
Wifi Controlled Car with Qos Enhancement and Consumer Electronics Control .....................................................228
Daniel A. Guevara
Design of a Wireless Thermal on-Line Monitoring System for Rotating Electrical
Machines .....................................................................................................................................................................229
C.A. Hurtado Quiroz, E.C. Quispe Oqueña, and J.E. Caicedo Castaño
Overview of Renewable Energies in Colombia: Advances in Biomass Power
Cogeneration ...............................................................................................................................................................230
D. Ortiz, M. Gualteros, and E. Hurtado
An Approach to Automatic Assistance in Physiotherapy based on Online Movement
Identification ...............................................................................................................................................................231
Dennis Romero L., Anselmo Frizera Neto, Teodiano Freire Bastos, and Boris X. Vintimilla
Author Index ...........................................................................................................................................................232
x
M
xixi
“Investigation and innovation constitute essential functions of higher education institutions”. It is starting from scientific research, as a systematic and methodic reflection process, that knowledge is promoted in order to develop the ¨good living¨ concept. This idea has moved Universidad Politécnica Salesiana to host Andescon 2012, since this event provides an extraordinary opportunity to encourage youngsters to contribute actively from their field of study, focused to the new knowledge and technology which in the short and long run will contribute to the progress of this country.
Educating university students implies on one hand, the formation of individuals who are capable to be critical thinkers in front of the reality by looking at it, analyzing it and exploring it. On the other hand, it is the formation of honest and ethical citizens at their total capacity of action, including their research work. The Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, among others, constructs its basis in a place where its young university students are the subjects of their own development as “honest citizens and good Christians”, with professional and moral proficiency to act towards their own society´s benefit. To address the social context, in its real global dimension, the university system is forced to characterize the different phenomena by assuming a political, social, intellectual and academic position which supports and feeds back the research processes with the focus of achieving the ¨GOOD LIVING¨.
We are witnesses of how science and technology are set under the market´s service, with the evident criteria of efficiency, profitability and functionality, and during this process, a new culture of indiscriminate usage of natural resources is created. This business commodification of knowledge produces the crisis of inequity and impoverishment affecting great social collectives. Therefore, becoming actors who recover science and technology in order to meet the needs of societies without predating the environment and respecting the nature´s order, implies constructing conditions for the “good living”.
Our world requires more men and women who add up efforts and share knowledge and know‐how to make of science and technology public areas. Some progress has been made in this direction in Internet, similar processes could occur with biotechnology, microelectronics, industrial production, data‐flows and other fields. This battalion of men and women, some academic and researcher, others students, are capable of creating appropriate conditions for that OTHER POSSIBLE WORLD built on the basis of values such as solidarity, equity, sustainability, participation and respect to the life and the environment.
W elcome Message from Rector of Universidad Politécnica Salesiana
xiixii
xiiixiii
Since 1999 when the first edition of the conference was held in Caracas, Venezuela, the International
Conference for the Andean Region Andescon has become an academic space that contributes in a
significative manner to scientific dialogue and the sharing of experiences among the brotherhood of
Andean Countries.
Universidad Politécnica Salesiana of Ecuador (UPS) and The Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (IEEE), the biggest professionals and students association in the world dedicated to develop
scientific and technological innovations and its applications for benefits of mankind, have joined efforts to
organize in Cuenca, Ecuador, the sixth edition of this important event.
This conference edition has the leitmotiv "Ïnnovation, Science and Society: Engineering to the service of
humanity" and it will allow to analyze the most important scientific and technological advances for benefit
of human being and its environment and also the development, transference and use of science and
technology for benefits of those who live in the countries of Andean Region.
In behalf of the Organizing Committee of Andescon 2012, we would like to thank to all those people
and institutions who collaborated to make this event a success and we give a warm welcome to all
professionals and students that will be attending the conference.
Fernando Urgilés Universidad Politécnica Salesiana
Cuenca, Ecuador
Eduardo Calle Universidad Politécnica Salesiana
Cuenca, Ecuador
xvxv
ANDESCON 2012 COMMITTEE LIST
GENERAL CHAIR: Sergio Flores Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, Ecuador IEEE Ecuador Section President
HONORARY CHAIRS: P. Javier Herrán Rector Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Ecuador
Jorge Luis Jaramillo Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Ecuador
ORGANIZING COMMITTEE GENERAL CHAIRS: Eduardo Calle Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Ecuador
Fernando Urgilés Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Ecuador
FINANCIAL CHAIR: Luis Tobar Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Ecuador
TREASURER: María Tocachi Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Ecuador
PUBLICATION CHAIR: Mary Alejandra Díaz Universidad Simón Bolívar, Venezuela
xvixvi
ANDESCON 2012 LOCAL ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
PROTOCOL CHAIR: Blas Garzón Universidad Politécnica Salesiana
STUDENT ACTIVITIES COMMITTEE CHAIR: Jorge Fajardo Universidad Politécnica Salesiana
UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA SALESIANA STAFF: Andrea De Santis Diego Granja Elena Cristina Durán Laura León Eduardo Pinos Luis López Xavier Chaca Fátima López Priscila Cabrera César Augusto Basante Flavio Quizhpi Walter Orozco Ana Cecilia Villa Víctor Manuel Cisneros Rodrigo Escandón Mónica Romero
WEBMASTER: Vladimir Robles Universidad Politécnica Salesiana
xviixvii
ANDESCON 2012 TECHNICAL PROGRAM COMMITTEE LIST
TECHNICAL PROGRAM COMMITTEE CHAIR:
Julio César Viola Universidad Simón Bolívar, Venezuela TECHNICAL PROGRAM COMMITTEE CO‐CHAIRS:
Power Electronics and Energy: Julio César Viola Universidad Simón Bolívar, Venezuela
Education, Society and Social Implications of Technology: Ford Lumban Gaol Bina Nusantara University, Indonesia
Robotics and Automation: Carlos Alberto Parra Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Colombia
Control Systems: Orestes Llanes‐Santiago Instituto Superior Politécnico José Antonio Echeverría, Cuba
Engineering in Medicine and Biology: Martha Lucía Zequera Current Administrative Committee Latin America EMBS/IEEE Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Colombia
Information Technologies and Computer Science: Martín López Nores Universidad de Vigo, Spain
Circuits and Electronics: José Restrepo Universidad Simón Bolívar, Venezuela
Artificial Intelligence: Miguel Strefezza Universidad Simón Bolivar, Venezuela
Signal Processing: Pedro Vizcaya Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Colombia
xviiixviii
REVIEWERS LIST
Andrzej Glowacz AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland
Jakub Galka AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland
Ron Adany Bar‐Ilan University, Israel
Harry Agius Brunel University, UK
Marios Angelides Brunel University, UK
Andres Rosales Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Ecuador
Stefan Grubic General Electric Global Research, USA
Siwei Cheng Georgia Institute of Technology, USA
Jie Dang Georgia Institute of Technology, USA
Liang Du Georgia Institute of Technology, USA
Yi Du Georgia Institute of Technology, USA
Jiaqi Liang Georgia Institute of Technology, USA
Qin Sun Georgia Institute of Technology, USA
Diógenes David Molina Georgia Institute of Technology, USA
Yannick Naudet Henri Tudor Public Research Center, Luxembourg
Valentin Grouès Henri Tudor Research Centre & Technische Universität, Germany
Sara Kepplinger Ilmenau University of Technology, Germany
Roxana Saint‐Nom Instituto Tecnologico de Buenos Aires, Argentina
Phivos Mylonas National Technical University of Athens, Greece
Luis Vilcahuamán Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Hernán Darío Benitez Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Colombia
Jairo Alberto Hurtado Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Colombia
Diego Patino Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Colombia
Cesar Leonardo Nino Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Colombia
Jorge Edgar Arévalo Vela Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Colombia
Andrés Ladino Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Colombia
Andrés López Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Colombia
Flor Angela Bravo Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Colombia
Francisco Carlos Calderón Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Colombia
Fredy Orlando Ruiz Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Colombia
Iván Mondragón Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Colombia
Antonio Ginart Power Electronics USA Technology at Solarmax, USA
Piotr Korbel Technical University of Lodz, Poland
Boris Luis Martinez‐Jimenez Universidad Central de las Villas, Cuba
Antonio Jose Millan Universidad de Carabobo, Venezuela
Nubia Cecilia Arroyo Pulido Universidad de la Salle, Colombia
Addison Ríos Universidad de los Andes, Venezuela
Eliezer Colina Universidad de los Andes, Venezuela
Francklin Iván Rivas Universidad de los Andes, Venezuela
Wladimir José Rodriguez Universidad de los Andes, Venezuela
xixxix
Jose L. Aguilar Universidad de los Andes, Venezuela
Rubén Medina Universidad de los Andes, Venezuela
Fernando Bobillo Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain
Oscar Calderón Universidad del Cauca, Colombia
Daissy Toloza Universidad Manuela Beltrán, Colombia
Gabriel Noriega Universidad Nacional Experimental Politécnica, Venezuela
Eduardo Quiles Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain
Ana Cecilia Villa Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Ecuador
Alberto Berzoy Universidad Simón Bolívar, Venezuela
Alexander Bueno Universidad Simón Bolívar, Venezuela
Victor Manuel Guzman Universidad Simón Bolívar, Venezuela
Jose Vivas Universidad Simón Bolívar, Venezuela
Johnny Wladimir Rengifo Universidad Simón Bolívar, Venezuela
Julio Walter Universidad Simón Bolívar, Venezuela
Gerardo Ceglia Universidad Simón Bolívar, Venezuela
Maria Isabel Gimenez Universidad Simón Bolívar, Venezuela
Leonardo Alfredo Contreras Universidad Simón Bolívar, Venezuela
Gustavo A. Sanchez Universidad Simón Bolívar, Venezuela
José Manuel Aller Universidad Simón Bolívar, Venezuela
Anibal Carpio Universidad Simón Bolívar, Venezuela
Antonio José Salazar Universidad Simón Bolívar, Venezuela
Daniel Bello Universidad Simón Bolívar, Venezuela
Noel Camilo Castro Universidad Simón Bolívar, Venezuela
Carlos González Universidad Simón Bolívar, Venezuela
Miguel Díaz Universidad Simón Bolívar, Venezuela
Diego Méndez Universidad Simón Bolívar, Venezuela
Luis Guillermo Uribe Universidad Simón Bolívar, Venezuela
Luis Álvarez Sabucedo Universidade de Vigo, Spain
Yolanda Blanco‐Fernández Universidade de Vigo, Spain
Juan Carlos Burguillo Rial Universidade de Vigo, Spain
Gerson Beauchamp University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez
Omar Escalona University of Ulster, UK
Diana Trandabat Universtity Al. I. Cuza of Iasi, Romania
Petr Saloun VSB‐Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
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Cuenca - EcuadorNOV7-8-9
2012
Andean Region International Conference
The IEEE Andean Council, IEEE Ecuador Section, EMBS Ecuador Chapter, WIE Ecuador Section and Universidad Politécnica Salesiana (UPS), are working together to organize the most important scientific event of the Andean countries: “ANDESCON 2012”. The conference theme is "Innovation, science and society: Engineering for the benefit of humanity". In these three days, attendees are going to analyze the world's most important scientific and technological advances, focused on the welfare of humankind and the environment, as well as proposing the development, transfer and application of science and technology for local, regional and worldwide benefit. Simultaneously with the Andescon 2012, the UPS will hold the 4th edition of “IEEE Latin-American Conference on Communications”, LATINCOM 2012.
ANDESCON 2012
CALL FOR PAPERS:The Organizing Committee of ANDESCON 2012: "Innovation, science and society: Engineering for the benefit of humanity" invites to experts, innovators, professionals and student to participate as authors at the conference to be held in Cuenca, Ecuador, Nov 7-9th, 2012. Papers submitted will be reviewed by the Technical Program Committee. The whole review process will be double-blind. Accepted papers will be published in the conference proceedings and will be available through IEEEXplore.
ANDESCON 2012 is a knowledge-focused event to share important scientific and technical advances as well as, proposing the development, transfer and application of science and technology for local, regional and worldwide benefit.
The topics to be covered include but are not limited to:
• Power Electronics and Energy• Robotics and Automation• Control Systems• Engineering in Medicine and Biology• Education, Society and Social Implications of Technology• Information Technologies and Computer Science• Circuits and Electronics• Artificial Intelligence• Signal Processing• Communications (papers in this area must be submitted through Latincom website at http://www.ieee-latincom.org)
Papers must be in English, IEEE conference format, letter size pages, double colum and must have an extension of four (4) pages. Please download the template in:
http://andescon2012.org/index.php/congreso2012/andesconcuenca/schedConf/cfp
The deadline to submit full papers is July 6th 2012
For more information please visit the webpage:http://andescon2012.orgWe wait for you in Cuenca!
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ECG Signal Monitoring using Networked Mobile Devices
Enrique V. Carrera
Department of Electrical EngineeringEcuadorian Armed Forces University
P. O. Box 17-15-231B, Sangolqui, EcuadorEmail: [email protected]
Pamela Morales
Systems Engineering DepartmentUniversity San Francisco of Quito
P. O. Box 17-12-841, Quito, EcuadorEmail: [email protected]
Abstract—Aging populations and increasing rates of chronicdiseases are overwhelming even the most efficient health caresystems. Technology has the potential to move health care toa more proactive, consumer-centric model of care, capable ofimproving cost, quality, and accessibility of health care services.However, there are still many problems to solve before havingfully functional, reliable, secure and efficient remote health caresystems. Thus, this paper presents a working implementationof a system for monitoring health conditions using sensor net-works and wireless communication technologies. Although, ourprototype is focused on the monitoring of electrocardiogramsignals, the proposal comprises an experimental platform toanalyze several factors contributing to the reliability, safetyand efficiency of remote health care structures. In addition, ourproposal will be the starting point for implementing networkedportable devices oriented to the continuous monitoring ofelderly or chronically ill patients.
Keywords-Sensor networks, mobile computing, remote healthcare, electrocardiogram monitoring.
I. INTRODUCTION
The global population is getting older. The worldwide
population over age 65 is expected to more than double from
357 million in 1990 to 761 million by 2025 [1]. Thus, the
length of time that people live with chronic diseases such
as heart disease, cancer, Alzheimer’s, and other forms of
dementia, is increasing. This circumstance places enormous
demands on health care systems, not solely in terms of
acute hospital care but also for routine monitoring and health
maintenance on a massive scale.
Providently, substantial efforts are being made to deploy
IT (Information Technology) and other technologies into
the clinical environment, particularly the hospital arena.
Moreover, deployment of technology in support of at-home
care has the potential to radically reduce the pressure on
hospital resources. At-home care can potentially provide
many advantages in terms of financial benefits, improved
quality of life for patients, and more effective detection
or monitoring of many long-term chronic diseases [2].
Consequently, medical devices, IT and communications have
started to converge in order to revolutionize health care in the
home. Also, advances in technology will make it possible for
people to play a greater role in maintaining and monitoring
their own health [3].
Important proposals in this direction have suggested the
use of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) for implementing
health care in the home [4]. WSNs can easily be coupled
to several wireless communication technologies (e.g., Blue-
tooth, WiFi), resulting in extremely flexible systems with
minimal impact on the lives and surrounding environment of
the patients. However, there are still many problems to solve
before having fully functional, reliable, secure and efficient
remote health care systems.
In fact, the potential value of WSNs in the health care
field has not yet been fully exploited [5]. Significant research
efforts are still required to determine, for instance, the most
adequate WSN architecture for monitoring health conditions,
the most reliable and secure communication technology
for remote health care, the type of analysis that can be
performed on the large amount of health-related data in order
to support physician decision making.
Based on that, this paper presents a working implemen-
tation of a system for monitoring health conditions. In
particular, our prototype is focused on the remote monitoring
of electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. The system design
depends mainly on mobile devices, Web services and wire-
less communication technologies. Specifically, a smartphone
receives a digital ECG signal using Bluetooth, processes the
signal, and sends critical information to a server. The com-
munication between the smarthphone and the server can be
based on different communication technologies, according
to its requirements. In addition, the server keeps the data
and allows their visualization to physicians and patients. If
some problems are detected, alert messages are also sent to
the patient and its corresponding physician.
The implemented system evolved into an experimental
platform that allows to analyze several factors contributing
to the reliability, safety and efficiency of a remote health
care system. This prototype will also be the starting point
for implementing networked portable devices oriented to
the continuous monitoring of physiological and physical
conditions (e.g., heartbeat rate, blood pressure and flow,
temperature, oxygen saturation, physical activity, and even
location).
We hope that in the near future, systems like our prototype
allow to adequately attend elderly or chronically ill patients,
2012 Andean Region International Conference
978-0-7695-4882-1/12 $26.00 © 2012 IEEE
DOI 10.1109/Andescon.2012.18
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2012 Andean Region International Conference
978-0-7695-4882-1/12 $26.00 © 2012 IEEE
DOI 10.1109/Andescon.2012.18
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Figure 1. ECG components and intervals.
improving the quality of life of them and their families.
Furthermore, this system design could also be used for
assisting people doing special diet or physical activity (e.g.,elite athletes).
II. BACKGROUND
A. The Electrocardiogram
The ECG is a time-varying signal reflecting the ionic
current flow caused by the cardiac fibers to contract and
subsequently relax with every heartbeat. A surface ECG
is obtained by recording the potential difference between
two electrodes placed on the surface of the skin. A single
normal cycle of the ECG can be approximately associated
with the peaks and troughs of the waveform showed in Fig.
1. Extracting useful clinical information from a real (noisy)
ECG requires reliable signal processing techniques in order
to perform R-peak or QT -interval detection.
1) Heartbeat Rate: The RR-interval is the time between
successive R-peaks, the inverse of this time interval gives
us the instantaneous heartbeat rate. For an adult, a normal
resting heartbeat rate ranges from 60 to 100 beats a minute.
A series of RR-intervals is known as the RR tachogram and
variability of these RR-intervals reveals important informa-
tion about the physiological state of the patient [6]. In fact,
heart rate variability (HRV) analysis provides an assessment
of cardiovascular diseases.
2) Synthetic ECG Signals: Normally, it is difficult to
infer how the performance of biomedical signal processing
algorithms would vary in different clinical settings with a
range of noise levels and sampling frequencies. Therefore,
ECG waveform generator software is used to reduce over-
all development and testing time. For instance, ECGSYN
generates a realistic synthesized ECG signal with user-
settable mean heartbeat rate, sampling frequency, waveform
morphology, and HRV. Using a dynamical model based
on three coupled ordinary differential equations, this open-
source code reproduces many of the features of human ECG
[6]. The output of ECGSYN is generally employed to assess
biomedical signal processing techniques which are used to
compute clinical statistics from ECGs.
Figure 2. Bluetooth SPP module connected to an Arduino-Mini board.
B. Wireless Sensor Networks
The increasing use of wireless networks and the constant
miniaturization of electronic devices has empowered the
development of WSNs. In these networks, various tiny
sensors monitor physical or environmental conditions and
cooperatively pass their data through wireless channels to a
main location [4].
A viable alternative for the developing of WSN is the
Arduino platform. Arduino is an open-source electronics
prototyping platform based on flexible, easy-to-use hardware
and software [7]. In particular, the Arduino-Mini is a small
(30 × 18 mm) board based on the 16-MHz ATmega328microcontroller and intended for use on breadboards when
space is at a premium. The board has 14 digital I/O pins
and 8 analog inputs (10 bits of resolution). In addition, the
microcontroller provides 32 KB of flash memory, 2 KB of
SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM.
The ATmega328 also provides UART TTL serial commu-
nication, consequently a Bluetooth Serial Port Profile (SPP)
module can be utilized through a Xbee shield (see Fig. 2).
Bluetooth SPP modules are designed for transparent wireless
serial connection setup. Current modules satisfy Bluetooth
V2.0+EDR specification.
III. HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM
An overview of the proposed monitoring system is shown
in Fig. 3. As can be seen, the patient has one or more sensors
attached on his clothing or even on his body. Those sensors
create a wireless personal area network employing Bluetooth
technology. Hence, sensors can directly or indirectly send
biometric data to a mobile device with similar characteristics
to current smarthphones or tablets. This local computing
device (i.e., the smartphone) is responsible for concentrating
and processing sensed data. The amount of local processing
must be balanced to avoid prohibitive communication costs
and response times involved in offloading computing and
storage tasks to remote servers [8].
After data processing, the mobile device uses its commu-
nication capabilities to send critical information to a server.
This communication could be by means of access networks
such as WiFi or 3G. In fact, our implementation allows
to send basic health information through SMS technology,
since most GSM-based devices include this alternative com-
munication mechanism. In the latter case, the server must
have a GSM interface to receive the corresponding SMSs.
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Figure 3. Overview of the proposed health monitoring system.
Thus, the server keeps health information from several
patients in order to be analyzed by physicians and even
patients. Indeed, physicians can issue warnings or recom-
mendations to patients through their monitoring mobile
devices. The server can also run some diagnostic algorithms
to detect patient’s health problems and to automatically issue
emergency alerts, if needed.
A. ECG Sensors
In the future, sensors will perform a real ECG using elec-
trodes attached to the patient’s body. However, our current
implementation is based on synthetic ECG signals generated
by an Arduino-Mini board. The ATmega328 microcontroller
implements the algorithm utilized by ECGSYN [6], allowing
to have ECG waveforms with varying heartbeat rates and
sampling frequencies. The main idea behind this design is
to facilitate the analysis of how some ECG factors influence
the behavior of the whole system.
The ECG sensors are being programmed in C by means
of the open-source Arduino IDE (Integrated Development
Environment) 1.0.1, because of the simplicity it lends to
write the code and upload it to the board.
B. Mobile Device
The concentration and processing device is intended for
connecting to the ECG sensors through Bluetooth and then
receiving the digital ECG signals sent by them. After storing
the sampled values for 2 seconds, the mobile device calcu-
lates the RR-interval and its corresponding heartbeat rate.
Next, the calculated heartbeat rate together to a patient ID
is sent to the server. The patient ID and the time between
consecutive messages to the server can be configured by
means of the graphical UI (User Interface) of the application.
In similar way, the default access network for exchanging
information with the server can also be chosen through
the application UI. Nevertheless, an automatic configuration
option is also available for trying other network technologies
when the default one fails.
The mobile device was programmed using JME (Java
Micro Edition) in the Netbeans IDE 7.1. JME facilitates
the access to Bluetooth, WiFi and GSM-based networks. In
addition, intuitive graphical UIs can be created using several
packages available in JME.
C. Server
The server was designed for receiving health-related data
employing TCP/IP data connections or SMS. Each message
must include a valid patient ID in order to insert its data in
the patient’s database.
The server additionally allows the management of physi-
cians and patients according to control access policies based
on authentication. Hence, user management is quite dynamic
allowing to create, edit, delete or query both patients and
physicians. Furthermore, authorized users can access the
system to supervise or simply check the health related
information of patients. In the meantime, besides historical
data searching, real time monitoring of patient’s heartbeat
rate is enabled in our system.
The server can also send alerts through e-mail or SMS
to registered users when health problems are detected in
pre-selected patients. Current implementation sends an alert
when patient’s heartbeat rate is not between 60 and 100 beats
a minute, or when its HRV is more than 20 beats a minute.
The server was implemented by means of the Netbeans
IDE 7.1. The Java Enterprise Edition was used for servletprogramming in the Glassfish application server and for
accessing the MySQL database. The UI of the server is based
on the JavaServer Faces technology.
IV. EVALUATION
The following results correspond to executions of our
prototype using an Arduino-Mini board with an external
Bluetooth v2.0 module, a Nokia 6101 cellphone supporting
MIDP 2.0 and CLDC 1.1, and a server running Glassfish
3.1.2 on a Intel Core i7 at 3.4 GHz with 4 GB of RAM and
Linux (kernel) 3.4.4.x86 64. In order to get accurate time
measures, the Java code was instrumented for timing each
evaluated task.
A. ECG Emulation
One of the most critical parameters in ECG signal em-
ulation is the sampling frequency. If the frequency is too
high, the complexity of the operation prevents its real-
time processing; while if it is too low, errors in heartbeat
rate detection could be introduced. As table I shows, an
appropriate sampling frequency is around 256 samples per
second, since this value achieves a balance between its
processing/transfer time and the accuracy of RR-interval
detection. Note that in the extreme case of 2048 samples per
second, the transfer time is 83% higher than the generation
time (1 second), impeding the appropriated treatment of the
signal in real time.
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B. Communication Network
It is highly desirable to monitor patients 24/7 in the case
of remote health care systems. Thus, the communication
between the mobile device and the server could be imple-
mented through any data network (i.e., WiFi, GPRS, etc.),
or even SMS. The main advantage of using data networks is
the usage of connection-oriented protocols, facilitating the
transfer of large amounts of information and the inclusion
of security mechanisms. The advantage but at the same time
disadvantage of SMS is its asynchronous characteristic. SMS
can transfer up to 140 bytes per message with communica-
tion delays of up to some minutes. As mentioned, SMS also
requires a GSM communication interface on the server and
the programming of the corresponding servlet.Both alternatives were implemented and evaluated in
terms of communication latency and costs.
1) Total Latency: A critical element in health care sys-
tems is their ability to react quickly to emergencies; this
implies a low communication latency between sensors and
physicians. In order to determine the latency of the system,
ECG signal amplitudes were abruptly reduced, and the time
required for detecting a heartbeat rate of zero in the server
is measured. Table II presents the different components that
introduce delays when WiFi or text messaging (i.e., SMS)
are used. We can see that SMS communication increases
latency by 75% (11.3 vs 6.4 seconds), due mainly to the
need of GSM network connection before sending a SMS,
and the fact that there is another cellphone connected to the
server to receive ans transfer SMSs.
2) Costs: Assuming that the mobile device is pro-
grammed to send the estimated heartbeat rate to the server
once every 30 seconds, the number of transmitted values
is 86400 a month. Additionally, considering that an SMS
can easily combine up to 30 values, 2900 SMSs per month
would be needed. This implies a text messaging plan that
costs between US$9 and US$50 per month according to
current rates (in Ecuador). On the other hand, if we consider
Table IPROCESSING/TRANSFER TIME USING BLUETOOTH.
Sampling frequency Transfer time2048 1.831 s256 0.557 s64 0.223 s
Table IICOMMUNICATION DELAY BETWEEN SENSORS AND SERVER.
Operation WiFi SMSBluetooth communication 557 ms 557 msLocal processing 5 ms 5 msPost to the server 5486 ms 10008 msBluetooth communication —NA— 411 msServer reception 6 ms 8 msDatabase update 8 ms 8 msData visualization 306 ms 306 msTotal 6448 ms 11302 ms
a communication over GPRS networks, and taking into ac-
count that a single value could transfer up to 128 bytes when
network protocol headers are included, the 86400 messages
would consume 11 MB, approximately. Transferring this
amount of data denotes a cost that varies between US$5
and US$8 per month.
V. CONCLUSION
This paper shows a working implementation of a system
for monitoring health conditions using sensor networks and
wireless communication technologies. Implementations as
the described here seek to detect and react to relevant health
information in order to improve care and quality of life in
patients. It has been shown that IT has enough capacity
to deliver acceptable levels of performance in tasks related
to remote medical assistance. However, there are still some
problems to solve before we can have 24/7 highly-reliable
health care systems.We expect to extend this prototype to monitor a wider set
of vital signs incorporating new portable biomedical hard-
ware. In addition, authentication schemes and mechanisms
to ensure the reliability and integrity of data will be added to
the system [9]. Finally, we want to include machine learning
algorithms to automate the detection of diseases and the
dispatching of alerts in response to patient’s health problems.
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