PROCEEDINGS OF THE OCEAN DRILLING PROGRAM...advance payment. See current ODP publication list for price and availability of this publication. Printed August 1995 ISSN 0884-5891 Library

PROCEEDINGSOF THE

OCEAN DRILLINGPROGRAM

:VOLUME 1 3 8

SCIENTIFIC RESULTSEASTERN EQUATORIAL PACIFIC

Covering Leg 138 of the cruises of the Drilling Vessel JOIDES Resolution,Balboa, Panama, to San Diego, California, Sites 844-854,

1 May-4 July 1991

Nicklas Q. Pisias, Larry A. Mayer, Thomas R. Janecek, Jack Q. Baldauf,Steven F. Bloomer, Kathleen A. Dadey, Kay-Christian Emeis, John Farrell,Jose-Abel Flores, Eric M. Galimov, Teresa King Hagelberg, Peter Holler,

Steven A. Hovan, Masao Iwai, Alan E.S. Kemp, Dae Choul Kim,Gary Klinkhammer, Margaret Leinen, Shaul Levi, Mikhail A. Levitan,

Mitchell W. Lyle, Angus K. MacKillop, Laure M. Meynadier, Alan C. Mix,Ted C. Moore, Jr., Isabella Raffi, Christina Ravelo, David Schneider,

Nicholas J. Shackleton, Jean-Pierre Valet, Edith VincentShipboard Scientists

Thomas R. JanecekShipboard Staff Scientist

Editorial Review Board:Larry A. Mayer, Nicklas G. Pisias, Amanda Palmer-Julson, Tjeerd H. van Andel

Prepared by theOCEAN DRILLING PROGRAM

TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY

Sondra K. StewartVolume Editor

in cooperation with theNATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

andJOINT OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTIONS, INC.

This publication was prepared by the Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A&M University, as anaccount of work performed under the international Ocean Drilling Program, which is managed byJoint Oceanographic Institutions, Inc., under contract with the National Science Foundation. Fund-ing for the program was provided by the following agencies at the time of this cruise:

Canada/Australia Consortium for the Ocean Drilling Program, Department of Energy, Mines andResources (Canada), and Department of Primary Industries and Energy (Australia)

Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Federal Republic of Germany)

European Science Foundation Consortium for Ocean Drilling (Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Greece,Iceland, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and Turkey)

Institut Français de Recherche pour 1'Exploitation de la Mer (France)

National Science Foundation (United States)

Natural Environment Research Council (United Kingdom)

University of Tokyo, Ocean Research Institute (Japan)

Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are thoseof the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation, the par-ticipating agencies, Joint Oceanographic Institutions, Inc., Texas A&M University, or Texas A&MResearch Foundation.

Reference to the whole or to part of this volume should be made as follows:

Pisias, N.G., Mayer, L.A., Janecek, T.R., Palmer~Julson, A., and van Andel, T.H. (Eds.), 1995. Proc.ODP, Sci. Results, 138: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program).

Pisias, N.G., Mayer, L.A., and Mix, A.C., 1995. Paleoceanography of the eastern equatorial Pacificduring the Neogene: synthesis of Leg 138 drilling results. In Pisias, N.G., Mayer, L.A., Janecek,T.R., Palmer-Julson, A., and van Andel, T.H. (Eds.). Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 138: College Sta-tion, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 5-21.

Effective Publication Dates of ODP Proceedings

According to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, the date of publication of a workand of a contained name or statement affecting nomenclature is the date on which the publicationwas mailed to subscribers, placed on sale, or when the whole edition is distributed free of charge,mailed to institutions and individuals to whom free copies are distributed. The mailing date, not theprinted date, is the correct one.

Mailing dates of recent Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program are as follows:

Volume 153 (Initial Reports): March 1995Volume 154 (Initial Reports): May 1995Volume 155 (Initial Reports): June 1995Volume 134 (Scientific Results): October 1994Volumes 142/143 (Scientific Results): May 1995Volume 137/140 (Scientific Results): June 1995

Distribution

Copies of this publication may be obtained from Publications Distribution Center, Ocean Drilling Pro-gram, 1000 Discovery Drive, College Station, Texas 77845-9547, U.S.A. Orders for copies will requireadvance payment. See current ODP publication list for price and availability of this publication.

Printed August 1995

ISSN 0884-5891Library of Congress 87-642-462

Printed in Canada by D.W. Friesen & Sons Ltd.

The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984 ™

ForewordBy the National Science Foundation

The National Science Foundation is proud to play a leading role in partnership with theU.S. Oceanographic community in the operation and management of the Ocean DrillingProgram (ODP). We are equally proud of the cooperation and commitment of our interna-tional partners, who contribute both financial and intellectual resources required to main-tain the high quality of this unique program. The Ocean Drilling Program, like itspredecessor, the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP), is a model for the organization andplanning of research to address global scientific problems that are of high priority interna-tionally and of long-term interest to the scientific community and general public.

Major scientific themes guiding the development of specific drilling cruises range fromdetermining the causes and effects of oceanic and climatic variability to understanding thecirculation of fluids in the ocean crust and the resultant formation of mineral deposits.Although such studies are at the forefront of basic scientific inquiry into the processes thatcontrol and modify the global environment, they are equally important in providing thebackground for assessing man's impact on the global environment or for projectingresource availability for future generations.

The transition from the DSDP to the ODP was marked by a number of changes. The471-foot JOIDES Resolution, which replaced the Glomar Challenger, has allowed largerscientific parties and the participation of more graduate students, a larger laboratory andtechnical capability, and operations in more hostile ocean regions. The JOIDES Resolutionhas drilled in all of the world's oceans, from the marginal ice regions of the Arctic towithin sight of the Antarctic continent. Over 1,200 scientists and students from 26 nationshave participated on project cruises. Cores recovered from the cruises and stored in ODPrepositories in the United States and Europe have provided samples to an additional 1,000scientists for longer term post-cruise research investigations. The downhole geochemicaland geophysical logging program, unsurpassed in either academia or industry, is providingremarkable new data with which to study the Earth.

In 1994, NSF and our international partners renewed our commitment to the programfor its final phase. Of the 20 countries that supported ODP initially, only one, Russia, hasbeen unable to continue for financial reasons. As the reputation and scientific impact ofthe program continue to grow internationally, we hope to add additional members and newscientific constituencies. This global scientific participation continues to assure the pro-gram^ scientific excellence by focusing and integrating the combined scientific knowl-edge and capabilities of its member nations.

We wish the program smooth sailing and good drilling!

Neal LaneDirectorNational Science Foundation

Arlington, Virginia

ForewordBy Joint Oceanographic Institutions, Inc.

This volume presents scientific and engineering results from the Ocean Drilling Pro-gram (ODP). The papers presented here address the scientific and technical goals of theprogram, which include providing a global description of geological and geophysicalstructures including passive and active margins and sediment history, and studying indetail areas of major geophysical activity such as mid-ocean ridges and the associatedhydrothermal circulations.

The Ocean Drilling Program, an international activity, operates a specially equippeddeep-sea drilling ship, the JO1DES Resolution (Sedco/BP 471), which contains state-of-the-art laboratories, equipment, and computers. The ship is 471 feet (144 meters) long,is 70 feet (21 meters) wide, and has a displacement of 18,600 short tons. Her derrick tow-ers 211 feet (64 meters) above the waterline, and a computer-controlled dynamic-positioning system stabilizes the ship over a specific location while drilling in waterdepths up to 27,000 feet (8230 meters). The drilling system collects cores from beneaththe seafloor with a derrick and drawworks that can handle 30,000 feet (9144 meters) ofdrill pipe. More than 12,000 square feet (1115 square meters) of space distributed through-out the ship is devoted to scientific laboratories and equipment. The ship sails with a sci-entific and technical crew of 51 and a ship's crew (including the drill crew) of 62. The sizeand ice-strengthening of the ship allow drilling in high seas and ice-infested areas as wellas permit a large group of multidisciplinary scientists to interact as part of the scientificparty.

Logging, or measurements in the drilled holes, is an important part of the program.ODP provides a full suite of geochemical and geophysical measurements for every holedeeper than 1300 feet (400 meters). For each such hole, there are lowerings of basicoil-industry tools: nuclear, sonic, and electrical. In addition, a borehole televiewer is avail-able for imaging the wall of the hole, a 12-channel logging tool provides accurate velocityand elastic property measurements as well as sonic waveforms for spectral analysis ofenergy propagation near the wall of the hole, and a vertical seismic profiler can recordreflectors from below the total depth of the hole.

The management of the Ocean Drilling Program involves a partnership of scientistsand governments. International oversight and coordination are provided by the ODPCouncil, a governmental consultative body of the partner countries, which is chaired by arepresentative from the United States National Science Foundation. The ODP Councilperiodically reviews the general progress of the program and discusses financial plans andother management issues. Overall scientific and management guidance is provided to theoperators of the program by representatives from the group of institutions involved in theprogram, called the Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling (JOIDES).

The Executive Committee (EXCOM), made up of the administrative heads of theJOIDES institutions, provides general oversight for ODP. The Planning Committee(PCOM), with its advisory structure, is made up of working scientists and provides scien-tific advice and detailed planning. PCOM has a network of panels and working groups thatscreen drilling proposals, evaluate instrumentation and measurement techniques, andassess geophysical-survey data and other safety and siting information. PCOM uses therecommendations of the panels and committees to select drilling targets, to specify thelocation and major scientific objectives of each two-month drilling segment or leg, and toprovide the science operator with nominations for co-chief scientists.

Joint Oceanographic Institutions, Inc. (JOI), a nonprofit consortium of U.S. Oceano-graphic institutions, serves as the National Science Foundation^ prime contractor forODP. JOI is responsible for seeing that the scientific objectives, plans, and recommenda-tions of the JOIDES committees are translated into scientific operations consistent withscientific advice and budgetary constraints. JOI subcontracts the operations of the pro-gram to two universities: Texas A&M University and Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatoryof Columbia University. JOI is also responsible for managing the U.S. contribution toODP.

Texas A&M University (TAMU) serves as science operator for ODP. In this capacity,TAMU is responsible for planning the specific ship operations, actual drilling schedules,and final scientific rosters, which are developed in close cooperation with PCOM and therelevant panels. The science operator also ensures that adequate scientific analyses areperformed on the cores by maintaining the shipboard scientific laboratories and computersand by providing logistical and technical support for shipboard scientific teams. Onshore,TAMU manages scientific activities after each leg, is curator for the cores, distributessamples, and coordinates the editing and publication of scientific results.

Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) of Columbia University is responsible forthe program's logging operation, including processing the data and providing assistance toscientists for data analysis. The ODP Data Bank, a repository for geophysical data, is alsomanaged by LDEO.

Core samples from ODP and the previous Deep Sea Drilling Project are stored forfuture investigation at four sites: ODP Pacific and Indian Ocean cores at TAMU, DSDPPacific and Indian Ocean cores at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, ODP andDSDP Atlantic and Antarctic cores through Leg 150 at LDEO, and ODP Atlantic and Ant-arctic cores since Leg 151 at the University of Bremen, Federal Republic of Germany.

Scientific achievements of ODP include new information on early seafloor spreadingand how continents separate and the margins evolve. The oldest Pacific crust has beendrilled and sampled. We have new insights into glacial cycles and the fluctuations ofocean currents throughout geological time. Many of the scientific goals can be met onlywith new technology; thus the program has focused on engineering as well as science. Todate, ODP engineers have demonstrated the capability to drill on bare rock atmid-ocean-ridge sites and have developed techniques for drilling in high-temperature andcorrosive regions typical of hydrothermal vent areas. A new diamond coring system prom-ises better core recovery in difficult areas.

In addition, ODP is cooperating closely with other geological and geophysical pro-grams; for example, in 1991 the first hole was drilled by ODP for emplacement of a seis-mometer near Hawaii for the Ocean Seismic Network. JOI is pleased to have been able toplay a facilitating role in the Ocean Drilling Program and its cooperative activities, and weare looking forward to many new results to come.

PresidentJoint Oceanographic Institutions, Inc.

Washington, D.C.

Preface

The Scientific Results volumes of the Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program con-tain specialty papers presenting the results of up to one and one-half years of research invarious aspects of scientific ocean drilling. I acknowledge with thanks the authors of thepapers published in this volume, who thereby have enabled future investigators to gainready access to the results of their research.

Each of the papers submitted to a Scientific Results volume undergoes rigorous peerreview by at least two specialists in the author's research field. A paper typically goesthrough one or more revision cycles before being accepted for publication. Our goal is tomaintain a peer-review system comparable to those of the most highly regarded journalsin the geological sciences.

The Editorial Review Board for a Scientific Results volume is responsible for obtainingpeer reviews of papers submitted to the volume. This board usually is made up of the twoco-chief scientists for the cruise, the ODP staff scientist for the cruise, and one externalspecialist who is familiar with the geology of the area investigated. In addition, the ODPstaff editor assigned to the volume helps with any manuscripts that require special atten-tion, such as those by authors who need assistance with English expression.

Scientific Results volumes may also contain short reports consisting of good data thatare not ready for final interpretation. Papers in this category are segregated in a section inthe back of the volume called Data Reports. Although no interpretation is permitted, thesepapers ordinarily contain a section on methodology or procedures. Data Report papers areread carefully by at least one specialist to make sure they are well organized, comprehen-sive, and discuss the techniques thoroughly.

In acknowledgment of the contributions made by this volume's Editorial ReviewBoard, the members of the Board are designated Editors of the volume and are listed onthe title page as well. Reviewers of manuscripts for this volume, whose efforts are soessential to the success of the publication, are listed in the front portion of the book, with-out attribution to a particular manuscript.

On behalf of the Ocean Drilling Program, I extend sincere appreciation to members of theEditorial Review Boards and to the reviewers for giving so generously of their time and effortsin ensuring that only papers of high scientific quality are published in the Proceedings.

Philip D. RabinowitzDirectorOcean Drilling ProgramTexas A&M University

College Station, Texas

REVIEWERS FOR THIS VOLUME

Joanne M. Alexandrovich Timothy Herbert Gunnar OlafssonJan Backman Frederik Hilgen Joseph D. OrtizPaul A. Baker David A. Hodell Larry C. PetersonJohn A. Barron Eystein Jansen Fredrick G. PrahlLuc Beaufort Miriam Kastner Frank R. RackAndre Berger James Kennett Maureen E. RaymoGerhard Bohrmann L. D. Labeyrie David K. RealDavid J. Bottjer David W. Lea Domenico RioW. S. Broecker Hsin Yi Ling P. RoperchWilliam H. Busch Sigurd Locker William F. RuddimanRonald Chaney M. A. Lovell Kathleen C. RuttenbergJames Channell Mitchell Lyle Annika SanfilippoPaul F. Ciesielski Daniel C. McCorkle Hans SchraderSteven C. Clemens Peter de Menocal Frank SirockoJohn S. Compton Barbara Molfino Niall SloweyJames Cullen Ann E. Morey E. ThomasM. L. Delaney David C. Mosher Akira UsuiMary L. Droser Gregory S. Mountain Kenneth L. VerosubBenjamin P. Flower David W. Murray Kuo-Yen WeiRaja Ganeshram Richard W. Murray Wuchang WeiJames V. Gardner Catherine Nigrini Sherwood Wise, Jr.H. G. Goodell Suzanne 0'Connell James D. Wright

Publisher's Note: Current policy requires that artwork published in Scientific Results volumes of theProceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program be furnished by authors in final camera-ready form.

OCEAN DRILLING PROGRAM

MEMBER ORGANIZATIONS OF THE JOINTOCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTIONS FORDEEP EARTH SAMPLING (JOIDES)

University of California at San Diego, Scripps Institutionof Oceanography

Columbia University, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory

University of Hawaii, School of Ocean and Earth Scienceand Technology

University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine andAtmospheric Science

Oregon State University, College of Oceanic andAtmospheric Sciences

University of Rhode Island, Graduate School ofOceanography

Texas A&M University, College of Geosciences andMaritime Studies

University of Texas at Austin, Institute for Geophysics

University of Washington, College of Ocean and FisherySciences

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Canada/Australia Consortium for the Ocean DrillingProgram, Department of Energy, Mines and Resources(Canada) and Department of Primary Industries andEnergy (Australia)

European Science Foundation Consortium for OceanDrilling (Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Greece, Iceland,Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden,Switzerland, and Turkey)

Federal Republic of Germany, Bundesanstalt fürGeowissenschaften und Rohstoffe

France, Institut Français de Recherche pour FExploitationde la Mer

Japan, University of Tokyo, Ocean Research Institute

United Kingdom, Natural Environment Research Council

PRIME CONTRACTOR

Joint Oceanographic Institutions, Inc.Washington, D.C.

Thomas E. PyleDirector, Ocean Drilling Programs

OPERATING INSTITUTION

College of Geosciences and Maritime StudiesTexas A&M UniversityCollege Station, Texas

Robert A. DuceDean

OCEAN DRILLING PROGRAM

Philip D. RabinowitzDirector

Timothy J.G. FrancisDeputy Director

Richard G. McPhersonAdministrator

Jack G. Baldauf, ManagerScience Operations

Barry W. Harding, ManagerEngineering and Drilling Operations

Russell B. Merrill, Curator and ManagerScience Services

Robert E. Olivas, ManagerTechnical and Logistics Support

John Coyne, ManagerInformation Services

LOGGING OPERATOR

Borehole Research GroupLamont-Doherty Earth ObservatoryColumbia UniversityPalisades, New York

David Goldberg, Head

PARTICIPANTS ABOARD THE JOIDES RESOLUTION FOR LEG 138 :

Nicklas G. PisiasCo-Chief Scientist

Oceanography Administration Bldg. 104College of OceanographyOregon State UniversityCorvallis, Oregon 9733 J-5503U.S.A.

Larry A. MayerCo-Chief Scientist

Department of OceanographyDalhousie UniversityHalifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4J1Canada

Thomas R. JanecekODP Staff Scientist/Sedimentologist

Ocean Drilling ProgramTexas A&M University Research Park1000 Discovery DriveCollege Station,Texas 77845-9547U.S.A.

Jack G. BaldaufPaleontologist (diatoms)

Ocean Drilling ProgramTexas A&M University Research Park1000 Discovery DriveCollege Station,Texas 77845-9547U.S.A.

Steven F. BloomerPhysical Properties Specialist

Department of OceanographyDalhousie UniversityHalifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4J1Canada

Kathleen A. DadeyLogging Scientist

Hawaii Institute of GeophysicsSchool of Ocean and Earth Science and TechnologyUniversity of Hawaii2525 Correa RoadHonolulu, Hawaii 96822U.S.A.

Kay-Christian EmeisOrganic Geochemist

Geologisch-Paldontologisches InstitutUniversitat KielOlshausenstrasse 40-60D-2300 KielFederal Republic of Germany

John FarrellCarbonate Geochemist

Department of Geological SciencesBrown UniversityProvidence, Rhode Island 02912-1846U.S.A.

José-Abel FloresPaleontologist (nannofossils)

Departamento de GeologiaUniversidad de SalamancaS-37008 SalamancaSpain

Eric M. GalimovOrganic Geochemist

Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical ChemistryU.S.S.R. Academy of SciencesUl. Kosygina 19B-331, MoscowU.S.S.R.

Teresa King HagelbergSedimentologist

College of OceanographyOregon State UniversityCorvallis, Oregon 97331-5503U.S.A.

Peter HollerPhysical Properties Specialist

Geologisch-Paldontologisches InstitutUniversitat KielOlshausenstrasse 40-60D-2300 KielFederal Republic of Germany

Steven A. HovanSedimentologist

Department of Geological SciencesUniversity of Michigan1006 C.C. Little BuildingAnn Arbor, Michigan 48109-1063U.S.A.

Masao IwaiPaleontologist (diatoms)

Institute of Geology and PaleontologyFaculty of ScienceTohoku UniversityAobayama, Aoba-kuSendai 980Japan

Alan E.S. KempSedimentologist

Department of OceanographyThe University of SouthamptonSouthampton SO9 5NHUnited Kingdom

Dae Choul KimPhysical Properties Specialist

Department of Applied GeologyNational Fisheries University of Pusan599-1 Daeyeon-Dong, NamGumPusan 608-737Korea

* Addresses at time of cruise.

Gary KlinkhammerInorganic Geochemist


Margaret LeinenSedimentologist

Graduate School of OceanographyUniversity of Rhode IslandKingston, Rhode Island 02881U.S.A.

Shaul LeviPaleomagnetist


Mikhail A. LevitanSedimentologist

P.P. Shirshov Institute of OceanologyU.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences23 Krasikova Str.Moscow 117218U.S.S.R.

Mitchell W. LyleLDGO Logging Scientist

Borehole Research GroupLamont-Doherty Geological ObservatoryColumbia UniversityPalisades, New York 10964U.S.A.

Angus K. MacKillopPhysical Properties Specialist

Center for Water ResourcesTechnical University of Nova ScotiaP.O. Box WOOHalifax, Nova Scotia B3J 2X4Canada

Laure M. MeynadierPhysical Properties Specialist

Institut de Physique du GlobeUniversité Pierre et Marie Curie4 Place Jussieu, Tour 14-2475252 Paris Cedex 05France

Alan C. MixSedimentologist


Ted C. Moore, Jr.Paleontologist (radiolarians)

Center for Great Lakes and Aquatic SciencesUniversity of Michigan2200 Bonisteel BoulevardAnn Arbor, Michigan 48109-2099U.S.A.

Isabella RaffiPaleontologist (nannofossils)

Universita di Parmac/o Servizio Geologico NazionaleLargo S. Susanna 1300187 RomaItaly

Christina RaveloSedimentologist

Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesPrinceton UniversityP.O. Box CN 710, Say re HallPrinceton, New Jersey 08544-0710U.S.A.

David SchneiderPaleomagnetist

Lamont-Doherty Earth ObservatoryColumbia UniversityPalisades, New York 10964U.S.A.

Nicholas J. ShackletonPaleontologist (foraminifers)/Stratigraphic Correlator

Subdepartment of Quaternary ResearchGodwin LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeFree School LaneCambridge CB2 3RSUnited Kingdom

Jean-Pierre ValetPaleomagnetist

Institut de Physique du GlobeUniversité Pierre et Marie Curie4 Place Jussieu, Tour 14-2475252 Paris Cedex 05France

Edith VincentPaleontologist (foraminifers)

Département de Géologie DynamiqueUniversité Pierre et Marie Curie4 Place Jussieu, Tour 14-2475252 Paris Cedex 05France

SEDCO OFFICIALS

Captain Anthony RibbensMaster of the Drilling Vessel

Underseas Drilling, Inc.707 Texas Avenue SouthSuite 103DCollege Station, Texas 77840-1917U.S.A.

Jack TarbuttonDrilling Superintendent

Underseas Drilling, Inc.707 Texas Avenue SouthSuite 103DCollege Station, Texas 77840-1917U.S.A.

ODP ENGINEERING AND OPERATIONS PERSONNEL

Ron Grout Operations Superintendent

ODP TECHNICAL AND LOGISTICS PERSONNEL

Wendy J. AutioJohn W. BeckDaniel BontempoJim BriggsTimothy BronkJo ClaesgensValerie ClarkBradley CookJohn R. EastlundMark GilmoreBurney HamlinGretchen HamptSung-Ho KangJon S. LloydCynthia M. LyleEric MeissnerWilliam M. MeyerJohn H. Miller

X-ray TechnicianPhotographerMarine ScientistElectronics TechnicianMarine ScientistYeoperson

Chemistry TechnicianMarine ScientistComputer System ManagerPhotographerLaboratory OfficerChemistry TechnicanMarine ScientistMarine ScientistMarine ScientistElectronics TechnicianAssistant Laboratory OfficerCuratorial Representative

Ocean Drilling Program Publications Staff*

Publications SupervisorWilliam D. Rose

Chief EditorAnn Klaus

EditorsLona Haskins DearmontEvaM. MaddoxJennifer A. MarinRuth N. Riegel

Chief Production EditorJennifer Pattison Hall

Production EditorsJaime A. GraciaWilliam J. Moran (this volume)

Senior Publications CoordinatorJanalisa Braziel Soltis

Publications CoordinatorGudelia ("Gigi") Delgado

Publications Distribution SpecialistAlexandra F. Moreno

Data Entry/Copier OperatorAnn Yeager

Senior PhotographerJohn W. Beck

PhotographerBradley James Cook

Chief IllustratorDeborah L. Partain

IllustratorsMelany R. BorsackL. Michelle BriggsKatherine C. IrwinMonica E. Rui

Production AssistantsCarrie R. CastillónAngeline T. MillerMary Elizabeth Mitchell

Student AssistantsPamela Ivette Baires, Jamee Boutell, Shelley Rene Cormier, Rebecca Kapes, Amy Knapp, Lisa Larson, Ivy E. Oliver, M. Kathleen Phillips,Yvonne C. Zissa

At time of publication.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

VOLUME 138—SCIENTIFIC RESULTS

SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION

1. Paleoceanography of the eastern equatorial Pacific during the Neogene: synthesis of Leg 138drilling resultsN.G. Pisias, L.A. Mayer, and A.C. Mix

SECTION 2: CORRELATION AND CHRONOLOGY

2. Development of a high-resolution calcium carbonate stratigraphy from logging data 25K.A. Dadey and M. Lyle

3. Refinement of a high-resolution, continuous sedimentary section for studying equatorialPacific Ocean paleoceanography, Leg 138 31T.K. Hagelberg, N.G. Pisias, N.J. Shackleton, A.C. Mix, and S. Harris

4. Sediment depths determined by comparisons of GRAPE and logging density data duringLeg 138 47S. Harris, T. Hagelberg, A. Mix, N.G. Pisias, and N.J. Shackleton

5. Paleomagnetism of some Leg 138 sediments: detailing Miocene magnetostratigraphy 59D.A. Schneider

6. A new late Neogene time scale: application to Leg 138 sites 73N.J. Shackleton, S. Crowhurst, T. Hagelberg, N.G. Pisias, and D.A. Schneider

SECTION 3: BIOSTRATIGRAPHY

7. Neogene diatom biostratigraphy for the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean, Leg 138 105J.G. Baldauf and M. Iwai

8. Silicoflagellates and ebridians from Leg 138, eastern equatorial Pacific 129K. McCartney, S. Churchill, and L. Woestendiek

9. Evolution of the calcareous nannofossil assemblage as a response to the paleoceanographicchanges in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean from 4 to 2 Ma (Leg 138, Sites 849 and 852) . . 163J.-A. Flores, F.J. Sierro, and I. Raffi

10. Variation of trace fossils and ichnofacies in Neogene and Quaternary pelagic sedimentsfrom the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean (Leg 138) 177A.E.S. Kemp

11. Radiolarian stratigraphy, Leg 138 191T.C. Moore, Jr.

12. Pleistocene through Miocene calcareous nannofossils from eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean(Leg 138) 233

I. Raffi and J.-A. Flores

SECTION 4: HIGH-RESOLUTION PALEOCEANOGRAPHY

13. Upper ocean temperature and nutrient contrasts inferred from Pleistocene planktonicforaminifer δ18O and δ13C in the eastern equatorial Pacific 289J.W. Farrell, D.W. Murray, V.S. McKenna, and A.C. Ravelo

14. Spatial and temporal variability of late Neogene equatorial Pacific carbonate: Leg 138 321T.K. Hagelberg, N.G. Pisias, L.A. Mayer, N.J. Shackleton, and A.C. Mix

15. Pliocene stable isotope stratigraphy of Site 846 337N.J. Shackleton, M.A. Hall, and D. Pate

16. Consolidation properties of equatorial Pacific Ocean sediments and their relationship tostress history and offsets in the Leg 138 composite depth sections 357A.K. MacKillop, K. Moran, K. Jarrett, J. Farrell, and D. Murray

17. Benthic foraminifer stable isotope record from Site 849 (0-5 Ma): local and globalclimate changes 371A.C. Mix, N.G. Pisias, W. Rugh, J. Wilson, A. Morey, and T.K. Hagelberg

18. Estimating lithology from nonintrusive reflectance spectra: Leg 138 413A.C. Mix, S.E. Harris, and T.R. Janecek

19. Biogenic sedimentation at Site 847, eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean during the past 3 m.y. . . . 429D.W. Murray, J.W. Farrell, and V. McKenna

20. Radiolarian response to Oceanographic changes in the eastern equatorial Pacific at 2.3 and4.8 Ma: relationship between changing carbonate deposition and surface oceanography 461N.G. Pisias and T.C. Moore, Jr.

21. Quantitative distribution patterns and biomagnetostratigraphy of middle and late Miocenecalcareous nannofossils from equatorial Indian and Pacific oceans (Legs 115, 130, and 138) . . 479I. Raffi, D. Rio, A. d'Atri, E. Fornaciari, and S. Rocchetti

22. Evidence for surface-water circulation changes at Site 851 in the eastern tropical PacificOcean 503A.C. Ravelo and N.J. Shackleton

SECTION 5: NEOGENE PALEOCEANOGRAPHY

23. Biostratigraphic summary for Leg 138 517N.J. Shackleton, J.G. Baldauf, J.-A. Flores, M. Iwai, T.C. Moore, Jr., I. Raffi, and E. Vincent

24. Seismic stratigraphy of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean: paleoceanographic implications . . 537S.F. Bloomer, L.A. Mayer, and T.C. Moore, Jr.

25. Planktonic foraminiferal assemblages and paleoceanographic change in the trans-tropicalPacific Ocean: a comparison of west (Leg 130) and east (Leg 138), latest Miocene toPleistocene 555W. Chaisson

26. Bacterial profiles in deep sediment layers from the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean,Site 851 599B.A. Cragg and A.E.S. Kemp

27. Alkenone sea-surface temperatures and carbon burial at Site 846 (eastern equatorial PacificOcean): the last 1.3 m.y 605K.-C. Emeis, H. Doose, A. Mix, and D. Schulz-Bull

28. Late Cenozoic atmospheric circulation intensity and climatic history recorded by Eolian depositionin the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean, Leg 138 615S.A. Hovan

29. Neogene and Quaternary pelagic sediments and depositional history of the easternequatorial Pacific Ocean (Leg 138) 627A.E.S. Kemp

30. Origins and paleoceanographic significance of laminated diatom ooze from the easternequatorial Pacific Ocean 641A.E.S. Kemp, J.G. Baldauf, and R.B. Pearce

31. High-resolution sedimentology and micropaleontology of laminated diatomaceoussediments from the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean 647R.B. Pearce, A.E.S. Kemp, J.G. Baldauf, and S.C. King

32. Benthic foraminifer assemblages in Neogene laminated diatom ooze deposits in theeastern equatorial Pacific Ocean (Site 844) 665S.C. King, A.E.S. Kemp, and J.W. Murray

33. Late Quaternary paleoceanography in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean from planktonicforaminifers: a high-resolution record from Site 846 675J. Le, A.C. Mix, and N.J. Shackleton

34. The foraminifer record at Site 847: paleoceanographic response to late Pleistocene climatevariability 695V.S. McKenna, J.W. Farrell, D.W. Murray, and S.C. Clemens

SECTION 6: PROCESS STUDIES

35. Late Neogene sedimentation patterns in the eastern equatorial Pacific 717J.W. Farrell, I. Raffi, T.R. Janecek, D.W. Murray, M. Levitan, K.A. Dadey, K.-C. Emeis, M. Lyle,J.-A. Flores, and S. Hovan

36. Phosphorus geochemistry and accumulation rates in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean:results from Leg 138 757G.M. Filippelli and M.L. Delaney

37. Chemical composition of Leg 138 sediments and history of hydrothermal activity 769E.G. Gurvich, M.A. Levitan, and T.G. Kuzmina

38. Relative geomagnetic intensity during the last 4 m.y. from the equatorial Pacific 779L. Meynadier, J.-P. Valet, and NJ. Shackleton

39. Stable isotope records in bulk sediments (Leg 138) 797NJ. Shackleton and M.A. Hall

40. Manganese nodules from Site 854 sediments 807N.S. Skornyakova, T.Y. Uspenskaya, A.I. Gorshkov, and A.V. Sivtsov

41. Strontium isotopes in pore waters of east equatorial Pacific sediments: indicators ofseawater advection through oceanic crust and sediments 813S. Oyun, H. Elderfield, and G.P. Klinkhammer

42. The late Miocene (11-8 Ma) eastern Pacific carbonate crash: evidence for reorganization ofdeep-water circulation by the closure of the Panama Gateway 821M. Lyle, K.A. Dadey, and J.W. Farrell

43. Benthic foraminiferal stable isotope stratigraphy of Site 846: 0-1.8 Ma 839A.C. Mix, J. Le, and NJ. Shackleton

SECTION 7: DATA REPORTS

44. DATA REPORT: Geochemical logging results from three lithospheric plates: Cocos,Nazca, and Pacific: Leg 138, Sites 844 through 852 857L.B. Billeaud, E.L. Pratson, C. Broglia, M. Lyle, and K. Dadey

45. DATA REPORT: CaCOi content and bulk density of Leg 138 site-survey piston cores 885H. Snoeckx and D.K. Rea

46. DA TA REPORT: Miocene planktonic foraminifers from the eastern equatorial Pacific 895E. Vincent and M. Toumarkine

SECTION 8: REPRINT

47. Paleoceanography and the diachrony of radiolarian events in the eastern equatorialPacific Ocean 911

T.C. Moore, Jr., N.J. Shackleton, and N.G. Pisias

Reprinted from Paleoceanography, 8:567-586 (1993)

SECTION 9: INDEX

Index 933

(For JOIDES Advisory Groups, and ODP Sample-Distribution Policy, please see ODP Proceedings, Scientific Results,

Volume 143, pp. 601-608)

BACK-POCKET MATERIALS

Oversized Figure

Chapter 21: Figure 17. Summary of biostratigraphic correlations for the middle and late Miocene from equatorial Indianand Pacific oceans and mid-latitude North Atlantic.

CD-ROMChapter 1:

Figure 7. General circulation of the equatorial Pacificshowing major surface and subsurface currents.

Chapter 3:

Appendix 1.

Chapter 6:

Table 1. Age model for Site 844.











Table 12. Age-depth control points for the interval 0 to1 Ma derived by correlating GRAPE density and

orbitally controlled insolation without regard to theestablished 6I8O time scale.

Table 13. Coherency between June insolation at 65°N(Berger and Loutre, 1991) and stacked GRAPEdensity for Sites 849, 850, and 851 estimated over 1m.y. intervals (Fig. 9).

Table 14. Ages for reversals in the mid-Pliocene,estimated for Sites 850 and 851.

Table 15. Ages for reversals in the Gilbert, estimatedfor Site 852.

Table 16. Ages of the magnetic reversals of the past 6m.y., according to SBP90, H91, CK92, and thisstudy.

Table 17. Ages for magnetic anomalies betweenC3An. 1n (t) and C5Bn. 1n (t), derived byre-calibrating the distances in CK92 table 2 withC3An. 1 n (t) at 5.875 Ma and C5n. 1 n (t) at 9.639 Ma.

Table 18. Accumulation rates (mcd scale) estimated inoverlapping 0.2 m.y. intervals for Site 844 (fromTable 1).


Table 20. Accumulation rates (mcd scale) estimated inoverlapping 0.2. m.y. intervals for Site 846 (fromTable 3).









Chapter 15:

Table 1. Percentage of coarse fraction data for Site 846.

Table 3. Stable isotope data for Site 846.

Table 5. Depth and age series used for time series

analysis.

Table 6. Age model for the Pliocene and topmostMiocene section of Site 846.

Table 7. Interpolated time series of δ18O and δ13C data

for Site 846 as used for time-series analysis.

Table 9. Data listing for Site 677 with proper ODPidentifiers as spliced for time-series analysis.

Chapter 23:

Table 3. Depths (mcd) of datums in Leg 138 sites.

Table 5. Placement of biostratigraphic datums in Leg

138 sites.

Chapter 35:

Appendix A. Leg 138 percentages of CaCO3 and

associated data.

Appendix B. Leg 138 opal and associated data.

Appendix C. Leg 138 nannofossil assemblage

characterization data.

Chapter 39:

Table 2. I3C and I8O data for Leg 138 sites.

Documents

PROCEEDINGS OF THE OCEAN DRILLING PROGRAM...advance payment. See current ODP publication list for price and availability of this publication. Printed August 1995 ISSN 0884-5891 Library