I S B S 9 8XVI INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM

ONBIOMECHANICS IN SPORTS

July 21-25, 1998University of Konstanz, Germany

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PROCEEDINGS I

Hartmut J. RiehleManfred M. Vieten

(Editors)

UVK - Universitatsverlag Konstanz GmbH

SportbibliothekTU Darmstadt

61729992

Proceedings I of the XVI ISBS Symposium, 1998.

Editors: Hartmut J. Riehle; Manfred M. Vieten

Publisher: UVK - Universitatsverlag Konstanz, Germany

Copyright © 1998: International Society of Biomechanics in Sports

Cover: Hartmut Riehle, Gunther Hartung, Reiner Fritsch

Printing: Zabel, Radolfzell, Germany

ISBN: 3 - 8 7 9 4 0 - 6 4 8 - 0

ISBS'98 - Proceedings I

Table of Contents

GEOFFREY DYSON MEMORIAL LECTURE

BIOMECHANICS OF SPORTS: SELECTED EXAMPLES OF SUCCESSFULAPPLICATIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVESHerbert Hatze, University of Vienna, Austria 2

^OPIC1 PURE AND APPLIED SPORTS BIOMECHANICS ~

KEYNOTE LECTURE

LIFTING PERFORMANCE IN AQUATIC SPORTSRoss H. Sanders, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia 25

ORAL LECTURES AND POSTER PRESENTA TIONS

A COMPARISON OF VARIOUS METHODS FOR THE ASSESSMENT OFVERTICAL JUMP HEIGHTJiri Adamec, Petr Novotny, Frantisek Vaverka, Univerzita Palackeho vOlomouci, Olomouc, Czech Republic .• 42

EACH BODY SEGMENT FUNCTION DURING THE SUPPORT PHASEOF THE DROP JUMPKiyohide Aoyama, Yohei Shimokouti, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan,Kazuyuki Ogiso,Toba National College of Maritime, Mie, Japan, MitsugiOgata, Toshifumi Yasui, University of Tsukuba, Japan 43

RACEWALKING AND NORMAL WALKING ANALYSISAluisio O. V. Avila, Ana C. D. Klavdianos, Eliane F. Manfio, FedericoViollaz, John P. Nasser, Jose C. P. Fonseca, Mario C. Andrade,Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil, AlbertoC. Amadio, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil 47

DETERMINING THE GROUND REACTION FORCE EXPERIENCED INBEACH RUNNINGRod Barrett, Cassius D'Helon, Griffith University, Southport, Australia, RobNeal, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia 51

ACCURACY AND THROWING VELOCITY IN H*ANDBALLloannis Bayios, Konstantinos Boudolos, University of Athens, Greece 55

ISBS'98 - Proceedings I - VII

AN INNOVATIVE DEVICE FOR MEASURING THE ACCURACY OFTHROWING IN HANDBALLloannis Bayios, Giorgos Georgiadis, Konstantinos Boudolos, University ofAthens, Greece : 59

BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF SPRINTING TO IMPROVE INDIVIDUALTECHNIQUEChristiane Bonn, Gong B. Shan, Ralf Attermeyer, M. Schulte,Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat, Munster, Germany 63

BIOMECHANICS OF STATODYNAMIC STABILITY FOR THE ATHLETE'SBODY AND BODY SYSTEMViktor Boloban, Tayana Mistulova, Ukrayinsky Gosudarstvenny UniversitetFizicheskogo Vospitaniya i Sporta, Kiev, Ukraine 67

INTERVAL TRAINING FOR SPRINT RUNNING: EFFECTS OF THEDURATION OF THE PAUSE ON RUNNING KINEMATICS AND BLOOD \LACTATEMonica M. V. Brochado, Eduardo Kokubun, Universidade EstadualPaulista, Rio Claro, Brazil 69

LANDING STRATEGY VARIATIONS: EFFECTS OF SKILL LEVEL, TASKDEMANDS AND MOVEMENT TYPEBrian L. Caster, Western Oregon University, Monmouth, USA • 70

INTERSEGMENTAL DYNAMICS ANALYSIS OF "JUMP-SLAP-KICK" INCHINESE MARTIAL ARTSLong-Ren Chuang, Yu Liu, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan,Chung-Yu Chen, Chen-Fu Huang, National Taiwan Normal University,Taipei, Taiwan............ 74

A 1998 SELECTIVE REVIEW OF RESEARCH ON THE ELDERLYJohn M. Cooper, David M. Koceja, Indiana University, Bloomington, USA 78

MECHANICAL ENERGYTJIFFERENCES BETWEEN WALKING AND% RUNNING AT DIFFERENT VELOCITIES ON A TREADMILL

Sonia C. Correa, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil, Alberto. Carlos Amadio, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil, Ulrich Glitsch,Wolfgang Baumann, Deutsche Sporthochschule, Koln, Germany .....81

FLUID MECHANICS ANALYSIS IN VOLLEYBALL SERVICESPedro Depra, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil andUniversidade Estadual de Maringa, Maringa - Parana, Brazil, ReneBrenzikofer, Marios Goes, Ricardo Barros, Universidade Estadual deCampinas, Campinas, Brazil 85

VIII • ISBS'98 - Proceedings I

THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SPEED-STRENGTH ABILITIES OFLOWER EXTREMITIES OF YOUNG MILITARY PILOTS AND +GzTOLERANCEJerzy Eliasz, Miroslaw Deren, Bogdan Biernat, Polish Air Force Institute ofAviation Medicine, Warszawa, Poland, Robert Jedrys, Polish Air ForceAcademy, Deblin, Poland 89

KINEMATIC COMPARISON OF THE BEST AND WORST THROWS OFTHE TOP MEN'S DISCUS PERFORMERS AT 1996 ATLANTA OLYMPICGAMESAlfred Finch, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, USA, Gideon Ariel,Ann Penny, Ariel Dynamics, San Diego, USA ...93

JOINT MOMENTS IN WATER-SKIING CHILDRENFranz K. Fuss, Universitat Wien, Austria....'. ' ..97

BIOMECHANICS OF HORSE JUMPINGFranz K. Fuss, Angelika H. Fuss, Universitat Wien, Austria 101

THE INFLUENCE OF SELECTED BODY DIMENSIONAL VARIABLES ONTHE MECHANICAL PARAMETERS OF THE VERTICAL JUMPJan Gajewski, Andrzej Wit, Akademia Wychqwania Fizycznego,Warszawa, Poland, Jaroslaw Janiak, Instytut Sportu, Warszawa, Poland :1O5

DRAG AND FRICTIONCOEFFICIENTS IN ROLLER SKATING. ANINDIRECT DETERMINATION. SOME SUGGESTIONS ABOUTTRAINING LOADSClaudio Giorgi, Istituto Superiore Statale di Educazione Fisica, Roma, Italy....109

SACRUM LOAD-DISPLACEMENT BEHAVIOUR AND SI LOCKINGMECHANISM.IN WEIGHT LIFTERSGuy Gosselin, Anglo-European College of Chiropractic, Bournemouth,U.K., Danik Lafond, Martin C. Normand, Universite du Quebec aTrois-Rivieres, Trois-Rivieres, Canada 113

KINESIOLOGICAL FACTORS DETERMINING THE HEIGHT ACHIEVEDDURING FLIGHT IN A SPRINGBOARD DIVEVassilia Hatzitaki, Iraklis Kollias, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki,Greece : 117

A STUDY OF TWO KINDS OF ARM-SWINGING MOTION IN THE FRONTSPIKE OF CHINESE WOMEN'S VOLLEYBALL TEAM PLAYERS.Erlian Huang, Highway University, Shaanxi, Ohina.... 118

THE MAXIMAL MUSCLE TORQUES DISTRIBUTION AMONG MUSCLEGROUPS IN ELITE ATHLETES IN COMBAT SPORTSJaroslaw Janiak, Jan Gajewski, Zbigniew Trzaskoma, Instytut Sportu,Warszawa, Poland 120

ISBS'98-Proceedings I IX

A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF INTRA-INDIVIDUAL VARIABILITY IN THEEXECUTION OF THE IN-RUN POSITION IN SKI JUMPINGMiroslav Janura, Frantisek Vaverka, Milan Elfmark, Jiri Salinger,Univerzita Palackeho v Olomouci, Olomouc, Czech Republic 124

BALL VELOCITY AND KINETICS OF THE SUPPORTING FOOT DURINGTWO SOCCER KICKS, PERFORMED BY FEMALE SOCCER PLAYERSMargret Kristfn Jonsdottir, Alfred Finch, Indiana State University, TerreHaute, USA 128

THE INFLUENCE OF THE RIDER ON THE TROTTING MOTION OF ARIDDEN HORSEM. Kapaun, Ch. Peham, Th. Licka, M. Scheidl, Veterinary UniversityVienna, Austria 132

BIOMECHANICAL CONTROL OF THE VERTICAL POSE'S STATICSTABILITY IN ONTHOGENESISVitaly Kashuba, Yuri Yukhno, Ukrayinsky Gosudarstvenny UniversitetFizicheskogo Vospitaniya i Sporta, Kiev, Ukraine 136

BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF THE HIGH JUMP AT THE Vlth WCA INATHENS .Uwe Kersting, Adamantios Arampatzis, Gert-Peter Bruggemann,Deutsche Sporthochschule, Koln, Germany 137

PRODUCTION OF ANGULAR MOMENTUM IN DOUBLE BACKWARDSOMERSAULTSDavid G. Kerwin, Joanne Webb, Maurice R. Yeadon, LoughboroughUniversity, U.K .• 141

A KINEMATICS ANALYSIS OF HIGH SCHOOL CHAMPIONSHIP LONGJUMPERSHashem A. Kilani, Asem Abu Aisheh, United Arab Emirates University, AlAin, AbuDabi, UAE.....^ '. 145

'LOWER AND UPPER EXTREMITY COORDINATION PARAMETERSDURING THE FENCING LUNGE ]

Jurgen Klauck, Said E. A. Hassan, Deutsche Sporthochschule, Koln,Germany 149

OPTIMUM SPORTS TECHNIQUE OF THE PUSH-OFF MOVEMENT INDIFFICULT ARMSTAND DIVESKlaus Knoll, Institut fur Angewandte Trainingswissenschaft, Leipzig,Germany, Uwe Jungnickel, Technische Universitat, Chemnitz-Zwickau,Germany...., ...153

SENSOR FUNCTIONAL CONCEPT OF HUMAN BODY STABjLITYVladimir Korenberg, Moscow State Academy of Physical Culture, Moscow,Russia., '. 157

X ISBS'98 - Proceedings

THE INFLUENCE OF THE ELEVATION OF THE LANDING PLACE ONTHE EXECUTION OF THE BACKWARD SOMERSAULTHenryk Krol, Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland 158

RUNNING APPROACH VELOCITY AND ENERGY TRANSFORMATION IN. DIFFICULT VAULTS IN GYMNASTICS

Jurgen Krug, Klaus Knoll, Universitat Leipzig, Germany Thomas Kothe,Hans-Dieter Zocher, Olympiastutzpunkt Magdeburg/Halle, Magdeburg,Germany .' 160

ANALYSIS OF VIBRATIONS AND SHOCKS DURING THE PARALLELTURN IN ALPINE SKIINGOtmar Kugovnik, Univerza v Ljubljani, Ljubljana, Slovenia, Bojan Nemec,Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia 164

BIOMECHANICAL PECULIARITIES OF THE BODY'S ORTHOGRADEPOSE IN HIGHLY SKILLED LONG JUMPERSAnatoly Laputin, Vladimir Bobrovnik, Ukrayinsky GosudarstvennyUniversitet Fizicheskogo Vospitaniya i Sporta, Kiev, Ukraine 168

MAIN TECHNICAL ANALYSES OF THE MOTION TRAJECTORYINFLUENCING THE HORSE-VAULTING MOVEMENTShanxiu Li, Shandong Institute of Physical Education, Jinan, Shandong,China '. 171

BIOMECHANICAL DIAGNOSIS AND ANALYSIS OF TOP CHINESE HIGHJUMPERSYing Liu, Beijing Research Institute of Sports Science, Beijing, China,Danny P. K. Chu, Hong Kong Sports Institute, Hong Kong, China, YoulianHong, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China 175

A PRELIMINARYSTUDYOF ROTATIONAL SHOT PUT TECHNIQUEPekka Luhtanen, Minna Blomqvist, Tomi Vanttinen, Research Institute forOlympic Sports, Jyvaskyla, Finland 176

RACE ANALYSIS OF THE 400M FREESTYLE AT THE 1996 PARALYMPICGAMESLaurie A. Malone, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA, DanielDaly,Yves Vanlandewijck, K. U. Leuven, Belgium, Robert Steadward, Universityof Alberta, Canada 180

' BIOMECHANICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF PERFORMANCECHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS TYPES OF ICE HOCKEY STICKSG. Wayne Marino, University of Windsor and Louisville, Windsor, Ontario,Canada 184

THE KINEMATICS OF INACCURACY IN BASKETBALL SHOOTINGStuart Miller, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds, U.K 188

ISBS'98 - Proceedings I XI

INDIRECT MEASUREMENT OF FORCES ON THE GYMNASTICS RINGSStuart H. Mills, University College Worcester, U.K 192

VARIATION IN SEGMENTAL KINETIC ENERGY DURING EXECUTION OFGIANT SWINGS ON THE HORIZONTAL BAR AT DIFFERENT SPEEDSFrancoise Natta, Institut National du Sport et de I'Education Physique,Paris, France, Philippe Nouillot«Universite Paris Sud, Orsay, France 196

A PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING THE ANGULAR VELOCITY OF THEUPPER ARM ABOUT ITS LONGITUDINAL AXIS RELATIVE TO THETHORAX IN JAVELIN THROWINGEnrique Navarro, Oliver Cabrero, Fernando Vizcafno, UniversidadPolitectica de Madrid, Spain, Pedro Vera, Universidad Politecnica deValencia, Paterna, Spain 200

A THREE-DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF ANGULAR VELOCITIES OFSEGMENTS IN JAVELIN THROWINGEnrique Navarro, Oliver Cabrero, Fernando Vizcafno, UniversidadPolitecnica de Madrid, Spain, Pedro Vera, Universidad Politecnica deValencia, Paterna, Spain 204

ASSESSMENT OF CHARACTERISTICS OF PHYSICAL CONDITIONINGRELATING TO STRENGTH AND SPEED IN VOLLEYBALLChristos Papadopoulos, Aristoteleio Panepistimio Thessalonikis, Serres,Greece, Spiros Prassas, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA.... ..208

HURDLE JUMPING TECHNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS IN THE 110METER RACE IN THE 1997 WORLD TRACK AND FIELDCHAMPIONSHIPChristos Papadopoulos, Aristoteleio Panepistimio Thessalonikis, Serres,Greece, Spiros Prassas, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA,Arsenis Giavroglou, Lefteris Tsarouchas, Hellenic Sports ResearchInstitute, Maroussi, Athens, Greece 209

' MOTION PATTERN CONSISTENCY OF THE RIDER-HORSE SYSTEMChristian Peham, M. Kapaun, Th. Licka, M. Scheidl, Veterinary UniversityVienna, Austria :...212

DYNAMICS OF FORWARD SWINGING SKILLS ON THE PARALLEL BARSSpiros Prassas, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA, ChristosPapadopoulos, Aristoteleio Panepistimio Thessalonikis, Serres, Greece .216

KINEMATIC COMPARISON OF OVERGRIP AND UNDERGRIPDISMOUNT GIANT SWINGS ON THE UNEVEN BARSSpiros Prassas, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA, ChristosPapadopoulos, Aristoteleio Panepistimio Thessalonikis, Serres, Greece,Jurgen Krug, Universitat Leipzig, Germany 219

XII ISBS'98-Proceedings

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT HANDLEBAR HAND POSITIONS ON FASTBRAKE LEVER REACHING MOVEMENTS IN CYCLINGRenato Rodano, Roberto Squadrone, Politecnico di Milano, Italy 223

CHANGES IN AXIAL ROTATION AND ISOMETRIC FORCE AT THE KNEEJOINT IN STUDENT SWIMMERSPitrus Ryszard, Zieliski Jacek, Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego, •Warszawa, Poland : 227

RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT OF KINEMATIC VARIABLES IN THEMOTION ANALYSIS OF FEMALE SPRINT HURDLESAki Salo, University of Bath, U.K., Paul N. Grimshaw, University of Exeter,U.K., Jukka T.Viitasalo, Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Jyvaskyla,Finland : , 229

THREE TECHNIQUES OF SKI JUMP TAKE-OFF MODELED BYCHANGES OF JOINT ANGLETutomu Sasaki, Kazuhiko Tsunoda, Hokusei Jr. College, Sapporo, Japan,Hiroshi Hoshino, Ebetu City Gymnasium, Ebetu City, Japan 233

STRESS STUDIES IN TENNIS - DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TENNISRACKETS OF DIFFERENT LENGTHSFrank Schiebl, Sindelfingen, Germany 237

A SIMPLE MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR ESTIMATING FORCE ANDTORQUE TO THE WRIST, ELBOW AND SHOULDER IN SERVING,SPIKING AND BLOCKING IN VOLLEYBALLMorteza Shabazi-Moghddam, Shahram Khanzadeh, Tehran Universityand Biomechanics Commission of the National Olympic Committee of theIsjamic Republic of Iran, Iran 240

A NEW BIOMECHANICAL ASPECT FOR.ASSESSING MECHANICALPARAMETERS IN THE LONG JUMPMorteza Shahbazi Moghaddam, Teheran University, Iran, Nader Broogeni,BiomechanicsJDornmission of the National Olympic Committee of Iran,Iran -. 244

EFFECTIVENESS AND ECONOMY IN RUNNINGChristian Simon, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-Universitat, Frankfurt,Germany , 247

A COMPARISON OF LOWER EXTREMITY FORCES, JOINT ANGLES,AND MUSCLE ACTIVITY DURING SHOD AND BAREFOOT RUNNINGMatthew Stockton, Rosemary Dyson, Chichester Institute of HigherEducation, U.K 251

ON THE APPLIED BIOMECHANICS OF WEIGHTLIFTINGYuli E. Toshev, Balgarska Akademia na hautike, Sofija, Bulgaria 255

ISBS'98 - Proceedings I XIII

THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ANTHROPOMETRIC BODYDIMENSIONS AND THE FORCE-TIME STRUCTURE OF THEVERTICAL JUMPFrantisek Vaverka, Miroslav Janura, Milan Elfmark, Jiri Salinger,Univerzita Palackeho v Olorhouci, Olomouc, Czech Republic 257

APPARENT COEFFICIENT OF RESTITUTION SURFACE OF A PADDLERACKETFederico J. Viollaz, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria andUniversidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil, Aldo J.Viollaz, Universidad Nacional de Tucuman, Argentina 261

INERTIAL AND VIBRATIONAL CHARACTERISTIC OF PADDLERACKETS, AND THEIR RELATION WITH THE FREQUENT IMPACTAREASFederico J. Viollaz, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil andUniversidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil, Aluisio SO. V. Avila, Noe Gomes Borges Jr., Jose C. Pio da Fonseca,Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil 265

APPARENT COEFFICIENT OF RESTITUTION OF IMPACTS IN PADDLERACKETS WITH DIFFERENT CHARACTERISTICSFederico J. Viollaz, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil andUniversidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil, AluisioO. V. Avila, Jose C. Pio da Fonseca, Universidade do Estado de SantaCatarina, Florianopolis, Brazil, Aldo J. Viollaz, Universidad Nacional deTucuman, Tucuman, Argentina 269

KINEMATICS OF UPPER LIMB AND TRUNK IN TENNIS PLAYERS USINGSINGLE HANDEDBACKHAND STROKESLin-Hwa Wang, Physical Education Office, Tainan, Taiwan, H. W. Wu, F.C. Su, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, K. C. Lo, KungShan Institute of Technology, Tainan, Taiwan 273

DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STABILITY IN HUMAN LOADED WALKING ATDIFFERENT VELOCITIES AND HEIGHTS OF THE CENTER OF MASS,AND POSSIBLE,OPTIMAL AREAS IN DIFFERENT MODES OFWALKINGWie J.Wang, Robin H. Crompton, M. M. Gunther, Y. Li, C. Wood,University of Liverpool, U.K '. 277

A THREE-DIMENSIONAL KINEMATIC ANALYSIS OF HANDBALLTHROWSAndrzej Wit, Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego, Warszwa, Poland, JerzyEliasz, Polish Air Force Institute of Aviation Medicine, Warszawa, Poland 281

XIV • ' ISBS'98-Proceedings I

CHANGES IN THE COORDINATION OF WALKING MOVEMENTS UNDERCONDITIONS OF CONSTANT AND VARIABLE SPEEDKerstin Witte, Martin Nischang, Peter Blaser, Otto-von-Guericke-Universitat, Magdeburg, Germany ..., : .....285

SOUTH EAST ASIAN (SEA) GAMES BIOMECHANICS PROJECT 'Wei Xie, Chuang Teh Kong, Singapore Sports Council, Singapore,Annette J. Raynor, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore,Singapore 289

MECHANICS OF BODY ROLL IN FRONT-CRAWL SWIMMINGToshimasa Yanai, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand 293

EXERCISE INTENSITY OF SOLO STYLE JAPANESE DRUM PLAYING ASAN AEROBIC EXERCISE OF TAIKOBICSNobuo Yasuda, Hiroh Yamamoto, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa-shi,Ishikawa, Japan 297

THE ARCHER'S PARADOXIhorZanevskyy, Lvivsky Derzhavny Instytut Fizychnoyi Kultury, Lviv,Ukraine : ; 301

TOPIC 2 MODELING, SIMULATION, OPTIMIZATIONIN SPORTS BIOMECHANICS

KEYNOTE LECTURE

COMPUTER SIMULATION IN SPORTS BIOMECHANICSFred R. Yeadon, Loughborough University, U.K 309

ORAL LECTURES AND POSTER PRESENTATIONS

COORDINATE'SCHOICES IMPLICATIONS IN THE INVERSE DYNAMICSANALYSIS OF HUMAN GAITJorge A. C. Ambrosio, Miguel P. T. Silva, Universidade Tecnica deLisboa, Portugal, Jose M. Jimenez Bascones, Universidade de Navarra,St. Lorzibal, San Sebastian, Spain 320

BIOMECHANICS TOOLBOX: A SOFTWARE FOR BIOMECHANICAL DATAPROCESSING AND MODELLINGVasilios Baltzopoulos, Manchester Metropolitan University, U.K., T.Papadopqulos, Infomedia Ltd, Xanthi, Greece 321

ISBS'98 - Proceedings I XV

ANALYSIS OF ATHLETES' STATIC-DYNAMIC STABILITYVioleta Damyanova, Velika Kamburova, Balgarska Akademia na nautike,Sofija, Bulgaria, Anton Savov, University Hospital "Sv.lv. Rilski", Sofija,Bulgaria 322

A MODEL OF THE HORSE DIGIT — RELIABILITY AND COMPARISONWITH IN-VIVO EXPERIMENTSFranz K. Fuss, Universitat Wien, Wien, Austria 326

A MECHANICAL MODEL FOR MEASURING IN THREE DIMENSIONS THESMALL AMPLITUDE COUPLED MOTION THAT CHARACTERIZESMOTOR PATTERNS IN SHOOTING ACTIVITIESKostas Gianikellis, Marcos Maynar Marino, Universidad de Extremadura,Caceres, Spain, Juan Vicente Dura, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia,Paterna, Spain ..330

FORWARD DYNAMICS FOR THE EVALUATION OF PRACTICAL ">PROBLEMS IN SPORTSUlrich Gohner, Frank Sehiebl, Joachim Dengler, Jorg Subke, Eberhard-Karls-Universitat, Tubingen, Germany 334

SIMULATION OF DIFFERENT MOVEMENTS IN SPORTS VIA DIRECTDYNAMICS, -Karin Gruber, Universitat Koblenz-Landau, Germany, Hanns Ruder,Eberhard-Karls-Universitat, Tubingen, Germany 338

SIMULATION OF VIBRATIONS IN ALPINE SKIINGChristian Haas, Christian Simon, Dietmar Schmidtbleicher, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe Universitat, Frankfurt, Germany 339

EVALUATION OF A RUNNER'S PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS USINGDIFFERENT SPRINT MODELSUlf Holmlund, Raimo von Hertzen, Matti A Ranta, Helsinki University ofTechnology, Helsinki.,..Finland ; 343

INVESTIGATION OF THE SIMULATION OF THE MASS MOMENTS OFINERTIA FOR THE TRUNKLaszlo Kocsis, Budapesti Muszaki Egyetem, Budapest, Hungary 347

INVESTIGATION OF THE CHANGES OF THE MASS MOMENTS OFINERTIA DURING A DOUBLE STEP OF RUNNINGLaszlo Kocsis, Budapesti Muszaki Egyetem, Budapest, Hungary, TiborSzilagyi, Magyar Testnevelesi Egyetem, Budapest, Hungary 351

RELEVANCE OF FREQUENCY-BASED POSTURAL STABILITYBIOMARKERS IN GYMNASTICS SPORTSMichal Kuczynski, Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego, Wroclaw, Poland .355

XVI ISBS'98 - Proceedings I

TAKE-OFF TECHNIQUE IN THE HIGH JUMPNicholas P. Linthorne, Brett A. Kemble, University of Sydney, Australia ...356

STUDY OF THROWING WEIGHT AND THROWING POWER FOR MALEDISCUS THROWERSMing Liu, Hua Liu, Shandong Physical Education Institute, Jinan,Shandong, China, Yingzhu Ma, Sandong Medical University, Jinan,Shandong, China 360

THE EFFECT OF PENNATION ANGLE CHANGES DURINGCONTRACTION ON THE ESTIMATED TRICEPS SURAE MOMENTConstantinos Maganaris, Vasilios Baltzopoulos, Manchester MetropolitanUniversity, U.K -. 362

SIMULATION OF THE FLIGHT DISTANCES OF JAVELINS BASED ON ANEURAL NETWORK APPROACH .Klaus D. Maier, Veit Wank, Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat.. Jena, Germany,Klaus Bartonietz, Olympiastutzpunkt Rheinland-Pfalz/Saarland,Saarbrucken, Germany 363

STABILITY OF CONTROLLED MOTION IN DIVING SIMULATIONSPeter Maisser, Uwe Jungnickel, Institute of Mechatronics at the TechnicalUniversity of Chemnitz-Zwickau, Germany 367

A STUDY OF THE ANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OFPERFORMANCE ATHLETES - DIAGNOSIS.AND TRAININGGUIDELINESGabriel Mangra, Gheorge S. Dragoi, Elena T. Rinderu, Universitatea dinCraiova, Craiova, Romania : 371

COMPUTER MODELLING OF A SKI JUMPAlexander Podgayets, Rudolf Rudakov, Perm State Technical University,Perm, Russia 372

INFLUENCE OF,ELASTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SUPPORT ON THEWAVE PROCESS OF ENERGY TRANSFER FROM ONE LINK OF THEATHLETE'S BODY TO ANOTHERGregoriy Popov, Russian State Academy of Physical Education, Moskwa,Russia. :.•. 376

A STUDY OF THE BEHAVIOR OF THE FEMUR AS A SHOCK ABSORBERIN ALPINE SKIING EVENTS - A FINITE ELEMENT METHODAPPROACH •Elena T. Rinderu, Gheorge S. Dragoi, P. L. Rinderu, G. Calinescu,Universitatea din Craiova, Craiova, Romania 378

ISBS'98 - Proceedings I XVII

ANALYSIS OF ATHLETES' STATIC-DYNAMIC STABILITYVioleta Damyanova, Velika Kamburova, Balgarska Akademia na nautike,Sofija, Bulgaria, Anton Savov, University Hospital "Sv.lv. Rilski", Sofija,Bulgaria .322

A MODEL OF THE HORSE DIGIT — RELIABILITY AND COMPARISON 'WITH IN-VIVO EXPERIMENTSFranz K. Fuss, Universitat Wien, Wien, Austria... 326

A MECHANICAL MODEL FOR MEASURING IN THREE DIMENSIONS THESMALL AMPLITUDE COUPLED MOTION THAT CHARACTERIZESMOTOR PATTERNS IN SHOOTING ACTIVITIESKostas Gianikellis, Marcos Maynar Marino, Universidad de Extremadura,Caceres, Spain, Juan Vicente Dura, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia,Paterna, Spain...... 330

FORWARD DYNAMICS FOR THE EVALUATION OF PRACTICALPROBLEMS IN SPORTSUlrich Gohner, Frank Schiebl, Joachim Dengler, Jorg Subke, Eberhard-Karls-Universitat, Tubingen, Germany 334

SIMULATION OF DIFFERENT MOVEMENTS IN SPORTS VIA DIRECTDYNAMICS, :Karin Gruber, Universitat Koblenz-Landau, Germany, Hanns Ruder,Eberhard-Karls-Universitat, Tubingen, Germany 338

SIMULATION OF VIBRATIONS IN ALPINE SKIINGChristian Haas, Christian Simon, Dietmar Schmidtbleicher, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe Universitat, Frankfurt, Germany.. 339

EVALUATION OF A RUNNER'S PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS USINGDIFFERENT SPRINT MODELSUlf Holmlund, Raimo von Hertzen, Matti A Ranta, Helsinki University ofTechnology, Helsink[,.Finland 343

INVESTIGATION OF THE SIMULATION OF THE MASS MOMENTS OFINERTIA FOR THE TRUNKLaszlo Kocsis, Budapesti Muszaki Egyetem, Budapest, Hungary 347

INVESTIGATION OF THE CHANGES OF THE MASS MOMENTS OFINERTIA DURING A DOUBLE STEP OF RUNNINGLaszlo Kocsis, Budapesti Muszaki Egyetem, Budapest, Hungary, TiborSzilagyi, Magyar Testnevelesi Egyetem, Budapest, Hungary 351

RELEVANCE OF FREQUENCY-BASED POSTURAL STABILITYBIOMARKERS IN GYMNASTICS SPORTSMichal Kuczynski, Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego, Wroclaw, Poland 355

XVI . ISBS'98 - Proceedings

TAKE-OFF TECHNIQUE IN THE HIGH JUMPNicholas P. Linthorne, Brett A. Kemble, University of Sydney, Australia 356

STUDY OF THROWING WEIGHT AND THROWING POWER FOR MALEDISCUS THROWERSMing Liu, Hua Liu, Shandong Physical Education Institute, Jinan,Shandong, China, Yingzhu Ma, Sandong Medical University, Jinan,Shandong, China : '. 360

THE EFFECT OF PENNATION ANGLE CHANGES DURINGCONTRACTION ON THE ESTIMATED TRICEPS SURAE MOMENTConstantinos Maganaris, Vasilios Baltzopoulos, Manchester MetropolitanUniversity, U.K !.362

SIMULATION OF THE FLIGHT DISTANCES OF JAVELINS BASED ON ANEURAL NETWORK APPROACHKlaus D. Maier, Veit Wank, Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat, Jena, Germany,Klaus Bartonietz, Olympiastutzpunkt Rheinland-Pfalz/Saarland,Saarbriicken, Germany 363

STABILITY OF CONTROLLED MOTION IN DIVING SIMULATIONSPeter Maisser, Uwe Jungnickel, Institute of Mechatronics at the TechnicalUniversity of Chemnitz-Zwickau, Germany ; 367

A STUDY OF THE ANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OFPERFORMANCE ATHLETES - DIAGNOSIS AND TRAININGGUIDELINESGabriel Mangra, Gheorge S. Dragoi, Elena T. Rinderu, Universitatea dinCraiova, Craiova, Romania 371

COMPUTER MODELLING OF A SKI JUMPAlexander Podgayets, Rudolf Rudakov, Perm State Technical University,Perm, Russia 372

INFLUENCE OF ELASTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SUPPORT ON THEWAVE PROCESS OF ENERGY TRANSFER FROM ONE LINK OF THEATHLETE'S BODY TO ANOTHERGregoriy Popov, Russian State Academy of Physical Education, Moskwa,Russia •. .376

A STUDY OF THE BEHAVIOR OF THE FEMUR AS A SHOCK ABSORBERIN ALPINE SKIING EVENTS - A FINITE ELEMENT METHODAPPROACHElena T. Rinderu, Gheorge S. Dragoi, P. L. Rinderu, G. Calinescu,Universitatea din Craiova, Craiova, Romania ; 378

ISBS'98 - Proceedings I XVII

MODELING OF ELASTIC RACKET PROPERTIES IN THE DYNAMICCOMPUTER SIMULATION OF TENNISHeiko Schlarb, Bernd Kneib, Ulrich Glitsch, Deutsche Sporthochschule,Koln, Germany : 379

COMPUTER SYNTHESIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF JUMPING MOTIONSVIA NONSTATIONARY CONSTRAINTSVictor A. Sholukha, Anatoly V. Zinkovsky, Alexandre A. Ivanov, St.Petersburg State Technical University, Russia 383

MUSCLE ENERGY OF TENNIS-STOPS WITH DIFFERENT MOVEMENTPATTERNSManfred M. Vieten, Tobias Dietrich, Hartmut Riehle, University ofKonstanz, Germany 387

SOME PRINCIPLES OF ADEQUACY CRITERIA FORMULATION INHUMAN MOTION ANALYSISAnatoly V. Zinkovsky, Victor A. Sholukha, Alexandre A. Ivanov, St.Petersburg State Technical University, Russia 391

TOPIC 3 APPLIED METHODS AND INSTRUMENTATION

KEYNOTE LECTURE

MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION OF LOADS ON THE HUMAN BODYDURING SPORTS ACTIVITIESEw'ald M. Herinig, Universitat-Gesamthochschule Essen, Germany. 399

ORAL LECTURES AND POSTER PRESENTATIONS

A FIXED-GOAL TASKS-(FGTT) CIRCUIT: A NEW TECHNIQUE TOASSESS FOOTWEAR INFLUENCE ON CHILDREN'S LOCOMOTORABILITY

- Enrique Alcantara, Gabriel Brizueia, Elena Ferrus, Juan C. Gonzalez, AnaC. Garcia, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Paterna, Spain ....404

ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT TREKKING BOOTS ONCHILDREN'S LOCOMOTOR ABILITYEnrique Alcantara, Gabriel Brizueia, Elena Ferrus, Juan C. Gonzalez, AnaC. Garcfa, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Paterna, Spain ..408

DRIVE UNITS OF BICYCLES - OPTIMIZATION OF CAPACITYThomas Angeli, Technische Universitat, Wien, Austria .....412

XVIII ' ISBS'98 - Proceedings I

DEVELOPEMENT OF AN INSTRUMENT TO MEASURE THE "QUASI-STATIC" SENSE OF BALANCERalf Attermeyer, M. Sust, Klaus Nicol, Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat,Munster, Germany 413

THREE-DIMENSIONAL SPORT MOVEMENT ANALYSIS BY MEANS OF 'FREE FLOATING TV CAMERAS WITH VARIABLE OPTICSGuido Baroni, Giancarlo Ferrigno, Renato Rodano, Politecnico di Milano,Milano, Italy, A. Canclini, C. Cotelli, Federazione Italiana Sport Invernali,Milano, Italy, M. Fantino, D. Minotti, R. Pozzo, C.O.N.I., Divisione Ricercae Sperimentazione, Roma, Italy '. 416

CHILDREN'S PLANTAR PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION MEASUREMENTS:INFLUENCE OF FOOTWEARDeyse Borges Machado, Hartmut Riehle, University of Konstanz,Germany, Ewald M. Hennig, Universitat-Gesamthochschule Essen,Germany 420

ON - LINE BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS. Mohammed G. Brekaa, Tanta University, Egypt, Mohammed A. Bayoumi,Arab Academy of Science and Technology, Alexandria, Egypt 424

A NEW METHOD FOR ASSESSMENT OF FUNCTIONAL STABILITY ATTHEKNEE JOINTSven Bruhn, Albert Gollhofer, Universitat Stuttgart, Germany 428

PORTABLE INSTRUMENT TO ANALYZE DIFFERENT PARAMETERSDURING LONG PERIOD EXERCISESGabriele Casadio, Michele Fazzini, Alberto Buratto, Remo Bedini, BurattoAdvanced Technology S.r.l. - CNR, Pisa, Italy 432

DETERMINATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF DRAG OF THREEDIFFERENT TENNIS BALLS USING A WIND TUNNELSteve Chadwick, Steve Haake, University of Sheffield, U.K 436

THE IDENTIFICATION OF IMPULSES IN 3-D RECONSTRUCTED DATAUSING RECURSIVE FILTERS ON THE ORIGINALLY DIGITIZED 2-DIMAGE DATAMark Colpus, University of Leeds, U.K 440

CYCLIST'S PEDALING PARAMETERS USING KINEMATIC ANDDYNAMIC MEASUREMENTS AND THE DISCRIMINATIVE VARIABLEANALYSIS METHODJacky Deslandes, Jean-Pierre Mariot, Bertrand Barbedette, Universite duMaine, Institut d'Acoustique et Mecanique, Le Mans, France 444

RELIABLE MEASUREMENT OF THE TRICEPS SURAE STRETCHREFLEXAles Dolenec, Vojko Strojnik, Univerza v Ljubljani, Ljubljana, Slovenia 448

ISBS'98 - Proceedings I Ter.hnischs Universitiit Darmstadt XIX

HOW TO FIND THE OPTIMAL CUTOFF FREQUENCY FOR FILTERINGKINEMATIC DATAChristian Fink, Rudiger PreiB, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe Universitat,Frankfurt, Germany, Wolfgang I. Schollhorn, Universitat Leipzig, Germany 451

COMPARISON OF THE PEDAR SYSTEM WITH A FORCE PLATFORMSYSTEM FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF STATIC STABILITYReiner Fritsch, Hartmut Riehle, University of Konstanz, Germany 454

ANALYSIS OF THE STABILIZING EFFECT OF THE AIRCAST ANKLEBRACE FOR WALKING ALONG AN INCLINED PLANEReiner Fritsch, Silke Daumling, Hartmut Riehle, University of Konstanz,Germany 458

A METHOD FOR AUTOMATIC RELOCATION OF SKIN MARKERS INREARFOOT MOTION ANALYSISRonaldo Gabriel, Antonio Mourao, Victor Filipe, Filipe Santos, Pedro MeloSJ. Bulas-Cruz, Universidade de Tras-os Montes & Alto Douro, Portugal,Joao Abrantes, Universidade Tecnica de Lisboa, Portugal 462

INSTRUMENTATION AND PADDLE RACKETSNoe Gomes Borges Jr, Jose Carlos Pio da Fonseca, Helio Roesler,Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil..: 466

TRAINING DELAYED ISOKINETICS IN THE SURGICALRECONSTRUCTION OF THE ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT: ACASE STUDYMarcio Innocentini Guaratini, Anamaria Siriani de Oliveira, UniversidadeFederal de Sao Carlos, and Universidade Paulista, Sao Paulo, Brazil,Carlos Eduardbdos-Santos Castro, Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos, *Brazil ;.: 469

CORRELATION BETWEEN ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC ACTIVITY ANDSTRENGTH OF THE-FLEXOR MUSCLES OF THE WRISTR. Guirro, D. Bevilaqua-Grosso, D. Molina, R. Silva, M. I. L. Montebello,UNIMEP, Piracicaba, Brazil, Fausto Berzin, FOP-UNICAMP, Piracicaba,

. Brazil •. 473

3-D VIDEO TECHNIQUE FOR ANALYSIS OF ROWING IN A NATURALENVIRONMENTFalk Hildebrand, Volker Drenk, Matthias Kindler, Institut fur AngewandteTrainingswissenschaft, Leipzig, Germany ......All

TIME-MOTION ANALYSIS OF ICE-HOCKEY SKILLS DURING GAMESDany Lafontaine, Mario Lamontagne, Kelly Lockwood, University ofOttawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada 481

XX ISBS'98 - Proceedings

ANALYSIS OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF PRESSURE UNDER THE FEETOF ELITE ALPINE SKI INSTRUCTORSDany Lafontaine, Mario Lamontagne, Daniel Dupuis, Binta Diallo,University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada 485

METHODS FOR THE EVALUATION OF EFFECTIVENESS ANDACQUIRED LEVEL OF SHOT PUT TECHNIQUEJanis Lanka, Latvijas Sporta Pedagogijas Akademija, Riga, Latvia 489

THE TOW-SKIER-SYSTEM-ANALYSISAndrij Lavytskyj, Ihor Zanevskyy, Lvivsky Derzhavny Instytut FizychnoyiKultury, Lviv, Russia 490

THE STUDY AND MANUFACTURE OF A 10 METER LARGE-SCALESIMULATED TRAINING TREADMILLWei-ping Li, Fu-shun Cao, Zhen-yu Liu, Ja Gang, Kang Kai, ShandongResearch Center of Sports Science, Jinan, Shandong, China 491

EFFECTS OF COMMERCIALLY-AVAILABLE TENNIS SHOES ON MOTORPERFORMANCESalvador Liana, Gabriel Brizueia, Enrique Alcantara, Sara Gil, Ana Cruz

» Garcia, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Paterna, Spain '. 495

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF TENNIS AND THEIR RELATION WITHFOOTWEAR AND TENNIS COURTSSalvador Liana, Gabriel Brizueia, Enrique Alcantara, Juan V. Dura, AnaCruz Garcia, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Paterna, Spain ...498

EFFECTS OF FOOTWEAR ON LATERAL BRAKING AND TURNINGMOVEMENTS IN TENNISSalvador Liana, Gabriel Brizueia, Enrique Alcantara, Arturo Forner, AnaCruz Garcfa, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Paterna, Spain 502

STUDY OF COMFORT ASSOCIATED WITH TENNIS FOOTWEARSalvador Liana, Gabriel Brizueia, Enrique Alcantara, Antonio Martinez,Ana Cruz Garcia, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Paterna, Spain ...506

THREE-DIMENSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION OF HUMAN MOTION BASEDON IMAGES FROM A SINGLE CAMERAGabriel A. D. Lopes, Jose A. O. Costa, Jorge A. C. Ambrosio, JoaoAbrantes, Universidade Tecnica de Lisboa, Portugal 510

BASIC STEP VS. POWER STEP: PEAK VALUES OF VERTICAL GRFANALYSISMaria Lourdes Machado, Joao Abrantes, Universidade Tecnica deLisboa, Portugal... 514

ISBS'98 - Proceedings I XXI

EXPLORING HUMAN ADAPTATION USING ULTRASONICMEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES AND OPTIMIZED, DYNAMIC HUMANNECK MODELS . -Shawn McGuan, Mechanical Dynamics Inc., Irvine, USA, Arnd Friedrichs,Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat, Jena, Germany 522

INTRA-INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES OF MOVEMENT PATTERNS IN THEJAVELIN THROWHans-Joachim Menzel, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, BeloHorizonte, Brazil 525

DETERMINING THE FUNCTIONS UPON WHICH FORCE GENERATIONVELOCITY AND ITS DIMENSIONS ARE CHANGED IN LEGEXTENSORSMilenko Milosevic, Miroljub Blagojevic, Milivoj Dopsaj, Police Academy,Belgrade, Yugoslavia 529

A CASE STUDY OF APPLYING CAI TO UKEMI PRACTICE IN JUDONaotoshi Minamitani, Hokuriku University, Hiro Yamamoto, KanazawaUniversity, Komatsu. Japan 533

ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC ACTIVITY OF THE VASTUS MEDIALIS :•OBLIQUE AND VASTUS LATERALIS LONGUS MM. DURING OPENAND CLOSED KINETIC CHAIN EXERCISESVanessa Monteiro-Pedro, Fausto Berzin, Debora Bevilaqua-Grosso,Ivana A. Gil, Fabio Viadanna Serrao, Cristina M. Nunes Cabral, Rodrigo J.B. Gardelin, Mathias Vitti, Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos, andUniversidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil 536

TESTING SPORTS SHOES USING AN INDUSTRIAL ROBOTBojan Nemec, Michele Leonardi, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia....540

FORCE AND MOMENT MEASUREMENTS DURING ALPINE SKIINGDEPENDING ON HEIGHT POSITIONWolfgang Niessen; E. Muller, Hermann Schwameder, UniversitatSalzburg, Austria, M. A. Wimmer, AO Research Institute, Switzerland, B.

• Riepler, Atomic GmbH, Austria 544

INFLUENCE OF VELOCITY ON THE ANTICIPATORY POSTURALADJUSTMENTS IN AN ACROBATIC MOVEMENTPhilippe Nouillot, Universite Paris Sud, Orsay, France, Francoise Natta,Institut National du Sport et de I'Education Physique, Paris, France 548

VERTICAL SURFACE REACTION FORCES DURING LANDINGMOVEMENTS ON HARD AND ELASTIC GYMNASIUM SURFACESKlaus Peikenkamp, M. van Husen, Klaus Nicol, Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat, Munster, Germany 552

XXII ISBS'98- Proceedings I

MAXIMAL THEORETICAL STRENGTH: METHODOLOGY ANDAPPLICATIONSGiancarlo Pellis, G. Stupar, G. Primossi, A. Gombacci, Sports MedicineInstitute FMSI-CONI, Trieste, Italy 556

DETERMINATION OF INERTIA ELEMENTS FOR THE LOWER LIMBSGeorges Poumarat, R. Chandezon, Universite Blaise Pascal Clermont-Ferrand II, Aubiere, France, G. Vanneuville, S. Tervers, Universited'Auvergne, Aubiere, France 557

THE COMPLEX USE OF COMPUTER AND VIDEO FOR KINEMATICSTUDIESLeonid Rapoport, Anna Shishkina, Uralskij Gosudarstvennyj TekhnicheskijUniversitet, Ekaterinburg, Russia 558

DEVELOPMENT OF AN UNDERWATER PLATFORM FORMEASUREMENTS ON ALL COORDINATE AXES FORBIOMECHANICAL APPLICATIONSHelio Roesler, Jose Carlos Pio da Fonseca, Universidade do Estado deSanta Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil, Alberto Tamagna, UniversidadeFederal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil 559

MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEM (VARIACARDIO TF4) DESIGNED FOR THEDIAGNOSTICS OF HEART RATE VARIABILITY DURING HUMANMOVEMENTJiri Salinger, Rostislav Vychodil, Frantisek Vaverka, Miroslav Janura,Pavel Stejskal, Jaroslav Opavsky, Univerzita Palackeho v Olomouci,Olomouc, Czech Republic, Stanislav Olsak, Military Sport Club DUKLA ofthe Slovak Republic, Slovak Republic .....563

AN INTEGRATED METHOD TO OBTAIN THREE-DIMENSIONALCOORDINATES USING PANNING AND TILTING VIDEO CAMERASGerald Scheirman, John Porter, Michael Leigh, Dennis Musick, PeakPerformance Technologies, Inc., Englewood, CO, USA 567

SYSTEMATIC ER~RORS IN DETERMINING THE CENTER OF PRESSURE(COP) WITH FORCE PLATES DEPENDING ON THE LOADDISTRIBUTIONHeinz-Bodo Schmiedmayer, Technische Universitat, Wien, Austria, JosefKastner, Forschungsinstitut fur Orthopadietechnik, Wien, Austria 570

IDENTIFYING INDIVIDUAL MOVEMENT STYLES IN HIGHPERFORMANCE SPORTS BY MEANS OF SELF-ORGANIZINGKOHONEN MAPSWolfgang I. Schollhorn, Universitat Leipzig, Germany, Hans Ulrich Bauer,Max-Planck-lnstitut, Gottingen, Germany 574

ISBS'98-Proceedings I . • XXIII

MEASURING DEVICE FOR ON-LINE CALCULATING AND SCREENINGOF KNEE JOINT FORCESHermann Schwameder, Robin Roithner, Erich Muller.-Wolfgang Niessen,Christian Raschner, Universitat Salzburg, Austria 578

ANTHROPOMETRICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CHINESE ANDGERMANSGong B. Shan, Klaus Nicol, Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat, Munster,Germany. / ....582

METHOD OF IMPROVING TECHNICAL ACTION IN ARCHERYBohdan Vinogradskij, Lvivsky Derzhavny Instytut Fizychnoyi Kultury,Lviv, Ukraine ..586

ACCURACY OF DIGITIZATION USING AUTOMATED AND MANUALMETHODS .Daniel J. Wilson, Bryan K. Smith, J. Kyle Gibson, Byung K. Choe, BrendaSC. Gaba, John T. Voelz, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, USA 590

Index 595

XXIV ISBS'98 - Proceedings