Print ISSN: 0976-7606 Online ISSN: 2230-7338 …ishaindia.in/JHA/JHA2012Vol3(1).pdfPrint ISSN: 0976-7606 Online ISSN: 2230-7338 Journal of Hill Agriculture Volume 3, No. 1 Jan –

Print ISSN: 0976-7606 Online ISSN: 2230-7338

Journal of Hill Agriculture

Volume 3, No. 1 Jan – June, 2012

Sharing Knowledge for Prosperity

Indian Society of Hill Agriculture, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Distt Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand – 263 145 (INDIA) Website: www.ishaindia.in

INDIAN SOCIETY OF HILL AGRICULTURE (Regd. 2010) URL: www.ishaindia.in

JOURNAL OF HILL AGRICULTURE (Print ISSN 0976-7606, Online ISSN 2230-7338)

Journal of Hill Agriculture (JHA) is an international journal and an official publication of Indian Society of Hill Agriculture (ISHA). It publishes the original research in all branches of agriculture and allied science that is of primary interest to the agricultural development, especially in hill and mountain regions of the world. The publication is open to the members of Indian Society of Hill Agriculture but it also accepts papers from non-members if all authors become the annual/life member when a paper is submitted / accepted for publication. The journal publishes various types of articles, i.e. (i) Strategy / Policy paper (exclusively by invitation from the personalities of eminence), (ii) Review papers, (iii) Research papers and (iv) Short communications. The manuscripts may be submitted through e mail to [email protected] or by online submission through ISHA’s website www.ishaindia.in or www.indianjournals.com.

For print version of journal of hill agriculture, subscribers may write to the editor-in-chief (JHA) and the

online version may be accessed through www.indianjournals.com

Editor-in-Chief Dr SK Sharma, GBPUAT, Pantnagar, INDIA ([email protected])

Associate Editor (s)

Dr KC Sharma, CSKHPKVV, Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, INDIA Dr Birendra Prasad, GBPUAT, Pantnagar, INDIA

Associate Editor & Business Manager

Dr AK Pandey, GBPUAT, Pantnagar, INDIA ([email protected])

EDITORIAL BOARD (2012)

Dr Ajay Gupta, SKUAST, Jammu, INDIA Dr Alkesh Kandoria, PSCST, Chandigarh, INDIA Dr Amit Jasrotia, SKUAST, Jammu, INDIA Dr Anchal Dass, IARI, New Delhi, INDIA Dr Asgar Ebadollahi, Ardabil, IRAN Dr Ashok Thakur, Univ of Hort. & Fty. Solan, HP, INDIA Dr Bijayalaxmi Mohanty, National Univ of SINGAPORE Dr BM Pandey, VPKAS, Almora, Uttarakhand, INDIA Dr Davide Spadaro, Univ of Torino, ITALY Dr HSR Kotturi, Univ Central Oklahoma, USA Dr Gulzar Singh Sanghera, SKUAST(K) Anantnag, INDIA Dr Lala Iswari Prasad Ray, CAU, Meghalaya, INDIA Dr J P Sharma, SKUAST(J) Jammu, INDIA Dr M Shakila Banu, Coimbatore, INDIA Dr Pankaj Panwar, CSWCRTI, Chandigarh, INDIA Dr Rajesh Kaushal, CSWCRTI, Dehradun, INDIA Dr Prashant Bakshi, SKUAST Jammu, INDIA Dr Rakefet David-Schwartz, Volcani Center, ISRAEL Dr Rakesh Sharma, Univ of Hort. & Fty. Solan, HP, INDIA Dr Rashmi Yadav, NBPGR, New Delhi, INDIA Dr Shachi Shah, IGNOU, New Delhi, INDIA Dr Sushil K Sharma, DSR, Indore, INDIA Dr S K Maurya, GBPUAT, Pantnagar, INDIA Dr VP Zambare, SDSMT, South Dakota, USA Dr VR Karoshi, Addis Ababa, ETHIOPIA Dr Yun Kong, Beijing University of Agriculture, CHINA Dr Sucheta Singh, Haridwar, INDIA Dr Udit Kumar, RAU, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar, INDIA

Dr Tsering Stobdan, DIHAR, Leh (INDIA) Dr Sanjai Kumar Srivastava, Pantnagar, INDIA

For any queries pertaining to Indian Society of Hill Agriculture (ISHA) or Journal of Hill Agriculture (JHA) please write to Secretary / Editor-in-Chief (JHA), Indian Society of Hill Agriculture Secretriat, College of Agriculture, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand 249 199, India Phone: +91 9412962535, 9412463923 E mail: [email protected],

[email protected] URL : www.ishaindia.in

Sharing Knowledge for

Prosperity

Journal of Hill Agriculture 2012, Vol 3(1)

CONTENTS

Soil acidity tolerance in cereals – basis and approach

WRICHA TYAGI • MAYANK RAI

1-7

An overview of recent developments in poultry production in north eastern region of India

SANTOSH HAUNSHI • SV RAMARAO

8-15

Irrigation scheduling at specific growth stages of onion (Allium cepa L.) under variable fertilizer rates in different soil types in Gumselassa (Tigray), Ethiopia

NEGASH AREGAY • ATUL KUMAR

16-23

Evolving nursery production technology for summer vegetables under foggy conditions

AK JOSHI • VK CHAUHAN • PANKAJ MITTAL

24-28

Effect of processing and storage on the colour characteristics of milkcake – a traditional Indian milk product

ANIL KUMAR • GR PATIL • RRB SINGH • AA PATEL • NC SHAHI

29-36

Yield and economics of rice (Oryza sativa L.)as influenced by rainwater management treatments and crop establishment methods under high rainfall areas of Himachal Pradesh

AJAY GUPTA • VISHAL SHARMA • DINESH BADIYALA

37-41

Problems in marketing of ginger in Uttarakhand

CHANDRA DEV • VIRENDRA SINGH • BK KHANDURI

42-45

Development of integrated farming system model for marginal and small farmers of Mandi district of Himachal Pradesh – an innovative extension tool

ANIL K CHOUDHARY • SK THAKUR • DS YADAV

46-52

Correlation and path analysis studies in bacterial wild resistant F6 progenies of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

SANJAY CHADHA • AMIT BHUSHAN

53-57

Physico-chemical evaluation and acceptability of RTS beverage and concentrate prepared from apricot

REENA • YS DHALIWAL • APARNA SHARMA

58-61

Blood cellular responses in Sarcosystis tenella infected lambs treated with Toltrazuril

SANJAY CHAUDHARY • ANJALI CHAUDHARY

62-64

Prediction of runoff from Nagwa watershed using SCS – Curve Number method

SAURABH SINGH • PS KASHYAP • SK SRIVASTAVA

65-67

Guidelines for authors i

Common abbreviations used in JHA iii

Abbreviations used for citing references iii

Referees of JHA 2012 Vol 3(1) v

Copyright Transfer Statement vi

Membership of ISHA vii

INDIAN SOCIETY OF HILL AGRICULTURE (Regd. 2010) URL: www.ishaindia.in

Indian Society of Hill Agriculture (ISHA) was founded in 2010 having its secretariat at G.B. Pant University

of Agriculture and Technology, Hill Campus, Ranichauri, Distt Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India with the main objective to cultivate and promote research, education and development of agriculture and allied branches of science with special emphasis on development of hill and mountain regions of the world.

OFFICE BEARERS

Chief Patron: Vice Chancellor, GBPUAT Pantnagar President: Dr PS Bisht, Dean, Bharsar Vice President (s): Dr AK Sharma, GBPUAT, Uttarakhand

Dr SK Thakur, CSKHPKVV, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh Dr VK Rao, GBPUAT, Uttarakhand Dr PJ Handique, Guwahati, Assam Dr MS Mir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir

Secretary: Dr VK Yadav, GBPUAT, Uttarakhand Joint Secretary: Dr Sanjeev Sharma, CPRI, Shimla

Dr Sunil Kumar, GBPUAT, Uttarakhand Dr OC Sharma, CITH, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir Dr Vinod K Sharma, GBPUAT, Uttarakhand Dr Mayank Rai, CAU, Manipur

Editor-in-Chief, J Hill Ag Dr Satish K Sharma, GBPUAT, Uttarakhand Associate Editor Dr KC Sharma, CSKHPKVV, Kullu, Himachal Pradesh Associate Editor & Business Manager: Dr AK Pandey, GBPUAT, Uttarakhand Treasurer: Dr Chandra Dev, GBPUAT, Uttarakhand

INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY BOARD Members from India Dr Mangla Rai, Former, President NAAS and Former Secretary DARE, Govt. of India

Dr P L Gautam, Former, Chairperson, PPVFRA, Govt. of India Dr Anwar Alam, Former Vice Chancellor, SKUAST(K), Srinagar, J&K Dr KM Bujarbaruah, Vice Chancellor, AAU, Jorhat, Assam Dr KR Dhiman, Former Vice Chancellor, Dr YSPUHF, Solan, HP Dr Bhag Mal, Former South Asia Coordinator, Biodiversity International, New Delhi Members from Abroad Dr JDH Keatinge, Director General, AVRDC, World Vegetable Centre, Taiwan

Dr Md. Yousuf Mian, Director General, BARI, Gazipur, Bangladesh Dr C Kole, Clemson University, South Carolina, USA

Prof (Dr) FG Schroeder, Dresdan, Germany Dr G Paliyat, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada Dr Ramesh Thakur, Michigan Technical University, Houghton, USA

EXECUTIVE COUNCILLORS

Dr AK Singh, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh Dr AK Singh, GBPUAT, Uttarakhand Dr BL Attri, CITH (ICAR), Mukteshwar, Uttarakhand Dr SP Uniyal, GBPUAT, Uttarakhand Dr Vandana A Kumar, GBPUAT, Uttarakhand Dr VK Joshi, Dr YSPUHF, Solan, Himachal Pradesh Dr VK Sah, GBPUAT, Uttarakhand Dr VK Wali, SKUAST (J), Jammu and Kashmir

Sharing Knowledge for

Prosperity

Journal of Hill Agriculture 3(1): 1 - 7, January - June, 2012

Soil acidity tolerance in cereals - basis and approach

WRICHA TYAGI • MAYANK RAI Received: Jan 15, 2012; Revised: April 24, 2012; Accepted: May 15, 2012 ABSTRACT Soil acidity poses a significant challenge to plant productivity due to a complex of several micronutrient toxicities and deficiencies, Aluminium toxicity and Phosphorus deficiency being the major players. Several breeding, molecular, genomic and transgenic approaches have been employed in recent years to understand and harness the genetic mechanisms involved in soil acidity response in major cereals. An overview of the approaches is presented here to highlight the current understanding of soil acidity tolerance mechanisms in cereals. Also, certain lacunae and future direction in this challenging area of research that may lead to enhanced crop productivity under acidic soils are discussed. KEYWORDS Soil acidity, cereals, tolerance, micronutrients, phosphorus, aluminium INTRODUCTION

Nearly 74 million ha of cultivable area in India is affected from soil acidity (pH<5). The toxic effects of acid soil result from an interaction between pH and elements present in the soil. Several metals, including Aluminium (Al), Mangenese (Mn) and Iron (Fe) become soluble at and below pH 5.5, which causes stress in the plant. The problem of acidity is more pronounced in hill regions due to heavy rainfall and upland growing conditions. The three most commonly cultivated species; rice (Oryza sativa), wheat (Triticum aestivum) and maize (Zea mays) too are affected by acidity. An estimated 100 million ha of land suited to rice Tyagi Wricha • Rai Mayank

School of Crop Improvement, College of Post Graduate Studies, Central Agricultural University, Umiam, Meghalaya-793 103, India

Mayant Rai ( )

E mail: [email protected]

production in south and southeast Asia is currently unused because of the soil problems (Senadhira 1994). For maize, upto 70 % reduction in yields have been reported due to acidity (Pandey et al. 1994). On the global level, approximately 30 % of world’s soil is acidic in nature, 17 % of which is considered arable (Uexkull and Mutert 1995). Harnessing of this land is a must to meet the demand of increased cereal production in response to increase in world population (Khush 2005). In this background it is understandable to address the issue of soil acidity to increase crop productivity especially in acidic soils of north-eastern hilly regions (NEHR) of India.

Al toxicity and phosphorus (P) deficiency often co-exists in acidic soils. Al, one of the most abundant elements in the soil, is solubilized as Al3+ under highly acidic soil conditions (pH<5.0), This causes a rapid inhibition of root growth leading to a reduced and stunted root system, thus having a direct effect on the ability of a plant to acquire both water and nutrients like phosphorus (P). P, an essential macronutrient, is required for many metabolic processes in plants. Since P is rarely mobile in soils, its fixation in soils with high aluminum (Al) concentration limits access of plants to P even if it is present in the soil. P acquisition efficiency has been correlated with the amount of soil explored by the roots as indicated by root morphology and root architecture. However, extensive root system architecture has not been reported to be directly correlated with increase in phosphorus uptake and/or increase in yield. So, quest for acidity tolerance requires a more thorough knowledge of key genes involved in root development and transport of nutrients. This should provide new molecular resources for further improvements in crop acidity tolerance via both molecular-assisted plant breeding and biotechnology. General mechanisms for acidity tolerance

Genetic variation for Al tolerance in maize and rice indicates that it is a complex trait, involving multiple genes (Garvin and Carver 2003, Famoso et al. 2010). Our current

REVIEW PAPER

Journal of Hill Agriculture 3(1): 8 -15, January - June, 2012

An overview of recent developments in poultry production in north-eastern region of India

SANTOSH HAUNSHI • SV RAMARAO Received: Sept 8, 2011; Revised: April 5, 2012; Accepted May 10, 2012 ABSTRACT North-eastern region of India is a landlocked area and it is inhabited by various tribal communities who are mostly non-vegetarians and hence there is a huge demand for meat and eggs of poultry. Requirement of poultry eggs and meat of the region is mostly being met by procuring them from outside the region. About 82 % of the population resides in rural areas of the region and they are depending on the agriculture and allied sectors like backyard poultry for their livelihood. By and large, all the farmers practice age old traditional system of poultry farming with little or no inputs. In spite of several attempts, the modern industrialized (commercial) poultry farming has not taken roots in the region. However, there is an urgent need for improving the availability of egg and poultry meat in order to meet the ever increasing demand for these poultry products. In the recent fast, efforts were made to introduce the improved varieties of chicken in the region to augment the productivity of traditional system of poultry farming. The paper reviews the issues related to existing poultry faming and the way forward to improve productivity of poultry farming in the north-eastern region of the country. KEYWORDS Low input, backyard poultry, improved varieties, north-eastern region INTRODUCTION

North-eastern region of India is a landlocked region of the country which is situated between 21.5 oN-29.5 oN latitudes and 85.5 oE - 97.3 oE longitudes. The region has Haunshi Santosh • Ramarao SV Project Directorate on Poultry, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh -500 030, India Santosh Haunshi ( ) E mail: [email protected]

geographical area of 262180 km2 (8.06 % of the national geographical area) and shares international border in north with Tibet and Bhutan, east with Myanmar and south and southwest with Bangladesh and in west with Nepal. The region is climatically classified as sub-tropical humid in general and it receives highest rainfall in the world. The annual maximum temperature ranges from 10 to 20 °C during winter and 25 to 35 °C during summer season. Minimum temperature is 5 to 8 °C during winter months. The average relative humidity of the region remains in the range of 60 to 80 % for most part of the year. As per the 2011 census, the total human population of the north-eastern region is 45.59 million, which is about 3.77 % of national population of India (GOI 2011). The most important thing is that majority of people (about 82 % of the total population) resides in rural areas of the region and they are dependent mostly on agriculture and allied sectors like backyard poultry farming for their livelihood and nutritional needs. Current scenario of poultry production in north-eastern region

Intensive system of poultry production was initiated in the region but this system of farming could not be sustained due to obvious reasons of scarcity of quality feed ingredients and their prohibitive cost and non-availability of other inputs required for the modern poultry farming. Besides, there is considerably a less demand for commercial broiler chicken and eggs of White Leghorn breed which are widely used in the intensive system of poultry farming. Further, prevailing agro-climatic conditions such as high rainfall and high humidity of the region makes intensive system of poultry rearing uneconomical due to higher incidence of litter borne diseases such as Coccidiosis, Ecoi, Salmonella, etc during rainy season. Therefore, backyard farming is the preferred approach to enhance of poultry production in north-eastern region. National per capita availability of eggs per year is 46 and poultry meat is 1600 g

REVIEW PAPER

Journal of Hill Agriculture 3(1): 16 - 23, January – June, 2012


NEGASH AREGAY • ATUL KUMAR Received: January 09, 2012; Revised: May 21, 2012; Accepted: June 10, 2012 ABSTRACT Irrigated agriculture demands high consumption of water. However, the amount of water required and fertilizer utilization varies with specific crop and its specific developmental stages. In 2009-10 an experiment was conducted in Adigudem, Northern Ethiopia to determine the effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) on yield and yield components of onion with specific developmental stages of irrigation water in different soil types. Factorial combination of Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications was used. Treatments consisted of four nitrogen levels (0, 46, 92, and 138) kgha-1 and four levels of phosphorus (0, 46, 92 and 138 kg ha-1 P2O5) in two different dominant soil types of the area. The gross experimental plot size was 1.5 x 1.6 (2.4 m2), 1.5 m between replication and 0.50m between plots within a block. The spacing used was 30 × 10 cm. Total bulb yield (t ha-1), plant height (cm) significantly (p = 0.0001) increased with increasing N rates. However, unmarketable bulb yield (t ha-1) was significantly (p = 0.01) decreased as N fertilizer increased. The rate of 138 kgha-1 N increased yield and water use efficiency compared to the control. Total bulb yield and marketable bulb yield (t ha-1), harvest index, crop water use efficiency, plant P concentration significantly increased with Aregay Negash • Kumar Atul 1Department of Dryland Crops and Horticultural Sciences, College of Dryland Agriculture and Natural Resource Management, Mekelle University, Tigray, Ethiopia 2Department of Basic Sciences, College of Forestry and Hill Agriculture, Hill Campus, Ranichauri, Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand - 249 199, India Atul Kumar ( ) E mail: [email protected]

P fertilization. However, application of P did not show significant difference (p = 0.08) in unmarketable bulb yield. KEYWORDS Onion, irrigation schedule, water use efficiency, fertilizer use efficiency INTRODUCTION

Onion (Allium cepa L.), a member of Alliaceae family, is an important shallow-rooted horticultural crop. Though there has been considerable expansion in the area of onion production, but its productivity in Ethiopia is very low as compared to other parts of Africa. The low yield has been attributed to low fertility of soil, inappropriate fertilizer rate, and poor management practices (Dessalegne and Aklilu 2003). Onion is a heavy feeder and requires more fertilizer than majority of other vegetable crops (Currah and Proctor 1990). It responds well to additional N fertilizer (Brown 2000, Currah and Proctor 1990, Dessalegne and Herath 1992). However, P fertilizer does not show clear response to yield and yield components of onion (Dessaglegne and Herath 1992, Zink 1966). High mobility of N and greater incidence of P fixation in northern Ethiopian soils, make N and P priority nutrients in soil fertility management practices (Dessalegne and Herath 1992, MoARD 2006, Tsidale, et al. 1995). Irrigation and fertilizer are major inputs in the production of most crops, however, when used excessively, they are likely to reduce yields, affect post harvest quality and also constitute a threat to the environment due to surface and ground water pollution. Though, onion requires high amount of water for good yield, some phonological stages are less sensitive to water stress (FAO 1979). Hence, it is important to consider the agronomic and physiological aspects of the crop.

The main objective of this study was to determine appropriate use of fertilizer and irrigation water in different

RESEARCH PAPER

Journal of Hill Agriculture 3(1): 24 - 28, January - June, 2012


A K JOSHI • V K CHAUHAN • PANKAJ MITTAL Received: December 12, 2011; Revised: March 30, 2012; Accepted: May 15, 2012 ABSTRACT To grow summer vegetables successfully, the vigorous and healthy nursery is required to be raised under severe winter months. The plains experience fog in December and January, which induces chilling injury to tender plants in nursery. Hence, different techniques were tried to grow the nursery under foggy conditions. The experiment was replicated thrice over years to get the reproducible results. The longest germination duration has been observed in capsicum hence chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) cv. DKC-8 was taken as testing seed. The experiments were conducted on 29th December every year, keeping in view the over casting of fog. The field germination of seed was uniform around 85.00 ± 1.0 %. But significant differences were found in days to emergence. Sunken bed (3m x 1 m x 0.45 m deep) covered with white/transparent polythene took 11 days to emergence in non foggy year of 2008-09, while in foggy years of 2009-10 and 2010-11, the seed emerged in 20 days. The emergence in sunken bed could be advanced by 36.33 days as compared to control (53.33 days) i.e. raised bed covered with grass. Lanky and etiolated seedlings were produced under black polythene thatched over sunken or raised beds. The seedling emergence process was also enhanced under white poly tunnels (23.33 days) and naturally ventilated poly house (27 days). The seedling attained four leaf stage in 36.33 days under sunken beds covered with white polythene by producing vigorous seedlings (SV-1, valued at 755.83). Damping off disease was observed in control only. Joshi AK • Chauhan VK • Mittal Pankaj

Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Horticultural Regional Research Station, Dhaulakuan, Sirmour, Himachal Pradesh – 173 001, India.

AK Joshi ( ) E mail: [email protected]

KEYWORDS Sunken nursery, raised nursery, naturally ventilated poly house, germination, SV-I, Capsicum annuum INTRODUCTION Area and production of vegetables along with melons have increased manifold (112.45 %, and 418.24 %, respectively) in India over the years 1961 to 2007 (Bisht 2010). The expansion in area under vegetables is still continued at geometrical progression rate due to the alluring remuneration offered by the off season cultivation of vegetables. Farmers are swapping cereal or minor crops with vegetables and concentrating on the production of those vegetables, which have perpetual demand throughout the year. Of late, it has been witnessed that most of the vegetables are grown out of their normal season with the advent of widely adaptive hybrid varieties and protected cultivation technology. With all kind of advanced technology available, the global warming, is posing new threats to the researchers. Growing vegetables, under the fluctuating temperatures, erratic precipitation, shortened seasons, are the paramount challenges to combat with. The cultivation period of summer vegetables is required to be advanced towards the spring for curtailing the harsh and un-predictable summers. Hence, the need was felt to grow the nursery of tomato, chilli, bell-pepper, brinjal and even cucurbits in the severe winters. Through the technology of poly tunnels and naturally ventilated poly house is available for inducing normal germination and growth in seedlings, yet the transplant of poly-cultured nursery in the open fields have had failed alarmingly. Such challenges requisitioned the advent of new viable technology which could produce healthy and vigorous nursery under harsh winters like foggy conditions experienced in the plains and foot hills of the Himalayas. The outcomes of the past research is encouraging and have pointed out the adoption of poly house, green

RESEARCH PAPER


Effect of processing and storage on the colour characteristics of milkcake - a traditional Indian milk product

ANIL KUMAR • GR PATIL • RRB SINGH • AA PATEL • NC SHAHI Received: December 10, 2011; Revised: April 02, 2012; Accepted: April 15, 2012 ABSTRACT Effect of processing and storage on the colour indices of milkcake viz. lightness (L*), redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) was investigated during the study. Two levels each of thermization temperature (70 and 80°C/60 min.) and corn syrup level (0 and 4 %) during processing and effect of storage at 25°C for change in colour of milkcake was studied at an interval of one month. During experiments the browning effect of both the variables (i.e. thermization temperature and corn syrup level) was found significant (p<0.05) on colour indices of milkcake as indicated by decrease in L* values, hue angle (H*) and C* values and increase in red hue (a*) values. Browning also increased significantly (p<0.05) with storage period as indicated by decrease in L*, b* and C* values. Extent of browning was found more in samples thermized at 80°C than at 70°C. Instrumental readings were found in agreement with the analyzed HMF values for milkcake. The study revealed that CIE Lab parameters could be used as an effective objective colour measurement method to monitor colour characteristics of milkcake, in particular and other similar heat desiccated milk products, in general. Kumar Anil1

•Patil GR2•Singh RRB2•Patel AA2•Shahi NC3 1Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, GB Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand – 263 145, India 2Dairy Technology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana – 132 001, India 3Department of Post Harvest Process and Food Engineering, College of Technology GB Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand – 263 145, India

Anil Kumar ( ) E mail: [email protected]

KEYWORDS Traditional dairy product, milkcake, browning, colour characteristics, thermization INTRODUCTION

The consumption of sweets is an integral part of Indian dietary system. Traditional dairy products have great commercial significance as they account for over 90 % of all dairy products consumed in the country (Aneja et al. 2002). About 50–55 % of milk produced is converted into a variety of Indian milk products by the traditional sector (by halwais or sweetmeat makers) using processes such as heat desiccation, heat acid coagulation and fermentation, out of which about, 5.5 % of total milk production is utilized for khoa making in India (Bandyopadhyay et al. 2006). Preparation of khoa and khoa based sweets viz. burfi, kalakand and milkcake essentially involves heat coagulation of milk brought about by boiling and concentration under atmospheric conditions (De 1980). However, processing of milk and milk products at high temperatures for prolonged periods of time or storage of the products under adverse conditions may impart more browning (tan colour). But colour is an important characteristic of food quality and influences consumer acceptability of most processed foods including dairy products. A combination and interaction of Maillard reaction and caramelization, which occur during heating, can contribute to the quality of milk products in some dairy products in general and milkcake in particular. So extent of browning of any dairy product will depend on the inherent desired characteristics of the product in particular instead of comparing basis with other products of dairy origin. Hence, in case of milkcake it is desirable to have controlled browning to get a product with typical desirable characteristics like brown colour and caramelized flavour. The rate of heating as well as scraping and pattern of foaming during boiling become important to the colour

RESEARCH PAPER

Journal of Hill Agriculture 3(1): 37-41, January – June, 2012

Yield and economics of rice (Oryza sativa L.) as influenced by rainwater management treatments and crop establishment methods under high rainfall areas of Himachal Pradesh

AJAY GUPTA • VISHAL SHARMA • DINESH BADIYALA Received: January 16, 2012; Revised: March 25, 2012; Accepted: April 15, 2012 ABSTRACT Many researchers in the recent past have advocated direct seeding as an alternative to transplanting method considering the rising cost of production and non availability of labour at critical time for transplanting Direct seeded rice, however, suffers from heavy weed infestation and leads to quite lower yields. The method though is reported to reduce the cost of cultivation and labour utilization, but whether it is economically viable considering the yield and value cost ratio, still needs to be investigated under high rainfall areas of North Western Himalayas. A field experiment was therefore, conducted during the rainy seasons of I Year and II Year at the Experimental Farm of Department of Soil Science, Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur to study the effect of rainwater management and crop establishment methods on yield and economics of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Continuous submergence (R4) proved the best in influencing the grain yield (26.6 and 35.0 q/ha) and was followed by plots with 25 cm bund height (R2) receiving diverted runoff from adjoining maize plots during both the years Gross returns (

Gupta Ajay1 • Sharma Vishal1 • Badiyala Dinesh2

1Department of Agronomy, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agriculture and Technology, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir – 180 009, India 2Department of Agronomy, Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh – 176 062, India

Ajay Gupta ( ) E mail: [email protected]

(1.94 and 3.04) were found significantly the highest in continuous submergence (R4) treatment. Transplanting method of rice establishment gave the highest mean grain yield (25.9 and 31.5 q/ha); the increase being 4.7 and 9.9 q/ha over sprouted and dry seeding methods during I Year and 5.4 and 12.5 q/ha during II Year. Transplanted rice also recorded

and 18816) as well as value cost ratio during both the years. KEYWORDS Rain water management, rice, economics, yield, crop establishment methods INTRODUCTION

In South Asia, rice production involves two principal methods of establishment: direct seeding and transplanting. Direct seeding involves dry and wet seeding. In rainfed conditions where assured irrigation is not available and situation is conducive for water accumulation the rice seeds are sown directly in dry soil. Emergence takes place with available moisture on rain following the seeding. In second method where irrigation or rain water can be accumulated, the fields are puddled and sprouted seeds are broadcasted. The suspended soil particles provide cover on the seeds. Transplanting is adopted in areas of assured water supply and involves replanting of rice seedlings raised in nurseries to puddled soils. Direct dry seeding is done in low rainfall areas of zone I of Himachal Pradesh with limited water supply. The three methods of rice cultivation show considerable difference in cost of cultivation and labour utilization. As a result, it is obvious to have different profitability from different cultures. Various studies confirm less labour requirement in direct seeded rice than transplanted

RESEARCH PAPER



CHANDRA DEV • VIRENDRA SINGH • B K KHANDURI Received: November 16, 2011, Revised: March 12, 2012, Accepted: April 15, 2012 ABSTRACT Ginger is an important cash crop and plays a vital role in the rural economy of Uttarakhand state. The study was based on the data collected by survey method from randomly selected 60 ginger growers of 5 villages in Narendra Nagar block of district Tehri Garhwal. From each village, 12 ginger growers were selected randomly. In Dehradun market (mandi), 10 traders were interviewed personally for the collection of information on the marketing of ginger. The higher marketing cost was due to commission of middlemen in the market, which accounted for 45.45 %. The producer’s share in consumer’s price was estimated to be 65.39 %. This was mainly due to higher transportation cost and higher middlemen margins. Traders were found to be indulged in exploitation of farmers through various underhand dealing, tactics and malpractices, which resulted in high marketing cost and reduced producer’s share in the consumer’s rupee.

KEYWORDS Ginger, marketing cost, marketing margins, price spread INTRODUCTION

The production of spices and condiments are highly remunerative in our country because of ideal agro-climatic conditions. Ginger is one of the important spices popularly used in Indian diet. This commodity also has a medicinal value. Ginger, therefore, has a continuous demand in the market either as fresh or in dried form. Dev Chandra1•Singh Virendra • Khanduri BK2 1Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Agriculture, 2Department of Social Science, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, GB Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand 263 145, India

Chandra Dev ( ) E mail: [email protected]

The important ginger producing countries are India, Sierra Leone, Nigeria, China, Nepal, Pakistan, Japan, Australia, Malaysia and Indonesia (Kizhakkayil and Sasikumar 2011). India and China are the two major suppliers of ginger in the world market. India is the largest ginger producing country, which produces about 50 % of the world’s total ginger and is the largest exporter. It is an important cash crop of India. The rhizomes yield 1–3 % of a pale-yellow essential oil, which lacks the pungent principle (Babu and Ravindran 2004). It finds limited use as a flavoring essence in perfumery. It is obtained by solvent extraction from ground ginger in which the full pungency of the spice is preserved, it is used for flavoring purpose particularly for soft drinks and in medicines. Ginger is used in medicines as a carminative and aromatic stimulant to the gastro-intestinal tract and externally as a rubefacient and counter–irritant. It has a reputation as an aphrodisiac.

Ginger is an important cash crop of great potential in the country as it helps in earning valuable foreign exchange every year and accounts for more than 60 % of the world production. India is the largest grower of ginger and also the largest producer of dry ginger in the world. At present, ginger is cultivated over a greater part of tropical and sub-temperate zones. It requires a warm and humid climate for commercial production. It is grown successfully at an altitude to 1500 m amsl in different regions of India with an annual rainfall of 1500-3000 mm. In India, ginger is grown in almost all the states. The main producing states in India are Assam, Kerala, Gujarat, Mizoram, Sikkim, Orissa, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya and Uttarakhand. Total area under ginger production in India is 105.5 thousand ha and the production is 517.8 thousand tonnes. The highest area under ginger cultivation is in Assam (18.1 thousand ha), where production in quite high (123.9 thousand tonnes), followed by Kerala. Uttarakhand is the important ginger producing state. During the year 2008-09 the crop was grown on an area of 2600 ha, which produced 31288 mt ginger with a

RESEARCH PAPER

Journal of Hill Agriculture 3(1): 46 -52, January – June, 2012

Development of integrated farming system model for marginal and small farmers of Mandi district of Himachal Pradesh - an innovative extension tool

ANIL K CHOUDHARY • SK THAKUR • DS YADAV Received: October 28, 2011, Revised: March 16, 2012, Accepted: April 15, 2012 ABSTRACT This paper deals with the discussion that how the integrated farming system (IFS) model has been developed simulating the entire farm based situations faced by the small and marginal farmers of Mandi district of Himachal Pradesh with desired technological modifications needed to boost the farmers’ productivity and profitability on sustainable basis. Integration of different field crops, vegetables and practically feasible farm enterprises, we can earn net profitability of 409721 with annual cost of cultivation 100847 with overall holistic B:C ratio of 4.92 under established IFS units. These results reveal that induction of IFS principles and technological interventions on the basis of land use planning, the small and marginal farmers can fetch better gains and livelihood through diversification of their small and marginal farms.IFS model can act as an innovative extension tool to transform less remunerative hill production systems into highly remunerative systems using available farm resources to generate better farm gains, livelihood and employment on sustainable basis.

KEYWORDS Integrated farming system model, hill farming, land use planning, productivity, profitability Choudhary Anil K • Thakur SK • Yadav DS

CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Krishi Vigyan Kendra Sundernagar, Distt. Mandi, Himachal Pradesh - 175 019, India

SK Thakur ( ) E mail: [email protected]

INTRODUCTION Mandi district of Himachal Pradesh lies in the lap

of north-western Himalayas between 31o13´20´´ to 32o04´30´´ North latitude and 76o37´20´´ to 77o23´15´´ East longitude (Anon 2006), and endowed with a wide variety of agro-climatic conditions and soil types that enable the cultivation of various field crops, vegetables and fruits crops. Total geographical area in Mandi district is 3,97,000 ha and arable land area is 95,500 ha, out of which only 16.27 % area is irrigated (Choudhary et al. 2011). Of the total geographical area, 43.8 % is covered under forests, 24.2 % under permanent pasture and 18.6 % is cultivable (Anon 2006). Majority of farmers in this remote hill district have marginal and small land holdings averaging 0.40 ha (DOA 2009, Anon 2011), coupled with poor socio-economic status and practicing poor crop management (DOA 2009). In Mandi district, maize, rice and wheat are the main field crops while vegetable production is also gaining ground on large scale in Mandi district especially in Balh valley and wet temperate high hill region as off-season vegetables. Potato, peas, tomato and crucifer vegetables are the major vegetable crops of Mandi district. Crop husbandry, horticulture and livestock rearing are integral part of hill farming in the district (DOA 2009). Thus, integrated farming is done on small and marginal farms by the resource poor farmers of the district but not so remunerative to earn their livelihood.

Crop management in the district is not in scientific manner resulting in poor crop productivity and profitability (Anon 2009). The natural resources are fatigued due to population pressure and poor land use planning. There is a large scope for crop diversification through fruits, vegetables and other farm enterprises in the district. Since, Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) is a district level centre aiming to

RESEARCH PAPER

Journal of Hill Agriculture 3(1): 53 -57, January – June, 2012

Correlation and path analysis studies in bacterial wilt resistant F6 progenies of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

SANJAY CHADHA • AMIT BHUSHAN Received: Jan 8, 2012; Revised: May 25, 2012; Accepted: June 10, 2012 ABSTRACT Studies on correlation and path coefficient were conducted in field evaluation trial of 12 bacterial wilt resistant F6 progenies of tomato along with three resistant checks viz., Palam Pink, Palam Pride and SUN 7711, planted in randomized block design with three replications during summer-rainy season of 2008. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the progenies for all the traits studied viz., days to 50 % flowering, days to first harvest, plant height, total fruits/plant, marketable fruits/plant, average fruit weight, gross yield/plant and marketable yield/plant. Significant positive correlation of marketable fruit yield/plant was found with total fruits/plant (0.781 and 0.779), marketable fruits/plant(0.882 and 0.883), gross yield/plant(0.932 and 0.979) and plant height(0.712 and 0.724) and significant negative association with average fruit weight(-0.540 and -0.552) at both phenotypic and genotypic levels. Path coefficient analysis revealed that marketable fruits per plant had the maximum positive direct contribution towards marketable yield per plant followed by gross yield per plant while the maximum negative direct contribution was of total fruits per plant.

KEYWORDS Tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum, correlation, path coefficient, F6 progenies INTRODUCTION Tomato is one of the most popular and widely grown vegetable crops of commerce in the world, ranking second in Chadha Sanjay• Bhushan Amit

Department of Vegetable Science and Floriculture, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh -176 062, India.

Sanjay Chadha ( ) E mail: [email protected]

importance to potato but tops the list of processed vegetables (Choudhary 1996). Of late, area under tomato cultivation has been extensively increased (nearly 300 %) from 2366 ha in 1990-91 to 9386 ha in 2007-08 in Himachal Pradesh. The summer-rainy season crop grown in lower and mid-hill pockets of the north-western hills fetches high prices being off-season crop of the plains. Bacterial wilt is one of the most important constraints in humid tropical and sub-tropical areas causing huge losses. Hence, identification and development of new improved disease resistant cultivars is very important to further boost up the production and productivity of the crop in wilt prone areas of Himachal Pradesh. In order to select superior genotypes, the knowledge regarding the nature of association of the characters in question with other relevant trait is important. Path analysis provides an effective means of finding out direct and indirect causes of association and permits a critical examination of given correlation and measures the relative importance of each factors. Information in literature on these aspects in tomato involving bacterial wilt resistant varieties/lines is limited. Hence, the present study was undertaken on 12 bacterial wilt resistant F6 progenies of tomato along with three resistant checks to measure the degree of association of characters under study and path coefficient for marketable fruit yield and component traits. MATERIAL AND METHODS The material comprised 12 bacterial wilt resistant F6 progenies of tomato viz., (BRH-2 × SUN 7611)-1-1-2-1, (BRH-2 × SUN 7611)-1-1-2-2, (BRH-2 × SUN 7611)-1-3-2-1, (BRH-2 × SUN 7611)-1-3-B-1, (SUN 7721 × Hawaii 7998)-3-2-1-2, (SUN 7721 × Hawaii 7998)-3-B-1-3, (Hawaii 7998× SUN 7611)-2-2-1-2, (Hawaii 7998× SUN 7611)-5-2-1-1, (BT 18 × SUN 7611)-5-1-B-1, (BT 18 × SUN 7611)-6-2-1-2, (BT 18 × SUN 7611)-6-3-1-B and (BT 18 × SUN

RESEARCH PAPER



REENA • YS DHALIWAL • APARANA SHARMA Received: Dec 22, 2011; Revised: March 30, 2012; Accepted: April 15, 2012 ABSTRACT The evaluation of ready- to- serve (RTS) beverage and concentrate prepared from apricot, revealed that with the increase in acidity level, the reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar, total sugar and pH decreased in the RTS prepared from apricot pulp whereas, with the increase in TSS level of concentrate, there was significant increase in the reducing, non-reducing and total sugar as well as anthocaynin content. The overall acceptability of the concentrate prepared from apricot was higher when fortified with ascorbic acid. KEYWORDS Apricot, RTS, concentrate, TSS, acidity INTRODUCTION

Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) is a stone fruit grown in the temperate regions of the world. It holds its origin in China and is grown best in the areas of altitude ranging between 900-1200 m above sea level. Turkey, Italy, Greece, Spain, USA and France are major producers of apricot (Gorpade et.al. 1995). The production of apricot in the world is 3758.9 thousand tonnes whereas India produces 10,000 meteric tonnes of apricots (FAO 2011). In India, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttranchal are major apricot producers. Himachal Pradesh produces 1947 metric tonnes of apricot fruits annually from an area of 3588 Reena1 • Dhaliwal YS2 • Sharma Aparana2

1Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Berthin, Distt Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh – 174 029, India 2Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Home Science, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh – 174 029, India Reena ( ) E mail: [email protected]

hectare (Anon 2010). Solan and Sirmour districts are major apricot producing areas of Himachal Pradesh (Singh et.al. 1990).

Apricot fruits are highly perishable and have a shelf life of about 3-4 days at ambient temperature and 2-4 weeks at 0oC and 90-95 % relative humidity (Sharma et al. 1992). Approximately ninteen % of total apricots produced are dried (Sharma et al. 1993). Some are utilized in the preparation of value added products including RTS beverage, concentrate, canned apricots, jam, chutney, sauce and others. Apricot being the major stone fruit produced in Himachal Pradesh, the present study was conducted to utilize these in the preparation of RTS beverage and concentrate. The beverages were evaluated for their physico-chemical characteristics and sensory attributes. MATERIALS AND METHODS

The present investigation was carried out in the Department of Food Science and Nutration, College of Home Science, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur. The fresh fruits of apricot were procured from Bogtu Farm of Department of Horticulture, Kinnaur and Department of Horticulture Farm of CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, respectively for chemical evaluation and acceptivility of RTS beverage and concentrate. Other raw materials such as sugar, preservatives as well as containers were procured from the local market.

Preparation of RTS RTS beverage was prepared using apricot pulp. Two variations viz TSS and acidity were undertaken. The TSS of RTS beverages were adjusted at 10.0, 12.5, 15.0 and 17.5 °Brix, whereas, the acidity (% as citric acid) of each lot varied from 0.30, 0.35 and 0.40 in each RTS beverage. The filtered RTS beverages were bottled and kept after pasteurization for further use and analysis.

RESEARCH PAPER



SANJAY CHAUDHARY • ANJALI CHAUDHARY Received: October 15, 2011; Revised: February 6, 2012; Accepted: April 15, 2012 ABSTRACT Sheep husbandry contributes immensely to Indian agricultural economy in the form of wool, mutton, leather, milk and casing production. Sarcosystis has recently been recognized as most prevalent and highly pathogenic protozoan infection in sheep in India with a high prevalence rate of up to 80 % . Out of four species of sarcosystis, Sarcosystis tenella is found to be the most pathogenic species which may cause major health problem. There is no other information on sarcocystosis of lambs from India. Thus, in the present investigation an attempt has been made to study the clinicopathological and haematological alterations in sarcosystis infected lambs. The present study also showed partial efficacy of anti-coccidial drug Toltazuril in sarcosytosis.

KEYWORDS Sarcosystis, protozoan, clinicopathological, haematological, Toltazuril

Sheep husbandry is immensely important to Indian agricultural economy with its contribution of approximately Rs. 80 million annually to the national income. The main hurdle in raising healthy sheep is susceptibility of this species to many infections and contagious diseases particularly those of parasitic origin due to their grazing habit and under poor management practices. Sarcosystis tenella is a dog sheep Chaudhary Sanjay • Chaudhary Anjali College of Forestry and Hill Agriculture, GB Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Hill Campus, Ranichauri, Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand – 249 199, India Sanjay Chaudhary ( ) E mail: [email protected]

protozoan parasite, causing a wild spread enzootic muscle parasitosis and neurological disease mainly in lambs (Rodrige et al. 2009). This parasite is pathogenic to sheep and thus important to the economical production of sheep. Out of 4 species of sarcosystis viz. Sarcosystis tenella is found to be most pathogenic species which may cause major health problem (Dubey et al. 1989, Banerjee 1998 and Adriana et al. 2008). The information about the occurrence of sarcosystosis in lambs from India is less. Thus, in the present study an attempt has been made to study the clinicopathological and haematological alterations in sarcosystosis infected lambs. The efficacy of anti-coccidial drug toltazuril was also assessed in sarcosystosis. Fifty samples of diaphragm and esophagus were collected from sheep slaughtered at Delhi and Deharadun abattoirs. The differentiation of Sarcosystis tenella sarcosyst from its other species was done by the method of Dubey et al. (1989) at Parasitology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Sciences, Pantnagar. The microsarcosysts were measure up to

1000 µm in length with 1-were separated from tissue debris and whole intact mature sarcocysts were collected for experimental infection in one to 2 months of age healthy pups. The pups were maintained on boiled milk and bread and routinely screened for any parasitic infection of the digestive tract. Each pup was fed orally with approximately 1000 sarcosystis tenella sarcosysts obtained after digestion of muscles of the infected sheep. The pups started shedding sporocysts/oocysts at 8-9 days post infection (DPI). The pups were enthused after 3 days of first appearance of sporocysts/oocyst in their faeces for collection of maximum number of oocysts/sporocysts as per the method described by Banerjee (1998). Twelve healthy lambs (4-6 months of age) treated with closantel (to avoid any helminthic infection in the digestive tract) were taken and randomly divided into 4 group viz A, B, C and D each with three lambs.

SHORT COMMUNICATION


Prediction of runoff from Nagwa watershed using SCS-Curve Number method

SAURABH SINGH • PS KASHYAP • SK SRIVASTAVA Received: December 10, 2011, Revised: Feb 25, 2012, Accepted: April 24, 2012 ABSTRACT A rainfall-runoff model is a mathematical model describing the rainfall-runoff relations of a catchment area, drainage basin or watershed. The soil conservation service curve number method is used for predicting the runoff by using the soil information, rainfall, storm duration, soil texture, type and amount of the vegetation cover and conservation practices. The CN method is one of the most widely used techniques in watershed hydrology. This method has been further simplified by introducing an assumption on initial abstraction which is represented by the potential retention capacity (S) of the watershed. The extensive use of the method is based on convenience and simplicity. For the prediction of runoff soil conservation service curve number method (SCS-CN) is applied to a large set of rainfall-runoff data (24 storm events) obtained from Nagwa watershed. The predicted runoff was compared with the measured runoff and exhibited strong linear relationship R2 = 0.899. KEYWORDS Curve number, Rainfall, Runoff, Watershed. SCS-CN

In catchments with agricultural lands, American Soil Conservation Service (SCS) Runoff Curve Number Method is widely used for planning the structures aimed at water storage and erosion and flood control. United States

Singh Saurabh1•Kashyap PS1•Srivastava SK2 1Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, College of Technology, GB Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand - 263 145, India 2Vaugh School of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, SHIATS, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh - 211 002, India

Saurabh Singh ( ) E mail: [email protected]

Department of Agriculture (USDA), Soil Conservation Service, developed a method to calculate runoff from small agricultural catchments with different soil groups, vegetation covers and land uses by examining measured precipitation and runoff amounts, and named it as “Soil Conservation Service Curve Number Method”. The Soil Conservation Service Curve number (SCS-CN method) is also known as hydrologic soil group method, which is a versatile and popular approach for quick runoff estimation and is relatively easy to use with minimum data and it gives adequate results (Chatterjee et al. 2001, Ashish et al. 2003, Gupta and Panigrahy 2008). Generally the model is well suited for small watersheds of less than 250 km2 and it requires details of soil characteristics, land use and vegetation condition (Mishra et al. 2004). Hydrologic soil group number, land use type, vegetation cover, soil conservation measure, antecedent soil moisture conditions are the basic catchments characteristics used for curve number calculation. The Curve Number (CN) method for estimation of storm runoff volume was developed in the 1950’s by the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) (formerly known as Soil Conservation Service Curve Number or SCS-CN method), and has been commonly used (Woodward et al., 2006; Walker et al., 2000; Soulis et al.,2009). A rainfall-runoff model is a mathematical model describing the rainfall-runoff relations of a catchment area, drainage basin or watershed.

More precisely, it produces the surface runoff hydrograph as a response to a rainfall hydrograph as input. In other words, the model calculates the conversion of rainfall into runoff. A rainfall-runoff model can be really helpful in the case of calculating discharge from a basin. The transformation of rainfall into runoff over a catchment is known to be very complex hydrological phenomenon, as this process is highly nonlinear, time-varying and spatially distributed.

RESEARCH PAPER

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GUIDELINES FOR AUTHORS

Journal of Hill Agriculture (JHA) is an international journal and an official publication of Indian Society of Hill Agriculture (ISHA). It publishes the original research in all branches of agriculture and allied science (as mentioned below) that is of primary interest to the agricultural development, especially in hill and mountain regions of the world. The publication is open to the members of Indian Society of Hill Agriculture but it also accepts papers from non-members if all authors become the annual/life member when a paper is submitted / accepted for publication. The journal publishes four types of articles, i.e. (i) Strategy / Policy paper (exclusively by invitation from the personalities of eminence), (ii) Review papers (full and short), (iii) Research papers and (iv) Short communications. The manuscripts should be submitted to the Editor-in-Chief (JHA) by e-mail as attached file saved in MS Word to [email protected] or by online submission on our website www.ishaindia.in or through indianjournals.com. The status of manuscripts can also be checked online. Each manuscript must be typed doubled spaced on one side of an A4 size page. Clearness, brevity and conciseness are essential in form, style, punctuation, spelling and use of English language. Manuscripts should conform to the SI system for numerical data and data should be subjected to appropriate statistical analysis. On receipt of an article at the Editorial Office, an acknowledgement giving the manuscript number is sent to the corresponding author. This number should be quoted while making any future enquiry about its status. MAJOR FIELDS/SUBJECTS COVERED UNDER JHA a) Plant Improvement with reference to genetics, plant breeding, production, cytogenetics, physiology, biotechnology and

biochemistry of various crops including fruits, vegetables, flowers, medicinal plants and forest plants. b) Plant Protection including entomology, plant pathology, nematology, microbiology and agro-chemicals c) Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences including Natural Resource Management, Soil Sciences, Water Management,

Environmental Sciences, Agronomy, Seed Science, Meteorology and Agroforestry. d) Animal Sciences including Veterinary Science and Fishery e) Agricultural Engineering including Farm machinery, Soil & Water Conservation Engineering, Energy Management,

Postharvest Technology, Food Technology and Dairy Processing f) Social Sciences including Statistics, Economics, Extension, Home Sciences, Nutrition, Research Management

TYPES OF ARTICLES PUBLISHED IN JHA a. Strategy paper. These papers are invited exclusively by invitation from the personalities of eminence to give their opinion on the trends of agricultural development and future of various sectors of agriculture and allied disciplines and related development issues all over the world especially in hill and mountain regions. b. Review paper It should be comprehensive, critical and updated on a recent topic of importance. The maximum page limit is of 14 double spaced typed pages including Tables and Figures. It should cite latest references and identify some gaps for future. It should have a specific Title followed by the Name(s) of the author(s), Affiliation, Abstract, Key words, main text with subheadings, Acknowledgements (wherever applicable) and References. c. Research paper. The paper should describe a new and confirmed findings. Should not generally exceed 12 typed pages including Tables/Figures etc. A paper has the following features. Please consult previous issues of JHA for your reference and help.

Title followed by author (s) and affiliation: address of the institution (s) where the research was undertaken and e mail address of corresponding author.

Abstract: Entire work along with the highlights of the findings must be given concisely in 200 to 300 words. Key words: About 5- 6 keywords to be indicated. Introduction: This must highlight importance of the problem and its relevance to hill agriculture including pervious work

done and gaps thereof. Materials and Methods: Describe the materials used in the experiments, year of experimentation, site etc. Describe the

methods employed for collection and analysis of data in short. Results and Discussion: This segment should focus on the fulfillment of stated objectives as given in the introduction and

contain findings presented in Tables, Figures and photographs. Data should be statistically analyzed following suitable experimental design. Same data should not be presented in the table and figure form. Avoid use of numerical values in findings, rather mention the trends and discuss with the available literatures. At the end give short conclusion.

Acknowledgements: (wherever applicable). References: Reference to literature should be arranged alphabetically as per author's names, should be placed at the end of

the article. Each reference should contain the names of the author with initials, the year of the publication, title of the article, the abbreviated title of the publication according to the World List of Scientific Periodicals, volume and page(s). In the text, the reference should be indicated by authors’ name and year of publication in brackets. eg. (Smith 1979, Sharma and Nautiyal 2009, Raghav et al. 2010). If there are more than two or more references mentioned together in one bracket they should be written in chronological order.

d. Short communication: The text including Table(s) and Figure(s) should not exceed 5 pages. It should have a short title, followed by name of author(s) and affiliation and References. There should be no subheadings, i.e. Introduction, Materials and Methods etc. The manuscript should be in paragraphs mentioning the brief introduction of the of the topic and relevance of the work, followed by

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a short description of the materials and the methods employed, results and discussion based on the data presented in 1 or 2 table(s)/figure(s) and a short conclusion at the end. References should be maximum seven at the end. STANDARD REFERENCE WRITING PATTERN FOR JHA Research and Review Papers Sharma KD, Kumar R, Kaushal BBL 2004. Mass transfer characteristics, yield and quality of five varieties of osmotically dehydrated

apricot. J Food Sci Tech 41(3): 264-274. Ponnuswami V, Kumar AR 2009. Crop improvement and management strategies in paprika – a review. J Hill Agr 5(1): 460-466.

Books and Book Chapters Sharma SK 2010. Postharvest Management and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables – Instant Notes. New India Pub Agency, New

Delhi, 395p. Babu A, Gupta HS 2006. Approaches to improvement in maize. In: Sustainable Production from Agricultural Watersheds in North

West Himalaya. Gupta HS, Srivastava AK, Bhatt JC (eds). Vivekanand Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan, Almora, Uttaranchal, pp 124-138.

Symposium / Seminar/ Conference Publications Dhillon BS, Rana JC 2004. Temperate fruits genetic resources management in India – issues and strategies. In: Proceedings of the

Seventh International Symposium on Temperate Zone Fruits in the Tropics and Subtropics. Jindal KK, Sharma RC, Rehalia AS (eds), International Society of Horticultural Sciences, Belgium, pp 139-146.

Mohsin F, Singh O 2010. Studies in intercropping of cash crops in Populus deltoides plantation. National Symposium on Conservation Horticulture (21-23 March, 2010, Dehradun, India), Book of Abstracts, pp 131.

Arora VPS 2010. Indian horticulture – marketing and export issues. National Symposium on Conservation Horticulture (21-23 March, 2010, Dehradun, India), Souvenir, Singh SS, Singhal V, Pant K, Dwivedi SK, Kamal S, Singh P (eds), pp 80-87.

Patent Schmidt GR, Means WJ 1986. Process of preparing algin/calcium gel-structured meat products. US Patent 4 603 054.

Thesis Bisht R 2007. Studies on the multiplication and utilization of Seabuckthorn (Hippophae salicifolia D.Don), M Sc Thesis, GB Pant

University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, US Nagar, Uttarakhand, India.

Website Kumar S 2009. Rearing rabbits in the mid hills of Himalaya. http://www.rabbitrearing.com/. Accessed March 10, 2009. General instructions to the authors All the manuscript should be typed double spaced on one side of A4 size paper with proper margin of 1 inch on all 4 sides. Generic & specific names should be italicized throughout manuscript. Similarly, the vernacular/ local names are to be italicized. Tables should be typed on separate sheets, each with a heading. Tables should be typed with the first letter (T) only capital. All

Tables and Figures should be properly numbered. All measurements should be in metric units. Each illustration must be referred to in the text. On the first page address of the corresponding author and E-mail Id. etc. may be specified. Revised manuscript is acceptable only as soft copy (attached file in MS Word) of the corrected version through e mal sent to

Editor-in-Chief. The paper after publication shall be sent as pdf file version of the whole issue of the journal to the authors. Article forwarded to the Editor-in-Chief for publication is understood to be offered to JOURNAL OF HILL AGRICULTURE

exclusively and not for any other journal. It is also understood that the authors have obtained a prior approval of their Department, Faculty or Institute in case where such

approval is a necessary. Acceptance of a manuscript for publication in Journal of Hill Agriculture shall automatically mean transfer of copyright to the

Indian Society of Hill Agriculture. The authors shall also have to provide a copy of the Copyright Transfer Statement duly signed by all or the corresponding author on behalf of all the authors.

The Editorial Board takes no responsibility for the fact or the opinion expressed in the Journal, which rests entirely with the author(s) thereof.

All the authors of a paper have to become annual/life member of the ISHA for publication of paper. All papers should be sent to Editor-in-Chief, Journal of Hill Agriculture, through e mail as attached file to

[email protected]

Check List 1. Complete manuscript in MS Word format 2. Names and details (including complete postal address alongwith Phone No. and e mail) of at least three potential referees

who might be interested to review your paper. The format for the same may be downloaded from ISHA website Visit http://www.ishaindia.in/JHA%20Format%20for%20suggesting%20Potential%20Referees%20names.doc

3. Copyright transfer statement on separate page 4. Membership Number (if fee is paid already)/ Membership fee

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COMMON ABBREVIATIONS USED IN JHA above mean sea level amsl Limited Ltd at the rate @ litre or liter l centimeter,centimeter cm Messrs M/S degree centigrade °C meter, metre m et caetera, et coetera or et cœtera etc milligram mg exampli gratia e.g. parts per million, parts per

billion ppm, ppb

Figure Fig per cent % Gram g per ha or per litre or per kg ha-1 or l-1 or kg-1 Hectare ha second(s) sec hour(s) hr square meter, cubic meter etc m2, m3 etc international unit IU such as i.e. it is or that is i.e. volume by volume v/v Kilogram kg weight by volume w/v kilometer, kilimetre km weight by weight w/w lesser than, greater than <, > tonne(s), ton t Abbreviations for citing references

Abstract Abstr Congress Congr Academy Acad Contribution(s) Contrib Acta Acta Conservation Conserv Advances Adv Cooperative Coop Agriculture Agr Culture Cult Agricultural Agrl Current Curr Agronomy Agron Cytology, -ical Cytol America, -an Amer Department Dept Analytical, Analysis Anal Development Dev Annals Ann Digest Dig Animal Animal Disease Dis Annual Annu Dissertation Diss Applied Appl Distribution Distrib Asian Asian Division Div Archives Arch Ecology, -ical Ecol Associate(s), -ed Assoc Ecosystem(s) Ecosyst Association Assn Economy, -ic, -ics Econ Australian Austral Education Educ Austrian Aust Egypt Egypt Beverage Bev Egyptian Egyptn Biochemistry Biochem Electronic Electronic Biology Biol Encyclopedia Encycl Biotechnology Biotechnol Engineers, -ring Eng Botany Bot Enology Enol Breeding Breeding Entomology, -ical Entomol British, Britain Brit Environment Environ Bulletin Bul Environmental Environl Bureau Bur Enzyme (s) Enzym Canada, -ian Can Enzymology Enzymol Center, Centre Ctr Experiment Expt Chemical Cheml Experimental Exptl Chemistry Chem Microscopy Microsc Circular Circ Molecule, ar Mol

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Citriculture Citricult Monograph Monogr Climatology, -ical Climatol Mycology, -ical Mycol College College National Natl Colloquium Colloq Nature Nat Commonwealth Cmwlth Natural Natl Communication Commun National Natnl Conference Conf Nematology, -ical Nematol Extension Ext Netherlands Neth Europe Europ New York NY European Europn New Zealand NZ Fertilizer Fert Newsletter Nwsl Food(s) Food Note(s) Note Forestry For Nucleic Nucl Gazette Gaz Nutrition Nutr General Gen Nutritional Nutrl Genetics Genet Official Off Government Govt Opinion Opinion Handbook Hdbk Pathology, -ical Pathol Heredity Hered Photosynthesis Photosyn Horticulture Hort Physics, -ical Phys Horticultural Hortl Physiology, -ical, -ia Physiol Horticulturae Hortic Phytology, -ical Phytol Human Human Phytochemistry Phytochem Husbandry Husban Phytopathology, -ical Phytopathol India India Plant Pl Indian Indian Planta Planta Industry Ind Plantae, -arum Plant Industrial Indl Pomology, -ical Pomol Information Info Poultry Poult Institute, -ion Inst Proceedings Proc Institution Instn Products Prod International Intl Production Prodn Irrigation Irr Progress, progressive Progress Japanese Jpn Propagation Prop Journal J Protection Protect Laboratory, -ies Lab Publication(s) Publ Leaflet Lflt Quarterly Qrtly Letters Lett Region, al Reg Magazine Mag Report(s) Rpt Management Mgt Reporter Rptr Market Mkt Research Res Marketing Mktg Resources Resources Meeting Mtg Review(s), Revue(s) Rev Meteorology, -ical Meteorol Science(s) Sci Methods Methd Scientia Scientia Scientific Scientific Thesis Thesis Series Ser Theory Theor Service Serv Theoritical Theorl Society Soc Transactions Trans Soil Soil Tropical Trop

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Special Spec United States US Standard Stnd University Univ Station Sta Universe Univer Statistics Stat Universal Univerl Statistical Statl Variety, -ies Var Supplement(s) Suppl Vegetable(s) Veg Symposium Symp Virology Virol Technical, -que Tech Viticulture Viticult Technology, -ical Technol Workshop Wkshp Temperature Temp Yearbook Yrbk Temperate Temperate REFEREES OF JOURNAL OF HILL AGRICULTURE, 2012 Vol 3(1)

Dr Alkesh Kandoria, PSCST, Chandigarh Dr Anil Dixit, CIPHET Ludhiana Dr Anil Kumar GBPUAT Pantnagar Dr Birendra Prasad. GBPUAT Pantnagar Dr Deepji Bhat, SKUAST, Jammu Dr Faizan Ahmed, SKUAST (K) Kargil, Jammu and Kashmir Dr KC Sharma, CSKHPKVV, Kullu, Himachal Pradesh Dr Lakshmikant Sharma, KVK, Bajaura, Kullu, HP Dr Manisha Mangal, IARI, New Delhi Dr Om Chand Sharma, CITH, Srinagar, J&K Dr Rakesh Sharma, Solan Himachal Pradesh Dr Rashmi Yadav, NBPGR, New Delhi Dr Sangita Bansal, CIPHET Ludhiana Dr Sanjay Srivastava, GBPUAT Pantnagar Dr Sanjeev Sharma, Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh Dr Shachi Shah, IGNOU, New Delhi Dr SK Maurya, GBPUAT Pantnagar Dr Vijay Yadav IGFRI, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh Dr Vinod Sharma, Katrain, Kullu, Himachal Pradesh Dr VK Rao, GBPUAT, Pantnagar

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COPYRIGHT TRANSFER AGREEMENT

Journal Name: JOURNAL OF HILL AGRICULTURE (Print ISSN 0976-7606, Online ISSN 2230-7338)

Please provide us with the following information, review our policies, and confirm your acceptance of the terms of the attached article publishing agreement by signing this form, with respect to the following work submitted to Journal of Hill Agriculture. Manuscript Title : …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Author(s): …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ASSIGNMENT OF PUBLISHING RIGHTS

I/ we hereby assign to Indian Society of Hill Agriculture, the copyright in the above specified manuscript in all forms and all media (whether known at this time or developed at any time in the future) throughout the world, in all languages, for the full term of copyright, to take effect if and when the article is accepted for publication. If I am one of the several co-authors, I hereby confirm that I am authorized by all of my co-authors to grant this licence as their agent, on their behalf. This assignment also includes the rights to supply the article in electronic and online forms and systems. I/we confirm that I/we have read and accept the full terms of the Journal's article publishing agreement attached to this form including my author warranties, and have reviewed the Journal's policies on Author Rights. I/We hereby confirm the assignment of all copyrights in and to the manuscript named above in all forms and media to the publishers of the journal namely, Indian Society of Hill Agriculture, effective if and when it is accepted for publication by the Editor-in-Chief of the journal. Date: …………………

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MEMBERSHIP OF INDIAN SOCIETY OF HILL AGRICULTURE

Membership of the society shall be open to individuals from all nations and shall consists of the following categories of members with qualifying criteria as indicated against each. Membership can be obtained by filling a membership form and sending it to [email protected] alongwith membership fee (effective from 1st Jan, 2011) as detailed ahead (i) Ordinary Members (annual Membership) This membership shall be offered to the individuals interested in promotion of Hill Agriculture and its allied branches. This shall also be the minimum fee to be deposited per author for getting a paper published, in case it is accepted for publication. There shall be an annual fee of . 500/- for individuals from all SAARC countries including India and US $ 30 for individuals from rest of the nations. Year shall be counted w.e.f. January 1 to December 31 of each year. If somebody deposits fee in October 2010 it shall be counted only for that year i.e. 2010. (ii) Life Members (continuing Membership) There shall be a one time life membership fee . 3000/- for individuals from all SAARC countries including India and US $ 200 for individuals from rest of the nations. (iii) Patrons (continuing Membership) Any individual or institution making a payment of a substantial sum (as may be prescribed by the Executive Council from time to time). (iv) Subscribers Any corporate body / institution / library / association of persons can subscribe Journal of Hill Agriculture by making an annual payment of . 1500/- for all SAARC countries including India and US $ 100 for rest of the nations. Summary Type of membership Fee for SAARC countries Fee for rest of the nations Annual member 500/- per year US $ 30 per year Life member 3,000/- (one time) US $ 200 (one time) Subscriber (organization) member 1,500/- / per year US $ 100 per year The membership fee can be deposited by any of the two methods as detailed below: 1. Through Bank Draft : May remitted through demand draft drawn in favour of INDIAN SOCIETY OF HILL AGRICULTURE payable at SBI Branch CHAMBA (Uttarakhand), Branch Code : 6534. The draft may be sent to the Editor-in-Chief Journal of Hill Agriculture through registered post only alongwith duly filled membership form which can be downloaded from our website. 2. By Direct Deposit into ISHA's Bank Account: Membership fee i.e. 3000/- or 500/- or 1500/- as the case may be, plus 50/- (as bank charges) amounting to 3050/- or 0/- or 1550/- respectively, may also be directly deposited into the Bank Account of Indian Society of Hill Agriculture. The details are given as follows Name of Bank : State Bank of India Name of Branch: Chamba (Uttarakhand) Branch Code: 6534 For NEFT/ RTGS Transfer IFSC Code SBIN 000 6534 Name of Account Holder : Indian Society of Hill Agriculture Account No. : 3119 0343 798 Important Note: If you directly deposit the fee into ISHA's account please do not forget to send your duly filled (i) duly signed membership form, (ii) bank transaction Id (iii) scanned copy of stamped deposit slip (counter foil). The information may be sent by e mail to [email protected]

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INDIAN SOCIETY OF HILL AGRICULTURE

G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand – 263 145

Phone: +91 94124 63923, 94129 62535 Website: www.ishaindia.in

MEMBERSHIP FORM

1. Name (in CAPITAL letters) : Dr/ Mr/ Ms ……………………………………… 2. Date of Birth....................................................................................................... 3. Designation / Job Title: ……………………………………………………………………. 4. Specialization: ……………………………………………………………………………… 5. Institute / Organization where employed: …………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 6. Address for Correspondence: …………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………Pin…………………………………………… .. Phone: ………………………… Fax:…………………………. E mail: …………………… ……. 7. Permanent Home Address: …………………………………………............................... ………………………………………………………………………Pin…….……………………………. Phone: ………………………… Fax:…………………………. E mail: ……………………… …….. 8. Academic and Professional Qualifications: Degree Name of University Year Major Field of Study 9. Category of membership (please tick)

(i) Life member (ii) Annual member (iii) Organization/ Subscriber member 10. Payment of membership fee in (Rs) ……………………………By direct deposit in ISHA account / Online transfer to vide transaction No. . …………............. dated: …………………… Note: Fee deposited by any other mode will not be accepted.

DECLARATION I wish to become the life/ annual/ subscriber member of the Indian Society of Hill Agriculture and if enrolled agree to abide by the rules and regulations of the society. Date: ………………………. Signature:…………………………………. Place: …………………… Name: (………………………………………)

Passport Size Photograph of the Member

Sharing Knowledge

for Prosperity

Journal of Hill Agriculture 2012, Vol 3(1)

CONTENTS

Soil acidity tolerance in cereals – basis and approach

WRICHA TYAGI • MAYANK RAI

1-7

An overview of recent developments in poultry production in north eastern region of India

SANTOSH HAUNSHI • SV RAMARAO

8-15


NEGASH AREGAY • ATUL KUMAR

16-23


AK JOSHI • VK CHAUHAN • PANKAJ MITTAL

24-28

Effect of processing and storage on the colour characteristics of milkcake – a traditional Indian milk product

ANIL KUMAR • GR PATIL • RRB SINGH • AA PATEL • NC SHAHI

29-36

Yield and economics of rice (Oryza sativa L.)as influenced by rainwater management treatments and crop establishment methods under high rainfall areas of Himachal Pradesh

AJAY GUPTA • VISHAL SHARMA • DINESH BADIYALA

37-41


CHANDRA DEV • VIRENDRA SINGH • BK KHANDURI

42-45

Development of integrated farming system model for marginal and small farmers of Mandi district of Himachal Pradesh – an innovative extension tool

ANIL K CHOUDHARY • SK THAKUR • DS YADAV

46-52

Correlation and path analysis studies in bacterial wild resistant F6 progenies of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

SANJAY CHADHA • AMIT BHUSHAN

53-57


REENA • YS DHALIWAL • APARNA SHARMA

58-61


SANJAY CHAUDHARY • ANJALI CHAUDHARY

62-64

Prediction of runoff from Nagwa watershed using SCS – Curve Number method

SAURABH SINGH • PS KASHYAP • SK SRIVASTAVA

65-67

Guidelines for authors i

Common abbreviations used in JHA iii

Abbreviations used for citing references iii

Referees of JHA 2012 Vol 3(1) v

Copyright Transfer Statement vi

Membership of ISHA vii

Documents

Print ISSN: 0976-7606 Online ISSN: 2230-7338 …ishaindia.in/JHA/JHA2012Vol3(1).pdfPrint ISSN: 0976-7606 Online ISSN: 2230-7338 Journal of Hill Agriculture Volume 3, No. 1 Jan –