Journal of Hill Agriculture (Print ISSn 0976-7606, Online ISSN 2230-7338)

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Print ISSN: 0976-7606

Online ISSN: 2230-7338

Journal ofH i l l Agri cul t ure

Volume 5, No. 2 July December, 2014

Shari ng Knowledge for Prosperity

Indian Society of Hill Agriculture,G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology,

Pantnagar, Distt Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand 263 145 (INDIA)

Website: www.ishaindia.in


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INDIAN SOCIETY OF HILL AGRICULTURE (Regd. 2010)URL: www.ishaindia.in

JOURNAL OF HILL AGRICULTURE (DOI: 10.5958/2230-7338)

(Print ISSN 0976-7606, Online ISSN 2230-7338)

Journal of Hill Agriculture (JHA) is an international journal and an official publication of Indian Society of HillAgriculture (ISHA). It publishes the original research in all branches of agriculture and allied science that is of primaryinterest to the agricultural development, especially in hill and mountain regions of the world. The publication is open to themembers of Indian Society of Hill Agriculture but it also accepts papers from non-members if all authors become theannual/life member when a paper is submitted / accepted for publication. The journal publishes various types of articles,i.e. (i) Strategy / Policy paper (exclusively by invitation from the personalities of eminence), (ii) Review papers (full andshort) (iii) Research papers (iv) Short communications and (v) First Report. The manuscripts may be submitted through email to [email protected] or by online submission through ISHAs website www.ishaindia.in or

www.indianjournals.com.

For print version of journal of hill agriculture, subscribers may write to the Business Manager / Editor-in-Chief

(JHA) and the Online version may be accessed through www.indianjournals.com

Editor-in-ChiefDr SK Sharma, GBPUAT, Pantnagar, INDIA ([email protected])

Associate Editor (s)Dr KC Sharma, CSKHPKVV, Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, INDIA

Dr Birendra Prasad, GBPUAT, Pantnagar, INDIA

Associate Editor & Business ManagerDr AK Pandey, GBPUAT, Pantnagar, INDIA ([email protected])

EDITORIAL BOARD (2014)

Dr Ajay Gupta, SKUAST, Jammu, INDIA Dr Alkesh Kandoria, PSCST, Chandigarh, INDIA

Dr Amit Jasrotia, SKUAST, Jammu, INDIA Dr Anchal Dass, IARI, New Delhi, INDIA

Dr Asgar Ebadollahi, Ardabil, IRAN Dr Ashok Thakur, Univ of Hort. & Fty. Solan, HP, INDIA

Dr Bijayalaxmi Mohanty, National Univ of SINGAPORE Dr BM Pandey, VPKAS, Almora, Uttarakhand, INDIA

Dr Davide Spadaro, Univ of Torino, ITALY Dr HSR Kotturi, Univ Central Oklahoma, USA

Dr Gulzar Singh Sanghera, SKUAST(K) Anantnag, INDIA Dr Lala Iswari Prasad Ray, CAU, Meghalaya, INDIA

Dr J P Sharma, SKUAST(J) Jammu, INDIA Dr M Shakila Banu, Coimbatore, INDIA

Dr Pankaj Panwar, CSWCRTI, Chandigarh, INDIA Dr Rajesh Kaushal, CSWCRTI, Dehradun, INDIA

Dr Prashant Bakshi, SKUAST Jammu, INDIA Dr Rakefet David-Schwartz, Volcani Center, ISRAEL

Dr Rakesh Sharma, Univ of Hort. & Fty. Solan, HP, INDIA Dr Rashmi Yadav, NBPGR, New Delhi, INDIA

Dr Shachi Shah, IGNOU, New Delhi, INDIA Dr Sushil K Sharma, DSR, Indore, INDIA

Dr S K Maurya, GBPUAT, Pantnagar, INDIA Dr VP Zambare, SDSMT, South Dakota, USA

Dr VR Karoshi, Addis Ababa, ETHIOPIA Dr Yun Kong, Beijing University of Agriculture, CHINA

Dr Sucheta Singh, Haridwar, INDIA

Dr Udit Kumar, RAU, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar, INDIA

Dr Tsering Stobdan, DIHAR, Leh (INDIA)

Dr Sanjai Kumar Srivastava, Pantnagar, INDIA

For any queries pertaining to Indian Society of Hill Agriculture (ISHA) or Journal of Hill Agriculture(JHA) please write to Secretary / Editor-in-Chief (JHA), Indian Society of Hill Agriculture Secretriat,College of Agriculture, G.B. Pant Univ. Agr. Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand 249 199, India

Phone: +91 9412962535, 9412463923 E mail: [email protected], [email protected]

URL : http://www.ishaindia.in orhttp://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:jha&type=home

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Journal of Hill Agriculture 2014, Vol 5(2)

CONTENTS

Innovative measures for mitigating negative effects of climate changeon hill agriculture in Nepal

GHANASHYAM MALLA 87-91

Baculoviruses as microbial insecticides NIDHI AK PANDEY 92-99Study on yak husbandry in Mustang district of Nepal KP ACHARYA BK NIRMAL B POUDEL

S BASTOLA MK MAHATO GP YADAV

K KAPHLE

100-105

Growth indices of yield variability in wheat (Triticum aestivumL.)under varying degree of shades

P LAKSHMANAKUMAR SK GURU 106-113

Effect of river mining on employment generation and farming systemsin Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh

MS PATHANIA CHAMAN DIP SINGH 114-121

Nutritional status of lactating dairy cattle under rural feedingmanagement in Mizoram

RAJAT BURAGOHAIN GIRIN KALITA 122-127

Genetic diversity of finger millet (Eleusine coracana) genotypes fordrought tolerance using RAPD markers

SHALANI GUPTA RASHMI GARG 128-133

Optimization of parameters for storage of biocolour extracted fromcitrus peel

ALKESH VS BARWAL RAKESHSHARMA

134-138

Influence of planting geometry on performance of China aster genotypesunder mid hill conditions of Uttarakhand

NEERAJ PANDEY VK RAO 139-143

Effect of removal of browning substrates on sensory quality of orangejuice and semi-concentrates during storage

SK SHARMA SHASHIBALA JUYAL 144-149

Socio-economic features of farm households- a comparative study ofhill and plain regions of Uttarakhand, India

SWATI GOSWAMI SK SRIVASTAVA 150-157

Feeding behaviour of Murrah buffalo calves under different housingsystems

AMIT KUMAR AK SINGH NEELKANT 158-162

Response of plant spacing and pruning intensity on yield contributingcharacteristics of guava cv. Pant Prabhat

PRABHAKAR JOSHI SHANT LAL PANKAJ NAUTIYAL MAHESH PAL

163-167

Variability and correlation studies in diallel cross of tomato (Solanum

lycopericum L.)

AK SHARMA JAIPAUL 168-170

Effect of different chemicals for management ofHelicoverpa armigera

(Hubner) in pigeonpea

SURENDRA PRASAD RK JHA 171-173

Constraints in adoption of farming systems on tribal farms inUttarakhand

SHALINI RAGHAV SK SRIVASTAVA 174-178

Effect of clonal rootstock on growth and yield of spur type applecultivars under high density plantation in Uttarakhand

AK SHARMA JAIPAUL 179-181

Heterotic vigour studies in forage sorghum hybrid by multiple criteria BIRENDRA PRASAD 182-185

Genetic variability of tomato genotypes for yield and other horticulturaltraits

V SINGH KH NASEERUDDIN DK RANA 186-189

Economics of income generating activities under SHG finance inMeghalaya

JW MOMIN DC KALITA 190-193

Weed management strategies for better yield and economics of grainamaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) in mountain agriculture

DK SHUKLA BIRENDRA PRASAD

TEJ PRATAP194-197

Evaluation of mango (Mangifera indica L.) varieties for making RTSbeverage

CS CHOPRA 198-202

Genetic divergence in radish (Raphanus sativusL.) grown under valley

conditions of Garhwal Himalaya

KH NASEERUDDIN V SINGH SC PANT

DK RANA203-206

Effect of different herbicides on growth, yield and weed flora of onion(Allium cepa L.)

UDIT KUMAR BIRENDRA PRASAD GIRISH CHANDRA

207-210

First record on the occurrence ofMeloidogyne graminicola on rice inUdham Singh Nagar district of Uttarakhand

SATYA KUMAR GEETA SHARMA

SARVESH MISHRA KPS KUSHWAHA211-213

Guidelines to authors i-ii

Esteemed Referees of Journal of Hill Agriculture 2014 Vol 5(2) iii

Corrigendum iii

Membership of Journal of Hill Agriculture / Indian Society of HillAgriculture

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INDIAN SOCIETY OF HILL AGRICULTURE (Regd. 2010)

URL: www.ishaindia.in

Indian Society of Hill Agriculture (ISHA) was founded in 2010 having its

secretariat at G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Hill Campus,Ranichauri, Distt Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India with the main objective to cultivateand promote research, education and development of agriculture and allied branches ofscience with special emphasis on development of hill and mountain regions of the world.

OFFICE BEARERS

Chief Patron: Vice Chancellor, GBPUAT PantnagarPresident: Dr PS Bisht, Dean, BharsarVice President (s): Dr AK Sharma, GBPUAT, Uttarakhand

Dr SK Thakur, CSKHPKVV, Palampur, Himachal PradeshDr VK Rao, GBPUAT, UttarakhandDr PJ Handique, Guwahati, Assam

Dr MS Mir, Srinagar, Jammu and KashmirSecretary: Dr VK Yadav, GBPUAT, UttarakhandJoint Secretary: Dr Sanjeev Sharma, CPRI, Shimla

Dr Sunil Kumar, GBPUAT, UttarakhandDr OC Sharma, CITH, Srinagar, Jammu and KashmirDr Vinod K Sharma, GBPUAT, UttarakhandDr Mayank Rai, CAU, Manipur

Editor-in-Chief, J Hill Ag Dr Satish K Sharma, GBPUAT, UttarakhandAssociate Editor (s) Dr KC Sharma, CSKHPKVV, Kullu, Himachal Pradesh

Dr Birendra Prasad, GBPUAT, UttarakhandAssociate Editor & Business Manager: Dr AK Pandey, GBPUAT, UttarakhandTreasurer: Dr Chandra Dev, GBPUAT, Uttarakhand

INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY BOARDMembers from India Dr Mangla Rai, Former, President NAAS and Former Secretary DARE, Govt. of India

Dr P L Gautam, Former, Chairperson, PPVFRA, Govt. of IndiaDr Anwar Alam, Former Vice Chancellor, SKUAST(K), Srinagar, J&KDr KM Bujarbaruah, Vice Chancellor, AAU, Jorhat, AssamDr KR Dhiman, Former Vice Chancellor, Dr YSPUHF, Solan, HPDr Bhag Mal, Former South Asia Coordinator, Biodiversity International, New Delhi

Members from Abroad Dr JDH Keatinge, Director General, AVRDC, World Vegetable Centre, TaiwanDr Md. Yousuf Mian, Director General, BARI, Gazipur, BangladeshDr C Kole, Clemson University, South Carolina, USAProf (Dr) FG Schroeder, Dresdan, GermanyDr G Paliyat, University of Guelph, Ontario, CanadaDr Ramesh Thakur, Michigan Technical University, Houghton, USA

EXECUTIVE COUNCILLORSDr AK Singh, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar PradeshDr AK Singh, GBPUAT, UttarakhandDr BL Attri, CITH (ICAR), Mukteshwar, UttarakhandDr SP Uniyal, GBPUAT, UttarakhandDr Vandana A Kumar, GBPUAT, UttarakhandDr VK Joshi, Dr YSPUHF, Solan, Himachal PradeshDr VK Sah, GBPUAT, UttarakhandDr VK Wali, SKUAST (J), Jammu and Kashmir

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Journal of Hill Agriculture 5(2): 87-91, July December 2014DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00845.3

Innovative measures for mitigating negative effects of

climate change on hill agriculture in Nepal

GHANASHYAM MALLAReceived: September 7, 2014; Revised: December 4, 2014; Accepted: December 5, 2014

ABSTRACT Agriculture plays an important role infood and nutritional security of Nepal. Climatechange is negatively affecting agriculture especiallyin hill agriculture of the country. Reviews showedthat increase in temperature in Nepal is higher (1.7oCin 30 years, i.e. 0.06oC /year) than the global average.In Nepal, both positive and negative impacts ofclimate change have been observed on agriculture.Frequency of negative impacts especiallyhydrological drought has been increased in Hillregion. Thus, to mitigate negative impacts of climatechange and its threats; eco-friendly agriculturaladaptation measures like adaptation of stress tolerantgenotypes, integrated crop and livestock farming,agro forestry, soil and nutrition conservational

practices, atmospheric nitrogen fixing practice,proper management of biomass and livestock waste,improving livestock and fisheries breeding andsloppy land improvement etc. should be enhanced.Similarly, climate change adaptation plans, NationalAgriculture Program of Action (NAPA), LocalAgriculture Program of Action (LAPA) and othereffective policies should be in place for theimprovement of food security in the country.

KEYWORDS Adaptation, climate change, foodsecurity and vulnerability

INTRODUCTIONAgriculture is prime concern of human being

and it plays a vital role in terms of employment as

Malla Ghanashyam

Agricultural Environment Research Division, NepalAgricultural Research Council, Kathmandu - Nepal

Ghanashyam Malla ( )E mail: [email protected]

well as food security in the world. Nepal isfinancially low resourceful and fourth mostvulnerable country to impact in world. Fragilegeology, inadequate human resources and pooreconomy are major constraint for agriculturaldevelopment in the country. Climate change isalready affecting food security of Nepal and isexpected to have even greater impacts in comingyears. Therefore, to reduce food crisis all climatezone, increasing productivity with relating climatechange; monsoon and temperature change is must.Air temperature, carbon dioxide concentration in theair, glacial run-off, precipitation pattern and theirinteraction are the most important factors governingagricultural productivity. In addition, also found thathousehold of poor people with small land holdingsize and lack of access to information and basicservices are more vulnerable than household of richerassets. Furthermore, poor people from Nepal aremore vulnerable to loss of physical, natural andfinancial properties due to climate change. The WorldRisk Index ranks it 99 out of 173 countries (6.2%) interms of overall risk scoring very high in terms ofvulnerability (61.7%) and high in terms ofsusceptibility (50.7%), lack of coping capabilities

(81.8%) and lack of adaptive capacities (52.5%); thecountry is ranked twelfth out of 162 in terms of riskof flooding (Anon 2011). The United NationsDevelopment Program (UNDP) estimates thatflooding in Nepal has on average killed almost 200

people, affected hundreds of thousands of lives, andcaused $35 million worth of damage every year since1980. Furthermore, hill agricultural system of thecountry is heavily depends on nature and naturalresources like: water, soil and forest and morevulnerable by the occurrence of extreme weatherevents such as rainfall, drought, floods, cold wavesand relative humidity. National adaptation program

POLICY PAPER


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Baculoviruses as microbial insecticides

NIDHI AK PANDEYReceived: April 25, 2014; Revised: June 12, 2014; Accepted: June 25, 2014

ABSTRACT The use of conventional pesticides lead

to a myriad of problems such as environmentalpollution, pest resurgence, secondary pest outbreak andmany more. The present era is the era of newtechnologies that are novel, sustainable andenvironment friendly. Thus, when one talks about plant

protection, the techniques that fulfil the above criteriaare always welcome. One such technique is the use ofmicrobial insecticides against the major insect-pests.The use of pathogenic microorganisms for pest controlis not a new concept, but there have been continuousresearch and re-evaluations in the ongoingtechnologies, so as to create more potent products. Thenecessity of the baculoviruses is indispensable when it

comes to managing the pests. This can be proved bythe fact that a lot of countries including India havesuccessfully exploited this biopesticide against many

pests. The use of the contemporary technology, such asgene incorporation and genetic engineering has madethe products much more effective. Baculoviruses arerelatively very safe as they cause diseases in thearthropods only and no significant damage has beennoted in the non-target population. The prospects ofthis emerging biopesticide are immense. The use of

baculoviruses as potential microbial insecticides is theperfect choice under the current circumstances. Its usewill lead agriculture towards precision and

sustainability.

KEYWORDS Baculoviruses, microbial insecticide,pest resurgence, secondary outbreak

Nidhi Pandey AK

Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, GB PantUniversity of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar,Uttarakhand 263 145, India

Nidhi ( )E mail: [email protected], [email protected]

INTRODUCTION

Microbial insecticides include microscopic livingorganisms (viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, ornematodes) or the toxins produced by these organisms.They are formulated to apply as conventionalinsecticidal sprays, dusts, liquid drenches, liquidconcentrates, wettable powders or granules. Specific

properties of each product determine the ways in whichit can be used most effectively.

The deployment of pathogenic microorganismsfor pest control is not a new concept. Keenness in theuse of baculoviruses as pest-control agents dates back to1527, when the baculovirus disease of insects was foundduring studies of jaundice disease of the silkworm.

The viral dimension of the disease was confirmed by theyear 1947 and it soon became evident that these virusesare widespread in nature among economically importantinsect-pests occurring in nature, and so could be

promising in pest-management in agricultural practices.Fungal diseases have been used as a means of controlagainst a considerable number of economic insect pestssince the late 19th century (Charnley 1991). However,in the 1940s and 1950s all forms of biological controlof insect-pests suffered a decline because researchshifted to synthetic chemical insecticides and their

products. The synthetic chemicals have grave social aswell as ecological implications (toxicity, secondary pest

outbreak, etc.) thus putting them at bay and coming upwith other sustainable alternatives is the need of thehour (Yasuhisa 2007). Biopesticides pose less threat tothe environment and human health. They are generallyless toxic than chemical pesticides, often target specific,have little or no residual effects and have acceptabilityfor use in organic farming (Rai et al. 2013).

Baculoviruses belong to a virus family, that ispathogenic to arthropods with large circular, covalentlyclosed, and double-stranded DNA genomes that are

packaged into nucleocapsids. More than 700baculoviruses have been isolated from insects of theorders Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, and Diptera(Moscardi 1999). Baculoviruses as microbial

REVIEW PAPER


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Study on yak husbandry in Mustang district of Nepal

KP ACHARYA BK NIRMAL B POUDEL S BASTOLA MK MAHATO

GP YADAV K KAPHLEReceived: September 6, 2014; Revised: December 8, 2014; Accepted: December 12, 2014

ABSTRACT Traditional livestock productionsystems in highland areas of Nepal involve animals,especially yak and yak cattle hybrids as a source offood, prestige and security among the nomadiccommunities. Yak, which is also known as 'the camelof snow', is the livestock of choice among nomadiccommunities and is considered as the symbol ofwealth. This study was done to document the presentstatus of yak husbandry system, problems and pros-cons of transhumant pastoralism in the MustangDistrict of Nepal. 32 yak herders and 15 key persons,including the local leaders and traditional healers wereinterviewed with semi-structured questionnaires duringFebruary to May 2014. From this questionnaire surveyand field visits, it revealed that grazing system is theonly feeding system with little or no feedsupplementation. The population and herd size aredecreasing year by year. The herders are still followingthe uncontrolled methods of breeding with one maleserving all the females, till its productive age, with ahigh degree of inbreeding. Disease endemicity,shortage of pasture, closure of Tibetan border for

pasturing, increased draught period, lack of technicaland veterinary facilities and low productivity arecompelling herders to abandon the yak farming. They

Acharya KP, Nirmal BK, Poudel B3, Bastola S1, MahatoMK1, Yadav GP1, Kaphle K4

Department of Veterinary Medicine, 4Department ofTheriogenology, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science(IAAS), Tribhuwan University (TU), Chitwan, Nepal2National Livestock Breeding Centre (NLBC), Pokhara,

Nepal,3Animal Health Research Division (AHRD), NepalAgriculture Research Centre (NARC), Kathmandu, Nepal

KP Acharya ( )E-mail: [email protected]

are usually following their indigenous knowledge inthe treatment of disease, pests and poisoning with verylittle or no help from professional veterinarian.Although single species transhumant pastoralist ismoderately efficient with the integration of localknowledge in all aspects of animal husbandry, it needsto be strengthened by integration of scientific methodin breeding and feeding of yaks. Immediate strongextension programs, including the bilateralcoordination between yak herders and researchersshould be carried out, otherwise yak and their valuableresources will be rooted out from this country

KEYWORDS Yak husbandry, transhumant,

inbreeding, feeding, health care

INTRODUCTIONYak and yak hybrids are an important source of

livelihood of poor people living in the highland areasof Nepal. These highland animals are confined ataltitude above 2000 m amsl (Joshi et al. 1994, Shresthaet al. 1996, Neopane et al. 2005). In addition, yak isequally important for milk and meat production forlivelihood of people of the Himalayas. Milk is used for

butter and cheese production and long hair are used formaking blankets, kamlo, ropes and clothings (Joshi etal. 1982, Shrestha et al. 1996). Hide obtained fromanimal is used for products of leather and dung is usedas fertilizer to enrich their cultivated lands. Most of the

people of lower, Mustang depend on yak and yak cattle hybrids for their livelihoods. There are 70,165yak and yak hybrids in Nepal with 4,145 yaks/chauri inMustang district, Nepal (MoAD 2013, DLSO 2013).Although it is not too much economically feasible toraise yak and chauri they have no other alternativessuitable to utilize their local indigenous knowledge(Sherchand and Karki 1997). Similar to other yakrearing mountainous region of the world, transhumant

RESEARCH PAPER


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Growth indices of yield variability in wheat (Triticum

aestivumL.) under varying degree of shades

P LAKSHMANAKUMAR SK GURUReceived: August 25, 2014, Revised: December 4, 2014; Accepted: December 5, 2014

ABSTRACT Light is the main environmental factorwhich regulates growth and development of crop

plants. Decrease in light intensity due to shadingadversely affects plant growth and development. The

present study was conducted to analyze the effect ofvarying degree of shades on growth characteristics andyield of wheat crop. Two shading treatments wereapplied i.e. 33 % shading (L1) and 66 % shading (L2)with full sunlight as control (L0). The experiment wasconducted during the winter seasons of 20102011 in asplit-plot design with three replications with shading

treatments in the main plot and five varieties of wheatin the sub plots. The findings of the study showed thatthe mean crop growth rate, mean relative growth rate,net assimilation rate, leaf area ratio, leaf area index andspecific leaf weight were significantly influenced byincreasing shade. Grain yield of all the wheat varietiesdecreased with increase in shading. Varietal differencesin grain under shading are discussed in relation to leafarea index and crop growth rate.

KEYWORDS Light intensity, shading, crop growthrate, leaf area index, specific leaf weight

INTRODUCTIONLight is the main environment factor whichdetermines the rate of crop development possibly

because all plants and their process of development are

Lakshmanakumar P1 Guru SK2

1Department of Agronomy, VIA, Pollachi, Tamil Nadu 642 103, India2Department of Plant Physiology, College of Basic Sciencesand Humanities, GB Pant University of Agriculture andTechnology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand 263 145, India

P Lakshmanakumar ( )

E mail: [email protected]

sensitive to it. Light plays an important role in manyplant processes like chlorophyll synthesis, enzymeactivation, photosynthesis governing growth anddevelopment of plants. As a consequence of increase inaerosols, air pollutants and population density,dimming or shading (decrease in global radiation, i.e.the sum of the direct solar radiation and the diffuseradiation scattered by the atmosphere) have becomemajor challenges to crop production in many areas ofthe world (Mu et al. 2010).

Dimming or shading not only reduce radiation

but also increase the fraction of diffuse light and alterthe spectral quality. Diffuse light is more efficientlyutilized by plants and can offset small decrease indirect radiation and actually enhance the CO2uptake,

photosynthesis and plant growth. Meanwhile, withincreasing intensity of shading, the fraction of bluelight (400-500 nm) increases while of red light (600-700 nm) decreases, which might affect both

physiological parameters as well as plant morphologyi.e. main culm development, tillers appearance andstomatal conductance (Li et al. 2010).

Agroforestry is very specially stated to be asustainable land management system (King andChandler 1978). But more recently, the rational ofdeveloping agroforestry has been modified to includethree alternatives: a higher total, a more diversifiedand/or a more sustainable production from availableresources than is possible with other forms of land-use(Lundgren 1982). In any agroforestry system, tree-cropinteraction for solar radiation, moisture and mineralnutrients results in changed microclimates, which inturn affect the productivity of component crops. Whilemoisture and nutrient availability could beagronomically managed, varietal selection is moreimportant for shade tolerance in such a system. Seedgermination and yield reduction in various grain cropshave been reported due to such interactions (Prasad et

RESEARCH PAPER


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Effect of river mining on employment generation and

farming systems in Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh

MS PATHANIA CHAMAN DIP SINGHReceived: October 25, 2014; Revised: December 5, 2014; Accepted: December 6, 2014

ABSTRACT The sand and gravel are crucialresources extracted from rivers for economicdevelopment activities and their demand is increasingdue to economic development urbanization. The largeamount of boulders, cobbles and sand deposited inriverbed in Himachal Pradesh are protecting naturalvegetation. The study was conducted in Neugalcatchment area of Himachal Pradesh (India). It wasconcluded from the study that amount of river mining

materials extraction varies according to the season. Theemployment per household generated from sand, stoneand bajri extraction and transporting these materials todifferent destination was 1033 man days during theyear. The total variable expenditure incurred forextraction of river mining materials was varied from Rs95,178 in case of equines to Rs 2, 37,276 in case oftractors. The net returns from river mining material ontotal cost varied between Rs 20,167 to Rs 1, 55,837 perannum, while on variable cost the net returns varied

between Rs 24,167 to Rs 2, 28,392 for different meansof transportation. The response of sample extractorsabout the adoption of river mining occupation revealed

that poor family condition followed by no otheremployment, marginal holding, etc. were the mainreasons. The indiscriminate sand and stone extraction

Pathania MS Singh CD

Department of Agricultural Economics, CSK HimachalPradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh-176 062, India

MS Pathania ( )E-mail: [email protected],

[email protected]

from the rivers affect the water availability for irrigationand thereby affecting the productivity of the crops. Thearea under different crops in current season shifted frommore water requiring crops to less water requiring cropsdue to less water availability in the irrigation channels.The productivity of different crops and number ofirrigations used also changed over the period. So,conservation of water and land is important for their

productivity. The study suggested that the prudent

efforts should be made by government agencies forsystematic/scientific extraction of mining materials sothat water table of rivers may not adversely affectcropping system.

KEYWORDS Income and employment, croppingsystem, irrigation, water level

INTRODUCTIONLand and water are basic natural resources for

agriculture. About 52% of the population in India

depends on agriculture for its livelihood. The properutilization of land and water resources halts the processof degradation and increase crop productivity. The landdegradation may be due to improper agricultural

practices and mining. The indiscriminate sand andstone extraction from the rivers affect the wateravailability for irrigation and thereby affecting the

productivity of the crops (Selvakumar et al. 2008).Increasing population, growing urbanization and rapidindustrialization combined with the need for raisingagricultural production generate competing claims forland and water. The sand and gravel are crucialresources for economic development activities and

increasing urbanization, but their conservation is also

RESEARCH PAPER


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Nutritional status of lactating dairy cattle under rural

feeding management in Mizoram

RAJAT BURAGOHAIN GIRIN KALITAReceived: September 1, 2014, Revised: December 1, 2014; Accepted: December 5, 2014

ABSTRACT The study was to assess nutritionalstatus of lactating dairy cattle in Mizoram. Informationon feeding management and feed-stuffs of lactatingcows were collected from randomly selected dairyfarmers of Bawngkawn, Durtlang and Shiphir areas ofMizoram. Study revealed use of local forest grassesand tree fodders (MGTF) with concentrate mixture(CM) to dairy cows. The average dry matter (DM),crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN)intakes (kg/animal/day) were 13.720.27, 1.570.03and 6.880.10, indicating inadequate intakes based on

body weight, milk yield and milk fat % of dairy cows.The MGTF was found rich in macro and micro-minerals. The digestibility of nutrients was poorincluding crude protein (CP) 47.260.80 to 52.140.58%, ether extract (EE) 43.490.93 to 49.330.61 %,crude fibre (CF) 41.671.39 to 47.060.58. It wasconcluded from the study that inadequate DM, CP andTDN intakes and poor digestibility of nutrients might

be responsible for poor productivity of dairy cowsunder rural feeding management in Mizoram.

KEYWORDS Lactating cattle, nutrient digestibility,nutrient intake, Mizoram

INTRODUCTIONCrop husbandry, horticulture and livestock

rearing are integral parts of hill economy (Singh et al.2011, Choudhary et al. 2012). Rural economy of

Buragohain Rajat1 Kalita Girin2

1Department of Animal Nutrition, 2Department of LivestockProduction and Management, College of Veterinary Sciencesand Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University,

Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram - 796014, India

Rajat Buragohain ( )


Mizoram is agriculture and livestock based. However,due to low fertility, soil erosion and soil acidity,agricultural productivity is very low and farmersmostly depend on livestock farming for their livelihood(Sirohi and Chauhan 2010). The livestock sectorcontributes 30 % of the value of output fromagriculture and its allied sector, whereas dairy animalscontribute 22 % of the value of output from livestocksector in the state (Anon 2010).

The major constraint of dairy farming in thestate is shortage of nutritional feeds. Due to deficit

production of grains and more than 90 % of the feedingredients come from outside states. Nutritionaldemands of the animals are met mainly by the cropresidues, natural grasses, tree leaves and shrubs(Kumaresan et al. 2010). The farmers utilizeunconventional roughages with concentrate mixture forfeeding dairy animals. In the present study, an attemptwas made to appraise the existing feeding managementof dairy animals to assess their nutritional status inMizoram.

MATERIALS AND METHODSThe study was conducted during June to

September, 2013 in Mizoram. Ten dairy farmers were

randomly selected from each of the study areas i.e.Bawngkawn, Durtlang and Shiphir of Aizawl district ofMizoram for survey. The feed-stuffs i.e. concentrateand roughages offered to the animals were collected atweekly interval from all the selected farmers duringJune to September. Weekly collection of concentratefeed and roughages from each location were pooledtogether, and six representative samples of them weretaken for analysis.

In the last week of every month, one farmerfrom each location was randomly selected and recordsof feed intake, feed refusal and faeces voided by theanimals were made. For every month, a separate

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Genetic diversity of finger millet (Eleusine coracana)

genotypes for drought tolerance using RAPD markers

SHALANI GUPTA RASHMI GARGReceived: September 24, 2014; Revised: December 5, 2014; Accepted: December 6, 2014

ABSTRACT In the present study the geneticdiversity among different finger millet genotypes withdifferent responses to drought stress was assessed withthe help of RAPD markers. Initial screening involved27 genotypes under drought conditions in laboratoryusing PEG-6000 treatment. Molecular characterizationof these finger millet genotypes was done througheighteen RAPD primers. In RAPD analysis the totalnumber of 25 bands was observed among the twentyseven finger millet genotypes. The number of scorablemarkers produced per primer ranged from 1 to 4 andsize of the products ranged from 250 bp to 1300 bp.The PIC values, a reflection of allele diversity andfrequency among the varieties, was highest for 35 ME10T 23 primer and ranged from 0.659 (OPK 11 F) to0.966 (35 ME 10T 23) with an average of 0.812. Theresolving power varies from 0.370 (35 ME 10T23) to4.07 (OPJ 13F) with a mean value of 2.89. The Geneticsimilarity coefficient was highest (0.0.96) among fourgenotypic pairs while the lowest similarity index (0.28)was recorded by genotype PRM 8109 in pair with fivegenotypes viz PRM 701, PRM 8122, PRM 8104, PRM6112 and PRM 6122 indicating them to be quitediverse. Cluster analysis by UPGMA method groupedthe twenty seven finger millet genotypes into twodistinct major clusters of 14 genotypes in one cluster

and rest of the genotypes in the other clusterindicating presence of genetic diversity among thegenotypes at molecular level.

Gupta Shalani Garg Rashmi

Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering,College of Biotechnology, Sardar Vallabhbhai PatelUniversity of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, UttarPradesh -250 110, India

Shalani Gupta ( )E mail: [email protected]

KEYWORDS Drought stress, finger millet, PEG-6000, RAPD marker, drought tolerance index

INTRODUCTIONFinger millet also known as ragi is an important

nutricereal small millet grown in South Asia and EastAfrica. The cultivated finger millet (Eleusine coracanaL.) is a tetraploid (2n=4x=36), belongs to family

poaceae and is considered to be a native crop ofCentral Africa (Hilu and deWet 1976). Finger millet isa hardy crop as it is well adapted to a wide range ofenvironmental conditions. Its wide adaptability todiverse environments and cultural conditions makes it a

potential food crop. It is grown mainly by subsistencefarmers and serves as a food security crop because ofits high-nutritional value and excellent storagequalities. To date most varieties of finger millet arefrom germplasm selections as there are very few

breeding activities on the crop. Hybridization betweencultivated types or between wild and cultivated typesmay have potential in improving finger millet. Pant andSrivastava (2014) studied economics of finger milletcultivation in hill area and found that Kumaon regionhas vast potential to grow finger millet on commercial

basis.

DNA based molecular markers which haveproven to be powerful tools in the assessment ofgenetic variation and genetic relationships within andamong species can be utilized for studying this croptoo. Molecular markers are characterized by theirabundance and are unaffected by environmentalinfluence (Ram et al 2007). They provide unambiguousestimates of genetic variability of populations. Thisinformation regarding genetic variability at molecularlevel can help to identify and develop geneticallyunique germplasm that complement the existing

cultivars (Chakravarthi and Naravaneni 2006).

Genetic improvement of the crop depends onthe amount of genetic variability present in the

RESEARCH PAPER


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Optimization of parameters for storage of biocolour

extracted from citrus peel

ALKESH VS BARWAL RAKESH SHARMAReceived: September 13, 2014; Revised: December 5, 2014; Accepted: December 6, 2014

ABSTRACT Efforts were made to optimize theconditions for storage of carotenoids extracted fromcitrus peel. The crude carotenoids pigment was treatedwith different antioxidants viz. butylated hydroxyltoluene (BHT) @ 0.015 per cent, ascorbic acid @ 500

ppm, tertiary butylhudroquinone (TBHQ) @ 0.02 percent and potassium metabisulphite (KMS) @ 1000

ppm and packed in transparent glass vials (TGV) aswell as amber glass vials (AGV) and stored at ambientand refrigerated temperature for a period of 90 days.During storage, it was found that BHT treated samplehad remained higher carotenoids content (192.6 mg/g)even after 90 days of storage than those treated withKMS and ascorbic acid (186.4 and 182.5 mg/g),respectively. Further, the crude carotenoids pigment

packed in AGV and stored under refrigeratedtemperature had retained significantly highercarotenoids content and tintometer reading (yellow andred units) compared to those packed in TGV whichwere stored at ambient temperature. Conclusively,carotenoids extracted from citrus peel treated [email protected]%, packed in AGV and stored underrefrigerated temperature were optimized.

KEYWORDS Citrus peel, carotenoids, temperature,

antioxidants, storage, packaging material

Alkesh1 Barwal VS2 Sharma Rakesh3

1Punjab State Council for Science and Technology,Chandigarh -160 019, India2Regional Horticulture Research Station, Bajaura, DisttKullu, Himachal Pradesh -175 125, India3Department of Food Science and Technology, Dr YSParmarUniversity of Horticulture and Forestry, nauni, Solan,Himachal Pradesh 173 230, India

Rakesh Sharma ( )


INTRODUCTIONCitrus fruits belonging to family Rutaceae

include several fruits such as orange, mandarin, lemon,limes, tangerines, satsumas etc. Citrus group representsthe third most important fruit in India, next to mangoand banana. In India, citrus fruits are grown inMaharastra, Andra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Kerala,Punjab and mid-hills and lower valley area ofHimachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand (Sharma et al. 2001and 2004, Dasmohapatra et al 2011, Sharma 2012,

NHB 2013). The citrus fruit residues, remaining afterjuice extraction, represent approximately one-fourth ofthe whole fruit mass which impose heavy burden onfactories and cause enormous environmental problems(El-Sharnouby et al. 2013). However, this waste is a

potential source of bioactive compounds likecarotenoid pigments. Such pigments have wideapplication as natural colorants in various food

products (Khoo et al. 2011). Colour is one of the mostimportant factors affecting quality and palatability ofthe foods among different consumers by maintainingthe original food appearance even after processing andduring storage (Chattopadhyay et al. 2008). In recentyears, there has been considerable concern about theuse safety of synthetic dyes used in processed foods,which has necessitated the need to exploit food

colourants of natural origin (Prasad et al. 1993, Joshi etal. 2012). Natural food colour is any dye, pigment orany other substance generally extracted from biologicalorigin like fruits, vegetable, animal, mineral,microorganisms, or any other source capable ofcolouring food, drug, cosmetic or any part of human

body are called as Biocolours (Pattnaik et al.1999,Sharma and Guleria 2005, Joshi et al. 2012). Amongthese, carotenoids have been found most suitable foryellow, orange, and red colours, however, theirsusceptibility to auto-oxidation has restricted theirusage in food products (Ting and Hendrickson 1969,Joshi et al. 2012). Therefore, the study was conducted

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Influence of planting geometry on performanceof China

aster genotypes under mid hill conditions of Uttarakhand

NEERAJ PANDEY VK RAOReceived: October 15, 2014; Revised: November 25, 2014; Accepted: December 5, 2014

ABSTRACT The present investigations were carriedout to evaluate performance of three genotypes ofchina aster (Phule Ganesh Violet, Phule Ganesh Purple,Phule Ganesh Pink), planted at different geometry (30cm x 30 cm, 40 cm x 40 cm, 50 cm x 50 cm) in arandomized block design. Results indicate that allvegetative and floral traits were significantlyinfluenced by treatment variables. Phule Ganesh Pinkrecorded higher flower yield i.e. 126.23 g/plant whichdiffered significantly from Phule Ganesh Purple andPhule Ganesh Violet. Flower yield component likenumber of flowers was significantly higher in Phule

Ganesh Pink compared to other genotypes but numberof flowers per plant and number of flowers per 100 gwere significantly higher in Phule Ganesh Violet.Among planting geometries, 50 cm x 50 cm recordedsignificantly highest flower yield (109 g/plant).

KEYWORDS China aster, varieties, plantinggeometries

INTRODUCTIONFlowers have always fascinated and dazzled

man from being an object of beauty and splendor.Blooms are now rapidly emerging as a money spinning

commodity in the global trade. Fresh flowers are one ofthe main components in floriculture trade as well as inour lives (Sharma 2012, Wilson et al. 2013). Chinaaster (Callistephus chinensis(L.) Nees.), belonging tofamily Asteraceae is one of the important commercialflower crops of our country and is native to China.

Pandey Neeraj Rao VK

Department of Horticulture, College of AgricultureGB Pant University of Agriculture and Technology,Pantnagar, Uttarakhand - 263 145, India

VK Rao ( )

Email: [email protected], [email protected]

The genus Callistephus derived its name fromtwo greek words Kalistos and Stephos meaning most

beautiful and a crown respectively. Cassini describedthe China aster as Callistephus hortensis. It was firstnamed by Linnaeus as Aster chinensis and Neeschanged this name to Callistephus chinensis. It is oneof the most important annual flower crops. Amongannual flowers, it ranks third next only toChrysanthemum and Marigold (Sheela 2008). Itscultivation has become popular around the cities for itsextensive use as cut flower. It is used in making

bouquets, buttonholes and garlands. In ornamental

gardening, it finds use as a bedding plant, pot plant andherbaceous border. The plants of China aster are erectand attain a maximum height of 60-80 cm dependingupon the genotypes. Crop management involvesdecision making on several cultural practices aimed tomaximize flower yield, like planting geometry. So,yield of a crop is the result of final plant population.Establishment of optimum plant population is essentialto get maximum yield. There have been many studiesto determine the optimum plant density for China aster.However, there is no single recommendation for allenvironmental factors as well as controlled factors suchas soil fertility, variety, planting date and planting

pattern. The practice of spacing varies with the habit ofthe cultivars and also regions. High plant density bringsout various modifications in the growth of plants.Increased flower production, quality of flowers and

perfection in the form of plants are the importantobjectives to be reckoned in commercial flower

production.Though, quality of cut flowers is primarily a

varietal trait, it is greatly influenced by climatic,geographical, nutritional and plant density factors.There is a vast scope of growing China aster inUttarakhand throughout the year except in severewinters and scorching summer months for the purposeof cut flowers and loose flower production. Since there

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Effect of removal of browning substrates on sensory quality

of orange juice and semi-concentrates during storage

SK SHARMA SHASHIBALA JUYALReceived: November 02, 2014; Revised: December 5, 2014; Accepted: December 6, 2014

ABSTRACT Effect of removal of reaction substrate(amino acids) from sweet orange juice by using cationexchange resin (CER) was studied for browningreduction and retention of sensory qualitycharacteristics of single strength juice and semi-concentrates of 15 and 30 oBrix during storage. Singlestrength juice alongwith semi-concentrates of 15 and30 oBrix were stored for a period of one month at threestorage conditions viz., refrigerated condition (6+2 oC,92 % RH), ambient condition (room temperature i.e.20+4 oC, 73% RH) and accelerated temperature (37+2oC, 65% RH). The concentrates prepared from cation

exchange resin treated juice exhibited higher sensoryscores w.r.t. colour, flavor and overall acceptability.Overall acceptability of the product ranged between8.08 and 7.27 on 9 point hedonic scale, at variousintervals upto 30 days of storage. Significantly higherscore was obtained by the products prepared from CERtreated juice (8.03) as compared to that of those

prepared from untreated juice (7.33). Concentratesstored at lower temperatures experiences lesserchanges and thus better sensory scores at all storageintervals.

KEYWORDS Sweet orange, non-enzymatic

browning, cation exchange resin, concentrates, sensoryquality

Sharma SK 1 Juyal Shashibala2

1Department of Food Science and Technology, College ofAgriculture, GB Pant University of Agriculture andTechnology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand - 263 145, India2Department of Horticulture, College of Forestry and HillAgriculture, Ranichauri, Tehri-Garhwal, Uttarakhand249 199, India

SK Sharma ( )

E-mail: [email protected]

INTRODUCTIONIndia is one of the leading producers of fruits

and vegetables in the world. In India, Citrus crops ranknext only to banana and mango in production.However, among citrus fruits, sweet orange andmandarin are most important, with an annual

production of 3.52 and 2.91 million tonnes respectively(NHB 2013). In India, the main citrus producing statesare Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab, Haryana andRajasthan, However these crops are also cultivated inhill states including Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhandand north-eastern states (Sharma 2012, NHB 2013).

Main varieties of sweet orange in India beingcultivated on commercial scale are Blood Red,Mosambi and Satgudi, however, cv. Malta Commonis very popular in regions of Punjab, Haryana andUttarakhand (Chadha 2006, Sharma 2012). Sweetorange juice is canned, frozen, converted into

beverages or chemically preserved either as naturalsingle strength juice or after concentration. But,

browning of citrus juices and beverages duringpreparation as well as storage has been recognized as abig problem for the fruit processing industry (Sharmaet al. 2006). Browning not only affects the colour ofthe product but also leads to undesirable changes in

sensory quality attributes i.e. taste, flavour, overallacceptability etc., due to formation of various reactionintermediates mainly furfuraldehyde, hydroxyl methylfurfural (HMF) etc. (Sharma et al. 2001, 2004a, b,2013, 2014)

Low temperature reduces changes in colour andother sensory characteristics but it is commerciallyunfeasible. Therefore an effort was made to retard suchchanges in malta juice by removal of browningreaction substrates (amino acids) by cation exchangeresin treatment as per standardized method (Sharma etal. 2014, Juyal and Sharma 2014) as presented in Fig 1.

The present investigation was designed to

evaluate the effect of cation exchange resin treatment

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Socio-economic features of farm households- a comparative

study of hill and plain regions of Uttarakhand, India

SWATI GOSWAMI SK SRIVASTAVAReceived: November 12, 2014; Revised: December 10, 2014; Accepted: December 12, 2014

ABSTRACT A study was conducted to compare thesocio-economic status of farm households of hill and

plain regions of Uttarakhand, India. A multi stagestratified random sampling technique was employed toselect 75 sample farmers. Analysis based on primarydata indicated that the average operational holding of

plain region (2.88 ha) was more than six times higher ascompared to hilly region (0.43 ha). Average householdsize in the plain region (5.47) was more as compared tohilly region (5.02). Man equivalent family size foroverall farm household of the hill region was 3.61 whilethat in plains was 3.91. Man equivalent farm family size

was 3.73 for entire region including hills and plains.The proportion of primary and middle education level offarmers was high in plain region as compared to hillyregion, whereas the proportion of farmers educated upto high school and intermediate is slightly higher inhilly region as compared to plain region. In hills majorcontribution to total income was from non-farm sector(about 80 %) while, in plains on-farm enterprises playedthe important role by contributing three forth of farmhousehold income. On overall basis in the state theshare of on-farm activities was about 48 % and rest52 % contributed by non-farm sectors, in the farmhouseholds total income.

KEYWORDS Socio-economic, hill altitude, on-farmincome, non-farm income, farm size group, plain,operational holding

Goswami Swati Srivastava SK

Department of Agricultural Economics, GB Pant University ofAgriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand - 263145, India

SK Srivastava ( )E-mail: [email protected]

INTRODUCTIONUttarakhand is one of the hilly states in the

Indian Himalayas. Initially a part of Uttar Pradesh,Uttarakhand (formerly called Uttaranchal) was createdas the 27th state of the Indian Union on November 9th,2000 by carving out the 13 districts (11 hill districts and2-districts from adjoining plain region) of Uttar Pradesh.It lies in the Northern part of India between the latitudes28o43-31o27N and longitudes 77o34- 81o02E havinga maximum dimension of east - west 310 km and 255km north - south covering an area of 53,484 km2withthe elevation ranging from 210 to 7817 amsl. The state

shares international border with China (Tibet) in theNorth and Nepal in the East and interstate boundarieswith Himachal Pradesh in the West, Northwest andUttar Pradesh in the South. The State of Uttarakhandhas high degree of agro-climatic diversity and economic

backwardness. Total area under agriculture in the stateis only 0.75 million ha which accounts to only13.3 % ofthe total reported area (Raghav and Srivastava 2013).People psyche is generally governed by social trapwhere they can just visualize the immediate benefits andnot the temporal cost (Choudhary and Srivastava 2014).

The economic deprivation in region is not onlybecause of small land holdings but also because of

unproductive land use due to rainfed and operationalconstraints faced due to harsh physical conditions. Landbeing the most important natural resource deserves thetop priority in the study of agricultural development of acountry or a region (Srivastava 2011). Major operationalconstraints include undulating nature of farm holdingcoupled with inequitable agrarian structure, absence ofland consolidation, poor infrastructure and marketing ofagricultural products, and most importantly theecological handicaps incidental to mountainous area.The farm households are mostly characterized by low

productivity of crop and livestock, poor incomeunemployment, small and fragmented land holdings(Raghav and Srivastava 2014) with most of the farmers.

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Feeding behaviour of Murrah buffalo calves under different

housing systems

AMIT KUMAR AK SINGH NEELKANTReceived: October 1, 2014; Revised: December 2, 2014; Accepted: December 5, 2014

ABSTRACT The study was conducted on nutrientand water intake in Murrah buffalo calves for period of190 days to find out the different feeding regimes onsixteen Murrah buffalo calves of pre-ruminant age i.e.20 days age group, were divided into four groups i.e.T1and T2animals fed (individually), where as T3 andT4 animals fed to 100 % and 120 % ICARrecommended level of nutrients, respectively. Alongwith reared in individual and group feeding system.There were four animals in each treatment group. Thefeeds and fodders available were concentrate mixture,

berseem, sorghum, mustard and sugarcane top .The

average daily DM, CP and TDN intake per 100 kgbody weight and per kg W0.75were significant (P


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Journal of Hill Agriculture 5(2): 163-167, July December 2014

DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00857.X

Response of plant spacing and pruning intensity on yield

contributing characteristics of guava cv. Pant Prabhat

PRABHAKAR JOSHI SHANT LAL PANKAJ NAUTIYAL MAHESH PALReceived: November 5, 2014; Revised: December 3, 2014; Accepted: December 12, 2014

ABSTRACT The present study was conducted to

evaluate effect of pruning on yield characteristics in

guava. The treatments were consisted of two plant

spacing (i.e. 2.0 x 1.0 m and 2.0 x 2.0 m) and three

pruning intensities i.e., one fourth, half and three fourth

shoot pruning with un-pruned treated as control. The

emergence of new shoots and flower buds per plant were

maximum at wider spacing (2.0 x 2.0 m) for winter

season crop. Three fourth shoot pruning provedsignificantly superior over other pruning treatments foremergence of new shoots and number of flower buds per

plant for winter season crop. The treatment consisted of

2.0 x 2.0 m plant spacing and three fourth shoot pruning

was found superior in this regard, significantly higher

fruit set (68.42 %) was recorded with treatment

combination of 2.0 x 2.0 m plant spacing and three

fourth shoot pruning for winter season crop. Reverse

trend was observed in case of % flower/fruit drop during

both the years. Number of fruits and yield per plant

increased with increase in plant spacing. However, yieldon the basis of per hectare was found higher with closerspacing (2.0 x 1.0 m). Treatment combination of 2.0 x

1.0 m plant spacing and three fourth shoot pruning gave

maximum yield (238.75 q/ha) during winter

season.

KEYWORDS Guava, plant spacing, high density,

shoot pruning, winter season

Joshi Prabhakar Lal Shant Nautiyal Pankaj Pal Mahesh

Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, GBPant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar,Uttarakhand 263 145, India

Pankaj Nautiyal ( )


INTRODUCTIONGuava (Psidium guajava L.), the poor mans

fruit or apple of the tropics is a popular fruit tree of

the tropical and subtropical climate and is native to the

tropical America stretching from Mexico to Peru. It is

the fourth most important fruit crop after mango,

banana and citrus in India and considered as one of the

exquisite, nutritionally valuable and remunerative crop.

The fruit is an excellent source of ascorbic acid (260mg/100 g), pectin (1.15 %), minerals like phosphorous(23-27 mg/100 g), calcium (14-30 mg/100 g) etc as

well as vitamins like vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin,

pantothenic acid and niacin (Sharma 2010, Bhatt et al.

2014). It is one of the most referred and legendry fruit

because of its hardy and prolific bearing nature even in

marginal lands (Singh et al. 2007). Guava is

successfully grown all over India. In India, it has

become fourth important fruit crop, contributing 3.9 %

of total fruit production with estimated production of

3318 thousand tonnes from 244 thousand ha (NHB2013).

Although there was increase in area and

production of fruits during last decade in the country,

productivity did not show significant increase.

Generally guava is cultivated through traditional

planting system. In which it is very difficult to achievedesirable level of production. Moreover, in this system

guava tree takes 4-5 years for coming into commercial

bearing and thus maximize the overall cost of

production per unit area, because large trees provide

low production per unit area. Guava is a pruning

responsive crop, shoot pruning have been reported tobe successful in regulating bahar in guava. Shootpruning is also helpful in reducing the tree size and

improving the fruit quality and provide opportunity to

increase the number of trees per unit area (Lal et al.

2000). Similarly, growth of guava plant is also variable

under different planting systems (Lal et al. 2007).

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DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00858.1

Variability and correlation studies in diallel cross of tomato

(Solanumlycopericum L.)

AK SHARMA JAIPAULReceived: April 10, 2014; Revised: June 28, 2014; Accepted: July 10, 2014

ABSTRACT Heritability, genetic advance and

correlation of yield and its component was worked out

in 8x8 diallel set of tomato. Heritability estimates and

expected genetic advance (as percent of mean) were

found to be high for plant height, fruit weight, numberof fruits per cluster, yield per plant and severity of

Alternaria blight. There appeared a scope for selectionand breeding for improvement in all these characters.

Yield per plant was associated with plant height,

harvest duration, number of fruits per cluster. Pericarp

thickness was negatively associated with the number of

locules per fruit.

KEYWORDSTomato, variability, correlation, diallele

cross, quality

INTRODUCTIONTomato is becoming an important off-season

vegetable crop of the Uttarakhand hills. Firm fruited,round and indeterminate plant type is the basic

requirement of tomato cultivars suited for the hill

farming. In the hilly tract of state, a large number of

hybrids are cultivated over areas during the summer or

rainy season. It was estimated that over an area of 4000

ha is under cultivation in the mid and high hill area ofthe state.

Sharma AK1 JaiPaul

2

1Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Jakhdhar, Rudraprayag, Uttarakhand- 246 171, India2Department of Soil Science, GB Pant University ofAgriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand -263 145, India

AK Sharma ( )E mail: [email protected],

[email protected]

Development of hybrid and selection of parents

for hybrids is guided by agro-climatic conditions of the

area, where these are required to be grown. Being off-

seasonal a large bulk of tomatoes are transported to the

plain areas during the rainy season. The geneticimprovement in yield of any crop is possible only if

enough genetic diversity exists. Genetic diversitystudies are being conducted in various crops to access

suitability of different varieties in specific agro-

climatic conditions (Chadha and Bhushan 2012, 2013,

Mishra et al. 2013, Rawat et al. 2014).

Yield is undoubtedly an important parameter for

selection of parents. This trait is in generally

polygenically controlled and highly influenced by

environmental factors. Therefore, it is essential to

partition the overall variability into heritable and non-

heritable components, which will enhance the precisionof selection. Again selection of one trait influence a

large number of associated traits, which makes itnecessary to find out interrelationship of various

components both among themselves and with the yield.

Therefore, present experiment was conducted with the

objective to ascertain variability and correlation

parameters to facilitate breeding of modern varieties /

hybrids of tomato suited for hill farming.

MATERIALS AND METHODSA diallel cross of selected eight varieties/lines

viz. Solan Vajr, Arka Saurabh, V-16, H711492, Pepsi-

92, Magna, AC-402 and LA-2992 representing

considerable spectrum of variation for different

quantitative characters were used in the present set of

experiment. All the eight parents and twenty eight F1

were frown in randomized block design (RBD) with

three replication during summer month at VCSGCollege of Horticulture, Bharsar, Pauri, Uttarakhand.

Transplantation of seedling was carried out in second

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DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00859.3

Effect of different chemicals for management ofHelicoverpa

armigera(Hubner) in pigeonpea

SURENDRA PRASAD RK JHAReceived: September 13, 2014; Revised: December 5, 2014; Accepted: December 6, 2014

ABSTRACT Field experiments were carried out at

ten locations of Manjhi block of Saran District (Bihar)during 2011 and 2012 on pigeonpea crop cv NDA-1 to

find out the efficacy of different chemicals against pod

borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner). The

investigation revealed that technology option first

comprised of spraying of spinosad 45.1 SC @ 0.33ml/litre water followed by technology 2

nd spraying of

imidacloprid 14.8 SC @ 0.33 ml/litre water at ten

locations were most effective against pod borer. The

maximum grain yield was observed in technology first16.2 and 18.4 q/ha, respectively which was

significantly superior over all the treatments. The

studies conducted on impact of various technologyoptions showed that net return was also higher in

technology first (Rs. 56608 and Rs. 56660) during both

years.

KEYWORDS Pigeonpea, pod borer, chemicals,economics

INTRODUCTIONPigeonpea is one of the most important pulse crops in

India. Despite the fact that a large number of highyielding varieties have been released, productivity of

this crop remains stagnant at around 500-700 kg/ha

as compared to its potential yield (1500-3000 kg/ha,early long duration) for the past 3-4 decades, largely

Prasad Surendra Jha RK

Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Manjhi, Saran, Rajendra AgriculturalUniversity, Pusa, Bihar 841 313, India

Surendra Prasad ( )


due to insect pest damage (Sharma and Pampapathy,

2004). It is attacked by more than 250 species of insect,of which pod borer Helicoverpa armigera Hubner is

the a major pest in most parts of the country (Shanower

et al 1999). Excessive and indiscriminate use of

pesticides to control these pests has resulted in

undesirable ecological changes (Mahappatro and Gupta1998). In view of the above, evaluation and adoption of

different chemicals for management of pod borer in

holistic manner incorporating judicious use of newly

introduced modern pesticides seem to be bestalternative. Hence, the present investigation was

carried out to study the effectiveness of different

chemicals against pod borer in Saran district of Bihar.

MATERIALS AND METHODSThe field experiments were carried out at ten

locations of Manjhi block near Krishi Vigyan Kendra,Manjhi (Bihar) for two consecutive years of 2011 and

2012. The trials were laid out in randomized block

design with ten replications in 170 sqm plot size.

Narendra Arhar-1 was sown in first week of July with a

spacing of 100 x 25 cm. All the agronomical practices

recommended to raise the good crops followed.Spraying of spinosad 45.1 SC @ 1 ml/3 litre of water

and imidachloprid 17.8 SC @ 1 ml / 3 litre of water i.e.

first and second technology option with compared tofarmers practices (spraying of dimethoate 30 EC 1

lit/ha) on farmer field at 50% flower were initiated.

After treatments ten plants were randomly selected andtagged in each plot. Observations were made on related

problem addressed to average numbers of infested pod

per plant and average number of infested grain per pod

at 170 and 190 days after sowing, Weight of healthy

grain per square meter, 1000 healthy grain weight and

yield q/ha were calculated. Gross return Rs./ha, net

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DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00860.X

Constraints in adoption of farming systems on tribal farms

in Uttarakhand

SHALINI RAGHAV SK SRIVASTAVAReceived: November 12, 2014; Revised: December 10, 2014; Accepted: December 12, 2014

ABSTRACT The main aim of the study was to find

out the various factors (technological, institutional andinfrastructural) affecting the adoption of existing

farming systems on tribal farms. The study was carried

out in the tarai region of Uttarakhand. Udham Singh

Nagar district of Uttarakhand had been selected to

represent the tarai region of the state. Various

constraints perceived by the tribal farmers in adopting

different farming systems (crop+livestock,

crop+livestock+orchard, only crop and only livestock

farming systems) were identified. The data were

collected through interview schedules from 60 tribal

farmers of the study area. It was found that lack ofadoption of improved seed and its practices, diseaseincidence, high cost of farm input, fragmented land,

lack of credit facility, poor linkage with extension

agencies, lack of input supply at proper time, lack of

efficient marketing and lack of knowledge were the

major constraints in crop based farming systems. Low

availability of quality fodder, low milk yielding breed,

lack of suitable animal house, high cost of inputs,

inadequate pasture, poor linkage with extension

agencies and lack of knowledge are the major

constraints operating under all the farming systemsexcept crop farming system. Due to high cost of inputs

Raghav Shalini1 Srivastava SK2

1Department of Agricultural Economics, Institute ofAgricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi,

Uttar Pradesh - 221 005, India2Department of Agricultural Economics, GB Pant Universityof Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand -263 145, India

SK Srivastava ( )E-mail: [email protected],

[email protected]

they didnt use plant protection, chemical, fertilizers,

etc. in sufficient quantity in case of crop productionand orchard enterprise. Therefore, agricultural

extension services should be improved for the tribal

farms in the study area to educate the tribal farmers in

using new agricultural technology. Input supply system

also needs to be improved for supply of agro-inputs at

reasonable prices. Improvement in the economic well-

being of farmers can be made through the adoption of

improved breed of livestock.

KEYWORDS Tribal farmers, farming system,

constraints, adoption, crop, livestock

INTRODUCTIONAgriculture is a critical sector of the Indian

economy. India accounts for only about 2.4 % of

worlds geographical area and 4 % of its water

resources but has to support 17 % of worlds human

population and 15 % of the livestock. Though

agriculture sectors contribution to the overall Gross

Domestic Product (GDP) of India has fallen from about

30 % in 1990-91 to less than 14 % in 2012-13, a trendthat is expected in the development process of any fast

growing economy, agriculture is still of paramountimportance for economic development of the country.

Furthermore, the share of agriculture in Indias exports

was around 18-20 % in 1990s which has now

decreased to around 10-12 %. However, half of the

Indias population still relies on agriculture as it is the

principal source of their income and an important

source of raw material for a large number of industries.

Land being the most important natural resource

deserves the top priority in the study of agriculturaldevelopment of a country or a region (Srivastava2011).

Agriculture including crop and animal

husbandry, fisheries, forestry and agro processing

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DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00861.1

Effect of clonal rootstock on growth and yield of spur type

apple cultivars under high density plantation in

Uttarakhand

AK SHARMA JAIPAULReceived: May 2, 2014; Revised: August 16, 2014; Accepted: August 25, 2014

ABSTRACT Two year experiment on pruning

intensity of six new and spur cultivars of apple (Gale

Gala, Early Red One, Super Chief, Red Fuji, Oregon

Spur-II and Red Chief) was conducted at Govt

Horticulture Orchard, Chaubattia, Almora, Uttarakhandto evaluate the performance of five year old cultivars

raised on clonal rootstocks. Significant differenceswere recorded among growth parameters in all tested

cultivars during both years. Gale Gala out-yielded

other cultivars with maximum production of 19.52

tonnes/ha in 2010, closely followed by Red Chief and

Oregon Spur.

KEYWORDS Apple, clonal rootstocks, delicious

group, spur type cultivars, high density plantation

INTRODUCTIONApple is an important fruit occupying a major

place in economy of Uttarakhand (Sharma 2012). Theyield levels of apple are low due to inadequate use of

planting material and imbalanced nutrition of crops,

apart from other factors. In the hilly tracts, fruit

cultivation on sloppy areas causes many production

problems, influence tree growth and productivity. The

productivity of apple in different hill state ranges from3.5 tonnes/ha to 12 tonnes/ha, which is much less as

Sharma AK1 JaiPaul

2

1Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Jakhdhar, Rudraprayag, Uttarakhand- 246 171, India2Department of Soil Science, GB Pant University ofAgriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand-263 145, India

AK Sharma ( )E mail: [email protected],

[email protected]

compared to the world average of 30 tonnes/ha. The

major constraints of low productivity can be

enumerated as changing climate, unhealthy soil, steep

slopes, irrigation facilities, traditional orchard

practices. The growth and productivity of apple inIndian conditions can be optimized by adopting the

improved high yielding cultivars and standard clonalrootstock and management practices (Sharma and

Chauhan 1990). Although apple plantations have been

raised on seedling rootstocks in various states of the

country, use of clonal rootstocks can increase crop

productivity, and influence scion vigour is well

(Sharma et al. 2013). The productivity of temperate

fruits can be increased by high density planting, which

is possible by use of size controlling clonal rootstocks.

The idea of present investigation was to evaluate the

influence of different stock-scion combinations on thegrowth, cropping parameters and to find out best

stock-scion combination suited to agro-climaticconditions of Uttarakhand.

MATERIALS AND METHODSThe experiment was conducted at Govt.

Horticulture Orchard Chaubattia, Uttarakhand. The

orchard is located at an elevation of 7160 feet abovemean sea level. Five years old healthy and uniform

plants were selected for the experiment. Apple

cultivars Gale Gala, Early Red One, Super Chief, RedFuji, Organ Spur-II, Red Chief and rootstock EMLA-

27 were used in experiment design. The experiment

was laid in RBD with three replications and threeplants in each replication. The planting density in

mother orchard was 1600 trees/ha.

Tree volume (m2) was calculated for the data on

height and spread measurement according to formula

suggested by Westwood (1993). The trunk girth (cm)

was measured with help of measuring tape at height of

RESEARCH PAPER


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DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00862.3

Heterotic vigour studies in forage sorghum hybrid by

multiple criteria

BIRENDRA PRASADReceived: September 1, 2014; Revised: December 1, 2014; Accepted: December 5, 2014

ABSTRACT The parental lines PC-23 R, 2219 Aand 2219 B were used to produce the forage sorghum

hybrid, PCH-106 under 5 different planting ratio ofseed and pollen parent viz 4:2, 6:2, 8:2, 10:2 & 12:2

and also with 3 times of staggered sowing of R line

each after 7 days under 4:2. The impact of hybridity in

F1 seed was highly significant and positive over

parental lines. The hybrid seed, produced through

different planting ratio and staggered planting under

test were significantly vigorous over parent with

respect to most of the vigour test except PC-23 R,

result at par with hybrid seed in first count and speed ofgermination. The influence of planting ratio and

staggered planting of pollen parent in hybrid seed

production with respect to seed vigour was nonsignificant.

KEYWORDS Heterosis, seed vigour, forage

sorghum, hybrid, parental lines

INTRODUCTIONSorghum is not only a grain crop but also an

important fodder crop in the country. It is being the

most important fodder crop of both summer and

kharif seasons and with proven potential for yields,may realm as the guiding element in the presentscenario of fodder deficit. Heterosis studies conducted

on grain sorghum hybrids for stover yield and

Prasad Birendra

Department of Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, GB

Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar,Uttarakhand 263 145, India

Birendra Prasad ( )


morphological traits generated the idea of developingforage sorghum hybrids (Giriraj and Goud 1981,

Kulkarni and Shinde 1985). To exploit the fodder yieldheterosis, the development of multicut sorghum

hybrids between sorghum (S. bicolor) and sudan grass

(S. sudanense) is an important area of research to

achieve the quantum jump in fodder yield. In hybrid

seed production involving CGMS lines, effective

pollen spread from the male parent and pollination are

important to determine the seed setting and yield

(Prasad et al. 2005). The differential behaviour of

parental lines in flowering habit result in nonsynchronization of parents giving rise to poor seed set.

Therefore, knowledge of the behaviour of parental

lines for the flowering habit is not only essential butalso very useful for careful planning of suitable

staggering to ensure nicking and thereby ensuring

maximum seed set.

Seed vigour has been recognized as one of the

important aspects of the seed quality and provide a

reproducible results which is more closely correlated

with emergence in the field (Kumar and Chandra

2014). It is an examination of seed under specific

environment conditions so as to provide means of

evaluating the heterotic potential of hybrid seed overparental lines in the laboratory. Seed vigour is aninherent character and an important attributes of seed

quality indicating the degree of aliveness. The

differential behaviour of seed vigour for F1hybrid seed

over parental lines is attributed to its heterotic

potential. Through seed vigour studies level of

heterosis of hybrid seed may presume in laboratory

before planting in the field. Therefore, the present

investigation was carried out to know the heterotic

potential with respect to seed vigour in F1 forage

sorghum hybrid, PCH-106 produced through differentplanting ratio, staggered planting over parental lines.

RESEARCH PAPER


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DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00863.5

Genetic variability of tomato genotypes for yield and other

horticultural traits

V SINGH KH NASEERUDDIN DK RANAReceived: November 21, 2014; Revised: December 5, 2014; Accepted: December 10, 2014

ABSTRACT Sixteen diverse genotypes of tomato

(Solanum lycopersicumL.) were evaluated to study the

genetic variability, heritability and genetic advanced at

Horticultural research farm, Department of Applied

Plant Science (Horticulture), Babasaheb Bhimrao

Ambedker University, Lucknow (India) during rabi

season 2011-12. Ten plants were randomly selected

from each plot and tagged for recording data on 19

characters. The analysis of variance revealedsignificant differences among genotypes for all the

traits. Both genotypic as well as phenotypiccoefficients of variations were high for number of

cluster/plant, number of flower/plant, fruit

weight/cluster and number of fruits/plant. Heritability

in broad sense was high for plant height, number of

leaves/plant, number of cluster/plant, number of

flower/plant, number of locules and pericarp thickness.

Genetic advance in % of mean was maximum for

number of cluster/plant followed by number of

flower/plant, fruit weight/cluster and number offruits/plant.

KEYWORDS Tomato, genotype, variability,heritability, genetic advance

Singh V1 Naseeruddin KH

2 Rana

2

1Department of Applied Plant Science (Horticulture),Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedker University, Lucknow, UttarPradesh 226 025, India2Department of Horticulture, HNB Garhwal University,

Srinagar, Uttarakhand 246 174, India

V Singh ( )Email: [email protected], [email protected]

INTRODUCTIONTomato (Solanum lycopersucumL.), 2n=24, is one

of the most popular and widely grown vegetables in the

world. It is a versatile vegetable for culinary purpose. Ripe

tomato fruit is consumed fresh as salad and utilized in the

preparation of range of processed products such as

powder, puree, ketchup, sauce, soup, canned fruit. Unripe

green fruits are used for preparation of pickles and chutney.

Tomatoes are important source of lycopene (antioxidant)vitamin A, vitamin C and minerals.

The role of genetic variability in a crop is ofparamount importance in selecting the best genotypes

for making rapid improvement in yield and related

characters as well as to select most potential parents

for making the hybridization programme successful.

The success of breeding programme depends on the

availability of genetic variability present in the

available germplasm (Prasad et al. 2012). The study of

biological parameters is often considered to be useful

step in the study of genotypic variability. Since most ofthe plant characters of economic importance are

polygenic in nature and are highly influenced by

environment, it is necessary to work out whether the

observed variability is heritable or due to environment.This suggests the imperative need to work out the

phenotypic variation into heritable and non heritable

components. Genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of

variability help to access the divergence of the

characters (Uniyal et al. 2013). Selection would be

more meaningful for characters which exhibit high

variability and heritability along with moderate to high

genetic gain. Realizing the importance of the crop,there is urgent need to isolate such breeding lines

having desirable horticultural trails, better quality

coupled with high yield potential. Under such

situation, an attempt was made in the present

investigation to analyse genetic components and

RESEARCH PAPER


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DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00864.7

Economics of income generating activities under SHG

finance in Meghalaya

JW MOMIN DC KALITAReceived: October 5, 2014; Revised: December 5, 2014, Accepted: December 6, 2014

ABSTRACT The present study was conducted in

West Garo Hills district of Meghalaya covering four

blocks viz. Rongram, Dadenggre, Gambegre and

Selsela. A sample size of 200 SHG beneficiaries was

selected by using multiple stage random sampling

method. Field level data was elicited for the year

20010-11 through personal interview method. For

analyzing the data, tabular analysis was employed. The

main income generating activities of SHG beneficiaries

were agricultural and plantation crops, livestockfarming and business and cottage industries. The cost

of Income Generating Activities (IGAs) was estimatedbased on establishment and maintenance cost. The

results revealed that per farm total cost of IGAs was

estimated to be Rs. 28088.51 in the average farm

situation. The net return over total cost in these major

IGAs was Rs. 77637.55 in the average farm situation.

Return per rupee of expenditure was found to be the

highest in agricultural and plantation crops. The IGAs

taken up by the sample SHG beneficiaries under SHG

finance were profitable in the area.

KEYWORDS Economics, SHGs, IGAs, agriculture,

plantation crops, livestock

INTRODUCTIONThe SHG finance is one of the most crucial

inputs for economic activity, growth and development.

In rural areas, women living below poverty line are

unable to realize their potential. SHG programmes are

Momin JW Kalita DC

Department of RDAP, North Eastern Hill University, TuraCampus, Tura, Meghalaya 794 002, India

JW Momin ( )


currently being promoted as a key strategy for

addressing poverty alleviation and womens

empowerment simultaneously (Puhazhendi and

Satyasai 2001, Das 2012). The participation of women

in SHGs made significant impact on their

empowerment both in social and economic aspects

(Boraian 2008). The SHG and economic empowerment

of rural women variables used to influence the types of

development on income generating activities of farm

and non-farm sectors in the area. It is because, theactivities vary in their level and types of resource

requirement like land, labour, capital and themanagerial skill which is indirectly against the

outcome of level of income generation. One of the

benefits of joining SHG is the accessibility to credit

sources. SHG has created faith among the users to

disburse loan to the poor in groups. The members of

SHGs have taken loans from formal sector for either

production or consumption or both purposes, which are

not possible without SHG (Christuraj and Saraswathy

2009). The income generation activities of rural poorenhance the better standard of living where it createsmore income and employment opportunities among

rural women. In the present study, an attempt is made

to present the results of the cost and return frominvestment per farm in various income generating

activities such as agricultural and plantation crops,

livestock farming and business and cottage industries

of the sample beneficiaries. The agricultural and

plantation crops cover the crops such as areca nut,

cashew nut, tea, orange, other minor agricultural and

plantation crops like squash, pear, rubber, large

cardamom, black piper, etc. and jhum. The cost andreturn from investment in livestock farming include

piggery, poultry, dairy and other farming such as

goatary, fishery, etc. The cost and return from

investment in business and cottage industries include

grocery, tea stall, vegetable vendors, tailoring,

RESEARCH PAPER


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DOI 10.5958/2230-7338.2014.00865.9

Weed management strategies for better yield and economics

of grain amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) in

mountain agriculture

DK SHUKLA BIRENDRA PRASAD TEJ PRATAPReceived: November 02, 2014; Revised: December 5, 2014, Accepted: December 6, 2014

ABSTRACT A field experiment was conducted to

find out suitable weed management strategies forhigher yield of grain amaranth under rainfed condition

of Uttarakhand hills. Weed free treatment recorded

significant improvement i

Documents

Journal of Hill Agriculture (Print ISSn 0976-7606, Online ISSN 2230-7338)