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EUROPEAN
UNION
ROMANIAN GOVERNMENT MINISTRY OF LABOUR, FAMILY, SOCIAL PROTECTION AND OF
SENIOR CITIZENS AMPOSDRU
European Social Fund
SOP HRD 2007-2013
Structural Instruments 2007 - 2013
1
1
Invest in people !
EUROPEAN SOCIAL FUND
Sectoral Operational Programme Human Resources Development 2007 – 2013
Priority Axis 3 "INCREASING ADAPTABILITY OF WORKERS AND
ENTERPRISES"
Major field of intervention 3.3 "Developing partnerships and encouraging the initiatives
of social partners and civil society"
Title of the project: “Network of Competent Authorities for Professional Qualifications
in Romania (IMI PQ NET Romania)”
Beneficiary: Ministry of National Education
Contract no. SOP HRD/93/3.3/S/53132
GUIDELINES FOR THE CERTIFICATION AND RECOGNITION
OF THE PROFESSION OF PRIMARY / SECONDARY SCHOOL
TEACHER
Author: Paula Posea
Domain: EDUCATION-ADMINISTRATION
EUROPEAN
UNION
ROMANIAN GOVERNMENT MINISTRY OF LABOUR, FAMILY, SOCIAL PROTECTION AND OF
SENIOR CITIZENS AMPOSDRU
European Social Fund
SOP HRD 2007-2013
Structural Instruments 2007 - 2013
2
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction 5
1. Status regarding the regulation of the
profession of primary / secondary school teacher
in Romania and other European Union Member
States
8
2. Procedures for the validation / certification of
competence applied by CA in countries where
the profession is regulated
20
2.1. Procedures for the validation / certification
of competence of the profession of primary /
secondary school teacher in Romania
21
2.2. Procedures for the validation / certification
of competence of the profession of primary /
secondary school teacher in Great Britain
25
2.3. Procedures for the validation / certification
of competence of the profession of primary /
secondary school teacher in Denmark
26
2.4 Procedures for the validation / certification
of competence of the profession of primary /
secondary school teacher in Germany
30
2.5. Procedures for the validation / certification
of competence of the profession of primary /
secondary school teacher in Italy
32
2.6. Procedures for the validation / certification
of competence of the profession of primary /
secondary school teacher in The Netherlands
34
2.7. Procedures for the validation / certification
of competence of the profession of primary /
secondary school teacher in Spain
37
EUROPEAN
UNION
ROMANIAN GOVERNMENT MINISTRY OF LABOUR, FAMILY, SOCIAL PROTECTION AND OF
SENIOR CITIZENS AMPOSDRU
European Social Fund
SOP HRD 2007-2013
Structural Instruments 2007 - 2013
3
3
2.8. Procedures for the validation / certification
of competence of the profession of primary /
secondary school teacher in Austria
40
2.9. Procedures for the validation / certification
of competence of the profession of primary /
secondary school teacher in The Czech Republic
42
3. Processes of recognition of qualifications
acquired in other EU MS
45
3.1. The process of recognition of the
qualification of primary / secondary school
teacher in Romania
45
3.2. The process of recognition of the
qualification of primary / secondary school
teacher in The Netherlands
47
3.3. The process of recognition of the
qualification of primary / secondary school
teacher in Spain
48
3.4. The process of recognition of the
qualification of primary / secondary school
teacher in Great Britain
49
3.5. The process of recognition of the
qualification of primary / secondary school
teacher in Denmark
50
3.6. The process of recognition of the
qualification of primary / secondary school
teacher in The Czech Republic
52
3.7. The process of recognition of the
qualification of primary / secondary school
teacher in Italy
59
3.8. The process of recognition of the
qualification of primary / secondary school
teacher in Austria
60
3.9. The process of recognition of the 60
EUROPEAN
UNION
ROMANIAN GOVERNMENT MINISTRY OF LABOUR, FAMILY, SOCIAL PROTECTION AND OF
SENIOR CITIZENS AMPOSDRU
European Social Fund
SOP HRD 2007-2013
Structural Instruments 2007 - 2013
4
4
qualification of primary / secondary school
teacher in Germany
4.SOLVIT 63
5. The practice of the profession of primary /
secondary school teacher in the EU
68
6. Conclusions 76
7. List of abbreviations used in this paper 77
8. References 78
EUROPEAN
UNION
ROMANIAN GOVERNMENT MINISTRY OF LABOUR, FAMILY, SOCIAL PROTECTION AND OF
SENIOR CITIZENS AMPOSDRU
European Social Fund
SOP HRD 2007-2013
Structural Instruments 2007 - 2013
5
5
INTRODUCTION
The guidelines for the certification and recognition of the profession
of Primary / secondary school teacher represents on of the outcomes of
the „Network of Competent Authorities for Professional Qualifications
in Romania (IMI PQ NET Romania)” Project implemented by the
Ministry of National Education (MNE) in partnership with the National
Qualifications Authority (NCA) and the Institute for Social Policy (ISP),
co-financed by the European Social Fund through the Sectoral
Operational Programme Human Resources Development 2007-2013
(SOP HRD).
Within IMI PQ NET Romania Project, validation procedures
and certification of competence and qualification recognition processes
for each regulated profession in part were analyzed and developed
together with competent authorities and common procedural elements
for each competent authority have been established. By aggregation and
synthesis thereof, common procedural elements for each domain have
been established and, on this basis, standard procedures for the
validation and certification of competence covering all regulated
professions and for the recognition of qualifications were developed.
The analysis was performed for Romania and another 8 European Union
Member States (Austria, The Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany,
Italy, Great Britain, The Netherlands and Spain). Research in European
EUROPEAN
UNION
ROMANIAN GOVERNMENT MINISTRY OF LABOUR, FAMILY, SOCIAL PROTECTION AND OF
SENIOR CITIZENS AMPOSDRU
European Social Fund
SOP HRD 2007-2013
Structural Instruments 2007 - 2013
6
6
legislation and in the legislation of the countries concerned were
performed, on the acquisition manner of qualifications, the education
and training system, types of documents (diplomas, certificates,
qualification certificates, etc.) that can be obtained on the certification of
the preparation, regulations regarding validation, accreditation and
recognition of qualifications, professions regulated under Directive
2005/36/EC on the recognition of professional qualifications.
For some of these countries (Denmark, Germany, Italy, Great Britain,
The Netherlands and Spain) study visits attended by specialists in the
working groups established under the project and experts from the
Ministry of National Education and the National Qualifications
Authority, were organized within the project. During these visits, the
information collection basis within the meetings with representatives of
the competent authorities and other stakeholders in host countries was
extended.
The purpose of this analysis is to facilitate the responsible institutions
and stakeholders, the knowledge and understanding of the profession
(professions) analyzed in several European countries, compared to
Romania in order to adapt legislation and facilitate mobility on the
European labor market. These guidelines are achieved based on
guidance standard reference terms for the procedures of validation and
certification of competence and qualification recognition processes1,
EUROPEAN
UNION
ROMANIAN GOVERNMENT MINISTRY OF LABOUR, FAMILY, SOCIAL PROTECTION AND OF
SENIOR CITIZENS AMPOSDRU
European Social Fund
SOP HRD 2007-2013
Structural Instruments 2007 - 2013
7
7
developed within the project and validated in the workshops of working
groups.
The achievement of the guidelines for the certification and
recognition of the profession of primary / secondary school teacher
aims to:
assist competent authorities in Romania (Ministry of National
Education and its subordinate institutions) in their efforts to
standardize the certification and recognition of regulated
professions they manage by informing them about the practices
of other EU Member States
inform all people who have acquired skills in the respective
field of activity in Romania and want to practice the profession
in question in one of the EU Member States presented in the
guide.
I thank all the members of the Working Group Education-
Administration for their improvement suggestions and proposals made
within the workshops organized through the project.
EUROPEAN
UNION
ROMANIAN GOVERNMENT MINISTRY OF LABOUR, FAMILY, SOCIAL PROTECTION AND OF
SENIOR CITIZENS AMPOSDRU
European Social Fund
SOP HRD 2007-2013
Structural Instruments 2007 - 2013
8
8
1. Status regarding the regulation of the profession of
primary / secondary school teacher in Romania and
other European Union Member States
Law no. 200/2004 on the recognition of diplomas and professional
qualifications for the professions regulated in Romania establishes in
Annex no. 2 - List of regulated professions in Romania, among the
regulated professions requiring at least three years of higher education
(diploma of a university or college) , the profession of teacher (for
higher education and primary / secondary school [2]
However, in Romania, the National Education Law no. 1 of 2011 [1],
published in the Official Gazette no. 18/10.01.2011 establishes the
teaching positions in primary / secondary school. These are:
in ante pre-school education: kindergarten teacher-nursery
school teacher
in pre-school education: preschool teacher
in primary education: primary school teacher
in secondary education: teacher
in special education: special education teacher
The list of IMI System qualifications [3] contains several professions
for primary / secondary school, for different levels and subsystems of
the school system, such as:
Table no. 1
EUROPEAN
UNION
ROMANIAN GOVERNMENT MINISTRY OF LABOUR, FAMILY, SOCIAL PROTECTION AND OF
SENIOR CITIZENS AMPOSDRU
European Social Fund
SOP HRD 2007-2013
Structural Instruments 2007 - 2013
9
9
Denumirea
Profesiei (RO)
Profession
Designation (EN)
Equivalent
teaching position
in Romania
Group of
occupations in
IMIPQNET System
Învăţător Primary school
teacher
primary education
teacher
Education and
professional training,
related professions
Educator/institutor
preşcolar
Nursery school
teacher
preschool
education teacher
Education and
professional training,
related professions
Profesor în
instituţii de
învăţământ
profesional
Vocational
education teacher
teacher
Education and
professional training,
related professions
Profesor în
învăţământul
secundar
Secondary school
teacher
teacher
Education and
professional training,
related professions
Profesor specializat
pentru copii cu
nevoi speciale
Special needs
teacher
special education
teacher
Education and
professional training,
related professions
In European Union Member States, according to the website
http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/qualifications/regprof/ [4], there are
several professions regulated for primary / secondary school, for
example:
Primary school teacher/ învăţător – there are 33 similar
professions regulated in 25 countries
Secondary school teacher/ Profesor în învăţământul secundar-
there are 48 similar professions regulated in 29 countries ( EU
and EEA)
Vocational education teacher/Profesor în instituţii de învăţământ
profesional- there are 11 similar professions regulated in 8
countries
EUROPEAN
UNION
ROMANIAN GOVERNMENT MINISTRY OF LABOUR, FAMILY, SOCIAL PROTECTION AND OF
SENIOR CITIZENS AMPOSDRU
European Social Fund
SOP HRD 2007-2013
Structural Instruments 2007 - 2013
10
10
For the countries studied within the project, Table 2 presents, by way of
example, the situation for the profession of primary school teacher
(învăţător) and Chapter 2 of this study will present all existing situations
in detail:
Table no. 2
Member
State
Profession
Designation Competent Authority
Level of
education
Recognition
system
ROMANIA
primary
education
teacher
Ministry of National
Education
PS3 - Diploma of
post-secondary
level (3-4 years),
Art. 11 d
General
system of
recognition -
first
application
AUSTRIA
Lehrer an
Volksschulen/ primary
school teacher
BUNDESLÄNDER/ Bu
ndesministerium für
Wirtschaft, Familie und
Jugend / Ministry of
Economy, Family and
Youth
PS3 - Diploma of
post-secondary
level (3-4 years),
Art. 11 d
General
system of
recognition -
first
application
CZECH
REPUBLIC
Učitel prvního
stupně
základní
školy/ primary
school teacher
Ministry of Education,
Youth and Sports,
email:[email protected]
PS3 - Diploma of
post-secondary
level (3-4 years),
Art. 11 d
General
system of
recognition -
first
application
DENMARK
Lærer i
Folkeskolen/F
olkeskolelære
r/ primary
school teacher
/teacher
Styrelsen for
Universiteter og
Internationalisering/
Danish Agency for
Universities and
Internationalisation
http://www.ui.dk/
PS3 - Diploma of
post-secondary
level (3-4 years),
Art. 11 d
General
system of
recognition -
first
application
GERMANY Lehrer/teacher
Zentralstelle für
ausländisches
Billdungswesen/ Central office for
foreign education,
email: [email protected]
PS3 - Diploma of
post-secondary
level (3-4 years),
Art. 11 d
General
system of
recognition -
first
application
EUROPEAN
UNION
ROMANIAN GOVERNMENT MINISTRY OF LABOUR, FAMILY, SOCIAL PROTECTION AND OF
SENIOR CITIZENS AMPOSDRU
European Social Fund
SOP HRD 2007-2013
Structural Instruments 2007 - 2013
11
11
GREAT
BRITAIN School
Teacher in
State
maintained
schools
(Primary)
National College for
Teaching and
Leadership,http://www.
education.gov.uk/
General Teaching
Council for
Scotlan/,http://www.gtc
s.org.uk/
PS3 - Diploma of
post-secondary
level (3-4 years),
Art. 11 d
General
system of
recognition -
first
application
ITALY
Docente di
scuola
primaria/prim
ary school
teacher
Ministero
dell'Università, email:
PS3 - Diploma of
post-secondary
level (3-4 years),
Art. 11 d
General
system of
recognition -
first
application
NETHERLA
NDS
Leraar
basisonderwij
s/ teacher
training
Dienst Uitvoering
Onderwijs/ Department
of Education,
http://www.duo.nl/Inter
national_visitors/default
.asp
PS3 - Diploma of
post-secondary
level (3-4 years),
Art. 11 d
General
system of
recognition -
first
application
SPAIN
Maestro/Mast
er
Ministerio de Educación
y Ciencia (Subdirección
General de Titulos,
Convalidaciones y
Homologaciones)/
Ministry of Education
and Science, General
Subdepartment Titles,
Certifications and
Homologations.
s
PS3 - Diploma of
post-secondary
level (3-4 years),
Art. 11 d
General
system of
recognition -
first
application
It is interesting to study the regulation manner of the profession of
Teacher in vocational education institutions (Vocational education
teacher), which in Romania is not regulated differently, although it
would be necessary.
EUROPEAN
UNION
ROMANIAN GOVERNMENT MINISTRY OF LABOUR, FAMILY, SOCIAL PROTECTION AND OF
SENIOR CITIZENS AMPOSDRU
European Social Fund
SOP HRD 2007-2013
Structural Instruments 2007 - 2013
12
12
In Figure no. 1, one can identify the countries in which this
profession is regulated, and Table no. 3 provides synthetic information
from the database of the European Commission, related to this
profession.
Figure no. 1 - Vocational education teacher – regulated profession
[4]
Table no. 3
Member
State
Profession
Designation
Competent Authority
Level of
education
Recognition
system
BELGIUM -
Flemish
Community
Hoogleraar
(hogeschool)/
vocational
education
teacher
Vlaamse Overheid,
Administratie Hoger
onderwijs, NARIC-
Vlaanderen/ Flemish
Government, Higher
Education
Administration,
NARIC-Vlaanderen,
PS3 - Diploma of
post-secondary
level (3-4 years),
Art. 11 d
General
system of
recognition -
first
application
EUROPEAN
UNION
ROMANIAN GOVERNMENT MINISTRY OF LABOUR, FAMILY, SOCIAL PROTECTION AND OF
SENIOR CITIZENS AMPOSDRU
European Social Fund
SOP HRD 2007-2013
Structural Instruments 2007 - 2013
13
13
daniel.deschrijver@ond.
vlaanderen.be
BELGIUM -
French
Community
Professeur
d'enseigneme
nt superieur
non-
universitaire/ non-university
higher
education
teacher
Ministère de la
Fédération Wallonie-
Bruxelles, Direction
générale de
l'Enseignement non-
obligatoire et de la
Recherche scientifique/ Ministry of the
Walloon-Brussels
Federation, Directorate
General for Non-
compulsory Education
and Scientific Research
http://www.enseigneme
nt.be/
PS3 - Diploma of
post-secondary
level (3-4 years),
Art. 11 d
General
system of
recognition -
first
application
CZECH
REPUBLIC
Učitel vyšší
odborné
školy/higher
vocational
education
teacher
Ministry of Education,
Youth and Sports
ESA - Certificate
attesting
secondary course
graduation, Art.
11 b,
Legislation:Act
No. 563/2004
Coll., on
Education
Professionals,
Art. 11
General
system of
recognition -
first
application
FINLAND
Ammatillisten
opintojen
opettaja/lärare
i
yrkesinriktade
studier/
vocational
education
teacher
Finnish National Board
of Education
(Opetushallitus)
http://www.oph.fi/
PS3 - Diploma of
post-secondary
level (3-4 years),
Art. 11 d
General
system of
recognition -
first
application
LITHUANI
A
Profesijos
mokytojas/ lower,
secondary,
Švietimo ir mokslo
ministerija
Ministry of Education
and Science
PS3 - Diploma of
post-secondary
level (3-4 years),
Art. 11 d
General
system of
recognition -
first
EUROPEAN
UNION
ROMANIAN GOVERNMENT MINISTRY OF LABOUR, FAMILY, SOCIAL PROTECTION AND OF
SENIOR CITIZENS AMPOSDRU
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SOP HRD 2007-2013
Structural Instruments 2007 - 2013
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14
post
secondary
vocational
education
teacher
http://www.smm.lt/ application
NETHERLA
NDS
Docent
beroepsonder
wijs en
volwassenene
ducatie, bve/
secondary
vocational
education
teacher
Docent hoger
beroepsonder
wijs/ post
secondary
vocational
education
teacher
Dienst Uitvoering
Onderwijs/ Department
of Education
http://www.duo.nl/Inter
national_visitors/default
.asp
PS3 - Diploma of
post-secondary
level (3-4 years),
Art. 11 d
General
system of
recognition -
first
application
NORWAY
Yrkesfaglærer
/ vocational
education
teacher
Utdanningsdirektoratet
The Norwegian
Directorate for
Education and Training
http://www.udir.no/
ESD - Diploma
of post secondary
education,
including Annex
II (ex 92/51,
Annexes C, D),
Art. 11 c
Legislation:Forsk
rift 23. juni 2006
nr. 724 til
opplæringslova
General
system of
recognition -
first
application
POLAND
Nauczyciel
praktycznej
nauki zawodu/
practical
vocational
training
teacher
Minister Edukacji
Narodowej
Ministry of National
Education
http://www.men.gov.pl/
ESD - Diploma
of post secondary
education,
including Annex
II (ex 92/51,
Annexes C, D),
Art. 11 c
General
system of
recognition -
first
application
SLOVENIA Mojster v Ministstvo za ESA - Certificate General
EUROPEAN
UNION
ROMANIAN GOVERNMENT MINISTRY OF LABOUR, FAMILY, SOCIAL PROTECTION AND OF
SENIOR CITIZENS AMPOSDRU
European Social Fund
SOP HRD 2007-2013
Structural Instruments 2007 - 2013
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15
poklicnem in
strokovnem
izobraževanju
/ Master in
Vocational
Education and
Training
Učitelj
praktičnega
pouka in
veščin v
poklicnih oz.
strokovnih
šolah/ practical
vocational
training and
skill
development
in vocational
schools
teacher
izobraževanje, znanost,
kulturo in šport
Ministry of Education,
Science, Culture and
Sport
http://www.mizks.gov.si
/
attesting
secondary course
graduation, Art.
11 b
system of
recognition -
first
application
Source: 4http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/qualifications/regprof/index.cfm?action=profession
&id_profession=3121
Initial teacher training in Europe [21]
In Europe, for initial teacher training the trend is that the bachelor
degree of 4 years duration be considered the minimum qualification.
In 2012, in Europe, the predominant teacher qualification was the
bachelor degree, except high school teachers who, in most countries
must have a master's degree. Only in the Czech Republic, Germany,
Austria, Malta and Slovakia teachers for pre-primary education (or
EUROPEAN
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16
qualified personnel for this level) are not higher education graduates,
but they have a post-secondary level qualification.
Alternative ways to obtain a teaching qualification such as training on
the job or career change short programs are not widespread in European
countries.
Within the programs for pre-primary and primary education teachers,
professional training (which includes theoretical and practical parts and
is different from training in a certain specialty) amounts to about a third
of the whole training duration in most countries. Training programs for
teaching in secondary education usually contain less didactic training.
Practical training in schools shows large variations between countries,
but it is again, usually, greater for teachers in pre - primary and primary
education than for those in higher education.
In most countries, the central guidelines indicate that initial teacher
training programs should develop knowledge and skills related to
research in education. These recommendations apply to both bachelor
degree training and master's level training.
Specific requirements for the admission to initial teacher training
[21]
Admission to initial teacher training seems to be governed more by the
general entry requirements for higher education than by specific
selection criteria for teacher training. Only one third of all European
countries have established specific selection methods. Aptitude tests or
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17
interviews regarding the candidate's motivation to become a teacher are
not given in many countries.
Teacher training can be organized in different ways, but it usually
includes a professional, specialty component and a teaching component.
The professional component refers to general education courses and
mastering the specialty domain that candidates will teach and the
teaching component provides prospective teachers theoretical and
practical skills, necessary for teaching. The two main patterns of initial
teacher education can be distinguished depending on how these two
components are combined. The professional component can be provided
either at the same time with the teaching component (simultaneous /
concurrent pattern) or after (consecutive pattern) [21].
This means that in the concurrent pattern, students are involved in the
specific teacher education from the beginning of their tertiary education
program, while in the consecutive pattern, this happens after or near the
end of obtaining the title. For a training in accordance with the
concurrent pattern, the required qualifications are the certificate of
higher secondary education and, in some cases, a certificate of
proficiency for tertiary education and / or education teacher). In the
consecutive pattern, students who were engaged in tertiary education in
a certain field can proceed to vocational training in a separate phase.
In almost all European countries, teachers from pre-primary and primary
education are trained in accordance with the simultaneous pattern.
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Initial training of teachers for the lower levels of education usually
follow concurrent / simultaneous route. France and Portugal are the
only exceptions where the consecutive pattern is only practiced. In
Bulgaria, Estonia, Ireland, Poland, Slovenia and the United Kingdom
(England, Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland) both routes are
available.
For general lower secondary education, the situation is more complex.
The simultaneous pattern is the only possible option in Belgium,
Denmark, Germany, Slovakia, Iceland and Turkey. In eight countries
(Estonia, Spain, France, Italy, Cyprus, Luxembourg, Hungary and
Portugal), the consecutive pattern is the pattern available for training. In
most other countries, both of the patterns exist.
Most countries provide for secondary school teachers either exclusively
the consecutive pattern, or both training ways. Therefore, the vast
majority of general upper secondary teachers in Europe are trained
through the consecutive pattern.
In Germany, Slovakia, Iceland and Turkey, the simultaneous /
concurrent pattern is the only possible way at all levels of education,
while in France and Portugal, the only pattern available is the
consecutive one. However, in Bulgaria, Ireland, Poland and the UK,
both routes are available from pre-primary to upper secondary education
(ISCED 1-3).
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19
In addition to traditional patterns, few countries offer various alternative
ways of training. For upper secondary education, in most countries,
the final qualification is a Master's degree.
In Romania Law no. 288/2004 on the organization of higher
education in the 3 study cycles (BA - 3/4 years, Masters - 1/2 years, PhD
- 3 years) was applied from the 2005-2006 academic year, which in
2008 allowed the first class of students to graduate with a BA in
accordance with the principles of the Bologna Process. Since 2008-2009
the first candidates attended the entrance examination for the Master
academic studies.
The bachelor's degree in Primary and Preschool Education
Pedagogy meets the training conditions established by Directive
2005/36/EC, 11d, with a study duration of 3years (cycle 1 - bachelor
degree), to teach in Romania: Romanian Language and Literature,
Mathematics, Natural Sciences, Civic Education, History, Geography,
Drawing, Music and Practical Skills at primary level for the age group
6-10 years and to work as a Kindergarten Teacher for the age group 3-6
years.
The bachelor degree for many majors satisfies the conditions of
Directive 2005/36/EC, 11d, with a study duration of 3 years (cycle I -
bachelor of arts studies), to teach in Romania in lower secondary
education.
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The master's degree in many majors satisfies the conditions of
Directive 2005/36/EC, 11e, with a study duration of 5 years (cycle I -
bachelor of arts studies and cycle II - master's degree) to teach in
Romania in secondary superior education. To teach in lower secondary
and upper education, graduates of Cycle I - bachelor of arts studies I and
of Cycle II - master's degree must obtain 30 credits in psycho-
pedagogical training - for lower secondary education and 60 credits - for
upper secondary education.
2. Procedures for the validation / certification of
competence applied by CA in countries where the profession is
regulated
Given the large number of regulated professions corresponding to
the generic name Primary / secondary school teacher and the related
large amount of information it was considered useful to the users of this
guide, to submit all information on the legislation, conditions of access
to the profession, the validation / certification procedure, authorities
involved in the process, the presence of the profession in IMI, etc.,
under the synthetic form of the Sheet of the regulated profession.
In most cases, this sheet also provides useful information for the
recognition process.
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2.1 Procedures for the validation / certification of
competence of the profession of primary / secondary school
teacher in Romania
In Romania the requirements for initial and continuing training
necessary for a professional career, and the conditions for holding a
teaching position in an educational or training establishment under the
Ministry of National Education are established by the National
Education Law no. 1/2011. Title IV Status of teaching staff, Chapter I -
Status of teaching staff in primary / secondary school establish the
following:
“Section 2 - Initial and continuous training. The teaching career
Art. 236
(1) Initial training for teaching positions in primary / secondary
school comprises:
a) initial, theoretical, specialty training, made by universities in
programs accredited by law;
b) teaching masters with a duration of 2 years;
c) practical training with a duration of one academic year, conducted in
an educational establishment, under the supervision of a mentor
teacher.
(2) Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (1), the training of ante
preschool education staff is achieved through pedagogic high schools.
(3) In order to obtain another specialization, the graduates of bachelor
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of arts studies can pursue a module of at least 90 transferable credits
attesting the obtaining of skills to teach a certain discipline from the
fundamental field related to the specialization field on the bachelor
degree. This module can be followed at the same time with the teaching
masters or after its completion.
Art. 234
(1) Obtaining and maintaining a teaching or auxiliary teaching position
and a management, guidance and control position are subject to the
submission of a medical certificate issued on a specific form developed
by the Ministry of Education, Research, Youth and Sports together with
the Ministry of Health. Medical incompatibilities with the teaching
position are established by a Protocol concluded between the Ministry
of Education, Research, Youth and Sports and the Ministry of Health.
Art. 240
(1) The occupation of a teaching position for the practical training
period with a duration of one academic year is achieved by:
a) position contest / vacant / reserved positions;
b) distribution by the county / Bucharest school inspectorate on the
unoccupied positions following the contest.
(2) All provisions of this law and all other appropriate provisions in the
legislation in force will be applied to the people in the period of
practical training with a duration of one academic year, according to
the teaching position temporarily occupied.
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Art. 241
(1) The national education completion examination is organized by the
Ministry of Education, Research, Youth and Sports, according to a
methodology approved by the Minister of Education, Research, Youth
and Sport, and includes:
a) stage I, which is eliminatory - performed by school inspectorates in
the period of the practical training with a duration of one academic
year and consisting of the professional performance evaluation in the
educational institution, the assessment of the personal and professional
portfolio and having at least two inspections during classes;
b) stage II, which is final - achieved on the completion of the practical
training with a duration of one academic year and consisting of a
written examination, based on certain subjects and a bibliography
approved by the Ministry of Education, Research, Youth and Sports, for
each specialty in part.
(2) Teaching staff completing the completion examination achieve the
title of teacher having the right to practice in primary / secondary
school”.
2.1.1. Factsheet of the regulated profession - teachers in primary /
secondary school Denomination of regulated
profession / COR code
2341/ Teachers in primary schools
2330/ Teachers in secondary schools
Regulatory Competent
Authority CA
Ministry of National Education
Legislation governing the National Education Law no. 1 of January 2011
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profession
Access conditions 1. medical certificate issued on a specific form
developed by the Ministry of Education
2. promoted completion exam
Validation and certification
procedure / contest
procedure
according to the methodology approved by the
Minister of National Education (OMECTS no.
6193/13.11.2012)
Validating and certifying
bodies
Ministry of National Education through the County
School Inspectorates and CNEE
Content of the file Copy of IC / Passport
Proof of professional skills (bachelor diploma,
etc. + diploma supplement)
Other certificates / diplomas relevant to the
exercise of the profession
Proof of passing the completion exam
Marriage certificate / change of name
Fees N/A
Awarded / certified title The title of teacher
Validity period of the
certification
N/A
Requirements concerning
continuous training
N/A
Other national organizations
involved in certification
N/A
Membership in professional
organizations
N/A
Other EU countries where
the profession is regulated /
ways of recognition
All EU countries
The existence of the
profession in IMIPQNET
yes
Access of non-national
people / recognition
Yes, according to the procedure above.
2.2. Procedures for the validation / certification of competence
of the profession of primary / secondary school teacher in
Great Britain
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2.2.1. Factsheet of the regulated profession - teachers in primary /
secondary school Denomination of regulated
profession / COR code
2341/ Teachers in primary schools
2330/ Teachers in secondary schools
Regulatory Competent
Authority CA
Teaching Agency, England
General Teaching Council for Scotland
General Teaching Council for Wales
General Teaching Council for Northern Ireland
Legislation governing the
profession
The Education Act 2011
Teachers’ Standards May 2012
Access conditions
Bachelor studies, 4 years
Variants; England: Initial Teacher Training (ITT)
Program (theoretical lessons and 18 weeks of
practice in the field). Qualified Teacher Status is
obtained; Scotland : Initial Teacher Education
(ITE). Teaching Qualification (TQ ) is obtained.
Validation and certification
procedure / contest
procedure
QTS (Qualified Teacher der Status) and induction
division for:
England
Scotland
Wales
Northern Ireland
Validating and certifying
bodies
General Teaching Council of England
Content of the file
Copy of IC / Passport
Proof of professional skills (bachelor diploma,
etc. + diploma supplement)
Other certificates / diplomas relevant to the
exercise of the profession
Proof of professional experience (e.g.
recommendations from employers, copies of
employment contracts, etc.)
Marriage certificate / change of name
Fees N/A
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Awarded / certified title Diploma equivalent to the education system in the
UK
Validity period of the
certification
N/A
Requirements concerning
continuous training
N/A
Other national organizations
involved in certification
N/A
Membership in professional
organizations
N/A
Other EU countries where
the profession is regulated /
ways of recognition
All EU countries
Existence of the profession in
IMIPQNET
yes
Access of non-national
people / recognition
Yes, according to the procedure above. In addition, a
work permit for England ("blue card") is required.
2.3. Procedures for the validation / certification of competence
of the profession of primary / secondary school teacher in
Denmark
2.3.1. Factsheet of the regulated profession - teachers in primary /
secondary school (primary, lower secondary) Denomination of regulated
profession / COR code
2341/ Teachers in primary schools
2330/ Teachers in secondary schools
Regulatory Competent
Authority CA
Danish Agency for Universities and
Internationalisation
Legislation governing the
profession
National regulations
Folkeskole Act (Bekendtgørelse af lov om
folkeskolen): LBK nr. 998 af 16. august 2010
Act on the Training of Teachers for the Danish
Folkeskole (Lov om uddannelsen til
professionsbachelor som lærer i folkeskolen): LOV
nr. 579 af 09/06/2006
Ministerial Order on teacher training with credit
transfer (Bekendtgørelse om uddannelsen til
meritlærer): BEK. nr. 651 af 29. juni 2009
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Bekendtgørelse af overenskomst af 3. marts 1982
med Finland, Island, Norge og Sverige om et fælles
nordisk arbejdsmarked for lærere i folkeskolen
Agreement of March 3, 1982 with Finland, Iceland,
Norway and Sweden, for a common market of
northern workforce for teachers in primary schools
European regulations
2005/36/EC, Title III, Chapter I (General system for
the recognition of evidence of training)
Access conditions Bachelor studies, 4 years
Validation and certification
procedure / contest
procedure
The application for the equivalence of the diploma in
DK can be submitted by: the person concerned or
other person with power of attorney (proxy) from the
person concerned.
All documents (copies) must be certified to be
"consistent with the original" and translated into
Danish
Validating and certifying
bodies
Danish Agency for Universities and
Internationalisation
Content of the file
Copy of IC / Passport
Proof of professional skills (bachelor diploma,
etc.)
Other certificates / diplomas relevant to the
exercise of the profession
Bachelor degree supplement (information about
the duration of studies, duration of courses,
ECTS credits, etc.)
Proof of professional experience (e.g.
recommendations from employers, copies of
employment contracts, etc.)
Marriage certificate / change of name
Fees N/A
Awarded / certified title Diploma equivalent to the education system in DK
Validity period of the
certification
Unlimited
Requirements concerning
continuous training
According to Danish national regulations for the
specific profession, including those related to
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Consumer Protection
Other national organizations
involved in certification
Danmarks Lærerforening (www.dlf.org)
Membership in professional
organizations
N/A
Other EU countries where
the profession is regulated /
ways of recognition
All EU countries
Existence of the profession in
IMIPQNET
yes
Access of non-national
people / recognition
Yes, according to the procedure above.
2.3.2. Factsheet of the regulated profession - teachers in primary /
secondary school - Public high school teachers: STX, HF: humanist studies, social studies and natural sciences
HHX: entrepreneurship / business, economic studies
HTX: technical / scientific studies
Denomination of
regulated profession /
COR code
233001 (High school, post high school teacher)
Regulatory Competent
Authority CA
Danish Agency for Universities and Internationalisation
Legislation governing the
profession
National regulations
Ministerial Order on teaching skills in secondary schools
(Bekendtgørelse om undervisningskompetence i de
gymnasiale uddannelser
(pædagogikumbekendtgørelsen): BEK nr. 139 af 23.
februar 2011. Bekendtgørelse af aftale af 29. september
1986 med Finland, Island, Norge og Sverige- om fælles
arbejdsmarked for faglærere og lærere i praktisk-
æstetiske fag i gymnasieskolen (gymnasiet og
erhvervsskolerne)/ Notice of appointment of September
29, 1986 for Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, on
the single labor market for teachers of practical and
aesthetic subjects in secondary school (high school and
vocational schools)
European regulations
2005/36/EC, Title III, Chapter I (General system for the
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recognition of evidence of training)
Access conditions
Bachelor studies, 4 years
Validation and
certification procedure /
contest procedure
The application for the equivalence of the diploma in
DK can be submitted by: the person concerned or other
person with power of attorney (proxy) from the person
concerned.
All documents (copies) must be certified to be
"consistent with the original" and translated into Danish
Validating and certifying
bodies
Danish Agency for Universities and Internationalisation
Content of the file
Copy of IC / Passport
Proof of professional skills (bachelor diploma, etc.)
Other certificates / diplomas relevant to the exercise
of the profession
Bachelor degree supplement (information about the
duration of studies, duration of courses, ECTS
credits, etc.)
Proof of professional experience (e.g.
recommendations from employers, copies of
employment contracts, etc.)
Fees N/A
Awarded / certified title
Diploma equivalent to the education system in DK
Validity period of the
certification
Unlimited
Requirements
concerning continuous
training
According to the Danish national regulations for the
specific profession, including those related to Consumer
Protection
Other national
organizations involved in
certification
Danmarks Lærerforening (www.dlf.org)
Membership in
professional
organizations
N/A
Other EU countries
where the profession is
regulated / ways of
recognition
All EU countries
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Existence of the
profession in IMIPQNET
yes
Acces non-naţionali /
recunoaştere
Yes, according to the procedure above.
Source:http://en.iu.dk/recognition/dk-recognition-system/procedures[5]
2.4. Procedures for the validation / certification of
competence of the profession of primary / secondary school
teacher in Germany
2.4.1. Factsheet of the regulated profession - teachers in primary /
secondary school - Public primary / secondary school teachers
Denomination of
regulated profession /
COR code
2341/ Teachers in primary schools
2330/ Teachers in secondary schools
Regulatory Competent
Authority CA
Zentralstelle für ausländisches Billdungswesen
Legislation governing the
profession
Federal Recognition Act, 1 April 2012 (Gesetz zur
Verbesserung der Feststellung und Anerkennung im
Ausland erworbener Berufsqualifikationen)
EU Directive on the Recognition of Professional
Qualifications (2005/36/EC)
Access conditions
Bachelor studies, 4 years
Validation and
certification procedure /
contest procedure
Specific to each Land
Generally validation comprises two phases:
1. A validation of specialty knowledge
2. A validation of the experience (practice) in
the field: aptitude test or adaptation period
(internship, Referendariat)
Validating and certifying
bodies
Central Office for Foreign Education, Ständigen
Konferenz der Kultusminister der Länder in der
Bundesrepublik Deutschland/ The Standing Conference
of the Ministers of Education of the Federal Republic of
Germany
Local authorities in each Land (in some Länder
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teachers are treated as civil servants and the profession
recognition should take account of this fact)
Content of the file
Copy of IC / Passport
Proof of professional skills (bachelor diploma, etc.
+ diploma supplement)
Other certificates / diplomas relevant to the
exercise of the profession
Proof of professional experience (e.g.
recommendations from employers, copies of
employment contracts, etc.)
Marriage certificate / change of name
Proof that the profession is not regulated in the
home country (http://www.anerkennung-in-
deutschland.de/html/en/169.php)
Fees Fees are set at Länder level
Awarded / certified title
Diploma equivalent to the education system in GE /
proper Land
Validity period of the
certification
N/A
Requirements concerning
continuous training
N/A
Other national
organizations involved in
certification
N/A
Membership in
professional organizations
N/A
Other EU countries where
the profession is regulated
/ ways of recognition
All EU countries
Existence of the profession
in IMIPQNET
yes
Acces non-naţionali /
recunoaştere
Yes, according to the procedure above.
Note: Germans people from other countries, who
benefit from the regulations of specific legislation have
a special status Gesetz über die Angelegenheiten der
Vertriebenen und Flüchtlinge/ Law on the problems of
displaced people and refugees;: Bundesvertriebenengesetz,
abbr. BVFG; 19 May, 1953
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2.5 Procedures for the validation / certification of
competence of the profession of primary / secondary school
teacher in Italy
2.5.1. Factsheet of the regulated profession - teachers in primary /
secondary school - Primary / secondary school (lower level, upper
level) [6,7,8].
Denomination of regulated profession /
COR code
2341/ Teachers in primary schools
2330/ Teachers in secondary schools
Regulatory Competent Authority CA Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università
e della Ricerca (MIUR).
The state sector is the main element of the
Italian educational system but there are
also private schools. The education
system is divided into several stages:
1. pre-school (3-6 years of age)
2. primary school (6-11 years of age)
3. secondary school (lower level (11-14
years of age) / higher level (14-19
years of age)
4. higher education.
Compulsory education
(scuoladell'obbligo) is applicable for the
ages 6 - 16 years.
Legislation governing the profession Under current law, there are two
situations regulated in IT:
1. For European citizens: Decision
«European Parliament and European
Council(2005/36/CE) (IT:2007/286)»
2. For citizens from outside Europe: Law
384/1999
Access conditions Under the reform regarding initial teacher
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training introduced by Ministerial Decree
No 249 of 2010, teachers from pre-
primary and primary education must be
university graduates (with a duration of 5
years, bachelor degree + master), while
teachers at secondary level, in addition to
the academic cycle of 5 years (bachelor
degree + master), must also follow a
specialty training course, with a duration
of 1 year.
Universities provide teacher training
services for their professional
development.
Primary school teachers are generalist
teschers, but they are responsible for a
specific domain.
Secondary school teachers are
specialized teachers.
All teachers are civil servants and are
subject to the legislation specific to this
category of personnel
Validation and certification procedure /
contest procedure
Graduation diploma
Validating and certifying bodies Ministry of Education
Content of the file
• University diploma
• Recognition of certification (Consular
Apostille)
• Curriculum
• Italian language certificate
All documents must be translated into
Italian
Fees N/A for EU citizens
Awarded / certified title Graduate / postgraduate diploma
Validity period of the certification Unlimited
Requirements concerning continuous
training
Yes, for primary / secondary school
teachers, according to Ministerial Decree
No 249 of 2010
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Other national organizations involved in
certification
N/A
Membership in professional
organizations
N/A
Other EU countries where the profession
is regulated / ways of recognition
All EU countries
Existence of the profession in
IMIPQNET
Yes
Access of non-national people /
recognition
Knowledge of the Italian language is a
prerequisite. Cases of non-national
candidates are quite rare - generally
foreign language teachers, as native users
thereof (e.g. English teachers).
As already stated, the recognition of
diplomas applies to the professions of
primary / secondary school teacher
(primary / secondary cycle)
2.6. Procedures for the validation / certification of
competence of the profession of primary / secondary school
teacher in The Netherlands
2.6.1. Factsheet of the regulated profession - teachers in primary /
secondary school - Primary / secondary school (lower level, upper
level) [9,10,11,12].
Denomination of regulated
profession / COR code
2341/ Teachers in primary schools
2330/ Teachers in secondary schools
Regulatory Competent
Authority CA
Ministry of Education, Culture and Science - the
structure of primary and secondary studies is as
follows:
Kleuterschool - kindergarten (4–6 years of
age).
Lagere school – primary education, (6–12
years of age)
Voorbereidend onderwijs wetenschappelijk -
VWO primary / secondary school (12-18
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years of age)
Hoger onderwijs Algemeen voortgezet -
HAVO general secondary education (12-17
years of age)
Voorbereidend Beroepsonderwijs
middelbaar (VMBO) secondary vocational
education (12-16 years of age)
Onderwijs Speciaal voortgezet secondary
special education (12-18/20 years of age)
Praktijkonderwijs Practical training (12-18
years of age)
Gymnasium –secondary education, (12 – 18 years of
age). At the age of 15, pupils may choose between
alpha profile (gymnasium-α; where they study Greek
and Latin) or beta profile (gymnasium-β; Natural
Sciences and Mathematics).
Schools are generally public, but there is also a small
percentage of private schools
Legislation governing the
profession
Access conditions
Graduate of university courses (4 years – HBO, hoger
beroepsonderwijs, university of vocational education)
for primary school teacher; for secondary school
teachers 1 year of postgraduate studies is required
Holders of doctorate (PhD) in any field can attend a
postgraduate course (in science education) and then
they can teach at any level of secondary school -
becoming owners of a Level 1 qualification (i.e.
Master in Educational Sciences).
Level 2 qualification (i.e. Bachelor in Educational
Sciences) enables the provision of didactic activities
only for the first three years of HAVO and VWO
school types and for all years of VMBO school types
Validation and
certification procedure /
contest procedure
Graduation diploma
Validating and certifying
bodies
University graduated (HBO)
Content of the file N/A
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Fees 600E for RO and BG citizens (for the rest of EU
citizens no taxes are required)
Awarded / certified title Graduate / postgraduate diploma
Validity period of the
certification
Unlimited
Requirements concerning
continuous training
Starting with 2006, the "Agreement on the
professionalisation and support of the staff in primary /
secondary school, with education sector employers
and associations of employees” was concluded.
The agreement aims at the expansion of opportunities
for professional development of teachers. The
agreement includes the regulations regarding the
maintenance of requirements for the competence of
teachers.
Other national
organizations involved in
certification
N/A
Membership in
professional organizations
N/A
Other EU countries where
the profession is regulated
/ ways of recognition
All EU countries
Existence of the profession
in IMIPQNET
Yes
Access of non-national
people / recognition
Knowledge of Dutch is a prerequisite. Cases of non-
national candidates are quite rare - generally foreign
language teachers, as native users thereof (e.g. English
teachers).
The recognition of diplomas (under the restrictive
conditions mentioned above) applies to the professions
of primary / secondary school teacher (primary /
secondary cycle)
2.7. Procedures for the validation / certification of
competence of the profession of primary / secondary school
teacher in Spain
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2.7.1. Factsheet of the regulated profession - teachers in primary /
secondary school - Pre-primary / primary / secondary school
[13,14,15].
Denomination of
regulated
profession / COR
code
2341/ Teachers in primary schools
2330/ Teachers in secondary schools
Regulatory
Competent
Authority CA
Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte/ Ministry of
Education, Culture and Sport
The state sector is the main sector of the Spanish education
system. The education system is divided into the following
cycles:
1. Pre-school (Educación Infantil, Segundo ciclo) - 3 to 6
years of age
2. Primary school (Educación Primaria) with six years of
schooling - 6 to 12 years of age
3. Compulsory secondary education (Educación
Secundaria Obligatoria), four years of schooling - 12 to
16 years of age
4. Post-compulsory school (Bachillerato) two years
schooling - 16 to 18 years of age
Vocational education is possible in Spain after high school
graduation or after obtaining a diploma certifying school
graduation (ESO)
Legislation
governing the
profession
Under current legislation, the educational regulation of ES is
made by Ley Orgánica 2/2006, de 3 de mayo, de Educación -
Organic Law of Education, May 3/2, 2006
In addition, teachers are civil servants, at the same time.
Access conditions
1. For pre-primary education cycle, teachers must hold a
Maestro / Professor certificate with pre-primary specialization,
with a duration of three years, or have the appropriate degree
in education (Grado en Educación Infantil), with a duration of
four years.
2. For primary education, teachers must hold a Maestro /
Professor certificate with specialization corresponding to
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primary education, with a duration of three years, or have the
appropriate degree in education (Grado en Educación Infantil),
with a duration of four years.
For teachers who teach in lower secondary education (ESO)
and those who teach in upper secondary education
(Bachillerato), a university degree, Licenciado, architect or
engineer or appropriate degree (Grado) is required, which is
obtained after completing university studies of four, five or six
years.
Also, starting October 1, 2009 and in accordance with the
Bologna agreement it is necessary that all secondary school
teachers have an appropriate certificate regarding the
attendance to a pedagogical and didactic training module.
Validation and
certification
procedure / contest
procedure
The application for the equivalence of the diploma in Spain
can be submitted by: the person concerned or other person
with power of attorney (proxy) from the person concerned.
Procedure:
1. At the office where documents are submitted,
either in Bucharest or in Spain, the Diploma and
Transcript of Records will be returned, after being
photocopied and certified.
2. Upon completion of the evaluation process of the
application of equivalence, the Ministry of Education
and Science will send the person concerned, at the
address indicated in the application form, the
certificate regarding the obtainment of diploma
equivalence.
Validating and
certifying bodies
Ministry of Education and Science of Spain
Content of the file
Ministry of Education and Science of Spain:
1. Standard application ("Solicitud de Homologacion de titulo
Extranjero de educacion Superior / Application for the
homologation of the title of higher education obtained abroad")
- It is obtained from the Attaché Education Bureau or the
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Internet:
http://www.mec.es/mecd/titulos/files/Anexo9-2.doc
In this document, in section 3 ("Datos relativos a la solicitud /
Data regarding the application") you must indicate the Spanish
university degree corresponding to the one obtained in
Romania. If advice is needed in this regard, the applicant may
address the staff of the Attaché Education Bureau.
2. Stamped photocopy of the passport ("Compulsa") - it can be
obtained in Romania from the Attaché Education Bureau or the
Embassy of Spain (1 Tirana Street). In Spain, it can be
obtained from any official body.
3. The bachelor degree - authenticated by the Centre for
Recognition and Equivalence of Diplomas (Ministry of
National Education), certified by Hague Apostille - will be
sent to Spain in certified photocopy;
4. The translation in Spanish of the Diploma - notarised and
superlegalized with the Hague Apostille (Court of Appeal of
the town of the applicant);
5. The Transcript of Records legalized with the Hague
Apostille;
6. The translation in Spanish of the Transcript of Records,
notarised and superlegalized with the Hague Apostille;
7. The syllabus (optional). No need for legalization or
superlegalization.
8. Unofficial translation of the syllabus (optional).
9. Bank transfer order to justify the tax equivalence payment
(84.89 euros) in the account:
Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia/ Ministry of Education and
Science
Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria (BBVA)
C/Alcala, 16, 28014, Madrid
Account number: 01822370440200203771
Swift code: ES4101822370440200203771
Fees 84.89E
Awarded / certified
title
Graduate / postgraduate diploma
Validity period of
the certification
Unlimited
Requirements
concerning
continuous training
Yes, for primary / secondary school teachers
Generally these requirements depend on the (Autonomous)
Local Community and the type of education institution (public
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/ private)
Other national
organizations
involved in
certification
N/A
Membership in
professional
organizations
N/A
Other EU countries
where the
profession is
regulated / ways of
recognition
All EU countries
Existence of the
profession in
IMIPQNET
Yes
Acces non-naţionali
/ recunoaştere
Yes, according to the procedure above.
2.8. Procedures for the validation / certification of
competence of the profession of primary and secondary
teacher in Austria
2.8.1. Factsheet of the regulated profession - teachers in primary /
secondary school - Primary school teachers
Denomination of regulated
profession / COR code
2341/ Teachers in primary schools
Regulatory Competent
Authority CA
Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft und Forschung/ Ministerul Federal al Științei și Cercetării
Legislation governing the
profession
a. 1990 Pupils' Representation Act
[Schülervertretungsgesetz]
b. 1997 School Education Act for People under
Employment [Schulunterrichtsgesetz für
Berufstätige]
c. 1997 "Reifeprüfung"- and TVE-Exam Act
[Berufsreifeprüfungsgesetz]
Access conditions Bachelor studies, four years in a faculty accredited in
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the country of origin (EU)
Procedura de validare şi
certificare / concurs
Documents are checked by the certification bodies.
If the verification of documents leads to the
conclusion that the applicant does not meet the
recognition requirements, he/she may be requireed to
meet additional requirements (in accordance with
Austrian law): teaching practical courses, further
examinations, etc.
If the equivalence of Diplomas is not possible, the
candidate may enroll in a university in AT and can
mutualize only certain courses.
Validating and certifying
bodies
Universities (of any type) in AT
Content of the file
(Copy of the) IC / Passport
Proof of status of the HEI completed
Detailed documents on the specialization
graduated (curriculum of the courses taken,
bachelor diploma, etc + diploma supplement,
scientific works, etc.)
Other certificates / diplomas relevant to the
exercise of the profession
Proof that validation is required (relevant
legislation or required by the employer) to pursue
a particular profession
Memorandum of activity (completed by the
applicant)
All documents shall be submitted both in original and
certified copies (and translated into German)
Fees 150E
Awarded / certified title Diploma equivalent to the education system in AT.
Validity period of the
certification
N/A
Requirements concerning
continuous training
According to the specific legislation in AT
Other national
organizations involved in
certification
N/A
Membership in N/A
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professional organizations
Other EU countries where
the profession is regulated /
ways of recognition
All EU countries
Existence of the profession
in IMIPQNET
Yes
Access of non-national
people / recognition
Yes, according to the procedure above.
2.9. Procedures for the validation / certification of
competence of the profession of primary and secondary
teacher in the Czech Republic
2.9.1. Factsheet of the regulated profession - teachers in primary /
secondary school
Primary / secondary school teachers, high school
teachers
Denomination of regulated
profession / COR code
2341/ Teachers in primary schools
2330/ Teachers in secondary schools
Regulatory Competent
Authority CA
Ministry of Education, Youth & Sports
Legislation governing the
profession
Act No. 111/1998 Coll., On Higher Education
Institutions and On Alterations and Amendments of
Certain Acts (Higher Education Act)
Bilateral conventions:
Bulgaria (No. 43/1983 Coll.), Hungary (No.
92/2005 Coll.I.A.), Poland (No. 104/2006 Coll.I.A.),
Slovakia (No. 33/2001 Coll.I.A.), Slovenia (No.
52/2000 Coll.I.A.)
Access conditions
Bachelor studies, four years in a faculty accredited
in the country of origin (EU)
Validation and certification
procedure / contest
procedure
Documents are checked by the certification bodies.
If home preparation differs significantly from that in
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the Czech Republic compensatory measures
embodied in completing an adaptation period or an
aptitude test are required.
Validating and certifying
bodies
Public universities in the Czech Republic
Content of the file
Copy of IC / Passport
Proof of professional skills (high school
diploma, bachelor diploma, etc. + diploma
supplement)
Other certificates / diplomas relevant to the
exercise of the profession
Proof of professional experience (e.g.
recommendations from employers, copies of
employment contracts, etc.)
Justification for the request for recognition of
the profession
All documents must be translated into Czech /
English
Fees N/A
Awarded / certified title Diploma equivalent to the education system in CZ.
The answer is given within 30 ... 60 days
Validity period of the
certification
N/A
Requirements concerning
continuous training
N/A
Other national organizations
involved in certification
N/A
Membership in professional
organizations
N/A
Other EU countries where
the profession is regulated /
ways of recognition
All EU countries
Existence of the profession in
IMIPQNET
yes
Access of non-national people
/ recognition
Yes, according to the procedure above.
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3. Processes of recognition of qualifications acquired in
other EU MS
3.1. The process of recognition of the qualification of
primary / secondary school teacher in Romania
Directorate General for Management, Human Resources and
Educational Network - DGMHREN within the Ministry of National
Education has, in IMI System, the role of Competent Authority for the
profession of primary / secondary school teacher.
DGMHREN issues certificates of compliance [27] for the recognition
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of professional qualifications in EU Member States, European
Economic Area and the Swiss Confederation for the profession of
primary / secondary school teacher.
Ministry of National Education - Directorate General for Management,
Human Resources and Educational Network
28-38 Gen. Berthelot Street, 1st District, 010168 Bucharest
Telephone number: +4 021 4056200, +4 021 4056300
Recommended website address: http://edu.ro/index.php/articles/c673
There is no description of the procedure for the recognition of the
qualification / profession of preuniveristy education teacher acquired in
another EU country.
IMI System
IMI-NET application that allows the formal exchange of information
between all competent authorities, national coordinators and
delegates is fully functional since February 22, 2008.
On June 23, 2008 the official launch of the Internal Market
Information System in Romania took place in Bucharest. CNRED
implements in Romania the Internal Market Information System -
IMI, component PQ for professional qualifications in Romania. The are
three components in IMI System:
- PQ - professional qualifications
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- S - services
- PoW - Posting of workers
Table no. 4 presents the statistic data provided by the European
Commission's website on 31.03. 2013 and taken from [28].
Table no. 4
Total
applications
in IMI
12190 9908 1063 1219
Year PQ S WoP
374 2008 374 - -
1452 2009 1404 48 -
2017 2010 1836 181 -
2699 2011 2166 352 181
4306 2012 3091 409 806
1342 2013 1037 73 232
Of the 9908 applications for IMI PQ, 1086 requests were handled
by the Ministry of Health in Romania. Taking the relationship
between Romania and Denmark as an example, 61 applications
were received from Denmark to Romania, and none from Romania
to Denmark. Of the 61 applications, 5 applications were submitted
to the Ministry of National Education.
3.2. The process of recognition of the qualification of
primary / secondary school teacher in the Netherlands [17]
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The requirements for obtaining a teaching qualification in the
Netherlands are the following:
Possession of a foreign higher education diploma
Education obtained abroad must be comparable with the
corresponding one in the Netherlands
One must be able to prove the possession of a similar
qualification in the home country
The profession of teacher for vocational education and adult education
does not require a teaching qualification in the country of origin. In this
case, a foreign higher education diploma (not a teacher diploma) to
prove that the studies are comparable to those in the Netherlands is
sufficient. Additional requirements regarding educational theory and
methods of teaching may be imposed.
The sufficient knowledge of the Dutch language is stipulated.
The application form containing information about the evidence to be
provided will be downloaded. Application for a Dutch teaching
qualification (107Kb, pdf)
3.3. The process of recognition of the qualification of
primary / secondary school teacher in Spain
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The recognition of the qualification in order to exercise the profession
of teacher in secondary education in Spain is carried out differently
depending on how the school where the person will exercise the
profession is financed. Thus, for:
- Public education, publicly owned schools, financed by the
public budget (66.1% of all secondary schools), there is a
requirement that the applicant be a citizen of the EU and
undergo a very rigorous selection process
- Religious education, private schools (30.5% of the total),
financed by the public budget (mostly Catholic) - EU
citizenship is not required, only a visa is required; the selection
process is an open process, but certification is required
- Private education, private property schools and private funding
budget (3.4% of the total of schools) - EU citizenship is not
required (only a visa is required); open selection process
(certification required) and participation in international and
foreign programs (foreign certification)
3.4. The process of recognition of the qualification of
primary / secondary school teacher in Great Britain [19]
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As discussed in Chapter 2, paragraph 2.2.1. Factsheet of the regulated
profession in Great Britain, the authority that validates, certifies and
recognizes the teaching profession in Scotland is The General Teaching
Council for Scotland. In Framework for Professional Recognition /
Registration: Advice and Guidance for Teachers [19], published in
August 2007 by GTC Scotland the logical flowchart of this recognition
process is presented in detail, which, through its complexity and the
manner in which the process quality is ensured, can represent a model.
The complete documentation for the obtainment of professional
recognition is submitted to Professional Learning Development (PLD)
Department, General Teaching Council for Scotland, Clerwood House,
96 Clermiston Road, Edinburgh EH12 6UT. The recognition obtained is
valid for 5 years.
To teach in public schools or in several academies in England [22] a
person in the EEA must have Teacher Status (QTS-Qualified Teacher
Status), which is the professional qualification for teachers. European
citizens who are recognized as qualified teachers in another EEA
Member State may apply for QTS in England, under Directive
2005/36/EC without having to undergo further training as a teacher in
England. An application for QTS shall be sent to the Teaching Agency.
The application form in Annex no. 5 shall be filled in, following the
filling instructions.
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If the Teaching Agency is unable to grant QTS, the applicant will have
to follow a course of initial teacher training in England leading to QTS.
There is a wide range of training options available which can found out
from this site:
http://www.education.gov.uk/schools/careers/careeropportunities/
overseas-trainedteachers/a00199246/teachers-from-the-european-
economic-area-eea
3.5. The process of recognition of the qualification of
primary / secondary school teacher in Denmark [20]
The legal framework for the recognition of teacher qualification for
primary / secondary school (primary, lower and upper secondary) is
ensured by two laws, namely:
- School Act – Folkeskole Act - Consolidation Act No. 998 of 16
August 2010 (Bekendtgørelse af lov om folkeskolen)
- Act on the Training of Teachers for the Danish school
Folkeskole - Act No. 579 of 9 June 2006 (Lov om uddannelsen
til professionsbachelor som lærer i folkeskolen)
Holders of teacher qualifications obtained in their home country, who
want to teach in municipal secondary school for the primary and lower
secondary education may apply to the Danish Agency for Universities
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and Internationalisation for the obtainment of the authorization to teach
in primary and lower secondary education. Applicants must fill in the
application form (Appendix 4), which can also be found at:
http://fivu.dk/en/education-and-institutions/recognition-and-
transparency/regulated-professions/teachers-with-non-danish-
qualifications/folkeskole-teacher
If the Agency recognizes the qualification held by the applicant, he/she
will receive a letter informing him/her that he/she could apply for the
teaching positions in Danish Folkeskole. In some cases, the Agency
gives conditional approval. To obtain the final approval, one of the
following requirements must be met:
the completion of one or two courses / major subjects or
teaching at a teacher training college / university college.
performing an adaptation period of up to two years (only applies
to EU and EEA citizens).
After having met the requirement, the applicant should contact the
Agency for the final approval.
You can apply for temporary jobs (as substitute teacher) in Folkeskole
without any authorization from the Danish Agency for Universities and
Internationalisation. Schools can hire people with relevant qualifications
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to teach certain subjects (faglærer, in accordance with Section 28, para.
2 of the Law of lower secondary education), but it should be noted that
schools do so only under special conditions. It is also stated that Danish
is the language of instruction in Folkeskole.
3.6. The process of recognition of the qualification of primary /
secondary school teacher in The Czech Republic [23]
In the Czech Republic the law governing the recognition of
qualifications and other skills of the citizens of the MS is Law no.
18/2004, which can be studied on the website
http://uok.msmt.cz/uok/home.php. The Centre for recognition of
qualifications has the following contact details: Ministerstvo
školství, mládeže a tělovýchovy (Ministry of Education, Youth and
Sports)
Centrum uznávání odborných kvalifikací (Centre for Recognition of
Professional Qualifications)
Odbor dalšího vzdělávání (Adult Education Department)
Karmelitská 7- Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports, Centre for
Professional Qualifications, Department of Adult Education
118 12 Praha 1
Tel.: + 420 257 193 376
Tel.: + 420 257 193 579
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E-mail: [email protected]
Web: www.msmt.cz
The recognition procedure includes the following steps:
1. obtaining the application form for the recognition of professional
qualifications, as follows:
Downloading it from the website
Or
Obtaining it from: The respective Competent Authority, the
Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (as a contact point)
2. filling in the form and submitting the documents required
In accordance with Section 22, Part 2 of the Act on the recognition of
professional qualifications (hereinafter the Act), the applicant states the
following information in the form:
Name and surname
Date of birth, nationality
Mailing address
Regulated profession which the person intends to practice in the
Czech Republic
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Pursued form of the regulated profession: independent person or
an agent under the form of an independent person or as
employee
The application must be supported by:
ID card, proof of nationality and, if legal evidence for
certification are required and introduced in Section 1 Par. 2
of Act no. 18/2004 Col. Act on Professional Qualifications
Proof of other competence
Document confirming payment
The administrative fee for the analysis of the application for
Recognition of Professional Qualifications is 2000 - CZK. If the
recognition role of the authority is taken over by a professional
association, the fee will be specified by the the respective association.
The proof of professional qualification includes:
The proof of education and training that clearly specifies the
level of education attained (eg. primary, secondary, post
secondary, higher-bachelor degree or master) which equally
involves the duration and content of education and training
received
Document confirming the practice of that profession,
providing the information necessary for the examination of
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Recognition of prPfessional Qualification, including duration,
content and form followed in that profession. The identity card
and proof of nationality are submitted in photocopies. However,
the competent authority may require originals for review.
Originals or certified photocopies of the professional
qualification and of other competence are shown only if the
competent authority cannot verify the authenticity of such
documents through administrative cooperation. Evidence of
professional qualifications and other competence of the
applicant, in foreign languages, must be translated into the
Czech language unless an international treaty (Hague
Convention abolishing the requirement for legalisation of
Foreign Public Documents), binding the Czech Republic,
determines otherwise. If the recognition authority questions the
authenticity of the translation or if the proof of the
administrative authenticity cannot be attained, the authority is
authorized to request proof translated into Czech by one of the
interpreters on the list of experts and translators.
3. completing the application form with the annexes to be submitted
to the competent authority
It is also possible to submit the application to the Ministry of
Education, Youth and Sports which is bound to send it to the
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competent authority without delay. The recognition of the
professional qualification is conducted in the Czech language.
4. the decision regarding the application
In accordance with Section 24 para. 5 of the Act, the recognition
authority is bound to decide without delay, but within 60 days
after the complete application has been submitted, ie including all
the data and documents required for the examination. If
consolidated proceedings or particularly complex situations, the
recognition authority, under section 25, paragraph 2, is required to
reach a decision within 90 days. When the decision comes into
legal force, the recognition authority shall reimburse the
documents submitted by the applicant within 15 working days
(proof of professional qualifications, proof of competence or other
proof of citizenship), if documents were attached as original or
certified copies.
The Recognition Authority issues a decision certifying that:
• the professional qualification is recognized; or
• prior to recognition, compensatory measures to be taken are required
from the applicant (in the form of an adaptation period or an aptitude
test); or
• the application for the recognition of professional qualifications is
rejected.
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5. the opportunity to appeal against the decision of the authority
regarding the recognition
An appeal may be lodged against the decisions issued by a central
administrative body as a central recognition authority (Section
152, Code of Administrative Procedure), as for the case of
recognition of professional qualifications. The Minister or the
head of the central administrative authority accepts the appeal
having regard to the opinion of a special committee, the so-called
"Permanent Appeal Committee". Time limit for the submission of
the action is limited to 15 days following the announcement of the
decision (with the exception that the applicant was not properly
informed about the possibility of appeal and about the period to
lodge it - see section 84 and 85 of the Code of administrative
Procedure). The period for the hearing of the appeal, ie the
problem of the decision regarding the appeal is governed by
section 71 of the Code of Administrative Procedure.
In some cases, decisions may be reviewed by a court on an
administrative basis (Section 65 of Act No. 150/2002 Coll. Act on
administrative court proceedings) or a civil suit (Section 246 of
Law No. 99/1963 Coll., Act on the procedure of civil courts). An
administrative action may be filed if the decision of the
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recognition authority infringes the rights of the applicant, is
incompetent or illegal. The civil action may be filed, if the
recognition authority gives a decision within its jurisdiction, but
about a civil case (Section 68, letter b) of the Act on
administrative court proceedings). The appeal period provided
according to the nature of the action - administrative or civil
(section 72 of Act No. 150/2002 Coll and section 247 of Act
No.99/1963 Coll "the action is filed within a period of 2 months
from the date of delivery of the decision issued by the
administrative authority").
3.7. The process of recognition of the qualification of primary /
secondary school teacher in Italy [24]
For the recognition of the teaching qualification, the person concerned
should contact the Ministry of Education, University and Research -
Department of Education - Directorate General for the School System
and School Autonomy - Bureau IX - Viale Trastevere 76 / A - 00153
ROMA-Ministero dell’Istruzione dell’Università e della Ricerca –
Dipartimento dell’Istruzione – Direzione Generale per gli Ordinamenti
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Scolastici e per l’Autonomia Scolastica – Ufficio IX – Viale Trastevere
76/A – 00153 ROMA.
To exercise the teaching profession, the adequate knowledge of the
Italian language is indispensable, because language skills are explicitly
part of the profession itself.
For EU citizens and foreigners who want to teach in schools in the
Italian school system, evaluation methods and documentation of
knowledge of the Italian language are governed by Ministerial Circular
no. 81 of September 23, 2010.
CELI 5 DOC is a certification of knowledge of Italian language for
those seeking recognition of professional qualifications in order to
practice the teaching profession in schools in Italy with tuition in Italian.
It is issued by the Centre for Language Certificates Assessment within
the University for Foreigners of Perugia. This certification attests full
possession and full control of the language in the C2 level of the
Common European Framework of Reference for Languages.
Ministerial Circular no. 81 of September 23, 2010 provides for cases
that may be exempt from the language certificate submission and can
be found on the website
http://hubmiur.pubblica.istruzione.it/web/istruzione/riconosciment
o-professione-docente.
3.8. The process of recognition of the qualification of primary /
secondary school teacher in Austria [25]
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In Austria there is a number of professions and occupations regulated
under the authority of different agencies that are also responsible for the
recognition procedure. In many cases, the competent authority is the
region (Land), in others, the chambers of federal ministries. The Federal
Ministry of Economy, Family and Youth is the national coordinator and
international contact point. Access:
http://www.en.bmwfj.gv.at/Vocationaltraining/Seiten/Recognition
ofdiplomasintheEU.aspx
3.9. The process of recognition of the qualification of primary /
secondary school teacher in Germany [26]
The situation of regulated professions in Germany is similar to that in
Austria, mostly being realized at Länder level. For information you can
contact recognition and counseling centers, whose contact details can be
found on the websites below: http://www.anerkennung-in-
deutschland.de/tools/berater/en/berater;
http://anabin.kmk.org/no_cache/filter/anerkennungs-und-
beratungsstellen-in-deutschland.html
Standard procedure for the recognition of a qualification
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Based on the analysis of the qualification recognition procedures
for each profession in part, common elements of procedure for
each Competent Authority have been identified. By analyzing the
procedure elements, specific to each profession, a number of
common procedure elements, specific to each domain, have been
established. Based on the generalization of the results obtained for
each competent authority, and on data directly known from the
general process of recognition of qualifications / regulated
professions, a standard procedure for the recognition of regulated
professions has been developed and it can be represented
schematically as in Fig. no. 2.
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[START; APPLICANT; APPLICANT INFORMATION by the contact point within the
host Member State; SUBMISSION OF DOCUMENTS requested by Competent
Authority; CHECKING THE CONTENT OF THE FILE (formal checking) AND
FULFILLMENT OF CONDITIONS (IMI); Notifications, Additions; Are compensatory
measures necessary? YES, It does not fall into one of the situations provided by Law
200; Tests, Adaptation periods; Language skills assessment; Exam; Assessment result?
Rejected / Admitted; Rejection of professional qualification recognition; STOP;
SOLVIT; NO, It falls into one of the situations provided by Law 200; Interview;
Recognition of professional qualification; Fees; Development of certificate;
Subscription in CA Register; STOP; *In some cases, fees are charged on submission of
the file and partial refunded if the qualification is not recognized, while in other cases,
they are collected before the interview]
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Fig. no. 2 Standard procedure for the recognition of a qualification
This procedure is contained in the Guidance standard reference
terms for the validation and certification procedures of
competences and qualifications recognition processes, developed
as a result of the project
4. SOLVIT
SOLVIT [15] is a problem-solving network in which EU
Member States work together to solve problems occurred due to
improper application of Internal Market law by public authorities,
without using legal procedures. SOLVIT deals with cross-border issues
arising between a business or a citizen on the one hand and a public
authority on the other hand, where there is the possibility that
Community law had been applied improperly. Policy areas most
commonly handled by SOLVIT are:
Professional recognition of qualifications and diplomas;
Access to education;
Residence permits;
Voting rights;
Social security;
Employment rights;
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Driving licenses;
Registration of motor vehicles;
Border control;
Market access for products;
Market access for services;
Establishment as independent;
Public procurement;
Taxation;
Free movement of capital and payments.
When you submit a case to SOLVIT, the local SOLVIT center
(known as "Home" SOLVIT center) will first check the details of the
complaint of the applicant to ensure that it is really a misapplication of
internal market rules and that all necessary information was provided.
Thereafter, it shall enter the case into a computer database and the
information will be automatically sent to SOLVIT Centre in the other
Member States in which the problem occurred (known as "Responsible"
SOLVIT center).
The responsible SOLVIT centre should confirm whether it will
take the presented case, within a week. This largely depends on whether
the case is considered to be well founded and on the existence of the
possibility of being resolved pragmatically. If solving a problem
involves the repeal of a national law - and not just applying it properly -
this sometimes requires formal legal action. In some cases, however,
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SOLVIT can take steps to persuade the Member State to waive the
application of incorrect rules, even before the abrogation of the law in
question.
The two SOLVIT centers will work together to try to solve the
problem and the "home" SOLVIT center will inform the applicant on
the progress of the case.
The following are the national SOLVIT centers of analyzed
European Union Member States:
Table no. 5
European Union
Member State SOLVIT Center Contact persons
The Czech Republic
Odbor vnitřního trhu a služeb EU,
Ministerstvo průmyslu a obchodu/
Department of Internal Market and
Services Policy, Ministry of Industry and
Trade / Na Františku 32 CZ - 11015 Praha 1,
Tel. +420 22 4221701,Fax. +420 22 485
3079, [email protected]
Barbora Hanáková
Zuzana Bakotová
Tomáš Stehlík
Denmark
Danish Business Authority
(Internal Market Centre),
Langelinie Allé 17 DK - 2100 Copenhagen,
Tel. +45 35 46 62 00 (the hotline)
Tel. +45 35 46 66 16
Tel. +45 35 46 66 73, [email protected]
Jens Kasper
Rasmussen
Sofie Freilev
Karin Kragshave
Kristian Yde Agerbo
Germany
Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft
und Technologie/ Federal Ministry of
Economics and Technology, Scharnhorststr.
Lisa Teichmann
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34-37, DE - 10115 Berlin, Fax. +49 3018
6155379,[email protected]
Spain
SOLVIT - España
Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y de
Cooperación /SOLVIT Spain, Ministry of
Foreign Affairs and Cooperation, Serrano
Galvache 26
ES - 28033 Madrid, Tel. +34 91 379 9999
Fax. +34 91 394 8684, [email protected]
Ana Iglesias
Ana María Hernández
Javier Pascual
Pontones
European Union
Member State SOLVIT Center Contact persons
Italy
Presidenza Consiglio Ministri
Dipartimento Politiche Comunitarie/
Presidency of the Council of
Ministers, Department of
Community policy, Piazza Nicosia 20
IT - 00186 Roma,
Tel. +39 06 677 95 844
Fax. +39 06 677 95 044,
Giuseppina VALENTE
Francesco CIPRI
Massimo SANTORELLI
The Netherlands
SOLVIT Nederland
Ministerie van Economische Zaken,
Landbouw en Innovatie/ SOLVIT
the Netherlands, Ministry of
Economic Affairs, Agriculture and
Innovation
Bezuidenhoutseweg 30
Postbus 20101
NL - 2500 EC Den Haag,
Koen van Ginneken
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Tel. +31 70 379 7708
Fax. +31 70 379 7014
Austria
Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft,
Familie und Jugend, SOLVIT
Center / Federal Ministry of
Economy, Family and Youth, Solvit
Center, Abteilung C1/2, Stubenring
1
AT - 1010 Wien,
Tel. +43 1 71100-5119
Tel. +43 1 71100 - 5293
Tel. +43 1 71100-5187
Fax. +43 1 71100-2207
Sylvia Vana
Alexandra Gaudmann-
Heber
Christian Müller
European Union Member
State SOLVIT Center Contact persons
Romania
Ministerul Afacerilor Europene,
Guvernul României / Ministry of
European Affairs, Government of
Romania
Bvd. Aviatorilor nr. 50A, Sector 1,
Bucureşti 011854,
Tel. +40 21 308 53 40
Tel. +4021 308 53 71
Tel. +40 37 410 45 23
Fax. +40 21 308 53 96
Romulus BENA
Karina STAN
Ramona-Maria CIUCĂ
Great Britain Department for Business, Innovation and Skills
Chris Korcz
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1 Victoria Street
UK - London SW1H 0ET Tel. +44 20 7215 2833
Fax. +44 20 7215 2234
5. The practice of the profession of primary / secondary
school teacher in the EU
According to the information presented in Chapter 3 it follows that
the teaching profession in primary / secondary school can be exercised
both in public education and private education. In Romania Law no.
1/2011 specifies, in Chapter II, Art. 22, that: The national system of
primary / secondary school consists of all state, private and religious
authorized / accredited schools. Therefore, in order to practice the
profession the conditions are the same for all the educational
institutions in the national system, regardless of the form of financing
and ownership. In other countries, requirements are different (Spain,
UK), stringent conditions of access being imposed only for public
education.
In Romania, the method for filling up didactic vacant positions in
primary / secondary school is established annually by Order of the
Minister of National Education. For school year 2013-2014 the
Framework Methodology on the mobility of teaching staff in primary /
secondary school is subject to Order of the Minister of Education,
Research, Youth and Sport no. 6239/14.11.2012.
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From the point of view of mobility recorded in the profession, with
examples for the teacher of secondary education (Secondary school
teacher) in the period 2007-2012, in Romania, we recorded 82 requests
for applications for recognition in order to practice on a permanent
basis, and 1162 as country of origin (in which the qualification was
obtained). As host country, Romania received teacher qualified people
from Hungary, Great Britain, Germany, France and Belgium, according
to Figure no. 3.
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[HUNGARY, GREAT BRITAIN, GERMANY, FRANCE, BELGIUM,
OTHER COUNTRIES]
Figure 3. The top five countries where professionals who migrated temporarily in
Romania in the period 2007-2012 have obtained the qualification of teacher *†
States where a significant number of people whose teaching
qualification obtained in Romania has been recognized are Great
Britain, Germany, Belgium, Denmark and the Netherlands (Figure no. 4
and 5).
* Figures 3,4,5 are taken from the website of the European Commission and
processed by the author
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[GREAT BRITAIN, GERMANY, BELGIUM, DENMARK, THE
NETHERLANDS, OTHER COUNTRIES]
Figure 4. The top five host countries where people qualified as a teacher in Romania had
their qualification recognized in the period 2007-2012
Recognition in the host country
Qualificati
on
obtained
in
AT BE CY DK FI DE EL HU IT NL UK
RO 22 118 17 45 12 340 24 17 27 38 1162
Total 22 118 17 45 12 340 24 17 27 38 1162
Figure 5- Distribution by Member States of applications for the recognition of teacher
qualification obtained in Romania
Ways of employment [21]
Teachers are public servants in a minority of countries.
Many teachers in Europe are currently employed on a contract basis.
Although many countries provide a status of civil servant to teachers,
only in a minority of countries (Spain, Greece, France and Cyprus)
teachers benefit from the specific status of career civil servants
employed on an indefinite period as the only way of employment. In
general, teachers seem to be increasingly recruited through open
recruitment directly by their employers, that are often schools and local
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education authorities. Few countries resort to competitive examinations
as a method of recruitment.
Data from TALIS 2008 international survey also show that although,
overall, the majority of teachers in the participating European countries
have permanent contracts, after a certain number of years, in some
countries not a negligible percentage of teachers is employed on a fixed
term, in some cases, even including teachers with many years of
experience.
Teachers in Europe mainly enter the profession through open
recruitment methods [21]. The entry into the teaching profession for
fully qualified teachers may be managed by different administrative
levels and in accordance with different procedures.
The term "open recruitment" refers to the method of recruitment where
responsibility for publishing vacancies, requesting applications and
selecting candidates is decentralized. Recruitment is usually the
responsibility of the school, sometimes in collaboration with the local
authority. Most European countries operate a system of open
recruitment. For example, in the Netherlands, schools or school councils
implement their own procedures on recruitment. Any person who is a
qualified teacher can be appointed to a teaching position for the subject
and level of education or type of school for which he/she is qualified.
There is no government program for the equitable distribution of
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teachers among schools. Teachers are free to apply for any job they
want and can change jobs if they want so.
A minority of countries, especially in southern Europe, organizes
competitive, public exams, contests organized at central level to select
candidates for the teaching profession. In Greece, Spain, France, Malta,
Liechtenstein and Turkey it is the only method used to recruit teachers.
In Spain, for example, access to a teaching position in public schools is
achieved through a competitive examination / contest (Concurso-
oposición). The examination consists of three stages:
knowledge assessment stage, specific to the relevant field of
the specialization, teaching skills and mastering necessary
teaching techniques,
evaluation stage, with criteria established for each call regarding
candidates' characteristics (education and previous teaching
experience) and
a probationary period during which selected candidates must
demonstrate their teaching skills.
In Italy, the main method of recruitment is the contest. There are lists of
candidates established at provincial level, which include not only
prospective teachers who have passed competitive examinations, but
also those who have obtained Qualified Teacher Status through sporadic
procedures (particularly unqualified teachers with at least 360 days of
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teaching experience) or participation in SSIS (former post-graduate
specialization schools for teaching at secondary level).
Finally, six countries or regions make use of the so-called "list of
candidates" for the recruitment of teachers.
In Europe, different levels of administration (central, regional, local and
school) are responsible for hiring teachers. The administrative level
responsible for the teachers that it uses usually correlates closely with
their professional status. Teachers who are career civil servants are
usually employed by central or regional authorities. In some cases
central governments could also engage teachers with civil servant status
or contractual status. If the employer is the school or local authorities, in
most cases, teachers have contractual status.
In Denmark, Finland, Norway and Iceland (ISCED 0, 1 and 2) and in
the Netherlands, Hungary and the United Kingdom (Scotland), the
employer of teachers working only in public schools is the local
authority. Schools are solely responsible for hiring teachers in Bulgaria,
the Czech Republic, Estonia, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland,
Slovenia, Slovakia and Croatia. Finally, in three countries, the
responsibility for hiring teachers varies by category of school (Belgium,
Sweden and Great Britain - England, Wales and Northern Ireland).
In most cases, the level of education in which a teacher is active, has no
connection with the hiring authority. It only differs in a limited number
of countries, such as Germany and Austria, where the employer for
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teachers in pre-primary education is the municipality / the local
authority for education and therefore, different from secondary (lower
and upper), primary and general education.
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6. Conclusions
1. The profession of primary / secondary school teacher is
regulated for all sub-systems of primary / secondary school (pre-
primary, primary, lower and higher secondary, vocational) in all
EU countries, both in terms of training and exercise of the
profession.
2. In terms of academic training and qualification level all countries
comply with Directive 2005/36/EC on the recognition of
professional qualifications.
3. There are differences between countries regarding didactic and
psycho-pedagogic training, in terms of length and share of
practical training, the simultaneous or consecutive manner for
such training in relation to specific specialization training.
Regarding the exercise of the profession, there are also big
differences between countries regarding access manner (through
competition, open recruitment, candidate lists, etc), employee
status (civil servant or contractual staff), also depending on the
type of employing institution (public, private, religious).
4. These differences hinder teacher mobility and the process of
recognizing of qualification in order to exercise the profession in
a country other than the country of origin, as also evidenced by
statistics.
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7. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS PAPER
MNE – Ministry of National Education
NCA – National Qualifications Authority
IPS – Institute for Social Policy
EC – European Commission
MS – Member State
CA – Competent Authority
EQF – European Qualifications Framework
CEN – European Committee for Standardization
EEA – European Economic Area
ECTS/SECT – European Credit Transfer System
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8. REFERENCES
1. National Education Law no. 1/2011
2. Law no. 200/2004 on the recognition of diplomas and professional
qualifications for the professions regulated in Romania
3. www.imipqnet.ro
4..http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/qualifications/regprof/index.cfm?
action=profession&id_profession=3121
5. http://en.iu.dk/recognition/dk-recognition-system/procedures
6.http://eacea.ec.europa.eu/education/eurydice/documents/eurybase/nati
onal_summary_sheets/047_IT_EN.pdf
7. http://www.justlanded.com/english/Italy/Italy-
Guide/Education/Introduction
8.http://teacheurope.org/AlbumMaisonFrancaise/Teaching%20in%20Ita
ly.pdf
9.http://eacea.ec.europa.eu/education/eurypedia
10.http://www.european-agency.org/country-
information/netherlands/national-overview/teacher-training-basic-and-
specialist-teacher-training
11.http://www.nuffic.nl/en/diploma-recognition/professional-
recognition/regulated-professions
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12.Teacher Education in The Netherlands. Change of gear, Marco
Snoek and Douwe Wielenga Bekker-Ketelaars, N. de, Miedema, S., &
Wardekker, W. (1998) Vormende Lerarenopleidingen. (Utrecht, SWP)
13. Acuerdo de Formación Profesional en el empleo / Fundación
Tripartita para la Formación en el Empleo. Fundación Tripartita para la
Formación en el Empleo, 2006,
http://www.fundaciontripartita.org/almacenV/publicaciones/documentos
/13529_194194200612393.pdf
14.Calidad de la educación y eficacia de la escuela / Muńoz-Repiso,
M. (coord) . - Madrid : CIDE/OCDE , 1995
15.Capacity for Change and Adaptation of Schools in the case of
Effective School Improvement / Instituto de Investigación Educativa
de la Universidad de Groningen (GION) -Países Bajos (cords.)– . 2001.
16. http://www.dgrhe.min-edu.pt/ Direcção-Geral dos Recursos
Humanos da Educação
17.http://www.duo.nl/International_visitors/Diploma_assessment/
Coming_to_the_Netherlands/Working_as_a_teacher/Recognition.
asp
18.http://www.dgrhe.min-edu.pt/web/14654/profissional
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19. GTC-Scotland Framework for Professional
Recognition/Registration : Advice and Guidance for Teachers, August
2007
20. http://fivu.dk/en/education-and-institutions/recognition-and-
transparency/regulated-professions/teachers-with-non-danish-
qualifications/folkeskole-teacher
21. European Commission/EACEA/Eurydice, 2013. Key Data on
Teachers and School Leaders in Europe. 2013 Edition. Eurydice Report.
Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
22.http://www.education.gov.uk/schools/careers/careeropportuniti
es/overseas-trainedteachers/a00199246/teachers-from-the-
european-economic-area-eea
23. http://uok.msmt.cz/uok/home.php
24.http://hubmiur.pubblica.istruzione.it/web/istruzione/riconoscim
ento-professione-docente
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25.http://www.en.bmwfj.gv.at/Vocationaltraining/Seiten/Recognit
ionofdiplomasintheEU.aspx
26. http://anabin.kmk.org/no_cache/filter/anerkennungs-und-
beratungsstellen-in-deutschland.html
27. Order of the Minister of Education, Research, Youth and Sport no.
3973/2012 approving the Methodology on the release of the certificate
of study conformity with Directive 2005/36/EC of the European
Parliament and of the Council of 7 September 2005 on the recognition
of professional qualifications, for teachers in Romania
28. Alexandru-Ionuţ Chiuţă, IMI statistics for Romania and Denmark,
Study visit in Denmark, May 27- June 1, 2013-PowerPoint Presentation