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8/14/2019 Pricing in Retail
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pricing-in-retail 1/29
Retail Pricing
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Pricing Influenced By
• Marketing objectives
• Government regulations
•
Consumer perceptions• Consumer demand
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Price & Marketing objectives
• Match price to objectives in strategic marketingplan
• Common objectives – increase market share
– increase sales – improve profits
– project a particular image
– combat competition
• Slashed prices boost sales & fend-off lower-pricedrival brands
• Premium pricing with other marketing mix giveluxury position
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Price & Marketing objectives
• Match price to objectives in strategic marketingplan
• Common objectives – increase market share
– increase sales – improve profits
– project a particular image
– combat competition
• Slashed prices boost sales & fend-off lower-pricedrival brands
• Premium pricing with other marketing mix giveluxury position
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Pricing & Consumerperceptions
• Customers will elicit perception of quality from price
• Rough price range usually incustomers mind
• Unexpectedly low price triggers fearthe item is low quality
• Unexpectedly high price makebuyers question is product worth
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Pricing & Consumer demand
• Costs establish floor for price
• Demand establish ceiling for price
• Theoretically:
– if price too high demand fall & Producersreduce prices to stimulate demand
– if price too low demand increases & producersmotivated to raise prices
– When prices climb & profits improve producersboost output until supply & demand balance
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Price elasticity
• Some products insensitive tochanges in price & Some productshighly responsive
• Price elasticity: a measure of thesensitivity of demand to changes inprice
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Pricing Methods
• Cost-based & Priced-based pricing
• Price skimming
•
Penetration pricing
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Cost-based Pricing
• Cost-based pricing (cost plus pricing):
– Starting with cost of production
– Then add markup to the cost of product
• Simple but little sense
– Ignores demand & competitors prices, &does not lead to best price
– Ensures certain profit but sacrifices profitopportunity
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Priced-based Pricing
• Maximize profit by establishing optimal pricefor product
• How to optimize the price? – Based on analysis of product’s competitive
advantage
– User’s perception of item
– Market targeted
• When price is established, focus on keepingcosts at level allows healthy profit
• Few businesses fail from over pricing
• Many businesses fail from underpricing
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Price Skimming
• Skimming: charging a high price for a new productduring the introductory stage & lowering the pricelater
• Price vary depending on stage in product life cycle
• During introductory phase objective to recoverdevelopment costs ASAP, so price is high & theydrop later when product is no longer a novelty &competition heats up
• Makes sense under 2 conditions: – Product quality & image support higher price
– Competitors cannot enter market with competingproducts & undercut price
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Penetration Pricing
• Penetration Pricing: introducing a new product at alow price in hopes of building sales volume quickly
• Advantages: – discouraging competition because the low price
–
Limits profit for everyone – Helps expanding entire product category by attracting
customers who don’t buy at higher, skim-pricing levels
– If you compete pioneers in category, this strategy helps intaking customers away from pioneer
• Makes sense when market highly price sensitive, so
low price generates additional sales & companymaintain low-price position long to keep outcompetition
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Price Adjustment Strategies
• Price discounts
• Bundling
• Dynamic Pricing
• Everyday Low Prices (EDLP)
– Charge the Lowest Price all the time – Set prices between regular non-sale price and deep
discount sale prices of a high/low pricing competitor.
• High/Low Pricing
– Regular prices are higher than EDLP competitors, butmerchandise frequently on sale at lower prices.
id i i i il
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Considerations in Setting RetailPrice
Price of Merchandise
Cost of
Merchandise
Demand:What will the
customer willpay formerchandise?
Competitors How are
they pricingmerchandise?
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Price Discounts
• Discount Pricing: offering a reduction inprice
• Depends on type of customer targeted &type of item offered
• Discount boost sales but can touch off pricewars between competitors
• Price war encourage customers to focusonly on pricing not on value or benefits
•
Price war can hurt entire industry for years• To offset loss of revenue stock shelves with
more profitable items otherwise if youcouldn't compete you close up business
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Examples
• Wholesaler or retailer Discount: toencourage orders
• Customer cash discount: to reward
customers who pay cash or pay promptly• Quantity discount: to Large volumes buyer
• Seasonal discount: to who buy out of season
• Value pricing: charging affordable price forhigh quality offering (for certain times orcertain customer segment)
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Bundling
• Definition: Combining severalproducts & offering the bundle at areduced price
• Promote sales of products consumersmight not otherwise buy
• Make products harder for consumersto make price comparison
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Dynamic Pricing
• Definition: Charging different prices depending onindividual customers & situations
• By using internet technology
• Enables to move slow-selling merchandise
instantly• Allows to experiment with different pricing levels
• Tactics: – Auction pricing (buyers bid against each other & the
highest bid buy)
– Group buying (buyers obtain volume discount by joiningbuying groups)
– Name-your-price (buyers specify how much to pay &sellers choose whether to sell)
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Demand –
Price Customer Is Willing toPay
• Estimate Sales Made at DifferentPrice Levels
• Calculate Profit at Each Price Level
• Set Prices to Maximize Profits
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Breakeven Analysis
Understanding the Implication of Fixed and VariableCost
BEP
quantity
Fixedcost=
Unit price - Unit
variable cost
Calculating Breakeven Quantity
UnitSales
Fixed Costs
Contribution/Unit
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Price Adjustments
• Markdowns
• Coupons
•
Rebates• Price Bundling
• Multiple-Unit Pricing
• Variable Pricing
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Reasons for TakingMarkdowns
• Get rid of slow-moving, obsolete,uncompetitively priced merchandise
• Increase sales and profits through pricediscrimination
• Generate cash to buy better selling merchandise
• Increase traffic flow and sale of complementaryproducts generate excitement through a sale
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Initial Markup
Retail Price$1.00
Cost of Merchandise$.60
Margin
$.40
Initial Markup 40% =
$.40/$1.00
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Maintained Markup
Initial RetailPrice $1.00
Cost of Merchandise$.60
MaintainedMarkup$.30
Maintained Markup
Reductions $.10
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Coupons
• Documents that entitle the holder to areduced price off a product or service.
• Purpose
– Reduce price to price sensitive customerswho will spend the effort to clip coupons
– Induce customer to try products
– Convert first time users to regular ones
– Encourage large purchases – Increase usage
– Protect margins and retain customers
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Rebates
• Money returned to the customer based on aportion of the purchase price.
• Retailers’ perspective: more advantageousthan coupons since they increase demand,
but retailer has no handling costs.
• Manufacturers like rebates because:
– Many customers don’t redeem.
– They can offer price cuts to customers directly.
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Variable Pricing
• Application of price discrimination
– By location – zone pricing
– Early Bird Special
– Seniors Discounts – Over Weekend Travel Discount
– Quantity Discount
• Electronic channel has potential forcharging a different price to each customer