Preventive Exam

7/23/2019 Preventive Exam

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Asbestosis: Asbestosis is caused by the inhalation of microscopic fibers of asbestos.; The disease is progressive,

esulting in scarring of the lungs with fibrous tissue..; Asbestos particles invoke a hemorrhagic response in lung.

Fibers then coated with a ferritin-like material resulting in ferruginous bodies.(sputum,microscope.! "amage torespiratory bronchioles and alveoli..! # $ay% &pacities are small and irregularly shaped.! 'ot rounded as in

silicosis.! rominent septal lines around ) lobules.! *ardiac silhouette may become shaggy.! +ilar lymph nodes rar

affected.! "" from silicosis.

Occupational health % &ccupational +ealth is the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical,

mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations by preventing departures from health, controlling risks an

he adaptation of work to people, and people to their obs.(dentification and assessment of the risks from health

ha/ards in the workplace. This involves surveillance of the factors in the working environment and working practicewhich may affect workers0 health. t also re1uires a systematic approach to the analysis of occupational 2accidents2,

occupational diseases.

Health education : From the view of hygiene.! 3tudy on how to organi/e educational process reasonably, in order

mprove children and teenagers4 learning efficiency, and promote their comprehensive development of body and min

Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) % 5evels of intake of essential nutrients considered in the udgment of

food 6 nutrition board of the basic of available scientific knowledge to be, ade1uate to meet the known nutritionalneeds of practically all healthy persons.! $"A is set to meet the needs of 789 of the population (without reaching to

evels, in *hina, $"A is also called $'.

Non-enery-yieldin nutrients : :itamins.! ;inerals.! <ater.! "ietary fibers.!

!"posure: The contact between an agent and a target.! *ontact takes place at an eposure surface over an eposur

period .; E= ∫t2 t1 C(t)dt.#uarternary pre$ention: ;ethods to mitigate or avoid results of unnecessary or ecessive interventions in thehealth system.

!ssential nutrients% 'utrients the body either cannot make or cannot make enough of to meet its needs.! These

nutrients must be obtained from foods (ingested in some manner.! =amples% :itamins% :itA, ", =, >, :it*, ?

:itamins.!;inerals% *alcium, iron, and other minerals.! 3ome of the amino acids and fatty acids.! =ssential am

acids% Those amino acids we cannot make, so we must get them from the foods we eat, are known as essential amino

acids.

Heme iron and Nonheme iron : ron occurs in two forms in foods.Heme iron% bound into the iron-carrying proteins such as hemoglobin in meats, poultry, and fish.

Nonheme iron% ferric hydroide (Fe(&+@ in both plant and some animal foods (egg yolk.

Heme iron is much more reliably absorbed than nonheme iron.%atiue % t4s a protective inhibition phenomenon caused by function loss eceeding the limitation of cerebral cor

ells with ecessive stimulations or prolonged weak stimulations.! *ells can not work any more unless a short rest.

+uman organs, system functions and working ability are in a low level.! t is a physiological phenomenon.

&ilicosis % 3ilicosis is a lung disease caused by continued inhaling free crystalline silica and characteri/ed by

progressive fibrosis and a chronic shortness of breath.! # $ay% ;ultiple small rounded opacities .! sually in upper

obes .! ;ay have ground glass appearance .! ;ay occasionally calcify centrally ()B9

!ronomics% The science of making the ob fit the worker(ergonomic chair and keyboards.. &r The application o

human sciences to the optimi/ation of people0s working environment.! Thus ergonomics seeks to adapt work to hum

physical and psychological capabilities and limitations. n seeking this goal, it draws on many disciplines including%

Anatomy, physiology, psychology, sociology, physics and engineering

'icronutrients% 'eed in relatively small amounts.! All other nutrients% vitamins, minerals, bioactive foodomponents (esp. phytochemicals.

ro$itamin A and preormed $itamin A: •Animal foods% three active forms of vitamin A, or so called preformedvitamin A , they are% retinol, retinal, retinoic acid! •lant origin% there is no preformed :it A but they contain

arotenoids which we usually call provitamin A .

*oal wor+ers, pneumoconiosis % *oal workers0 pneumoconiosis (cwp is a pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation oal dust and is more prevalent in underground workers eposed to higher concentrations of dust than in surface

workers.! The lung is destroyed by fibrosis and emphysema.! # $ay% 3mall, rounded opacities.! pper lobe

distribution.! Associated with chronic bronchitis and cor pulmonale



Reproducti$e health: <+& definition indicates that reproductive health refers to a state of complete physical,

mental, and social well-being..! $eproductive health implies that people are able to have a responsible, satisfying, an

afe se life. This means access to effective, affordable, and acceptable methods of ertility reulation, health servifor safe pregnancies and deliveries, prevent and treatment for reproducti$e diseases and tumors, and health care

around and after menopause

!ssential amino acids: Those amino acids we cannot make, so we must get them from the foods we eat, are knowas essential amino acids. The nine essential amino acids for human adults that must be obtained from the diet are

histidine, isoleucine, leucine,lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine.

Nonessential amino acids: The body can make about half of the amino acids for itself, when it has the needed pa

Cnitrogen to form the amine group and backbone fragments, which are derived from carbohydrate or fat.! The nossential aminoacidsCalso important in nutrition% Alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic ac

glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, tyrosine.

+ilocarlories (+cal) and +ilooules (+/) :;easure energy in kilocalories (kcal % Traditionally used in nutritio

cience.! <hat most think of as a DcalorieE is really a kilocalorie.! kcal amount of energy needed to raise the

emperature of G kg of water by GB*.! ;easure energy in kilooules (kH % nternational unit for energy of any for

Gkcal I.G8 >H, orG>H B.)@7 kcal

remenopause : • As the endocrine function of ovary becomes weak step by step and this process is different

between individuals, perimenopause starts after IB commonly and lasts for ) J I years.! • premature ovarian failure

&F . n puerperium, mother takes on the important task to feed and take care of the newborn, at the same time toecover herself .

0rowth : An increase in si/e of body.

De$elopment : ncreased compleity of function

0rowth $elocity : Krowth velocity is the rate of change in si/e over time .; :elocity is the speed the child travels

along the road.

1earnin % t is a process that human or animals receive information from the eternal environment via their nervystem, which would affect their own behaviors.

'emory % t is a neural process that the obtained information or eperiences were stored and etracted in the brain

• &tartin reulation : The working capacity of the cerebral corte is at a low level at the beginning, then increase

gradually with processing.

Dominant e"cited areas % Among a large number of stimulus in the environment, our nerve center would only foc

on a few stimulations (the strongest, most important stimulation which accord with our purposes and desires and th

orresponding areas of brain would be ecited.! Those ecited areas in brain are called dominant ecited areas.

Dynamic stereotype % <hen suffered conditioned stimulus inside or outside the body repeatedly, the related neura

ircuits would fi relatively in the cerebral corte. This process is called dynamic stereotype.

'osaic Acti$ities % <hen we change the types of activities, ecited areas of brain would change accordingly.=cited or suppressed areas, work or rest areas in cerebral corte would echange in spatial structure, functional

orientation, and time allocation.

rotecti$e 2nhibition % *oncept % &nce the brain is overloaded, the cerebral corte would enter into inhibition stat

feedback.! +ygiene significance % *onsumption ＞ $ecovery working ability L.! *onsumption ＜ $ecoveryworking ability M.! =arly fatigue <orking N ecessive fatigue.! • $est N recovery.

3erminal 'oti$ation : After a long time work, the ecitability in cerebral corte reduces gradually. +owever, wh

brain perceives the signal of coming to an end, the ecitability of cerebral corte would have a transient increase

eflely.! "epending on% etent of ecitability decreased, stored energy, individual learning attitude, emotional state hat time.

Deatiuation% t is also called chronic fatigue..! t4s a pathological condition that caused by long time overloadingand can4t restore with a short break.

Deatiuation% "efatigation can not be used as the basis hygiene standard to establish a learning load.! revent it. 3iredness : t4s a subective feeling of fatigue or defatigation.! ;echanism rotective inhibition.! erformance

"i//iness, brain swelling, malaise, lethargy, insomnia, irritability, muscle relaants, feel cold in head but hot in limb



4en5ene% *olorless, sweet odor, evaporates 1uickly 6 highly flammable li1uid.?en/ene is an aromatic hydrocarbo

hemical consisting of si atoms each of carbon and hydrogen arranged in a ring structure (*O+O.;olecular formu

*O+O.! ;elting point% P.P°*.! ?oiling point% 8B.G °*.! Flash point% -GG °* .! =plosion limits% [email protected]

3olubility% slightly soluble in water! very soluble in organic solvents and oil.! &dour threshold% G-G.Pppm

Aplastic Anaemia% 5ack of white blood cells% increased infections, bone or oint pain and discomfort, and

feverishness.! 5ack of platelets% ecessive bleeding, a tendency to bruise easily, and a delay in healing.! 5ack of red

blood cells% tiredness, a very pale compleion, and shortness of breath.• 3ertiary pre$ention6: ;ethods to reduce negative impact of eistent disease by restoring function and reducing

disease-related complications.; =g% revent complications of diabetes.

• 4yssinosis: An occupational respiratory disease associated with inhalation of cotton, fla, or hemp dust andcharacteri/ed initially by chest tightness, shortness of breath, and cough, and eventually by irreversible lung disea*alled also brown lung, brown lung disease, mill fever .0rain wor+er7s lun is a type of byssinosis . t can appea

people who work with grains.

• rimary pre$ention6: ;ethods to avoid occurrence of disease.; ;ost population-based health promotion effortare of this type.! =g% breast feeding hand washing vaccines.

• &econdary pre$ention6: ;ethods to diagnose and treat eistent disease in early stages before it causes signific

morbidity.;=g% screening.

• 3ertiary pre$ention6: ;ethods to reduce negative impact of eistent disease by restoring function and reducing

disease-related complications.; =g% revent complications of diabetes.

• 3o"icoloy : A branch of biology, chemistry, and medicine (more specifically pharmacology concerned with the

study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms. • aracelsus: DAll substances are poisons! there is none which is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a pois

from a remedy.E aracelsus (GI7@-GPIG.

• 3o"in: Toic substance are produced by biological systems .; 3uch as % plants, animals, fungi or bacteria.Reralanone, produced by mold.

• 3o"icant6: Toic substance are produced by or are a by-product of anthropogenic activities.3uch as % "ioin

(T*"" ?(ap.

• 2nhalation: *hemicals in the air are breathed in through the mouth or nose.! Kases 6 vapors are absorbed throug

the lungs directly into the bloodstream.% The si/e of dust particles or mist droplets can affect where the chemical

settles in the respiratory tract.• 2nestion8&wallowin6: *hemicals that are swallowed are absorbed in the digestive tract.!*hemicals can rub of

dirty hands and contaminate food, drinks or tobacco products.! *hemicals in the air can settle on food or drink andswallowed.

• Additi$e !ect: The combined effect of the two chemicals is e1ual to the sum of the effects of each agent givenalone. This is the most commonly observed effect when two chemicals are given together () S ) I. • &ynerist !ect: &ccurs when the combined effects of two chemicals are much greater than the sum of the effe

of each agent given alone.**lI and ethanol are hepatotoic alone but when given together produce much more livinury than the mathematical sum of their individual effects () S ) )B.3moking and asbestos eposure is anothe

eample.*ocaine use with alcohol use is a third eample.

• otentiation: &ccurs when one compound does not have a toic effect on a certain organ or system but when adto another chemical makes that chemical much more toic.

**lI is hepatotoic, isopropanol is not hepatotoic, when given together the effect of **lI is more than epected

S ) GB.• Antaonism% &ccurs when two chemicals administered together interfere with each other4s action. Antagonistic

interactions are very often desirable in toicology and are the basis of many antidotes () S (-) B.

• %unctional antaonism % &ccurs when two chemicals counterbalance each other by producing opposite effects

the same physiological function.ben/odia/epines is an anticonvulsant.• *hemical antaonism% s a chemical reaction between two compounds that produces a less toic product. =am

a chelator and a metal.

• Dispositional antaonism% &ccurs when the disposition of a chemical is altered so that the concentration andorduration of the chemical at the target organ are diminished. =. ;etabolism is increased U =cretion is increased,

therefore half-life is decreased.! *hange p+ value of urine.



• Receptor antaonism% &ccurs when two chemicals that bind to the same receptor produce less of an effect when

given together than the addition of their separate parts. $eceptor antagonists are often termed blockers.naloone

---morphine.• 3olerance% A state of decreased responsiveness to a toic effect of a chemical resulting from prior eposure to th

chemical or to a structurally related chemical.**lI decrease the formation of reactive metabolite (hepatotoic

• Dose% 3imilar to drugVs effectiviness , drug4s toicity e.g. lethality (mortality also shows dose-responserelationship, typical 3-shape curve.5"PB (the dosage of a substance that kills PB9 of the animals over a set period

time following an acute eposure. Amount of eposure to an agent.

• 4iomar+er% A biomarker, or biological marker, generally refers to a measured characteristic which may be used

an indicator of some biological state or condition.• 3olerable daily inta+e (3D2):The T" is an estimate of the amout of a substance in food or drinking

water,epressed on a body weight basis (mgkg or μgkg of body weight, that can be ingested daily over a lifetime

without appreciable health risk.• Acceptable daily inta+e (AD2)% Are established for food additives and pesticide residues that occur in food for

necessary technological purpose or plant protection reasons.

• No-obser$ed-ad$erse-eect le$el (NOA!1)% The '&A=5 is defined as the highest dose or concentration of achemical in a single study, found by eperiment or observation, that causes no detectable adverse health effect.

<henever possible, The '&A=5 is based on long-term studies, preferably of ingestion in drinking water.

• 1owest-obser$ed-ad$erse eect le$el (1OA!1)% 5&A=5 is the lowest observed dose or concentration of asubstance at which there is a detectable adverse health effect. <hen 5&A=5 is used instead of '&A=5 ,an additio

uncertainty factor is normally used.• Hormesis% (from Kreek hrm!sis 2rapid motion, eagerness,2 from ancient Kreek horm"ein 2to set in motion, imp

urge on2 is the term for generally favorable biological responses to low eposures to toins and other stressors.n toicology, hormesis is a dose response phenomenon characteri/ed by a low dose stimulation, high dose inhibit

resulting in either a H-shaped or an inverted -shaped dose response.

• Response% The reaction to the dose.! For eample, eating one green apple may be ust fine but eating five greenapples at one time may produce a very undesirable response.

• Ha5ard% The possibility that an agent can cause harm .

• !"posure% *ontact with an agent• Ris+ % The probability of harm or adverse effect (inury, disease, death following eposure to an agent.

• Nutrition% The science of foods and the nutrients they contain.! Also consider the action of these foods and the

nutrients in the body.! Foods contain nutrients and are derived from plant or animal sources.! 'utrients are used bythe body to provide energy and to support growth, maintenance and repair of body tissues.! ;ore than IB nutrientsidentified today. roviding nutrients for optimal health, unbalanced diet increases non-communicable diseases ris

• Nonessential nutrients% body can make from other nutrients ingested.! =amples%*holesterol.! 3ome amino acid

and fatty acids.! 3ome bioactive food components from plants and animals..!The body can make about half of theamino acids for itself, when it has the needed partsCnitrogen to form the amine group and backbone fragments,

which are derived from carbohydrate or fat

• Oranic nutrients - contain carbon.! *arbohydrates.! 5ipids.! roteins .! :itamins• 2noranic nutrients - do not contain carbon.! ;inerals.! <ater.

• 'acronutrients% 'eed in relatively large amounts.! *arbohydrates, lipids, proteins.

• !nery-yieldin nutrients% *arbohydrates (ecept fibers.! Fats .! roteins

• Non-enery-yieldin nutrients % :itamins.! ;inerals.! <ater.! "ietary fibers.• !stimated A$erae Re9uirements(!AR) % ntake amount that appears to meet the needs of PB9 of the populati

Age, gender, DconditionE based.! 3et after review of many research studies.W

• Ade9uate 2nta+e (A2)% A average amount of the nutrient that a group of healthy people consume.! A is set wthere isn4t enough research to set an estimated average re1uirement (=A$ or $"A.! =amples% *alcium, :itamin

water, fibre.

• 3olerable pper 2nta+e 1e$el (1)% ;aimum daily amount of nutrient that appears safe for most healthy peontake above the 5 is associated with toicity symptoms.! ;ost often see with overuse of supplements or intake

many fortified foods.

• !nery density - ;easure of the kcal per gram of food.!



• Complimentary action* % ncomplete proteins can be mied together to make a complete protein.! *ereal

grainsSlegumes, legumesSseeds (nuts .

•&ubertility 8 2nertility% nfertility is a worldwide issue in reproductive health.! n view of the <orld +ealth&rgani/ation0s definition of health, the psychological and social conse1uences of infertility simply cannot be ignor

&besity and reproductive health.! revention for infertility is difficult and does not help the couple seeking medica

advice for infertility, whereas efficient treatment for infertility is time consuming, epensive and often unsuccessfu assisted reproducti$e technoloy (AR3).!in $itro ertili5ation and embryo transer 2%-!3 .

•3hree reularities o rowth : *ontinuous, series of distinct stages process.! mbalance development of differen

systems and organs.! ndividual difference.

•3hermic eect o ood : The thermic effect of food is proportional to the food energy taken in and is usuallyestimated at GB9 of energy intake.

Reproducti$e health care : $eproductive health care is defined as the constellation of methods, techni1ues andservices that contribute to reproductive health and well-being by preventing and solving reproductive health

problems.

• Reularies o rowth:•*ontinuous, series of distinct stages process.! •mbalance development of different syste

and organs.! •ndividual difference(2nluenced by enetic < en$ironmental actors

hysical rowth % • ndicators of physical growth.! • Krowth of the skeletal system.! • Krowth of the dental system

• O"yen carrier% ?ound into the protein hemoglobin in the red blood cells, iron helps transport oygen from lung

to tissues.• 2ron-deiciency anemia (2DA): *haracteri/ed by weakness, tiredness, apathy, headaches, increased

sensitivity to cold, and a paleness.

!nery yieldin Non- nutrient : Alcohol %Q kcalgram.! 'on-nutrient because it interferes with growth, maintenanand repair of the body.! Alcohol4s metabolites are harmful.

• 4eriberi % •?eriberi is caused by the deficiency of $itamin-4=.! • <et ?eriberi (characteri/ed with heart

failure and edema.! • "ry ?eriberi (characteri/ed with polyneuritis

• 'enopausal syndrome: <omen will have mental responses in different degrees such as dysphasia, sadness,

characteristic and behavior changes, even depression.! The increase of bone absorption can cause fracture of

bone, even osteoporosis..! +ormone replacement therapy ( +$T

• *omplete proteins: ;ost animal products, such as fish, chicken, beef, pork, eggs, milk, cheese, yogurt, andsoy as well, contain all of the essential amino acids. (+igh 1uality proteins.

• 2ncomplete proteins: lant foods, such as rice, wheat, oats, corn, may be low or lacking in one or more of the

amino acids.



1ON0 AN&>!R&:

• 'ain indicators o physical rowth

(a).>eiht : • Total weight of the organs, tissues (bones, muscles and fat and body fluid.; • To evaluate recen

nutritional status.!

----Normal term inant:

Ae >eiht(+) 2ncrement (kg 2crement (kgy

At birth @

@ m ?@ @

G) m @ @ O

)I m G)@ @ @

BCy uberty )

0rowth atterns o >eiht % • First growth spurt% first year of life.! • "ifferent growth rate in different age.!

•3peed of weight increment is slowing down with age.!%ormulae: 3~12months: weight(kg)=(age month

+9)/2

b).Heiht(1enth)% • X @ years 3upine U 5ength.# • Y@ years 3tand U +eight.

---Normal term inant :

Ae >eiht(+) 2ncrement (kg 2ncrement (kgy

At birth EF

@ m ?=?C@ ===CG) m GE@ =C= CE

)I m IE@ =F =F

BCy uberty EG

0rowth attern o heiht8lenth: • First growth spurt% first year of life.; • "ifferent growth rate in different age

c).*rown-rump 1enth8&ittin heiht : • X @ years 3upine U *rown rump length.; • Y @ years 3it U 3itting

height

d)Head *ircumerence % s related with the growth of brain and skull

----Normal term inant :

Ae H.*(cm) 2ncrement (cm)

At birth J @ m JF ?

G) m J? ?

)I m JI C

Ey EF C

=Ey EEJ J

Abnormality o H.*: 3mall ----- *erebral dysplasia, ;icrocephaly.# ncrease too fast ----- +ydrocephalus

(e).*hest *ircumerence% ?e related with the development of the thora and lungs.

----Normal term inant:

Ae *.*(cm) H.*(cm)

At birth C J

=y J? J?

Cy J JI

BCyuberty :**-H*(cm)KAe(year)-=

&ummary:

New born m =C m CJ m C=F years

1enth (cm) EF ?=?C GE IE Ae LGMGF

>eiht (+) ? =C Ae LCMI

H* (cm) J ? J? JI =E y:EEJ

** (cm) C J? **- H*KAe - =



&+eleton and dental de$elopment 0rowth o the s+eletal system : • *ranial development.! • 3pinal development

-$*ranial de$elopment : Anterior Fontanel % •3i/e% G.PJ)cm at birth.! • *losure Time% G)JG8m.!

Abnormality of anterior fontanel %

3mall si/e or early closure： XIm.! ;icrocephaly, etc

5arge si/e or delayed closure % YG8m.! +ydrocephalus, *retinism, etc

?ulging fontanel： ntracranial hypertension (=ncephalitis,

;eningitis,etc

3unken fontanel： "ehydration

osterior Fontanel % 3i/e% BJB.Pcm at birth.! *losure Time% GJ)m

--- &pinal de$elopment % Age ;otor 3pinal curvature

@ m $aised head *ervical curvature

O m 3it Thoracic curvature

G) m <alk 5umbar curvature

Dental 0rowth: rimary or deciduous teeth.! 3econdary or permanent teeth

rimary teeth% Total number% )B.! First eruption%IJGBm.! Teething delay%YG@m.! 5ast eruption%)J@yermanent teeth%Total number% @) .! First eruption%Oy Z.! 5ast eruption%YG8y

• 3hree main contents o rowth assessment "evelomental level.! Krowth :elocity .! roportion of body

De$elopment 1e$el:Assess current si/e, using appropriate population standard.! llustrates the amount of

growth.! <ithin different age groups .! At particular time

$eference standard % *ut-off points % Z )3".! ～ G.

$esults of growth 5evel%X@(X -)3" ------ ?elow normal.! @-7Q( Z)3" ----'ormal.! Y7Q( S)3" ----

Above normal.

5imitation of development level% •"evelopment level cannot show the trend of growth.! •Krowth is a continuous process, one measurement of weight can not estimate the process of weight growth directly, cannot confirm it is

abnormal growth within the normal range or low level of normal growth.

0rowth $elocity: •Krowth velocity is the rate of change in si/e over time.! •:elocity is the speed the child traalong the road.! •+ow much a child grows within a specified period of time .! • =very child has hisher own grow

potential and traectory.! •f the child grows with a regular growth velocity (same 3"3, hisher growth is norma

$esults%T)－TG [ $eference ( #)－#G U'ormal.! •T)－TG X B ----- "ownward .! • T)－TG B ---nchanged.! •T)－TG X $eference ---- 3lowed.! •T)－TG Y $eference ---pward .!

roportion o body % •<eight to stature(<eight for length (<5 ?ody mass inde (?;).; • Trunk-leg rati

3++..! <eight for 5ength (<5%t indicates the range of weight for definite length

<5 % X@(X -)3" --?elow normal (wasting.! @-7Q( Z)3" --- 'ormal .! Y7Q( S)3" ---Above normal(obese

Trunk-5eg ratio%A measure of the relative length of the trunks and legs.!$epresenting in% 3++.! The ratio of 3+

in different age .!

3he ratio o &H8H in dierent ae:At birth = y C y ? y =F y =J y

&H(cm) .E JG. E. ?J.G G.C I?.=

3H(cm) EF.C G?.E IG. ==?.C =?.? =?C.E

&H83H F.?G F.? F.?= F.E? F.EJ F.E

Result%$atio of 3++ \ $eference 'ormal（roportionate）.; $atio of 3++＞$eference

Abnormal（"isproportinate

n!icators o" growth assessment: •Krowth level% <A, +A, +*A.! • Krowth velocity

•roportion of body %(<eight to 3tature.! Trunk 5eg $atio.



• %unctional characteristics o the cerebral corte" and their health siniicance &tartin reulation% The working capacity of the cerebral corte is at a low level at the beginning, then incre

gradually with processing.! • Forming cause: 'erve cells need time to start work.! 'erve cells need time to regul

functions of other organ systems.!Functions would disappear gradually as time goes on, but those functions wou

increase gradually in the recovery process.! Health siniicance: 3tudy (in a day, a week, a semester, a schoolyear should be from simple to comple, and the degree of difficulty and intensity should also be increased

gradually. Dominant rule.% Among a large number of stimulus in the environment, our nerve center would only focus o

few stimulations (the strongest, most important stimulation which accord with our purposes and desires and thecorresponding areas of brain would be ecited.Those ecited areas in brain are called dominant ecited areas.

Health siniicance: •"ominant ecited areas are easy to disappear in childhood.! •?e formed with biological

adaptability and teleonomy.! • $elated to interests.! • "ominant ecited areas are not easy to form in A"+"

(Attention Deicit Hyperacti$ity Disorderchildren because of the lack of adrenaline neurotransmitter in brain

Dynamic stereotype.% <hen suffered conditioned stimulus inside or outside the body repeatedly, the related

neural circuits would fi relatively in the cerebral corte. This process is called dynamic stereotype. .; Health

siniicance: • $egular lifestyle, correct motor skills, good study habits and health behaviors should be formed

early childhood.! •*ost a lot of nerve labors - work and rest regime should not be changed casually. !• 'ot all are

good. 'osaic acti$ities.% <hen we change the types of activities, ecited areas of brain would change accordingly

=cited or suppressed areas, work or rest areas in cerebral corte would echange in spatial structure, functional

orientation, and time allocation. Health siniicance: • *onduct different kinds of activities alternately.! • "o

mental and physical activities alternately .! •"o static and dynamic activities (sitting and walking alternately .!

•work and rest alternately.! •The younger children, the more fre1uent rotation should be.

rotecti$e inhibition: &nce the brain is overloaded, the cerebral corte would enter into inhibition state as

feedback.! Health siniicance : •*onsumption ＞ $ecovery working ability L.! •*onsumption ＜ $ecover

working ability M.! •=arly fatigue ( <orking N ecessive fatigue.! $est N recovery.

3erminal moti$ation % After a long time work, the ecitability in cerebral corte reduces gradually. +oweve

when brain perceives the signal of coming to an end, the ecitability of cerebral corte would have a transient

increase reflely.! Health siniicance : • Terminal motivation may happen at the end of a class hour, a day, a

week, or a semester.! • <e can make use of this feature to improve learning efficiency.

• 3he inluencin actors o brainwor+ competence

2nternal cause % • Age.! • Kender.! • +ealth status.! • Kenetic factors.! • 5earning motivation and attitude .!

=motion and interests.! !"ternal cause % • 5earning and living conditions

Ae: • =citability in cerebral corte is dominant in younger children, and have a weak inhibition function.

• Attention cannot be sustained for a long time in younger children.! • Application：Age limitation of entering

school, and different ages have different class hour.!0ender: • 'o difference in brain working ability.! •

"ifferences in timing of physical and mental development. • "ifferences in cognitive abilities.! Health% (The

factors lead to ?rain development and working ability.! • 'utrition.! • 3ports.! • ?rain diseases • others!. 0enetic actors%• Kood genetic 1uality is a necessary condition for intellectual development.! • Kood postna

environment is an important factor affecting the development of intellectual.! 1earnin moti$ation and

attitude % • The most important motive power ----Y 5earning interests ----Y 5earning efficiency of cerebral corte

(=ample, encourage, ideals, briefs ----Y Awareness of learning ] cyclin process.! !motion and interests :

(Teacher-student relationship.! $elationship between students.! Family atmosphere--------Y 3entiment ----Y

5earning efficiency of cerebral corte.! 1earnin and li$in conditions % 5ighting, temperature, ventilation,

stationery, noise, desks and chairs, blackboards, "ietary nutrition, rest system, sleep, hysical eercise.



• 0eneral $ariation laws o brainwor+ in a school day

2n a day: • <orking ability is at a low level at the beginning.! •Ascend gradually during the learning process

• $each a peak after about ) hours, and then go down gradually.! • $ebound after a lunch break, but lower than t

peak. And then descend.! • "escend straightly.! • A slight rebound at the end, but still lower than the peak (term

motivation.--Y 0eneral 1aws: • 'ot high at the beginning Ascend gradually with staring regulation until re

peak Then drop down( "escend straightly, and lower than the beginning level.! A slight rebound at the en

with terminal motivation.

• 3he concepts ormation mechanisms perormance and hyiene siniicance o atiue

deatiation and tiredness %atiue: *oncept: t4s a protective inhibition phenomenon caused by function loss eceeding the limitation

cerebral corte cells with ecessive stimulations or prolonged weak stimulations.! *ells can not work any more

unless a short rest.; +uman organs, system functions and working ability are in a low level.; t is a physiological

phenomenon (rotective inhibition. erormance : "ifferences.%

!arly atiue &iniicant atiue

'echanism +ave barriers in ecitatory

process or inner inhibition process.

+ave barriers or function Abated n bot

ecitatory rocess and inner inhibition process.

4eha$iors Hyperacti$ity awnin sleepiness

*onditioned rele" test =rror increased OR 5ong

reaction time and reactionvolumes decreased.

=rror increased AND 5ong reaction

time and reaction volumes decreased.

Dose-wor+ test =rror increased OR <orking

speed decreased.

=rror increased AND<orking speed

decreased

2ntensity rule o reaction

and stimulation

=1uali/ation phase%Kive the same intensity

reaction to any stimulation

aradoical phase% 3how a weakreaction to a strong stimulation, and

a strong reaction to a weak one.

• +ygience significance% • t4s a critical limit of learning load.; •Take actions to relieve fatigue.; •revent fatigu

defatigation.

Deatiuation: • *oncept% t is also called chronic fatigue.! t4s a pathological condition that caused by long t

overloading, and can4t restore with a short break.! •;echanism% A long time overloading.

• erformance : •Appearance% pale skins, weakness, malaise, hesitant, hand tremor in sometimes. • <orking

ability% speed decline, and error increase.; •;ental status% indifference, aniety or depression, low mood, crying

no reason.; •sychological function declined% inattention, bad memory, and obstacles in logical thinking,

imagination, udgment and reasoning analysis.! • Academic record% decline.; • 3ubective feelings% di//iness,

headache, insomnia, lethargy, loss of appetite, indigestion and even neurastheni.• +ygiene significance

"efatigation can not be used as the basis hygiene standard to establish a learning load.revent it.

3iredness : • *oncept % t4s a subective feeling of fatigue or defatigation.! • ;echanism% rotective inhibitio

• erformance % "i//iness, brain swelling, malaise, lethargy, insomnia, irritability, muscle relaants, feel cold in

head but hot in limbs.! • +ygiene significance% ay attention to%The tiredness subective feelings are developing

into real fatigue.! Those who are fatigue without tiredness.



• !stablishin principles o the wor+ and rest reime *oncept % Kenerally refers to a time schedule and alternating se1uence of daily life in work, study,

entertainment, sports, sleeping, diet, and rest.

?ased on% •characteristics of functional activities in cerebral corte and variation of brain working ability.!

=stablishing principles % •Accord with characteristics of functional activities in cerebral corte.! • ;eet needs o

children and adolescents in their different ages and physiological health status.! • Taking into account the needs

teaching.! • +armony with school and family.! • "on4t change freely when regime established.+ygiene significance : • *ombine with work and rest to meet the physiological development of children and

adolescents.! • +elp to form dynamic stereotype by the regular activities.! • =nhance learning efficiency, and

promote the all-round development of body and mind.

&cience o doctor +nowlede disease natural e$olution rom Absent to present .

*onscience

&r patient4s Feeling

<ell ?eingFeeling

3ick Feeling

3cience of doctor knowledge, disease evolution from Absent to present .

2 . rimary re$ention

Action taken to avoid or remove the cause of

a health problem n an individual or a population before it arises.ncludes health

promotion and specific protection

(eg. mmuni/ation

22. &econdary re$ention

Actionn taken to detect a health problem at an

early stage in an individual or a population,thereby facilitating cure, or reducing or

preventing it spreading or its long- term effects

(eg. ;ethods, screening, case finding, and early diagnosis

2.

#uaternary re$ention

^uaternary revention% Action taken to

dentify patient at a risk of overmedicalisation,To protect him from new medical invasion, and to suggest to him intervensions, which are

ethically acceptable.

222.

3ertiaruy re$ention

Action taken to reduce the chronic effects of a

+ealth problemin an individual or a population?y minimi/ing the functional impairment*onse1uent to the acute or chronic health

roblems.

(eg% prevent complications of diabetes . ncludes rehabilitation

*lassiication o atty acids

&aturated atty acid% fully loaded with hydrogen atoms and contains only single bonds between its carbonatoms.

'onounsaturated atty acid: with one double bond in the molecule.

olyunsaturated atty acid: has two or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds.



!nery-ieldin Nutrients A).*arbohydrates: * H O ; *ategories% • &u'ar % simple sugars.! • &tarch% made from chains of small

sugars, when these chains are broken down during digestion, we get energy.!•Fibers% do not provide calories because human bodies do not break fiber down during digestion.! Functions% •I kcalgram.! •?ody4s primary

source of energy ( use as glucose in the blood.! •?rain4s only source of energy.! •3tores are limited JG)-)I hour

(in liver and muscle as glycogen.! $ecommended carbohydrates intake % •=nergy provided by carbohydrates

should account for PP9JOP9 of total energy! •3tarchy foods and dietary fibers-rich foods are the better choicesrather than sugary foods.! *arbohydrates-rich foods% •3ugary foods% candy, cake, sugary drinks_! •lant food

like cereals, bread, rice, pasta, potatoes and corn are good sources of starch. These starchy foods give us importavitamins and minerals, too. ! •"ietary fibers-rich foods% <hole grains, vegetables and fruits.

4).%ats: * H O.; *ategories% •ri'lycerides (fats and oils)% =very triglyceride contains one molecule of

glycerol and three fatty acids. Fatty acids may be saturated or unsaturated. • hospholipids% The best-known phospholipid is lecithin.! •&terols% compounds with a multiple-ring structure, the most famous sterol is cholester

*lassifying by degree of unsaturation % •3aturated fatty acid% fully loaded with hydrogen atoms and contains o

single bonds between its carbon atoms.! •;onounsaturated fatty acid% with one double bond in the molecule.

•olyunsaturated fatty acid% has two or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds.! Functions % •7 kcalgram.!

•?ody4s alternate source of energy.! •'eeded to carry and store essential fat-soluble vitamins, like vitamins A an

" .! •=cess energy intake can be stored as fats in the body. 3tores are unlimited`! $ecommended fats intake%

•>eep total fat intake between )P9J@B9 of total energy needs..! •;ake sure most fats coming from sources ofFAs and ;FAs, such as fish, nuts, and vegetable oils..! Fats food sources% •*ooking oils and fats% vegeta

oils are more healthy than animal fats added in cooking.! •Fats we cannot see% a lot of fat is hidden in foods that

eat as snacks or prepared meals. *holesterol (G% •*holesterol is needed by our bodies for our cells, nerves an

brain. t is also important in forming hormones and en/ymes.! •'on-essential% &ur bodies can make cholesterol.

get cholesterol from the foods we eat, too.! *holesterol ()% Adverse effects of too much cholesterol% the bloo

cholesterol level increases. The higher our blood cholesterol, the higher our chances of developing heart disease•Food sources% animal products, e.g. fish, eggs, chicken, milk, beef or cheese. Animal brain tissue contains the

highest level.

*).roteins: * H O N ; <hat are proteins made of % •Amino acids% molecule with amine and acidgroups.

•There are )B amino acids making up most of the proteins of living tissues..! • Essential amino acids% Those amin

acids we cannot make, so we must get them from the foods we eat, are known as essential amino acids.

• Nonessential amino acids% The body can make about half of the amino acids for itself, when it has the needed partsCnitrogen to form the amine group and backbone fragments, which are derived from carbohydrate or fat. Are all proteins the same for us % •*omplete proteins% ;ost animal products, such as fish, chicken, beef, pork

eggs, milk, cheese, yogurt, and soy as well, contain all of the essential amino acids. (+igh 1uality proteins.!

•ncomplete proteins% lant foods, such as rice, wheat, oats, corn, may be low or lacking in one or more of the

amino acids.! +ow vegetarians get high 1uality proteins% •Complimentary action* : ncomplete proteins can

mied together to make a complete protein. •*ereal grainsSlegumes, legumesSseeds (nuts .!Functions%

•?uilding blocks of human body% t is needed for cells to grow. t also repairs or replaces healthy cells and tissue•'eeded for normal function% =n/ymes, some hormones, antibodies, albumin, hemoglobin, transport proteins, ar

all made from protein. ! •I kcalgram (same as carbohydrates ), ?ut protein is used for energy only when there iany carbohydrate available as an energy source.! $ecommended protein intake% •rotein provides GB9JGP9

total caloric intake.! •$"A for adults% B.8 gram per kg body weight.

hysioloical unctions o protein Functions % •?uilding blocks of human body% t is needed for cells to grow. t also repairs or replaces healthy

cells and tissues.! •'eeded for normal function% =n/ymes, some hormones, antibodies, albumin, hemoglobin,



transport proteins, are all made from protein.! •I kcalgram ( same as car#ohy!rates ), ?ut protein is used for

energy only when there isn4t any carbohydrate available as an energy source.

3wo orms o iron in the oods *auses of "A;alnutrition% nade1uate intake, either from limited access to food or from high consumption

foods low in iron. ?lood loss% *aused in many developing countries by parasitic infections of the digestive trac

2ron occurs in two orms in oods.

Heme iron% bound into the iron-carrying proteins such as hemoglobin in meats, poultry, and fish.

Nonheme iron% ferric hydroide (Fe(&+@ in both plant and some animal foods (egg yolk.

+eme iron is much more reliably absorbed than nonheme iron.

• Reproducti$e health in *hina

!"perts identiied the ollowin topics as priorities : definition and development of reproductive health!

women0s reproductive health and health care! women0s premarital health care! women0s prenatal health care!

seually transmitted diseases and A"3! family planning! women0s rights and benefits! male participation in

family planning! the education on reproductive health.

Reproducti$e Health care Reproducti$e health care : t is defined as the constellation of methods, techni1ues and services that contrib

to reproductive health and well-being by preventing and solving reproductive health problems.

Reproducti$e health care saves lives and prevents significant levels of morbidity through family planning

programs, antenatal, delivery and post-natal services, prevention and management programs for reproductive trainfections (including 3T"s and +:A"3, prevention of abortion and management of its complications, cance

of the reproductive system, and harmful practices that impact on reproductive function.! $eproductive health

protects infant health by enabling birth spacing and birth limitation to be practiced through family planning. Theare also in addition to prenatal, delivery and postnatal services, positive determinants of low maternal mortality

morbidity are integral to the promotion of reproductive health in women of child bearing age.

• Adolescent reproducti$e health

•Adolescent $+ is becoming an important issue.! •As they mature and become seually active, more young

people face serious health risks.! •The most of them face these risks with too little factual information, too little

guidance about seual responsibility, and too little access to health care.! •;eeting young adults0 diverse needs

challenges parents, communities, health care providers and educators. ! •"espite urgent needs, program efforts h

been slight and slowed by controversy.! • n )BB7 young people aged GP to G7 years accounted for IG9 of all ne

+: infections globally and more than half of other seually transmitted infections (3Ts.! •t has also been

estimated worldwide that GG9 of those who give birth each year are adolescents.! • lead to a delay in initiation o

seual intercourse, an increase in contraceptive usage, and an increase in seual social action.

•&mo+in and emale reproducti$e health

=pidemiological data shows that 7 millions of poles are in smokers group, I@9 of them are women. 3mokin

has significant negative impact on different fields of female seual and reproductive life, like menstrual cycle,fertility, gynecological cancers, contraceptives and early menopause (even premature ovarian failure, &F.



3moking during pregnancy is an important cause of ill health for both mother and fetus.t increases risk of place

complications, pregnancy induced hypertension（+）, reduced fetal growth and perinatal death.3moking cau

various health problems in women in relation to their life cycle. About the effects of smoking on obstetric andgynecological disorders, it is clarified that smoking has adverse effects on menopausal disorders, miscarriage,

premature birth, low birth weight infant, breast cancer, uterine cancer and ovarian cancer. 3moking affects not o

the women themselves, but also the fetus. t is necessary to promote smoking prevention education to preventwomen from developing a smoking habit and to provide smoking cessation education and support for smokers.

&e$en special physical periods

"uring their lives, women will eperience seven special physical periods% Fetus period.! 'ewborn period a

infant.! *hildhood.! Adolescence.! $eproductive period (pregnancy and childbirth period, puerperium, lactat

period, birth control.! erimenopause (climacterium.! ostmenopause (senility.

n these periods women0s various systems, especially the endocrine system, will change greatly and become easy

get infectious and traumatic diseases, and sensitive to the environmental risk factors.!<omen0s health is relevant

the development of population and only healthy mother can gestate healthy baby.

hysical and mental eatures and health problems o women

hysical and mental characteristics and health problems in prenancy and deli$ery period: <omen ha

various characteristics and health problems in different physical periods. =specially in pregnancy and delivery

period, great physical and mental changes take place and result in some special health problems.! n gestation, series of adaptive physical changes take place as a result of the demands for fetus development, such as changes

reproductive system, galactophore, cardiovascular system, blood system, respiration system, digestive system,

endocrine system, so on.! =ven metabolism is likely to change.!"ue to the increase of cortinsone (glucocortico

in body, the pregnancy are easy to be emotion waving, dysphoria, aniety and sadness.! "uring this period, all t

organs bear a heavier burden than before and the pregnancy are easy to get various complications, their primary

diseases relapse or they are aggravated.

renancy complications% Kestational hypertension (pregnancy-induced hypertension, + high pressure

edema and protein urinentrauterine growth restriction (K$ ! lacenta previa (t is a condition in which the

placenta is attached close to or covering the cervi.!5ow amniotic fluid.! =cessive amniotic fluid

The common problems while delivering include birth canal trauma, postpartum hemorrhage and postpartuminfection, etc. Amniotic Fluid =mbolism（anaphylactoid syndrome of pregnancy.! n puerperium, mother tak

on the important task to feed and take care of the newborn, at the same time to recover herself.! +ealth problem

tend to appear due to the heavy physical and mental burdens, especially when she can0t adapt the role transition

soon as possible.! t0s much easier to get mental disorder, such as postpartum depression.

hysical and mental characteristics and health problems in menopause (climacterium) : premenopause

menopause, postmenopause.!As the endocrine function of ovary becomes weak step by step and this process is

different between individuals, perimenopause starts after IB commonly and lasts for ) J I years.! premature

ovarian failure ( &F .! The average age of menopause is I7.P year-old.! All the physical and anatomic chang

in menopause are relevant to the functional weakening of ovary.! 3ome organs function changes as a result of th

decreasing secretion of se hormone, especially the decrease of estrogen. (progesterone, testosterone.! &rgans

reproductive system, breast, urinary tract, skin and hair, menstrual disorder.! ;enopausal syndrome. <omen w

have mental responses in different degrees such as dysphasia, sadness, characteristic and behavior changes, even

depression.! The increase of bone absorption can cause fracture of bone, even osteoporosis.! +ormone

replacement therapy (+$T.

http://www.babycenter.com/refcap/pregnancy/pregcomplications/1427402.html













*ommunity health care measures or women *are the social problems influencing women0s health % t needs the whole social participation to care all kind

social problems influencing women4s health and take social health measures to improve women0s health.! To m

girls and boys have e1ual educational opportunity,.! To provide more reproductive health service ( three-

class ;*+ net .!

Focus on women0s health problems and provide corresponding health care% Aim at the health status and eis

health problems to provide corresponding health care.! The service content is different in different communitie

but the main content includes%① +ealth education and consultation aims to disseminate the importance of wom

health to the community residents.! women know the health problems in different periods and master the basic

health care methods, and to reply the 1uestions they care much.! ② $eproductive health includes seual health

education, populari/ing the knowledge, carrying out the pre-gestational and gestational period education, birthcontrol, prevention for common female diseases (carcinoma mammae, myoma, cervical diseases etc.! $eproductive health refers to a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.!All health events relat

to reproduction in the life cycle.!③$egular health eamination mainly includes regular pelvic eam, cervical sm

leucorrhea eam and breast eam and other special eams.

=mphasi/e the systematic management of gravidas and puerperants % The program of the systematic

management of gravidas and puerperants refers to the program that during the first three months gravida should

eamine once and once per four weeks, seven months later once per two weeks and nine months later once per

week.! The gravida should fill in the systematic management of gravidas and puerperants health handbook as s

as the pregnancy confirmed, and go to hospital or community health care facilities to receive prenatal eam. !

After @O weeks, the gravida should go to hospital to deliver her baby with health handbook.! <hen dischargedmother and baby should go to the community health institute to carry out postpartum @,Q, GI, )8, I) day follow-

register and settle the problems in time. ! f the high risk factors are detected, a special file of higher risk

pregnancy should be set up..

Hyiene o mental wor+ in learnin

?iological mechanisms of learning and memory.! Functional characteristics of the cerebral corte and thei

health significances.! :ariation and influence factors of mental work capacity.! 5earning load evaluation.

4ioloical mechanisms o learnin and memory

5earning and memory are the advanced features of the brain.! 5earning and memory are the basic points othe thinking activity, and constitute an important component of intelligence.!

*oncepts : 5earning%t is a process that human or animals receive information from the eternal environment v

their nervous system, which would affect their own behaviors.! ;emory%t is a neural process that the obtained

information or eperiences were stored and etracted in the brain.

1earnin < 'emory : ?oth are neurophysiological processes, but different.! ?e closely related, and can not

divided.! nformation cannot be stored or recurred without learning.! &btained information will disappear rapi

without memory.! mportant ways that body adapts to the environment.

3he basic process o memory : t could be broadly divided into three stages% Ac9uisition ----B *onsolidation



----B Retrie$al.

*lassiication o memory : nstantaneous% several seconds.! 3hort-term% several minutes.! 5ong-term% seve

minutes Ua few years.! From the sychology%---mage memory.! ---5ogical memory.! ---=motional memory.!

---;otor memory.!

ariation laws o brainwor+ competence

2n a school year : 'ot high in the first half of the first semester.! $each the peak in the latter half of the firs

semester.! Then descend gradually, and have a terminal motivation before winter vocation.! The second peak a

the beginning of the second semester, but lower than the first peak.! "rop down to the bottom at the end of scho

year (before summer vocation.!0eneral laws : 'ot high at the beginning ---Y Ascend gradually with staring

regulation until reach peak ----Y Then drop down.! ("escend straightly, and lower than the beginning level.!A

slight rebound at the end with terminal motivation.

!$aluation o learnin load 5earning load % The intensity and duration of the brain work when learning.!

=valuation inde % (a.>or+ intensity% learning amount, degree of difficulty ( "ifficult to 1uantify.! (b.>or+i

time% ( =asier to 1uantify. ( health standard to form a suitable learning load.!=valuate work and rest regime.!

revent chronic fatigue as early as possible.

Describe the main tas+ and the aim o occupational health

Occupational health : &ccupational +ealth is the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of

physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations by preventing departures from health,controlling risks and the adaptation of work to people, and people to their obs.

3he 3as+ : dentification and assessment of the risks from health ha/ards in the workplace.

This involves surveillance of the factors in the working environment and working practices which may affectworkers0 health. t also re1uires a systematic approach to the analysis of occupational 2accidents2, and occupatio

diseases.

Aim : The prevention of disease and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-bein

workers in all occupations.

Describe some eneral dierence between at-soluble $itamins and water soluble $itamins 0eneral characteristics o water-soluble and at-soluble $itamins :

*haracteristics <ater soluble vitamins(? vitamins and :itamin *

Fat 3oluble :itamins A, ", =, and >

"ietary intake =cess intake usually detected and

ecreated bt the kidneys.

=cess intake tends to be stored in

fat-storage sites.

?ody stores &nly a short-term storage supply

Available!daily intake recommended.

5ong-term storage available in body

tissues! regular intake recommended.

"eficiency "efitiency symptoms appear

$elatively 1uickly.

"eficiency symptoms are slow to

develop.

Toicity 5ower risk of toicity +igher rish of Toicity.

Absorption andTransport

=asily absorbed into blood!travelFreely in blood.

5ike lipids, absorbed into lymph! man $e1uire protein carriers to travel in th

blood



3olubility "issolves in water "issolves in lipid

3tability in food handlingAnd processing

5ess stable 3table

$ole(s inThe body

;ost ? vitamins share similar roles.:itamin * serves many different

roles in the body

=ach has uni1ue roles in the body

>har is Receptor AntaonismP

Antaonism%occurs when two chemicals administered together interfere with each other4s action. Antagonis

interactions are very often desirable in toicology and are the basis of many antidotes. () S (-) B. $eceptoeantagonism is a type of antagonism due to =ffects of ;ore Than &ne *hemical .

Receptor antaonism%occurs when two chemicals that bind to the same receptor produce less of an effect when

given together than the addition of their separate parts. $eceptor antagonists are often termed blockers. naloone ---morphine .! ;orphine： respiratory depressive effect.]

*ompare the dierence o chest Q-ray between &ilicosis and Asbestosis. &ilicosis : &ilicosis is a lung disease caused by continued inhaling free crystalline silica and characteri/ed by

progressive fibrosis and a chronic shortness of breath.

&ilicosis Q-ray-= : •;ultiple small rounded opacities.! •sually in upper lobes .! •;ay have ground glass

appearance .! •;ay occasionally calcify centrally ()B9.

Asbestosis : Asbestosis is caused by the inhalation of microscopic fibers of asbestos. The disease is progressive

resulting in scarring of the lungs with fibrous tissue.

Asbestos-Related Disease athophysioloy : •Asbestos particles invoke a hemorrhagic response in lung.! •Fib

then coated with a ferritin-like material resulting in ferruginous bodies.(sputum,microscope! •"amage to

respiratory bronchioles and alveoli.AsbestosisQ-ray % &pacities are small and irregularly shaped.! 'ot rounded as in silicosis. rominent septal line

around ) lobules.! •*ardiac silhouette may become shaggy.! •+ilar lymph nodes rarely affected.! • "" from

silicosis

Describe methods to control silica esposure &ilicosis : &ilicosis is a lung disease caused by continued inhaling free crystalline silica and characteri/ed by

progressive fibrosis and a chronic shortness of breath.

&ilicosis Q-ray-= : •;ultiple small rounded opacities.! •sually in upper lobes .! •;ay have ground glass

appearance .! •;ay occasionally calcify centrally ()B9.

'ethods to control silica e"posure include: •=limination of the toic material.! •3ubstitution of a less toicmaterial.! •solation or enclosure of any dirty operations.! • nstallation of local ehaust ventilation.! •?etter

maintenance, housekeeping and hygiene practices.! • *hanges in work practices to avoid breathing in dust.

• *arbohydrates-rich oods

• 3ugary foods% candy, cake, sugary drinks_.! • lant foods like cereals, bread, rice, pasta, potatoes and corn

good sources of starch. These starchy foods give us important vitamins and minerals, too. .! • "ietary fibers-rich

foods% <hole grains, vegetables and fruits



How $eetarians et hih 9uality proteinsP

*omplimentary action% ncomplete proteins can be mied together to make a complete protein.! *ereal

grainsSlegumes, legumesSseeds (nuts .! =amples% *orn and black eyed peas, peanut butter and wheat bread, to

and rice.

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Preventive Exam